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Science / Medicine / Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology Exam 1 Chamberlain
Terms in this set (103)
Health
Physical, mental, and social well-being
Disease
Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis
Maintaining routine vaccination programs
Disease Prevention
Participation in screening programs
Community health programs
Regular routine doctor visits
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Cause
Predisposing Factors
Precipitating Factor
Pathogenesis
Functional (physiologic) changes in the body as a result from
disease
Identification of a specific disease
Causative factors in a particular disease
Tendencies that promote development of a disease in an
individual
Condition that triggers an acute episode
Development of the disease
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Remission
Complications
Therapy
Manifestations of the disease subside or are absent
New secondary or additional problems
Treatment measures to promote recovery or slow the progress
of a disease
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Latent State
No symptoms or clinical signs evident
Gross Level
Organ or system level
Microscopic Level
Biopsy
Incubation Period
Prodromal Period
Syndrome
Convalescence
Prognosis
Rehabilitation
Cellular Level
Excision of small amounts of living tissue
Time of exposure to a microorganism and onset of signs and
symptoms
Early development of a disease
Signs nonspecific or absent
Collection of sign and symptoms
Often affects more than one organ
Period of Recovery
Probability for recovery or other outcome
Maximizing function of diseased tissues
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Epidemiology
Morbidity
Mortality
Epidemic
Pandemic
Incidence
Prevalence
Science of identifying the causative factors and tracking the
pattern or occurrence of disease
Indicates the number of people with a disease within a group
Indicates the number of deaths resulting from a particular
disease within a group
Occur when a higher than expected number of cases of an
infectious disease occur within a given area
Involve a higher number of cases in many regions of the globe
Number of new cases in a given population within a specified
time period
Number of new and old or existing cases in a specific
population within a specified time period
Occurrence of disease
Tracked by incidence and prevalence
Communicable Disease
Infections that can spread from one person to another
Notifiable or Reportable Disease
Diseases that must be reported by the physician to certain
designated authorities
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Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
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Decrease in the size of cells
Results in reduced tissue mass
Increase in cell size
Results in enlarged tissue mass
Increased number of cells
Pathophysiology Exam 1 ChamberlainResults in enlarged tissue mass
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Metaplasia
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type.
Dysplasia
Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue.
Anaplasia
Undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures
Neoplasia
Apoptosis
Ischemia
Hypoxia
"New growth"―commonly called tumor
Neo = New
Refers to programmed cell death
Normal occurrence in the body
Deficit of oxygen in the cells
Reduced oxygen in tissues
Can result in cellular injury or cellular death
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Mechanical Damage
Exogenous
Endogenous
Necrosis
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Pressure or tearing of tissue
From Environment
From inside of the body
When a group of cells die
Type of Necrosis:
Area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation from a
Infarction
blockage such as a clot or plaque resulting in ischemic tissue
from hypoxia
Can Result in Gangrene
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Gangrene
Gangrene is an area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded
by bacteria
Dry Grangrene
results in black necrotic tissue often referred to as eschar
Wet Grangrene
Dying tissue that has drainage
Dead cells liquefy (gel like purulent or pus) from the release of
Liquefaction Necrosis
cell enzymes
Example are infections or strokes
Coagulative Necrosis
Cell proteins are altered or denatured and become hard
Example is a myocardial infraction or heart attack
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Fatty Necrosis
Caseous Necrosis
Fluid moves through the body via
Water moves between compartments
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Fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids
Example is pancreatitis
Thick, yellowish, "cheesy" substance forms
Example is tuberculosis (TB)
Filtration/ Osmosis
Hydrostatic Pressure / Osmotic Pressure
via
Thirst Mechanism
Antidiuretic Hormone
Aldosterone
Atrial Natriuretic peptide
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
Promotes resorption of water into blood from kidney tubules
Determines resorption of sodium ions and water
Regulates fluid, sodium, and potassium levels
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Causes swelling or enlargement of tissue
May be localized or throughout the body
Edema
May impair tissue perfusion
May trap drugs in ISF
Caused by higher blood pressure or increased blood volume
Increased Capillary Hydrostatic
Forces increased fluid out of capillaries into tissue
Pressure
Cause of pulmonary edema
Fluid accumulation in the lungs leading to severe SOB
Loss of plasma proteins
Cause of Edema:
Particularly albumin
Results in decreased plasma osmotic pressure
Causes localized edema
Excessive fluid and protein not returned to general circulation
Obstruction of Lymphatic Circulation
Cause of Edema:
Increased Capillary Permeability
Usually causes localized edema
May result from an inflammatory response or infection
Histamines and other chemical mediators increase capillary
permeability.
