NURSING RESEARCH GROUP 4
HALILI | HOLLAND | IDANAN | JOAQUIN | KAGAYA | LANDRITO | LIPATA | MEDINA
Assignment 4
1.
Formulate your group Research Problem, objectives and Hypothesis
2.
Create the theoretical framework/conceptual framework of your study
3.
Identify the different variables in your study and categorize it
A Quantitative Study on the Correlation Between a Nurses Work Schedule During COVID-19
Pandemic to their Efficiency to Provide Nursing Care to COVID-19 Patients
Objective of the Study
Given the heavy weight of workload of nurses even before the pandemic started, how a lot more
in this time of pandemic where hospitals are in their full capacity state, therefore their ability to render
quality of care is being examine. Thus, this study intent to discern the correlation between a nurses’
work schedule during COVID –19 pandemic to their efficacy to provide care for the COVID-19 patients.
Hypothesis
There is a significant relationship between the nurses’ schedule during the current pandemic to
their ability to render care efficiently to COVID-19 patients.
Theoretical framework
Figure 1. Systems Theory
Systems theory is an interdisciplinary study of systems, as they relate to one another within a
larger, more complex system. The key concept of systems theory, regardless of which discipline it’s
being applied to, is that the “whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” What this means is that when
holistically examining how smaller systems come together to affect the greater complex system, certain
characteristics of the whole, the complex system, cannot be easily explained or rationalized when looking
singularly at any one of its systems and its parts.
The main assumption of systems theory is that it is made up of multiple smaller systems, and
it is the interactions between these smaller systems that create a complex system as it’s known.
Following that assumption, a general systems theory that provides universal guidelines for scientific
research and education will enable further integration and unification of the natural and social sciences.
This applies to social work in a holistic approach to an individual’s personality, choices and
hardships when it comes to successful social work. Like in the nursing profession, a social worker must
look at all factors that come together in a unique way to shape their experiences and who they are.
Systems theory plays a key role in the advancement of society. Only by looking at all the moving parts
can we have a greater understanding of the whole and how it works—a principle that holds true in
physical sciences and social sciences alike.
The researchers chose Work Systems Theory because efficiency of nursing care can be a work
system theory and an interaction system theory. Independent and dependent variables can broader and
be modified. Work and efficiency are related and this theory helps in organizing time management as
well as behaviors in a workplace. The subsystems connect to how time management, work efficiency,
and providing nursing quality care.
•
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
NURSES
o OVERALL NUMBER OF NURSES
▪ To determine the total number of
nurses currently employed in the
hospital, if there is a lack in
number, or if the number of
nurses employed is sufficient in
accommodating patients
o NUMBER OF NURSES IN THE COVID
WARD
▪ To determine the total number of
assigned nurses in the COVID
ward, if there is a lack in number,
or if the number of nurses
assigned in the COVID-19 ward is
sufficient in accommodating
COVID patients
o NUMBER OF NURSES PER SHIFT
▪ To determine the total number of
nurses, present in the hospital at
any given time in accommodating
patients
o NUMBER OF NURSES WHO HAVE JOINED
AND LEFT THE HOSPITAL DURING THE
PANDEMIC
•
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
WORK SCHEDULE
o AVERAGE NUMBER OF
HOURS/SHIFT
▪ Designated
duration of shift
per nurse
o AVERAGE NUMBER OF
DAYS OF WORK
▪ Designated
number of
workdays per
week required
for each nurse
o OVERTIME
OCCURRENCES PER
WEEK
▪ The need for
nurses to
overtime due to
the lack of
number of
nurses and/or
excessive
number of
patients
Trend on the number of available
nurses in the hospital every month
which may determine workplace
conditions
NUMBER OF PATIENTS
▪ Determines whether the locality
and the hospital itself is at risk for
COVID-19 surge
EFFICIENCY
o DISTANCE OF HOUSE TO WORK IN KMS
▪ May affect the performance of a
nurse whether to arrive to work on
time or may affect their overall
sleep-rest pattern
o NURSE WORK EXPERIENCE IN YEARS
▪ Experience in the field may
determine capabilities of the nurse
in adapting to the situations in the
hospital
▪
•
•
confined in the
hospital
Assignment 5
Choose 1 quantitative research and 1 qualitative research.
Read and complete the table below.
