2
Road to Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education
Examination
Writing notes 1 (
)
1. According to / Based on + n., + SVO (
)
Example: According to government statistics, the suicide rate of Hong
Kong has increased in recent years.
Example: Based on newspaper reports, China has the largest number
of smokers in the world.
2. In recent years, + SVO (
)
Nowadays, + SVO (
)
Example: In recent years, the living standard of many Chinese people
has improved.
Example: Nowadays, many children are spoilt by their parents.
3. A recent report / study / survey +
shows / suggests / reveals / demonstrates + that + SVO
(
/
/
…)
Example: A recent report shows that smartphones have penetrated our
lives.
Example: A recent study suggests that Asian people are more prone to
diabetes.
Example: A recent report reveals that more and more Hong Kong
people are considering migrating to other countries.
Example: A recent survey demonstrates that high property prices are
the most pressing concern of Hong Kong people.
4. n. + is no exception (…
)
Example: The problem of air pollution exists in many places. Hong
Kong is no exception.
/
1. n. + has (have) raised concerns about + n. (
)
Example: The incident involving Lam Wai-sze has raised concerns
about the moral standard of our teachers.
Example: The serious traffic accidents in the past few weeks have
raised concerns about the road safety in Hong Kong.
2. n. + has (have) raised + sounded alarm bells about + n. (
)
Example: The ferry disaster on Lamma Island last year has raised
alarm bells about navigation safety in Hong Kong.
Example: The recent suicide by a 15-year-old secondary schoolboy has
sounded alarm bells about the mental health of our next generation.
3. n. + is an alarming problem (
)
Example: Obesity is an alarming problem in our society.
4. n. + has (have) caused / sparked + debate/controversy + in our
society
(
)
Example: The Occupy Central Movement has caused debate in our
society.
Example: The expansion of landfills in Tsueng Kwan O, Tuen Mun and
Ta Ku Ling has sparked controversy in our society.
5. n. is a controversial issue in our society(
)
Example: Homosexuality is a controversial issue in our society.
6. A problem/issue/phenomenon/trend + arises /exists (
/
/
)
Example: The problem of wealth gap arises in every society.
Example: Traditionally, men have enjoyed superiority over women. In
many parts of the world, this phenomenon still exists.
Example: Nowadays, more women have chosen to get married when
they are older. This trend also exists in Hong Kong.
1. I am writing to + v. (
)
Example: I am writing to express my concerns about (
)animal cruelty in Hong Kong.
Example: I am writing to explain (
) the reasons for the popularity
of smartphones.
Example: I am writing to analyze (
) the problem of waste
disposal and provide some recommendations (
) for the
government.
2. In this article (letter), I aim to + v. (
…)
Example: In this article, I aim to explain the advantages of building
casinos in Hong Kong.
Example: In this letter, I aim to express my opposition to build mental
hospitals in Shatin.
3. This article (letter) aims to + v. (
…)
Example: This article aims to introduce the activities of the Science
Club and persuade students to become our members.
Example: This letter aims to point out that heritage preservation can
co-exist with economic development.
1. I think that / I believe that + SVO (
)
Example: I think that extra-curricular activities are as important as
academic achievements.
Example: I believe that the advantages of expanding the three existing
landfills outweigh the disadvantages.
2. It is my belief that / It is my conviction that + SVO (
)
Example: It is my belief that the government should make more efforts
to integrate the minorities into society.
Example: It is my conviction that local athletes can improve their
performance in international events if the government allocates more
resources to train them.
3. From my point of view, + SVO (
)
Example: From my point of view, the government should legalize gay
marriage.
4. In my opinion, + SVO (
)
Example: In my opinion, exchange trips can enhance the language and
communication skills of students.
5. As far as I am concerned, / As for me, + SVO (
)
Example: As far as I am concerned, the government should not blindly
pursue economic development at the expense of our valuable heritage.
Example: As for me, animal abuse should not be tolerated in a civilized
society.
​
1. First of all,/To start with,/Firstly,/To begin with, + SVO (
)
Example: First of all, cyber bullying brings about psychological
damage to the victims.
Example: To start with, the development of northeast New Territories
will jeopardize the beautiful natural environment in the area.
Example: Firstly, participating in extra-curricular activities can
cultivate our team spirit.
Example: To begin with, peer pressure leads to drug abuse.
2. Secondly,/ In addition,/Additionally,/ Furthermore, /
Moreover,/Besides,/Also, + SVO (
)
Example: Secondly, the pervasiveness of cyber bullying may convey a
wrong message to the bullies that they do not need to take responsibility
for their behavior.
Example: In addition, the northeast New Territories development
project will duplicate the tragedy of Tin Shui Wai.
Example: Furthermore, extra-curricular activities can release our
pressure.
Example: Besides, the problem of drug abuse has arisen due to
tremendous pressure in school life.
3. Apart from / In addition to + n., + SVO (
…
)
Example: Apart from psychological effects on the victims, cyber
bullying may convey a wrong message to the bullies that they do not
need to take responsibility for their behavior.
Example: In addition to peer pressure, tremendous pressure in school
life has also contributed to the problem of drug abuse.
4. What is more,/More importantly, + SVO (
)
Example: What is more, toxic substances have been found in northeast
New Territories and residents moving into the area will suffer from
serious health problems.
Example: More importantly, poor academic results have disheartened
many students and some of them have resorted to taking drugs to escape
from the reality.
5. Last but not least,/Lastly, + SVO (
)
Example: Last but not least, cyber bullying will make our society less
harmonious.
Example: Lastly, extra-curricular activities can increase our sense of
belonging to our school.
6. Most important of all, + SVO (
)
Example: Most important of all, addiction to smartphones is harmful
to our health.