Swelling
Effects of Edema
Pitting Edema
Increase in Body Weight
Increases the risk of skin and tissue breakdown
Causes of Dehyrdation
Vomiting, Diarrhea, Excessive sweating, Insufficient fluid intake,
Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Concentrated formulas in infants
Dry mucous membranes and decreased skin turgor (elasticity)
Sunken eyes
Sunken fontanelles in infant
Weak, rapid pulse, lower blood pressure, and fatigue
Manifestations of Dehydration
Confusion, decreased mental function, loss of consciousness
Urine―low volume and high specific gravity
Increased hematocrit
Increased temperature
Decreasing level of consciousness
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Increasing thirst
Increasing heart rate
Compensating for Fluid Loss
Vasoconstriction
Decreased, concentrated urine
Fluid shifts out of the blood into a body cavity or tissue and
can no longer reenter vascular compartment.
Third-spacing
Results in edema
High osmotic pressure of ISF, as in burns
Increased capillary permeability, as in some gram-negative
infections
Hyponatremia
Low sodium Level
Excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea
Causes of Hyponatremia
Use of certain diuretic drugs combined with low-salt diet
Excessive water intake
Cause fluid imbalance in compartments
Fluid shifts into cells causing
Effects of Hyponatremia
↓ BP
Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, or cramps
Cerebral edema
Confusion, headache, weakness, seizures
Hypernatremia
high sodium level
Loss of the thirst mechanism
Causes of Hypernatremia
Diarrhea
Ingestion of large amounts of sodium without enough water
Weakness, agitation
Dry, rough mucous membranes with dehydration
Effects of Hypernatremia
Edema
Increased thirst (if thirst mechanism is functional)
Increased blood pressure
Hypokalemia
Low Potassium Levels
Hyperkalemia
High Potassium Levels
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Serum K+ < 3.5 mEq/L
Causes of Hypokalemia
Causes
Excessive losses caused by diarrhea
Diuresis associated with some diuretic drugs
Effects
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Caused by impaired repolarization which can lead to cardiac
Effects of Hypokalemia
arrest
Interference with neuromuscular function
Muscles less responsive to stimuli
Paresthesias―"pins and needles"
Decreased digestive tract motility
Renal failure
Deficit of aldosterone
Causes of Hyperkalemia
"Potassium-sparing" diuretics
Leakage of intracellular potassium into extracellular fluids
In patients with extensive tissue damage
Can result in life threatening cardiac dysrhythmias
May progress to cardiac arrest
Muscle weakness common
Effects of Hyperkalemia
Progresses to paralysis
May cause respiratory arrest
Impairs neuromuscular activity
Fatigue, nausea, paresthesias
Important in muscle contraction
Important extracellular cation (Ca +)
Stored in bone
Functions of Calcium
Excreted in urine and feces
Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption from intestine
Ingested or synthesized in skin in the presence of ultraviolet
rays
Activated in kidneys
Hypocalcemia
Low Calcium levels
Hypercalcemia
High Calcium Levels
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Hypoparathyroidism
Malabsorption syndrome
Causes of Hypocalcemia
Deficient serum albumin
Increased serum pH level
Renal failure
Weak heart contractions
Delayed conduction
Leads to dysrhythmias and decreased blood pressure
Increase in the permeability and excitability of nerve
Effects of Hypocalcemia
membranes
Spontaneous stimulation of skeletal muscle
Muscle twitching
Carpopedal spasm
Tetany
Prolonged muscle contractions and spasms
Uncontrolled release of calcium ions from bones
Neoplasms―malignant bone tumors
Hyperparathyroidism
Demineralization caused by immobility
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Increased calcium intake
Excessive vitamin D
Excess dietary calcium
Milk-alkali syndrome
Ingestion of excess milk or calcium supplements
Depressed neuromuscular activity
Muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone
Lethargy, stupor, personality changes
Anorexia, nausea
Effects of hypercalcemia
Increased strength in cardiac contractions
Dysrhythmias may occur.
Interference with ADH function
Less absorption of water
Decrease in renal function
Results from malabsorption or malnutrition; often associated
Hypomagenesium
with alcoholism
Caused by use of diuretics, diabetic ketoacidosis,
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Occurs with renal failure
Hypermagnesium
Depresses neuromuscular function
Decreased reflexes
Hyperphosphatemia
From Renal Failure
Hypophosphatemia
Malabsorption syndromes, diarrhea, excessive antacids
Hyperchloremia
Excessive Sodium chloride intake
Usually associated with alkalosis
Hypochloremia
Early stages of vomiting - loss of hydrochloric acid
Occurs when:
Causative problem becomes more severe
Decompensation
Compensation mechanisms are exceeded or fail
Additional problems occur
Requires intervention to maintain homeostasis
LIFE-THREATENING!
Excress Hydrogen Ions
Acidosis
Decrease in serum pH
Deficit of Hydrogen ions
Alkalosis
Increase in Serum pH
Visual representation of chromosomes arranged in order of
Karyotype
size inside the nucleus of the cell
Used in diagnosis of chromosomal disorders
Genotype
Phenotype
Actual genetic information carried by the individual
Expression of genes which results in the appearance of an
individual's characteristics
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Gamete
Congenital Disorders
A mature germ cell able to unite with an opposite sex gamete
for reproduction
Disorders present at birth
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