Qualitative Research
Student’s Name:
Date Submitted:
Louie Nicoll A. Medina
November 22, 2021
Journal Title
Nursing during the COVID-19 outbreak: A phenomenological
study
APA Citation
Arcadi, P., Simonetti, V., Ambrosca, R., Cicolini, G., Simeone,
S., Pucciarelli, G., Alvaro, R., Vellone, E., & Durante, A.
(2021, January 31). Nursing during the covid‐19 outbreak: A
phenomenological study. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved
November 16, 2021, from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jonm.13249.
Methodology:
The study was driven by the phenomenological hermeneutic approach. Purposive sampling was
used. All participants were nurses involved in hospital care of COVID-19-positive patients along
the Italian peninsula. They were included if involved in direct care between March and April 2020.
The interviews continued until the data were saturated with 20 nurses enrolled. The interviews
were conducted in the native language (Italian), using a video call voice-over Internet protocol
(VoIP) platform chosen by each participant according to his/her degree of confidence. This
technology helped to catch nonverbal communication while protecting those interviewed and the
researchers from the risk of contagion.
The setting was chosen by the participant. A welcoming and reassuring tone was used by all
interviewers, who were previously trained. Interviews proceeded until data saturation was
reached. By video call interview, field notes were collected replicating the characteristics of
classic face-to-face interviews (Janghorban et al., 2014). Researchers' attention was focused on
nonverbal content such as hand wringing or lack of eye contact which enrich the phenomenon
comprehension (Phillippi & Lauderdale, 2018). A sociodemographic questionnaire, created for
this project, was used to collect information about the participants' characteristics. Once
transcribed verbatim, the interviews were checked for their accuracy by spot-checking, taking a
subset of the transcripts (4 of 20) (MacLean et al., 2004), reading and rereading the transcripts,
and the field notes were repeatedly analysed
The study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained before the
study began by the institutional review board of Policlinico of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’. Each
participant submitted the informed consent form, which was collected via the voice-over Internet
protocol platform in a separate audio file from the interview, to ensure anonymity to all
participants. Data were kept confidential, and freedom to withdraw from the study at any time
was guaranteed.
Interpretation of Results:
Twenty nurses were interviewed. Four themes were extracted: uncertainty and fear, alteration
of perceptions of time and space, change in the meaning of ‘to care’ and changes in roles and
relationships.
Theme 1: Uncertainty and fear
This theme encompasses a group of feelings shared by all study participants as distinctive to
the experience of the pandemic. Uncertainty and fear have been manifested by nurses almost
to the point of disruption since the initial days of the contagion, in such a way that a disorientation
never experienced before was accompanied by the fear of the unknown. The possibility of direct
involvement in a pandemic had been perceived as ‘something far away’ that would not directly
touch their reality; this thought underlines a lack of awareness of pandemic situations.
Theme 2: Alteration in perception of time and space
Time occupies an important place in the meanings that emerged from the interviews. In fact, the
pandemic caused a substantial change in the perception for the study participants. A common
denominator can be summed up in this statement: there was a time before the experience and
a time after it. COVID-19 acted as a watershed between the reality experienced before the impact
of the pandemic and what happened during the period of greatest contagion. There was a
suspended time, in which attention was focused on the present, with an uncertain outlook for
the future.
Theme 3: Change in the meaning of ‘to care’
Watson defines caring as: ‘the moral ideal of nursing whereby the end is protection,
enhancement, and preservation of human dignity’ (Watson, 1988) and this is the meaning we
take in count while describing this theme.
The experiences that nurses reported were rich in considerations of how this pandemic infection
and the consequences of contagion have influenced the main paradigms of care in nursing. Most
of the participants reported that COVID-19 put everyone face to face with the inevitability of
death. Without distinctions of age, comorbidities or criteria of frailty, anyone could be infected
and have serious consequences.
Theme 4: Changes in roles and relationships
The pandemic has caused an upheaval in ordinary organizational and professional structures. All
the participants said they perceived a change in both their role within the organization, perceived
as essential for the success of the treatments, and in the relationships with other professionals.
Summary of Outcomes/Results:
Theme 1: Uncertainty and fear
A violent first impact was reported by most of the participants, characterized by a sense of
inadequacy and helplessness driven by a lack of information about the virus and of skills to take
care of patients.