7. Concerning / Regarding / with regard to/As regards / As for + n.,
+ SVO ( …
)
Example: Concerning the bullies, they may think that they do not need
to take responsibility for their behavior.
Example: With regard to our studies, obsession with smartphones will
distract us from studying and exacerbate our academic performance.
Example: As for the host cities, the Olympic Games can attract
millions of tourists and promote economic development.
8. As far as + n. is concerned, + SVO ( …
)
Example: As far as our mental development is concerned, sensational
media coverage pollutes our mind and instills wrong moral value into us.
1. S VO + for two / three reasons (…
/
)
Example: The Chinese government should abolish the one-child policy for
three reasons.
2. There are + two / three / many/numerous/several/a lot of/plenty of/a
wide variety of + reasons for /causes of + n. (
/
)
Example: There are three reasons for the declining English standard of
students.
Example: There are several causes of the increasing suicide rate.
Example: There are a wide variety of reasons for the increasing
popularity of social networking websites.
3. The first (second/third) reason for (cause of) + n. + is that + SVO
(
/
…)
Example: The first reason for the declining English standard of students
is that the government has adopted the mother-tongue policy since 1998.
Example: The second cause is that many teachers have abysmal English
standard themselves.
Example: The last reason is that many students are too passive to read
English books and newspapers.
4. n. + is a reason for / is one of the reasons for + n. (… …
)
n. + is a cause of / is one of the causes of + n. (… …
)
Example: Parental indulgence is a reason for over-dependent children.
Example: The lack of precautionary measures was one of the causes of
widespread outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in
2003.
5. The reason + why + SVO+ is that + SVO (…
…)
Example: The reason why the suicide rate has increased is that many people
suffer from depression.
Example: The reason why social networking websites have gained popularity is
that most people want to achieve a sense of recognition on the Internet.
6. n. + is the root cause of + n. (… …
)
Example: Wide wealth gap is the root cause of the social conflicts nowadays.
7. n. + is the culprit of + n. (… …
)
Example: The lack of concentration is the culprit of many students’ poor
academic results.
8. n. + engender/contribute to/ lead to/result in/bring about + n. (
)
Example: The lack of communication engenders domestic violence.
Example: Laziness contributes to failures.
Example: A poor education system leads to slow economic development.
Example: The blind pursuit of economic growth has resulted in moral
degradation in Chinese society.
Example: Wars bring about homelessness and deaths.
9. n. + result from / stem from + n. (
)
Example: The success of Hong Kong results from hard work.
Example: The falling standard of local television programmes stems from the
lack of competition.
/
10. n. + can be / could be + attributed to/ascribed to/associated
with/connected with/related to + n. (
/
)
Example: The phenomenal achievements of Kobe Bryant can be attributed to
his determination and persistence.
Example: The poor living conditions of Tin Shui Wai could be ascribed to poor
government planning in the early 1990s.
Example: Terrorism can be associated with poor governance and poverty.
Example: The lack of creativity of Hong Kong students can be related to our
ossified education system.
1. There are many/several/numerous advantages and disadvantages of
There are many/several/numerous benefits and drawbacks of
There are many/several/numerous pros and cons of + n. / + v. + ing
(
)
Example: There are many advantages and disadvantages of smartphones.
Example: There are several benefits and drawbacks of outlawing subdivided
flats.
Example: There are numerous pros and cons of allowing more tourists from
the mainland.
2. v. + ing/n. + can bring + many/several/numerous + advantages and
disadvantages
v. + ing /n. + can bring + many/several/numerous + benefits and
drawbacks
v. + ing/n. + can bring + many/several/numerous + pros and cons
(…
)
Example: The construction of casinos can bring many advantages and
disadvantages.
Example: Cooperating with property developers to build subsidized housing can
bring several benefits and drawbacks.
Example: Space exploration can bring numerous pros and cons.
3. The first advantage of + v. + ing / n. is that / The second advantage is that
+ SVO
(
/
…)
4. The first disadvantage of + v. + ing / n. is that/ The second disadvantage is
that
+
(
/
…)
Example: The first advantage of building casinos is that Hong Kong can
attract more tourists from around the world.
Example: The first advantage of reclamation is that it can provide more land
for urban development.
Example: The second advantage is that casinos can provide a stable source of
revenue for the government.
Example: The first disadvantage of building casinos is that this will engender
the problem of pathological gambling.
Example: The first disadvantage of reclamation is that it will result in water
pollution.
Example: The second disadvantage is that casinos may become the breeding
ground of crimes.
/
5. One of the advantages of + v. + ing / n. is that + SVO (
)
One of the disadvantages of + v. + ing / n. is that + SVO (
)
Example: One of the advantages of organizing the Students’ Association is
that we can learn to cooperate with other people.
Example: One of the disadvantages of organizing the Students’ Association
is that this may distract us from our studies.
6. Another advantage is that + SVO (
)
Another disadvantage is that + SVO (
)
Example: Another advantage is that we can improve our problem-solving
skills.
Example: Another disadvantage is that we need to confront tremendous
workload.
7. + v. + ing / n. + be + good for/ advantageous to/beneficial to/conducive
to/instrumental in + v. + ing / n. (
)
Example: Eating vegetables is good for our health.
Example: Developing a sophisticated education system is advantageous to the
sustainable development of a country.
Example: Playing sports is beneficial to our body.
Example: A harmonious family environment is conducive to the psychological
growth of children.
Example: A capable police force is instrumental in maintaining law and order
of a society.
8. + v. + ing / n. improve /enhance/strengthen/ameliorate + n. (
)
Example: Debating can improve our public speaking skills.
Example: Liberal studies can enhance our awareness of current affairs.
