ANTH-UA2 Fall 2021 Lectures 2 and 3: Survey of the living primates Distribution of Living and Fossil Primates Order Primates (around 230 recognized species, 190-450) Suborder Strepsirhini Infraorder Lemuriformes Superfamily Superfamily Suborder Haplorhini Hyporder Tarsiiformes Hyporder Anthropoidea Infraorder Platyrrhini Superfamily Family Family Family Infraorder Catarrhini Superfamily Family Subfamily Subfamily Superfamily Lemuroidea Lorisoidea (lemurs) (lorises and galagos) (tarsiers) (Monkeys - Americas) Ceboidea Cebidae (cebines, aotines, callitrichines) Pithecidae (pithecines, callicebines) Atelidae (atelines) Cercopithecoidea (Monkeys – Africa & Asia) Cercopithecidae Cercopithecinae (papionini, cercopithecini) Colobinae (langurs, leaf-monkeys, odd-nosed monkeys) Hominoidea (apes inc. humans) Taxonomy reflects phylogeny – the evolutionary history of relationships between taxa Phylogeny - the history of descent of a group of taxa from their common ancestor, including their order of branching and their dates of divergence. “Prosimii” Anthropoidea Hominoidea Cercopithecoidea Platyrrhini Tarsiiformes Strepsirhini Haplorhini Catarrhini What is a Primate? No single feature distinguishes primates from other mammals. The most characteristic thing about the primate order is a lack of specialization in general body plan. Primates retain several ‘primitive’ mammalian characters. Features shared with other (but not necessarily all) Mammals 1 - Endothermy 2 - Hair/fur 3 - Mammary glands/ infant nursing 4 - Placenta 5 - Three auditory ossicles 6 - Heterodont dentition * (as opposed to homodont) 7 - Clavicle 8 - Pentadactylous extremities 9 - Four-chambered heart with a left aortic arch 10 - Enlarged brain-to body size ratio 11- Neocortex: higher cognitive capacities Key points: Marked variation in social systems beyond “group-living” Mating system (e.g. polygynandry) not the same as the social system (e.g. multi-male multi-female) S T R E P S I -R H I N I ‘strepho’ = curvy or bent - Rhinarium: moist glandular area around the nostrils; extension of olfactory skin of nose - A division, bend, or gap in the superior border of each nostril - Divided upper lip attached to the gums by a membrane (philtrum) - Separation between the upper incisors HAPLO-RHINI ‘haplo’ = simple - Dry nose - Nostrils are more rounded - Upper lip undivided (no philtrum); allows upper lip more freedom of movement Strepsirhine Haplorhine Stronger reliance on olfaction - longer snout - large nasal cavities - rhinarium - scent glands Eyes face more to the side - smaller range of stereoscopic vision Tendency to have a grooming digit - compressed nail (claw) often 2nd digit of each foot - fingers are less dextrous Incisors project forward to from a tooth-comb Independently movable ears Many are nocturnal - Layer of light reflecting tissue behind the retina (tapetum lucidum), reflecting light back towards the retina - some species are diurnal or cathemeral Small brain to body size ratio - small neocortex (10x larger than medulla) Many have multiple pairs of nipples Shorter gestation and maturation periods Geographic Distribution of Strepsirhines (and Tarsiers) Suborder: Strepsirhini Superfamily Lemuroidea Superfamily Lorisoidea Family Lemuridae Lemur catta Family Lemuridae Eulemur fulvus Eulemur macaco Eulemur mongoz Family Lemuridae Varecia variegata Family Lemuridae Hapalemur griseus Family Lepilemuridae Lepilemur sp. Family Indriidae Indri indri Avahi sp. Family Indriidae Family Indriidae Family Indriidae Propithecus sp. Family Daubentonidae Daubentonia sp. Family Cheirogalidae Microcebus sp. Cheirogaleus sp. Mirza sp. Perodicticus sp. Loris sp. Family Lorisidae Otolemur sp. Family Galagidae Galago sp. “Prosimii” Anthropoidea Hominoidea Cercopithecoidea Platyrrhini Tarsiiformes Strepsirhini Haplorhini Catarrhini Haplorhines vs Strepsirhines - Partial to complete orbital closure - Lack of a tapetum lucidum - Lack of a rhinarium - Derived pattern of blood flow to brain - Derived pattern of placentation