Worries about contagion were expressed with anguish. Nurses experienced guilt due to the
possibility of infecting family members and loved ones so much, so that most of them decided
to stay away from their own homes and live-in isolation
Theme 2: Alteration in perception of time and space
In this time dimension, the spaces and times of care were marked by gruelling shifts and
complex dressing and undressing procedures that became a metaphor for the physical fatigue
to which nurses were subjected.
Despite the scenario described, the desire to maintain a historical memory of the time lived in
the pandemic was universal. Through photographs and narratives, the nurses attributed an
important meaning to this experience in their professional and personal lives that they wanted
to preserve, despite the pain.
Theme 3: Change in the meaning of ‘to care’
All the participants talked about the experience of death that characterize this pandemic situation.
The participants described a death experienced in absolute loneliness, without the affection and
consolation of loved ones, almost without proper dignity and, at the same time, filled with the
closeness and exclusive presence of carers.
Theme 4: Changes in roles and relationships
Nurses perceived their role changed, notice this through the external recognize of their role. Not
only by the eco of the media but also by the enhanced acknowledgment received by the
organizations.
Recommendations:
Policies to improve nursing science should be developed to ensure better quality of care, a
higher number of professionals and, consequently, an increase in the safety of patients.
Checked by:
Joyce Anne R. Lalunio, RN, PhD
Quantitative Research
Student’s Name: Ronnarin Z. Kagaya
Date Submitted: November 18, 2021
Journal Title: Influenza vaccination in pregnancy: vaccine uptake, maternal and healthcare
providers’ knowledge and attitudes. A quantitative study
APA Citation: Barrett, T., McEntee, E., Drew, R., O’Reilly, F., O’Carroll, A., O’Shea, A., & Cleary,
B. (2018). Influenza vaccination in pregnancy: vaccine uptake, maternal and healthcare
providers’ knowledge and attitudes. A quantitative study. BJGP Open, 2(3),
bjgpopen18X101599. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen18x101599
Methodology: A paper-based survey was distributed to postnatal women. HCPs completed the survey
via the online tool Survey Monkey.
Interpretation of Results: 330 patient surveys were disseminated, with a 60.0% response rate. Of 198
responders, 109 (55.1%) were vaccinated against influenza. Non-professionals were less likely to be
vaccinated (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.09 to 0.89). Vaccination in
previous pregnancy (aOR 5.2, 95% CI = 1.69 to 15.62) and information from an HCP were strongly
associated with vaccination (aOR 12.8, 95% CI = 2.65 to 62.5). There was a 20.2% (n = 1180) response
rate among HCPs. More GPs felt that it was their role to discuss vaccination (92.9%; n = 676), and offer
to vaccinate women (91.7%; n = 666) than any other HCP.
Summary of Outcomes/Results: The study found that 55.1% of women had received the influenza
vaccine during their pregnancy. Just 32.3% of women were vaccinated against pertussis during
pregnancy. This study has identified that women with higher socioeconomic status, those who attained
a university degree, and who attended as a private or semi-private patient, were more likely to be
vaccinated against influenza during pregnancy. A key determinant of vaccination in pregnancy was
receiving information from a health professional. Most HCPs that responded were aware that influenza
vaccination should be offered to all pregnant women, and could be given in any trimester. Perceived
responsibility for vaccination was weighted towards GPs. Those HCPs who, themselves, were
vaccinated were more likely to assume responsibility for discussing vaccination.
Recommendations: Provision of information about the importance of vaccination against influenza and
pertussis during pregnancy by HCPs and their consistent recommendations in support of vaccination
were key determinants of vaccine uptake during pregnancy. The sociodemographic determinants of a
woman’s vaccination status should be addressed in health promotion campaigns. Education of HCPs
may address knowledge gaps surrounding vaccination.
Checked By:
Joyce Anne R. Lalunio, RN, PhD
Assignment 6
Differentiate self-constructed questionnaire, semi-structured and adapted questionnaire. (Definition,
Advantages, disadvantages and its legal impediments)
1. SELF-ADMINISTERED QUESTIONNAIRE
• A self-administered questionnaire (also referred to as a mailed questionnaire) is a
structured form that consists of a series of closed-ended and open-ended questions.
It is called self-administered as the written questions are presented that are to be
answered by the respondents in written form without an interviewer.
• Closed-ended questions have a list of possible options listed, from which the
respondents must choose - these can be pre-coded. Open-ended questions permit
any answer that the respondent thinks are appropriate and should be recorded in
the respondents' own words.