Example: Exercising regularly can strengthen our muscles.
Example: Planting trees can ameliorate the air quality of a country.
/
9. + v. + ing / n. + be harmful to/detrimental to/deleterious to/injurious to +
n.
(
)
Example: Taking drugs is harmful to our health.
Example: Excessive pressure is detrimental to our mental health.
Example: The two world wars were deleterious to global economic
development.
Example: Violence and pornography are injurious to teenagers’ psychological
development.
10. + v. + ing / n. harm / endanger / compromise /jeopardize / undermine
+ v. + ing / n.(
)
Example: The construction of the MTR South Island line will harm the
livelihood of taxi drivers.
Example: Global warming will endanger the habitat of polar bears.
Example: The surging rents in recent years have compromised the profit of
small businesses.
Example: The Occupy Central Movement will jeopardize Hong Kong’s
stability and prosperity.
Example: The declining birth rate will undermine the competitiveness of China.
11. + v. + ing / n. hinder / impede/ hamper (
) + n.
Example: Indecision has hindered the social and economic development of
Hong Kong.
Example: Overprotection impedes the mental growth of children.
Example: The exam-oriented education system in Hong Kong has hampered
the development of creativity of Hong Kong children.
12. + v. + ing / n. is a danger / hazard to n. (
Example: Air pollution is a danger to our health.
Example: Hill fires are a hazard to Australia.
/
)
13. n. + get worse / deteriorate/ worsen (
)
Example: The Chinese standard of Hong Kong students is getting worse.
Example: Despite the efforts of the government, the problem of drug abuse has
deteriorated.
Example: With prolonged economic downturn, youth unemployment has
worsened in many European countries.
14. + v. + ing / n. + aggravate / exacerbate + n. (
)
Example: The emergence of the knowledge-based economy has aggravated the
wealth gap in China.
Example: The influx of mainland tourists in recent years has exacerbated the
hostility between Hong Kongers and mainlanders.
15. n. / v. + ing has / have / had + disastrous / catastrophic +
impact / effects / consequences/ ramifications / repercussions
+ on + n. / v. + ing
n. / v. + ing bring / brought + disastrous / catastrophic +
impact / effects / consequences/ ramifications / repercussions
+ to + n. / v. + ing (
)
Example: The 311 earthquake had disastrous impact on Japan.
Example: Domestic violence can have catastrophic consequences on the
victims.
Example: The Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution brought
disastrous repercussions to China.
16. n. / v. + ing adversely affects (v.) + n. / v. + ing (
)
Example: Civil wars adversely affect the development of Africa and the Middle
East.
Example: Staying up late adversely affects our health.
17. n. / v. + ing does more good than harm
n. / v. + ing does more harm than good
Example: Expanding the existing three landfills does more good than harm.
Example: Constructing casinos in Hong Kong does more harm than good.
18. The advantages of n. / v. + ing outweigh the disadvantages(
)
The disadvantages n. / v. + ing outweigh the advantages(
)
Example: The advantages of smartphones outweigh the disadvantages.
Example: The disadvantages of capital punishment outweigh the advantages.
:
1. Because / As / Since + SVO, + SVO (
)
SVO + because / as / since + SVO
Example: Because the Chinese University has high-quality teaching staff and
beautiful environment, it attracts many Jupas applicants every year.
Example: European soccer teams have earned more and more money because
they receive huge broadcasting fees and they are sponsored by large-scale
international corporations.
Example: Since Hong Kong was a British colony, it is influenced by western
culture.
2. Due to / Owing to / Thanks to / As a result of + n., + SVO (
)
SVO + due to / owing to / thanks to / as a result of + n.
Example: Due to his charm and excellent football skills, C. Ronaldo has become
one of the most popular soccer players in the world.
Example: Many parents can hardly communicate with their children owing to
their hectic lifestyle.
Example: Thanks to abundant supply of cheap labour, China has become the
world’s manufacturing powerhouse.
Example: A lot of marine animals have died in recent decades as a result of
deteriorating water pollution.
3. SVO, + so + SVO (
)
Example: Mainland parents are concerned about the food safety in China, so many
of them prefer to buy food in Hong Kong.
Example: Many mainland tourists lack civic awareness, so they are unpopular in
Hong Kong.
4. SVO. + Therefore, / Hence, / Thus, / As a result, / As a consequence, + SVO
SVO, + and therefore / and hence / and thus + SVO (
)
Example: The problem of drug abuse has worsened. Therefore, the government
should take the initiative to tackle the problem.
Example: Public hygiene in India is poor. As a result, infectious diseases are
pervasive.
Example: Moral persuasion has been ineffective, and hence the government
should solve the problem through legislation.
Example: High-quality human resources are indispensable for the success of Hong
Kong, and thus the government should improve the education system and attract
more talents.
:
1. Although / Though / Even though + SVO, + SVO
SVO + although / though / even though + SVO (
)
Example: Although the government lacks land to satisfy the housing needs of the
public, it should not develop the land in country parks.
Example: Though mainland tourists have become a nuisance in our society, we
cannot deny that they have stimulated the economic development of Hong Kong.
Example: The number of traffic accidents has risen sharply even though the
government has organized public campaigns to encourage road safety.
2. SVO, + but + SVO (
)
Example: Hong Kong has been united with China for 16 years, but many Hong
Kongers do not have a sense of belonging to our motherland.
Example: India has developed by leaps and bounds in the recent two decades, but
sexual discrimination is severe in the country.
3. Despite / In spite of + n., + SVO
SVO + despite / in spite of + n. (
)
Example: Despite Hong Kong’s increasing economic integration with the China,
the relationship between Hong Kong people and mainlanders has deteriorated.