Suborder Haplorhini Tarsiers: Superfamily Tarsioidea Why are tarsiers haplorhines and not strepsirhines? - part of the rear of the orbit is partially closed as a bony plate - dry nose (lack a rhinarium) - complete upper lip - greater reliance on vision rather than olfaction - lack a tapetum lucidum, dental comb, and grooming claw “Prosimian” traits Anthropoid traits -Small size - Nocturnal - Unfused mandible suture - Leaping adaptations: elongated legs 2 elongated tarsals 2 claws on each foot - Small brain to body ratio - Multiple pairs of nipples - Infants are ‘parked’ - Lack of rhinarium - Eyes with retina fovea instead of tapetum lucidum - Complete post-orbital closure - Upright lower incisors - Shared LCA with Anthropoidea (molecular data) Suborder: Anthropoidea - About 70% of primates - Generally larger body size and reduction of length of hindlimbs relative to forelimbs - Complete closure of the back of the orbit - Well developed stereoscopic vision - Reduced olfaction; reduction in bones of the nasal region (shorter snout) - Longer gestation - All taxa diurnal (except owl monkey) Geographic Distribution of Anthropoids Infraorder: Platyrrhini Monkeys in the Americas “New World monkeys” - Flat noses, outward-facing nostrils with a wide nasal septum - Central & South America - Largest concentration of species in the Amazon river basin - 3 Premolars - Highly diverse group - All arboreal Cacajao calvus Platyrrhini (flat nose) Broad, flat-shaped nose, large, laterally-directed nostrils, separated by wide septum Range in body size from <100 gms to over 10 kg Family Cebidae Family Cebidae Subfamily Aotinae Aotus Night Monkeys Family Cebidae Subfamily Cebinae Cebus albifrons Family Cebidae Subfamily Cebinae Saimiri Squirrel Monkeys Family Cebidae, Subfamily Callitrichinae Cebuella pygmaea Marmosets (also includes genera Callithrix and Mico) Leontopithecus Lion Tamarins Callimico goeldii has unusual features - Has kept third molar (one molar lost in other callitrichines) - Claw-like nails like other callitrichines - Single births Family Pithecidae, Subfamily Pithecinae: Uakaris Cacajao calvus Cacajao rubicundus Family Pithecidae, Subfamily Pithecinae Saki Monkeys Pithecia irrorata (female) Pithecia pithecia (male) Family Pithecidae, Subfamily Pithecinae Callicebus: Titi monkeys Family Atelidae True prehensile tail: - muscular - long - distal 1/3 to 1/4 underneath the tail without fur - acts like a ‘5th hand’ - neural connection inserts at the same area in the brain as hand and feet Family Atelidae Subfamily Atelinae Howler monkeys Alouatta Howler Monkeys Ateles belzebuth Ateles geoffroyii Ateles chamek Family Atelidae: Subfamily Atelini: Spider monkeys Lagothrix sp. Woolly Monkeys (also includes genus Oreonax) Brachyteles spp. Muriquis Platyrrhines vs. - Outwardly directed nostrils, wide nasal septum - 2133/2133 dental formula - New World (Central and South America) Catarrhines - Downwardly directed nostrils, narrow nasal septum - 2123/2123 dental formula - Old World (Africa, SE Asia) Catarrhines Superfamily Cercopithecoides African & Asian monkeys (“Old World” monkeys) Superfamily Hominoidea apes and humans Infraorder: Catarrhini Superfamily: Cercopithecoidea African & Asian monkeys (“Old World” monkeys) - Narrow, downward-facing nostrils with narrow nasal septum - Reduced reliance of smell - Uniform trichromatic color vision - Larger brain to body size ratio; (neocortex 20 x medulla) - Longer gestation - 2 premolars - Great diversity in social organization, lifestyle, ecological specializations, & biogeography - Arboreal & terrestrial Macaca fuscata Ischial callosities: - Thickened skin calluses overlying a posterior section of the pelvis (ischial tuberosity) - Hairless, flat area - Allows comfortable, extended sitting on branches and forest floor Macaca spp. Superfamily Cercopithecoidea Subfamily Cercopithecinae Subfamily Colobinae Macaca mulatta Superfamily: Cercopithecoidea Family: Cercopithecidae Subfamily: Cercopithecinae - Widely distributed - Variable size: 1.5->50kg - Omnivorous diet: seeds, fruits, insects, young leaves, and small animals - Cheek pouches: buccal pouches surrounded by fibers of the buccinator muscle - One-male or multi-male/multi-female groups - Sometimes very large groups Papio Mandrillus Theropithecus Subfamily Cercopithecinae: Tribe Papionini Lophocebus, Cercocebus Macaca arctoides Macaca fuscata Japan Macaca mulatta Macaques Subfamily Cercopithecinae: Tribe Papionini Macaca nigra Indonesia Cercopithecus diana Cercopithecus neglectus Subfamily Cercopithecinae: Tribe Cercopithecini Family: Cercopithecidae Subfamily: Colobinae -Larger on average than cercopithecines -Folivorous -Specialized, complex, sacculated stomach + gut -Sharp, shearing crested molars for slicing open tough leave cell walls -Special natal coat colors - Inhabit a wide ecological zones: semi-desert in India, mangroves, coastal forest and swamps in Indonesia to snow-covered high altitude mountain forests in southern China - One-male multi-female & multi-male/multifemale groups - Allomothering common - Arboreal & terrestrial Black-and-White Colobus Colobus guereza Subfamily Colobinae - Africa Western Red Colobus Piliocolobus badius Nasalis sp. Rhinopithecus sp. Trachypithecus sp. Subfamily Colobinae - Asia Semnopithecus sp. Apes (inc. Humans) Infraorder: Catarrhini Superfamily: Hominoidea - - No tail Retention of ‘primitive’ lower molars with 5 cusps forming a Y-5 pattern Adaptations for suspensory locomotion/feeding postures Cercopithecoids • • • • • vs. Lateral scapula Narrow, deep rib cage Long lumbar region Smaller brain Bilophodont molars (derived) Hominoids • • • • • • Dorsal scapula Broad, shallow rib cage Short lumbar region Larger brain Y-5 molars (ancestral) Lack a tail Gibbons and Siamangs - “Lesser” apes - Monogamous - Low sexual dimorphism - Females intolerant of non-group females - Territorial - Male care of infants in siamang, but not in other hylobatids Orangutans - Extreme male-male competition over mates - Dominant male probably achieves most of the conceptions - Some forced copulations - Males twice the size of females - No signs of estrus - Females may socialize (esp. with kin) during high fruit availability Bornean Orangutan Distribution (Pongo pygmaeus) Sumatran Orangutan Distribution (Pongo abelii) Gorillas Tribe Gorillini Gorilla gorilla Gorilla beringei - Males twice as big as females - Females bond with dominant male (silverback) - Males defend against other males trying to take over a group, incoming males are infanticidal - Females usually live with non-female kin - Mountain gorillas eat mainly leaves, lowland gorillas mainly fruit Chimpanzees and bonobos - Tribe Hominini: Pan troglodytes; Pan paniscus Chimpanzees -Multimale-multifemale communities -Highly frugivorous -Large range size with little overlap between groups -Long day ranges -Sex differences in ranging behavior -Fission-fusion association patterns -Females mate with multiple males -Males travel together, males hunt - Males involved in coalitionary killing of non-group members - Females solicit copulations with almost all male group members - Females have sexual swellings - Females 75%-85% male body weight - Tool use Bonobos - Females mate with multiple males - High degree of sexual activity including female-female - Travel together as a larger group - More congenial relationships ? - Females have a prominent semi-permanent sexual swelling - Females 73-80% male body weight - Females highly affiliative Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Bonobos Monogamous Opportunistic Male comp. Polygynous Male comp. Multi-male/ Multi-female Multi-male/ Multi-female Sexes similar Males twice as big as females Males twice as big as females Males 1/4 bigger Males 1/4 bigger than females than females Slight estrus swelling No estrus swelling Slight estrus swelling Large estrus swelling Large estrus swelling Female kin affiliation Female kin affiliation Some female affiliation Some female affiliation High female affiliation