• Advantages of Self-administered Questionnaire
o Lower Cost - these surveys are the most cost-effective way to collect data
from a large number of people. There are costs involved, but they are far
less than the cost of employing interviewers to interact with respondents.
o Flexible for the Respondents - when a survey is self-administered, the
respondent has the freedom to complete it on their own time and at their
own pace.
o Greater Anonymity - The absence of an interviewer increases the
respondent's anonymity. This makes him or her more inclined to deliver
socially unacceptable or norm-breaking solutions.
o Ease in Securing Information - The mail questionnaire allows the respondent
to check his records, personal documents, or other persons for authentic
information that he wishes to submit.
o Greater Accessibility - Respondents who are geographically distant can all
be reached for the cost of a postal stamp, as opposed to hefty travel
expenditures for interviewers.
• Disadvantages of Self-administered Questionnaire
o Low monitoring Ability - Respondents have no one to turn to if they have a
query or need encouragement to complete the survey without an in-person
interviewer. There are methods for increasing survey response rates.
o Respondent Dishonesty - Unfortunately, there is little that can be done to
ensure that responders answer honestly. To alleviate this concern, it should
be noted that the data will be anonymised.
o Response Time - Surveys may not be returned by the desired completion
deadline if no incentive is provided to answer to the survey promptly. This
is especially difficult when the data collecting is based on a time-sensitive
issue.
o Inflexibility - The answers received in a mailed questionnaire have to be
accepted as final, because there remains no scope to probe beyond the
given answer to clarify an ambiguous one, to overcome unwillingness to
answer a particular answer.
o Verbal Behavior - There is no interviewer present to observe non-verbal
behavior or to make personal assessments of the respondent’s social class
or other pertinent characteristics. A lower-class respondent may pass
himself off as upper class in a mailed questionnaire, with no challenge from
an interviewer.
2. SEMI- STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE
• A semi-structured questionnaire is a type of interview in which the interviewer asks
only a few predefined questions while the rest of the questions are not planned in
advance.
• In semi-structured interviews, some questions are predetermined and asked by all
sample respondents, while others arise spontaneously in a free-flowing
conversation.
• Advantages of Semi- structured Questionnaire
o Interviewers can prepare questions ahead of time to help guide the
conversation and keep participants on track.
o Allows participants to provide open-ended responses for more in-depth
information.
o Promotes two-way communication.
o Allows interviewers to learn the answers to questions as well as the
reasoning behind the answers.
o Allows respondents to speak freely about sensitive issues.
o Provides qualitative data for comparison with past and future data.
• Disadvantages of Semi- structured Questionnaire
o Sitting down with respondents and conducting an open-ended interview
takes time.
o It requires extensive resources.
o It can be difficult to find an interviewer who has received the necessary
training to conduct a proper interview.
o To draw conclusions and make comparisons, you must interview a sufficient
number of people.
o It is possible to write leading questions, which may sway the interview.
3. ADAPTED QUESTIONNAIRE
• Adapting an instrument requires more substantial changes than adopting an
instrument. In this situation, the researcher follows the general design of another
instrument but adds items, removes items, and/or substantially changes the content
of each item. Because adapting an instrument is similar to developing a new
•
instrument, it is important that a researcher understands the key principles of
developing an instrument which will be described in the next step.
• The term ‘adaptation,’ as used in this chapter, refers to the deliberate modification
of a question or questionnaire to create a new question or questionnaire. It is also
referred to as ‘asking different questions’ (ADQ) in Questionnaire Design.
• Adaptation needs may be considered at different stages in different multinational,
multicultural, or multiregional surveys, which we refer to as ‘3MC’ surveys, and it is
likely that some adaptation needs will only become apparent during translation or
during pretesting of a translated questionnaire. It is therefore not possible, in terms
of the survey lifecycle, to identify a single unique stage as the stage at which
adaptation needs might be recognized or addressed, as this may differ for different
projects or surveys.
• Advantages of Adapted Questionnaire
o First, questions would have already been tested when they were first used,
allowing researchers to be fairly confident that they are good indicators of
their concepts of interest.
o The second advantage is that money and time can be saved because no
question developers are required, as questions, coding categories, and
accompanying show cards do not need to be developed and tested.
o A third advantage is that methodological work on concepts and
measurement has been done in some substantive areas; this can
supplement the questions and provide guidance on how they can act as
indicators of concepts.