Example: The government has no intention to adopt small-class teaching in all
secondary schools in Hong Kong in spite of its advantages.
4. SVO + However, / Nevertheless, / Nonetheless, + SVO (
)
Example: It is important for parents to take care of their children. However,
parents should not spoil them.
Example: The mother tongue policy can increase students’ understanding of
different subjects. Nevertheless, it deprives their chance of learning more English
vocabulary.
Example: Hong Kong is an international city. Nonetheless, it has never organized
such international sports events like the Asian Games and the Olympic Games.
1. If + SVO, + SVO
SVO + if + SVO (
)
Example: If we do not care about our neighbour, the whole society will become coldblooded.
Example: If the mass media continues to attract readers through sensational news
coverage, they will contaminate the mind of our next generation.
Example: Hong Kong will become more crowded and chaotic if the Individual
Travelers’ Scheme is expanded to more inland provinces.
Example: More accidents will occur if the organizers of the Standard Chartered
Marathon allow more people to participate in the event.
2. Provided that / As long as / So long as + SVO, + SVO
SVO + provided that / as long as / so long as + SVO (
)
Example: Provide that the government allocates more resources to promote the
development of local sports, Hong Kong athletes will achieve better results in
international competitions.
Example: As long as reclamation projects do not damage the habitat of marine animals,
they are good ways to increase the land supply in Hong Kong.
Example: Globalization is beneficial for the world so long as multinational enterprises
respect local culture and safeguard the rights of workers.
3. Even if / Even though + SVO, + SVO
SVO + even if / even though + SVO (
)
Example: Even if the government distributes cash to the poor, the wealth gap cannot be
bridged.
Example: People will continue to be exploited by unscrupulous retailers even though
the government has implemented new consumer protection laws.
4. Unless + SVO, + SVO
SVO + unless + SVO
Example: Unless the government passes laws to deter the paparazzi, they will continue
to invade the privacy of celebrities.
Example: People will not restore their confidence of Chinese food unless its safety is
safeguarded.
5. SVO + Otherwise, + SVO
Example: Parents should not force their children to join too many courses. Otherwise,
they will be
stressed.
1. To / In order to + v., + SVO
SVO in order to / so as to / to + v. (
)
Example: To ensure the all-round development of students, schools can organize
more study tours and exchange programmes.
Example: In order to buy luxury products, some youngsters engage in activities
such as drug trafficking and compensated dating.
Example: In recent years, many TV channels have broadcast more and more
reality shows in order to attract viewers.
Example: Nowadays, many young people participate in working holidays so as to
relax themselves and broaden their horizons.
2. With a view to / For the sake of + v. + ing, + SVO
SVO + with a view to / for the sake of + v. + ing (
)
Example: With a view to promoting sports in Hong Kong, the government
should encourage schools to organize more sports activities.
Example: The government has incorporated Liberal Studies into the senior
secondary curriculum with a view to increasing students’ awareness of current
affairs.
Example: The government is considering adopting compulsory school-based drug
testing for the sake of tackling the drug abuse problem.
3. SVO + in order that / so that + SVO (sbdy can/could do sthg) (
)
Example: The government has implemented the minimum wage law in order that
it can protect workers from exploitation.
Example: Some schools adopted e-learning a few years ago in order that they
could relieve the burden on students’ back.
Example: The government has passed laws so that it can prevent the ethnic
minorities from discrimination.
Example: Some teenagers have resorted to vandalism so that they can express
their frustration with society.
1. N. + is / am / are / was / were + so + adj. + that + SVO
Example: The problem of parallel trading was so acute that the government took
drastic measures to deter mainlanders from trading goods at MTR stations.
Example: Dating shows are so entertaining that they attract a lot of audience.
2. N. + is / am / are / was / were + such + adj. + n. + that + SVO
Example: The wide wealth gap is such a deep-rooted issue that the government
should take action immediately.
Example: Freedom of expression is such an important core value that the
government should safeguard it.
1. Generally speaking, + SVO
Example: Generally speaking, youngsters are more rebellious in their puberty.
2. In general, + SVO
Example: In general, prolonged exposure to sunlight increases the chance of skin
cancer.
1. Everyone knows that + SVO
Example: Everyone knows that Hong Kong is a gourmet paradise.
2. As everyone knows, + SVO
Example: As everyone knows, declining birth rate will lower the productivity of a
country.
3. As we all know, + SVO
Example: As we all know, euthanasia is prohibited in most countries in the world.
4. It is widely known that + SVO
Example: It is widely known that space exploration is beneficial to scientific
development. Nevertheless, many people oppose it because of its high cost.
1. It is believed that + SVO (
)
Example: It is believed that the Cultural Revolution has resulted in mutual
distrust among Chinese people.
2. It is suggested that + SVO (
)
Example: It is suggested that the government can combat the light pollution
problem through legislation.
3. It is reported that + SVO (
)
Example: It is reported that 80% of the respondents are anxious about the
HKDSE next year.
1. For example / For instance, + SVO (
)
Example: Youth unemployment is an acute problem in many countries. For
example, nearly half of the youngsters in Spain are unemployed.
Example: The food safety in China is alarming. For instance, it was reported in
2008 that many brands of dairy products were contaminated with melamine, which
is a carcinogenic substance.
2. SVO, + for example / for instance, + n. (
)
Example: Hong Kong has many famous tourist destinations, for example,
Disneyland, Ocean Park and Wetland Park.
Example: The Soccer World Cup is sponsored by many multinational companies,
for instance, McDonald’s, Samsung and Canon.
3. SVO + such as / like + n. (
)
Example: In recent decades, infectious diseases such as avian flu and SARS have
caused thousands of deaths in the globe.
