ENDOCRINE DISORDERS IN
HUMANS
1. Diabetes mellitus
2. A common disorder associated with
insulin hormone
3. Produced by pancreatic islets of
Langerhans
4. Primary sign of this disorder is the
increase in blood glucose levels above
the normal limits
5. High blood glucose levels lead to
excretion of glucose with urine,
6. Excessive production of urine
7. Thirst
8. Mainly classified into two types; Type 1
diabetes
9. Type 2 diabetes
10. Type 1 diabetes was known as insulin
dependent diabetes mellitus
11. Usually appears in children and young
adults
12. An autoimmune disorder
13. Caused by the beta cells of the islets of
Langerhans by the immune system
14. Result, insulin secretion is severely
deficient or absent in the affected
individual
15. Genetic factors and environment
factors seem to be associated with this
disorder
16. May be controlled by taking meals with
less carbohydrates and fats
17. Regular monitoring of blood glucose
levels
18. Periodic insulin injections
19. Type 2 diabetes was known as noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus
20. Not dependent on insulin production
21. Target cells fail to take up glucose from
the blood
22. Hence, blood glucose levels remain
elevated but glucose may be deficient
inside the body cells
23. Cause for this type is multifactorial
24. Predisposing factors include obesity,
lack of exercise, increasing age and
25. genetic factors
26. Maybe controlled by the diet with less
carbohydrates and fats
27. Balancing sugar intake with exercise
28. Taking suitable medicine
29. Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
30. Associated with abnormal secretion of
thyroid hormones ( T3 and T4 )
31. Which may occur due to abnormal
functioning of the thyroid gland and
32. Disorders of pituitary or hypothalamus
33. Persistence of these may lead to
enlargement of the thyroid gland
(goiter)
34. Hyperthyroidism occurs due to
exposure of body tissues to excessive
levels of T3 and T4
35. Common effects: increased basal
metabolic rate, weight loss
36. Warm, sweaty skin
37. Diarrhea
38. Some conditions lead to bulging of eyes
(exophthalmos ) and goiter
39. Treatment may include surgical removal
of part or all thyroid gland
40. Using medicine to block thyroid
hormone synthesis
41. Hypothyroidism is caused by insufficient
secretion of thyroid hormones (T3 and
T4) from thyroid gland
42. This can be due to lack of TSH
production by anterior pituitary or
43. iodine deficiency in diet
44. Common effects: low basal metabolic
rate
45. Weight gain
46. Lethargy
47. Dry, cold skin
48. Constipation
49. May be controlled by increasing dietary
iodine intake
50. Oral thyroid hormone treatment
(50 x 3 = 150)