Disadvantages of Adapted Questionnaire
o First, the availability of information on answers to questions is limited, and
in many cases, limited to those covered by the Nesstar Catalogue.
o Second, while the Question Bank's questions are extensive, they are not
exhaustive, so there is no guarantee that users will find the exact item they
are looking for.
o Third, is that the routing of a questionnaire can have an impact on individual
questions, particularly in terms of wording. As a result of such routing, some
questions will always be asked to only a subset of the survey's sample (so,
only those who gave a certain response to another questionnaire item, for
instance)
o The fourth and final is to be aware of is copyright issues; with most
questions, these do not pose any issues, but with specific measurement
instruments, such as the SF36 health questionnaire, they may be more
prominent, so researchers should investigate this before attempting use.
LEGAL IMPEDIMENTS IN USING A RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
If you want to use other people's surveys, questionnaires, interview questions, tests,
measures, or other instruments, you must find and follow usage permissions. Copyright and/or
licensing restrictions may apply to the instrument.
Copyright Protection
-
Authors of original creative works have limited control over their reproduction and
distribution. Unless proven otherwise, you must assume that any material you find is
copyrighted. This is true whether the instrument is freely available on the web, in a
library database, or in a journal. You must obtain permission to use, modify, or
reproduce the instrument. You may be infringing copyright if you use and/or reproduce
material in your thesis/dissertation beyond the limits of the “fair use” doctrine, which
allows for limited use of a work.
Licensing/Terms of Use
-
Some instruments come with a license agreement or usage terms. Unlike copyright,
users must agree to these terms before using the instrument. As a reward for adhering
to the terms, the copyright holder grants the licensee specific and limited rights, such
as those to use the instrument in scholarly research or to reproduce it in print Asking a
copyright holder for permission to use or reproduce an instrument is essentially asking
for a license.
Assignment 7
What are the advantages and disadvantages of SPSS?
What is SPSS?
Stands for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. It is a comprehensive and flexible
statistical analysis and data management solution. It is a software used for data analysis in research.
Can be used for: Processing Questionnaires; Reporting in Tables and Graphs; Analyzing: Means, and
Ch-square, regression.
Advantage & Disadvantage of SPSS
References:
Barrett, T., McEntee, E., Drew, R., O’Reilly, F., O’Carroll, A., O’Shea, A., & Cleary, B. (2018).
Influenza vaccination in pregnancy: vaccine uptake, maternal and healthcare providers’
knowledge and attitudes. A quantitative study. BJGP Open, 2(3), bjgpopen18X101599.
https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgpopen18x101599
Arcadi, P., Simonetti, V., Ambrosca, R., Cicolini, G., Simeone, S., Pucciarelli, G., Alvaro, R.,
Vellone, E., & Durante, A. (2021, January 31). Nursing during the covid‐19 outbreak: A
phenomenological study. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved November 16, 2021, from
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jonm.13249.
Adopting or Adapting Instruments. (2012). Korbedpsych.com. http://korbedpsych.com/R09aAdopt.html
Agile Market Research | Semi-Structured Interview Guide. (2019, August 29). Fuel Cycle.
https://fuelcycle.com/blog/a-quick-guide-to-semi-structured-interviews/
CCSG. (2016). Umich.edu. https://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/chapters/adaptation/
Hyman, L., Lamb, J., & Bulmer, M. (2006). The Use of Pre-Existing Survey Questions: Implications for
Data Quality. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/64157/4374310/22-Use-of-pre-existingsurvey-questions-implications-for-data-quality-2006.pdf/e953a39e-50be-40b3-910f6c0d83f55ed4
Research Guides: Dissertation Format and Submission: Getting Survey Permissions. (2014).
Libguides.com. https://uhcl.libguides.com/dissertation/permissions
Self-Administered Questionnaire Method: Definition, Advantages, Disadvantages. IEduNote.
https://www.iedunote.com/self-administered-questionnaire-method
What are the advantages and disadvantages of self administered questionnaire? – MVOrganizing.
(2019, June). Mvorganizing.org. https://www.mvorganizing.org/what-are-the-advantages-anddisadvantages-of-self-administered-questionnaire
Which Survey Mode Is Best: Face-To-Face or Self-Completion Surveys? - Voxco. (2021, November 5).
Voxco. https://www.voxco.com/blog/face-to-face-or-self-completion-surveys/