Example: In view of the nuclear disaster in Japan, more renewable power
resources like solar power and hydro-electric power should be adopted to generate
electricity.
4. SVO, + including + n. (
)
Example: According to employers, the Post-80s have many weaknesses, including
low working skills, poor time management and impoliteness.
5. SVO + for example, / for instance, / such as / like + n. + and so on (
…)
Example: In Hong Kong, we can taste different kinds of cuisine such as Chinese
food, Korean food, Thai food, Italian food and so on.
6. SVO. + n. + is a case in point (…
)
Example: In recent years, many countries have been tormented by political turmoil
and civil wars. Syria is a case in point.
7. Take + n. as an example ( …
)
Example: While organizing the Olympic Games can enhance the international image
and promote tourism of a country, it is very costly. Take Greece as an example. As
many economists argue, the 2004 Olympics in Athens contributed to the economic
crisis in Greece.
1. Compared with + n., + SVO ( ...
)
Example: Compared with their counterparts in the 1960s, the Chinese nowadays
are far wealthier.
Example: Compared with the old system, the 3+3+4 education system can better
train the logical thinking and critical thinking of students.
2. Comparing + n. + with + n., you will find that + SVO ( A B
)
Example: Comparing the local singers nowadays with the superstars in the
1980s, you will find that their standard is low.
Example: Comparing the children nowadays with those in the 1960s and the
1970s, you will find that they are over-dependent and spoilt by their parents.
3. On one hand, + SVO. + On the other hand, + SVO. (
...
)
Example: On one hand, incinerators can reduce the burden on our landfills. On the
other hand, they will exacerbate the air pollution problem.
Example: On one hand, credit cards can provide us with convenience. On the
other hand, they may lead to overspending.
4. SVO. + In contrast, + SVO. (
)
Example: The birth rate in many countries like Germany and Japan has been
declining. In contrast, the United States has maintained a relatively a high birth rate.
As a result, its productivity will be higher in the years to come.
5. In contrast to + n., + SVO (
)
Example: In contrast to the government in Singapore, the Hong Kong government
does not provide sufficient assistance for the public to purchase their homes.
6. SVO. On the contrary, + SVO. (
...
)
Example: Heritage preservation will not compromise economic development. On the
contrary, it will stimulate the development of tourism.
7. In contrary to + n., + SVO (
)
Example: In contrary to their parents’ expectations, many youngsters are
uninterested in studying and working and become socially withdrawn youths.
8. In the past, + SVO. + Now, / Nowadays, + SVO (
...
…)
Example: In the past, Hong Kong was reputable for its efficiency. Now, it is
hamstrung by ceaseless conflicts in our society.
9. A few decades ago, + SVO + Now, / Nowadays, + SVO (
...
...)
Example: A few decades ago, China used to be the sick man in East Asia. Nowadays,
it has transformed into an economic superpower and the living standard of the Chinese
has dramatically improved.
Example: A few decades ago, children were pure and innocent. Now, many children
are indulged by their parents and polluted by materialism.
10. In the past + SVO. + This is no longer true. / This is no longer the case. + SVO
Example: In the past, consumers were often exploited by unscrupulous retailers. This
is no longer true. The consumers nowadays are more demanding and relentlessly
fight for their rights.
Example: In bygone days, Hong Kongers generally welcomed mainland tourists. This
is no longer the case. Now, they are disgusted by their uncivilized behavior.
1. SVO. + To make the matters worse, + SVO. (
)
Example: In Hong Kong, the living environment of many people is too cramped for pets.
To make the matters worse, some irresponsible owners abuse and abandon their pets.
2. SVO. + To make things worse, + SVO. (
)
Example: In Hong Kong, many people have to confront heavy workload. To make things
worse, they have no choice but to work overtime regularly. As a result, they can hardly lead
a balanced lifestyle.
3. SVO. + Worse still, + SVO. (
)
Example: In the short term, people with unhealthy diets will easily be tired. Worse still,
their immune system will weaken and they will become sick frequently.
4. SVO. + Even more worrying / alarming is that + SVO. (
)
Example: Browsing social-networking websites is time-consuming. Even more worrying
is that they will pollute the mind of teenagers.
Example: The wide wealth gap in the world has resulted in unequal opportunities for
different people. Even more alarming is that it has engendered social disturbance and
terrorism.
5. SVO. + To add insult to injury, + SVO. (
)
Example: The HKDSE is a challenging task for many sixth-formers. To add insult to
injury, the Hong Kong Examinations and Assessment Authority has frequently altered the
formats of examinations and hence made candidates rudderless.
6. SVO. + In some extreme cases, + SVO. (
)
Example: The lack of sportsmanship is a serious problem in China. In some extreme cases,
some soccer players engage in match-fixing to make financial gains.
7. SVO. + In the worst scenario, / In the worst-case scenario, + SVO. (
)
Example: When students do part-time jobs, their academic results will decline. In the
worst scenario, they may put their life in jeopardy.
Example: The victims of cyber-bullying will suffer from depression. In the worst-case
scenario, they may commit suicide.
1. Obviously,/Apparently,/Unmistakably,/Evidently,/Clearly, + SVO (
)
Example: Obviously, the exam-oriented system has led to the popularity of tutorial
classes in Hong Kong.
Example: Apparently, teenagers’ obsession with high-tech products like iPhones and
iPads is harmful to their eyesight.
Example: Clearly, the government should not outlaw derivative work on the Internet
because it is a channel for people to express their dissatisfaction.
2. It is obvious that / It is apparent that /It is clear that/It is evident that + SVO
(
)
Example: It is obvious that hosting the Olympic Games does more good than harm to a
country.
Example: It is apparent that the one-child policy is out of touch with the reality and
should be abolished as soon as possible.
Example: It is evident that China has blindly pursued economic development at the
expense of environmental protection.
3. Undoubtedly,/Indubitably, / Indisputably, / Unquestionably, + SVO (
)
Example: Undoubtedly, commercialization is conducive to the development of sports as
it can provide incentives for athletes to maximize their potential and performance.
Example: Indisputably, capital punishment is a necessary evil in the Chinese society.
Example: Unquestionably, the lack of creativity has jeopardized the development of the
local movie industry.
4. There is no doubt that / It is beyond doubt that + SVO (
)
Example: There is no doubt that user-friendly functions are the reason why microblogs are so popular in China.
Example: It is beyond doubt that the sound legal system is the cornerstone of Hong
Kong’s success.
5. No wonder + SVO (
)
Example: Many teachers have failed the language benchmark tests in recent years. No
wonder the language teaching standard in Hong Kong is so disappointing.
6. Alarmingly, + SVO (
)
Example: Alarmingly, more and more teenagers have fallen prey to criminals on socialnetworking websites.
Example: Alarmingly, 20% of the students in Hong Kong are reported to be the victims
of cyber-bullying.
7. Astonishingly, + SVO (
)
Example: Astonishingly, some restaurants in China use industrial oil to cook food.
8. Unfortunately, + SVO (
)
Example: The government has emphasized the importance of family harmony in
commercials and public campaigns. Unfortunately, the problem of domestic violence is
still acute.
9. Sadly,/ Lamentably,/ Regrettably,/ Sad to say, + SVO (
)
Example: Hong Kong is a modern society. Sadly, many poor people have to live in
subdivided flats.
Example: Peace is the universal goal of human beings. Regrettably, many people are
displaced and killed by wars every year.
Example: Despite public education, some people discriminate against the physicallydisabled and the mentally-disabled.
10. Tragically, + SVO (
)
Example: Tragically, the Sichuan earthquake in 2008 took away the precious lives of
nearly 70,000 people.
11. Arguably, + SVO (
)
Example: Arguably, the implementation of 15-year free education can enhance the
quality of human resources in Hong Kong.
Example: Arguably, laziness and lack of concentration are the culprits of many students’
poor academic performance.
12. Surely, / To be sure, + SVO
Example: Surely, standard working hours can result in work-life balance.
Example: To be sure, the poor courtesy of local people has tarnished the image of Hong
Kong.
1. Some people may argue/pinpoint/point out / emphasize + that + SVO
(
/
/
/
)
Example: Some people may argue that compulsory school-based drug testing will infringe
on the privacy of students.
Example: Some people may pinpoint that the development of new towns in north-east
New Territories can supply more public housing units for the grassroots.
2. Critics may argue/pinpoint/point out / emphasize + that + SVO
(
/
/
/
)
Example: Critics may point out that homosexual marriage will disrupt the norms and order
of our society and pose risk to public health.
Example: Critics may emphasize that Internet slang can facilitate our daily communication.
3. There Is no denying that / It cannot be denied that + SVO (
)
Example: There is no denying that some students may think that the compulsory test will
offend them and some may even think that it is an insult.
Example: It cannot be denied that the housing supply in Hong Kong is insufficient and the
living conditions of the impoverished are unsatisfactory.
4. Admittedly, / Undeniably, + SVO (
)
Example: Admittedly, gay marriage is contrary to the traditional concept of marriage and
may increase the chance of sexually-transmitted diseases.
Example: Undeniably, slang is a useful communicative tool as it can add spice to our
conversations.
5. Nevertheless, /However,/Nonetheless,+ we should recognize that + SVO
Nevertheless, /However,/Nonetheless, + we should note that + SVO
Nevertheless, /However,/Nonetheless, + it is worth noting that + SVO
(
…)
Example: Nevertheless, we should recognize that the physical and psychological health of
students is of utmost importance.
Example: However, we should recognize that north-east New Territories is too remote and
may repeat the tragedy of Tin Shui Wai.
Example: Nonetheless, it is worth noting that the freedom of homosexuals should be
respected.
Example: Nevertheless, we should recognize that the abuse of slang will erode our
language skills.
6. In fact, / In reality, / Actually, + SVO (
)
Example: In fact, the problem of campus drug abuse has been getting worse in recent years.
Example: In reality, basic infrastructures, transport network and social facilities are lacking in
the area.
Example: Actually, homosexual marriage has been legalized in many countries such as
Holland and France.
7. The truth is that / The reality is that + SVO (
)
Example: The truth is that the language standard of many students nowadays has declined
sharply.
Example: The reality is that the campus of some secondary schools in Hong Kong has
become the breeding ground of drug abuse.
1. As aforementioned, / As mentioned above, /As I mentioned,/As I argued, + SVO (
)
Example: As aforementioned, the increasing divorce rate can be attributed to our hectic
lifestyle and individualism.
Example: As mentioned above, over-packaging is wasteful and detrimental to our
environment.
Example: As I mentioned, emotional quotient is as important as knowledge and IQ.
Example: As I argued, materialism and peer pressure are the root causes of juvenile
delinquency.
2. In the following, + I will suggest some ways to + v. (
Example: In the following, I will suggest some ways to reduce the divorce rate.
)
3. To tackle/ cure/deal with/ cope with + the problem of + n., + I will put forward some
suggestions.
To tackle/ cure / deal with/ cope with the problem of + n., + I will put forward the
following recommendations. (
…
)
Example: To tackle the problem of over-packaging, I will put forward some suggestions.
Example: To cope with the problem of teenage crimes, I will put forward the following
recommendations.
4. To alleviate / relieve + the problem of + n., + I will put forward some suggestions.
To alleviate / relieve + the problem of + n., + I will put forward the following
recommendations.
(
…
)
Example: To alleviate the problem of illegal downloading, I will put forward some
suggestions.
Example: To relieve the problem of aging population, I will put forward the following
recommendations.
1.
,/
+ I suggest/advise/propose/recommend that + SVO. (
)
Example: Firstly, I suggest that the government should pass laws to regulate light pollution.
Example: First of all, I propose that the government should provide more practical training
courses for the youngsters.
Example: Secondly, I propose that schools can organize more study tours so that students
can learn more about the social and economic development of China.
Example: Secondly, I recommend that the police can meet the representatives from the
mass media regularly to address their concerns.
2.
,/
, + it is good / advantageous (for sbdy) to do sthg (…
)
Example: First of all, it is good for family members to communicate frequently with each
other.
Example: Also, it is advantageous for the organizers to ban the use of mobile phones in the
marathon.
3.
,/
, + it is feasible (for sbdy) to do sthg (…
)
Example: To begin with, it is feasible for the government to increase the number of
subsidized university places.
4.
,/
, + it is important (for sbdy) to do sthg (…
)
Example: Furthermore, it is important to instill positive attitude in teenagers.
Example: Last but not least, it is important for parents to give their emotional support to
socially-withdrawn youths so that they can reintegrate into society.
5.
,/
, + it is necessary (for sbdy) to do sthg (…
)
Example: To start with, it is necessary for the government to provide financial assistance
for couples to have children.
Example: Besides, it is necessary for parents to teach their children to look after themselves.
6.
,/
, + it is essential (for sbdy) to do sthg (…
)
Example: Firstly, it is essential for schools to organize more English-related activities for
their students.
Example: Lastly, it is essential to monitor the teaching quality of tutorial classes.
7.
,/
, + it is urgent (for sbdy) to do sthg (…
)
Example: Apparently, it is urgent to toughen laws to punish irresponsible and pitiless pet
owners.
Example: Clearly, it is urgent for the government to prohibit cigarette advertising.
8. It is (high) time for sbdy to do sthg
It is (high) time sbdy should do sthg
It is (high) time sbdy did sthg (
)
Example: It is time for the government to legalize homosexual marriage.
Example: It is high time for the government to increase the construction of public housing
estates.
Example: It is time schools should organize more sports activities to improve the health of
students.
Example: It is high time parents should care about the feelings of their children.
Example: It is time Chinese food manufacturers improved the quality control of their
products.
Example: It is high time the government banned the sale of junk food in schools.
9. Sbdy + plays an important / a significant role in + sthg / v. + ing + sthg(
)
Example: The government plays an important role in the development of local sports.
Example: Parents play a significant role in developing their children into responsible and
self-reliant individuals.
10. Sbdy can (
) / could (
) / had better / should (
) / need to (
) + do + sthg
Example: Teachers can provide national education in Chinese History lessons.
Example: Schools could invite speakers to educate students about the harmful effects of
cyber bullying.
Example: The government had better consider the needs of the poor when they formulate
policies.
Example: To promote tourism, the government needs to develop more tourist destinations.
Example: While it is important to satisfy the curiosity of the general public, the paparazzi
need to respect the privacy of celebrities.
11. v. + ing / n. + is/are the key / solution + to + n. / v. + ing + n. (… …
Example: Genuine communication is the key to solving family conflicts.
Example: Reclamation is the solution to the lack of land.
)
12. v. + ing / n. + is/are the recipe + for + n. / v. + ing + n. (… …
)
Example: Favourable immigration policies are the recipe for alleviating aging population.
13. v. + ing / n. + is/are the prescription / panacea + for + n. / v. + ing + n. (… …
)
Example: Standard working hours are the prescription for excessive workload in Hong
Kong.
Example: Promoting sports is the panacea for the obesity problem in Hong Kong.
14. In the short run, sbdy + can / should + do + sthg
In the short term, sbdy + can / should + do + sthg (
)
Example: In the short run, the government should control the property prices through special
taxes and stamp duties.
Example: In the short term, the government can distribute cash and subsidies to alleviate the
pressing needs of the poor.
15. In the long run, sbdy + can / should + do + sthg
In the long term, sbdy + can / should + do + sthg (
)
Example: In the long run, the government should increase land supply and the construction
of flats under the Home Ownership Scheme.
Example: In the long term, the government should provide more financial assistance for poor
children in low-income families to prevent inter-generational poverty.
16. Sbdy + should / need(s) to + make effort/put effort + to do sthg (
)
Example: The government should make effort to enhance the working skills of youngsters
and lower youth unemployment.
Example: Different countries need to make effort to solve their disputes and prevent wars.
17. Sbdy + should / need(s) to + spend money on / allocate resources on + sthg / v. + ing (
)
Example: The government should spend money on upgrading the sports facilities in Hong
Kong.
Example: Schools need to allocate resources on helping the students with special learning
needs.
Example: The government should allocate resources on poverty alleviation.
18. Sbdy + should / need(s) to ensure that / make sure that + SVO (
)
Example: TV channels should ensure that reality shows and reality shows will not pollute the
mind of teenagers.
Example: Parents need to make sure that their children can become independent and solve
their problems in the future.
Example: The government should ensure that soccer betting and horse-racing will not
produce a large number of pathological gamblers.
19. Sbdy + should + do its utmost / try its best to / strive + to + v. (
)
Example: The government should do its utmost to mitigate air pollution.
Example: Schools should try its best to prevent students from going astray.
Example: Different countries should strive to reduce racial discrimination.
20. Sbdy + can / should / need(s) to + provide (more) financial assistance for sbdy
(
)
Example: The government can provide financial assistance for people who live in
subdivided flats and industrial buildings.
Example: Rich countries should provide more financial assistance for poor African
countries.
21. Sbdy + can / should / need(s) to + provide (more) counseling services for sbdy
(
)
Example: The government and non-governmental organizations should provide more
counseling services for troubled youths.
Example: Schools need to provide more counseling services for the victims of bullying.
22. Sbdy + can / should / need(s) to + enhance / strengthen / step up cooperation + with+
sbdy
+ on + n. / v. + ing
Sbdy and Sbdy can / should / need(s) to + enhance / strengthen / step up cooperation
+ on + n. / v. + ing (
)
Example: The Hong Kong government can enhance cooperation with the Chinese
government on reducing air pollution.
Example: Hong Kong should strengthen cooperation with China on cross-border drug
trafficking.
Example: Parents and schools needs to step up cooperation on nurturing the next
generation.
Example: China and the United States should enhance cooperation on hacking.
23. Sbdy + can / should / need(s) to + cooperate + with+ sbdy + to + v.
Sbdy and sbdy + can / should / need(s) to + cooperate + with+ each other + to + v.
(
)
Example: The government should cooperate with movie producers to promote the
development of the local movie industry.
Example: The government and non-governmental organizations need to cooperate with
each other to help the non-engaged youths.
24. Sbdy + should / need(s) to + enhance / strengthen /step up + education + about + n.
(
)
Example: Schools should strengthen education about the harmful effects of drug abuse.
Example: The government needs to step up education about the importance of civic
awareness.
25. Sbdy + should / need(s) to + strengthen /step up + publicity + for + n.
(
)
Example: The Health Department should strengthen publicity for the harmful effects of
smoking.
Example: The government needs to strengthen publicity for the Hong Kong Games.
26. The government should / need(s) to + organize more public campaigns + to + v. (
)
Example: The government should organize more public campaigns to promote personal
hygiene.
Example: The government should organize more public campaigns to discourage animal
cruelty.
27. Sbdy + should / need(s) to + put up (more) commercials + to + v. + n. (
)
Example: The government should put up commercials to promote the benefits of rubbish
disposal levy.
Example: The government should put up more commercials on CNN and BBC to promote
Hong Kong.
28. Sbdy + can / should / need(s) to + enhance / strengthen / increase communication +
with+ sbdy
+ to + v.
Sbdy and Sbdy can / should / need(s) to + enhance / strengthen / increase
communication
+ to + v. (
)
Example: The police should strengthen communication with the public to improve their
relation.
Example: Parents and children need to increase communication to understand each other.
29. The government should / need(s) to + set up (more) laws + to + v. + n. (
)
Example: The government should set up more laws to protect consumer rights.
Example: The government should set up laws to prevent discrimination against homosexuals.
30. The government should / need(s) to + strengthen / step up law enforcement + to + v. +
n. (
)
Example: The government should strengthen law enforcement to combat illegal gambling.
Example: The government should step up law enforcement to tackle online sale of fake
goods.
31. Parents should / need to spend more time with their children. (
)
Example: Aforementioned, teenagers often feel lonely and helpless. Therefore, parents
should spend more time with their children.
32. Parents should / need to communicate more with their children and care about their
feelings.
(
)
Example: There is often a generation gap between parents and their children. Hence,
parents should communicate more with them and care about their feelings.
33. Schools can organize (
) + (some / more) + talks (
) / sharing sessions (
)
/ slogan designing competitions (
) / drama competitions (
)/
book-report writing competitions (
) / carnivals (
) / walkathons
(
) / charity sale (
) /debates (
) / fashion shows (
)/
talent shows (
) / singing contests (
) / sports activities (
)/
language courses (
) / leadership training camps (
)/
extra-curricular activities (
)
Example: To raise students’ awareness of the drug abuse problem, schools can organize
some sharing sessions for them.
Example: To exploit the creativity of students, schools can organize drama competitions and
talent shows for them.
Example: In order to mitigate the obesity problem, schools can organize more sports
activities for students.
Example: In order to enhance students’ communication and leadership skills, schools can
organize some leadership training camps for them.
34. By / Through + n. / v. + ing, + sbdy + can + do sthg
Sbdy + can + do sthg by / through + n. / v. + ing (
)
Example: By enhancing personal hygiene, we can improve our health.
Example: Through preserving natural scenery and cultural heritage, the government can
attract more tourists.
Example: Chinese milk producers can improve their image by strengthening food safety.
Example: Entertainment companies can promote local music culture through organizing
outdoor music festivals.
1. In conclusion, / To conclude, + SVO (
)
Example: In conclusion, indulgence and comfortable lifestyle have made many children
over-dependent.
Example: To conclude, early university admission is harmful to child prodigies because
this will deprive them of their childhood and bring great pressure to them.
2. In sum, / To sum up, + SVO (
)
Example: In sum, aging population will increase the burden on the medical system and
undermine the productivity of China.
Example: To sum up, copyright infringement will lower the incentives of composers to
create new songs and engender economic losses.
3. All in all, + SVO(
)
Example: All in all, the street stalls in Mong Kok do more good than harm as they can let
youngsters showcase their talent and attract tourists from the world.
4. In short, + SVO(
)
Example: In short, cyber bullying will result in lasting psychological damage on the
victims and compromise social harmony.
5. Sbdy + can / should / need(s) to / strike a balance between n. / v. + ing and n. / v. +
ing (
)
Example: The government can strike a balance between combating drug abuse and
protecting students’ privacy.
Example: Surely, Hong Kong should strike a balance between economic development
and heritage preservation.
Example: Clearly, schools need to strike a balance between the academic performance of
students and their physical and mental health.