DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
INTRODUCTION
Smart Village is a concept adopted by national, state and local governments
of India,as an initiative focused on holistic rural development, derived from Mahat
ma Gandhi's vision of Adarsh Gram (Ideal Village) and Swaraj (Self Reliance).
Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana(SAGY) on
2nd October 2014, Gandhi's birthday, in addition to Smart Cities and Digital India,
as a development programme for India. The Parliamentarian's Model Village Sche
-me main goal is for each Member of Parliament and Minister to adopt a rural
village and develop it into a model by 2019 under the SAGY guidelines. The visio
n of SAGY is a integrated village development plan, encompassing Personal, Human, Social, and Economic dimensions Smart Village India gets its foundation
from Mahatma Gandhi's vision of Adarsh Gram (model village) and Gram Swaraj
(Village self rule/independence). Gandhi in two texts, Hind Swaraj and Gram
(Village) Swaraj, promotes the concept of integrated rural development to impact
majority of the population, as the primary initiative after India Independence in
1947. The Eco Needs Foundation has initiated the concept of "Smart Village".
Under this project the Foundation is adopting villages and putting efforts for
sustainable development by providing basic amenities like sanitation, safe drinking
water, internal road, tree plantation, water conservation. The Foundation is also
working for inculcating moral values in the society and for improving the standard
of living of the villagers.
In the concept of "Smart Village" the development of the village shall be
based on the five paths Retrofitting, Redevelopment, Green fields, e-Pan,
Livelihood. Under the concept of Smart Village, the Foundation has adopted
Village Dhanora, Teh. Bari, District Dholpur, a small and remote village of
Rajasthan to develop it as India’s First Smart Village. The village is situated 30 km
away from Dholpur district head quarter and 248 km from Jaipur. The population
of the village is about 2,000. The village was devoid of its basic needs like
sanitation, internal roads. It was also facing various other similar problems such as
lack of access to potable water, non-availability of water conservation system,
encroachment on the roads, power fluctuation, non-availability of employmentoriented education, unemployment and poverty, so on and so forth. Prof. Priyan and
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Agale Founder of Eco Needs Foundation and Dr. Satyapal Sing Meena (IRS) Joint
commissioner of Income Tax has converted this idea into reality and now Dhanora
has become role model of Rural Development. Dhanora village was also given an
award by Prime minister of India Mr. Narendra Modi in the year 2018.
Many argue that the developing world is exposed to the impact of climate
change in two ways. Geography, exacerbated by economic weakness, has left many
countries vulnerable to climate extremes and natural disasters. Additionally, much
of the developing world faces an opportunity cost for climate resilient low carbon
growth and socio-economic development in comparison to established economies,
which were able to utilize fossil fuels freely to support their development. Nearly
1.3 billion people across the globe remain without access to electricity today and
will find it challenging to achieve parity of development should they follow
conventional models of development. Many such communities are often situated in
remote areas, far away from urban centres and beyond the reach of national grid
extensions. However, an exciting tranche of recent innovations in finance,
renewable energy, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), mobile
healthcare and biotech offer a unique opportunity for those 1.3 billion individuals
to bypass the highly centralized and gas-guzzling model used by the established
economies. In short, sustainable rural development can offer considerable
advantages over historical approaches, reaping benefits for a demographic
comprising 70 per cent of the world’s poor. The ‘smart village’ is a model in which,
energy access acts as a catalyst for a range of development outcomes. If managed
correctly, technology ‘leapfrogging’ could lead to rapid improvements in
healthcare, nutrition, education, and economic security.
Villagers could thus have the opportunity to capture many of the benefits
of urban life while retaining valued aspects of rural life, and ensuring balanced
development at a national level. Villagers can be empowered to realize their unique
ambitions by picking and choosing the aspects of modernity they wish to
incorporate into their communities. In doing so, they can take control over their own
future, giving them a real choice between life in a city or a smart village. Residents
would consequently be able to lead healthy and fulfilling lives, achieve their
development potential, earn a viable living, and stay connected to the wider world.
This model must consider not just the potential outcomes, but practical ways of
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sourcing, financing, and sustaining the requisite energy generation. Fortunately, in
many off-grid locations, renewable energy is increasingly seen as the most practical
and economic option. For example, the increasing cost-effectiveness of
photovoltaic-based technology applications and further scope of small hydroelectric
resources offer development models involving new forms of energy generation.
Sustainable energy access can enable the provision of good education and
healthcare, access to clean water, sanitation and nutrition, the growth of productive
enterprises to boost incomes, and enhanced security, gender equality, and
democratic engagement. This vision is not without pitfalls. History is littered with
expensive and ultimately flawed attempts by governments and development
agencies to parachute infrastructure or technology into underdeveloped rural
communities. Many of these actors have yet to realize the potential of energy access
to transform lives and fail to take simple measures to promote progress. The Smart
Villages Initiative aims to mitigate these difficulties. Our three-year ‘smart villages’
project will collect, analyse, and apply good practices and expertise from around
the world on how sustainable energy can catalyse development. This collected
knowledge will be presented directly to policy-makers and funders, enabling them
to support and promote sound interventions.
One early finding of our investigations is the importance of supporting local
enterprise. Entrepreneurial ambition is both a driver and an outcome for the
development of functioning smart villages. Small businesses generate not only
wealth and employment but also demand for energy. Local entrepreneurs are also
the best people to take ownership over power generation schemes and ensure that
they are supported and maintained. The ingenuity of the Maasai in Terrat in
northern Tanzania is a notable success story. The village has built a 300 KW dieselgenerating plant, fuelled by biofuel produced from locally grown Jatropha. The
generator supports a mini-grid, which supplies electricity over 100 households, a
radio station, a dairy, a village training and social centre, and several small shops
and workshops. The social impact of the scheme has included improved health and
new opportunities for income generation, giving to villagers reasons to stay within
the community Introducing regulatory frameworks and financial instruments that
support innovation and enterprise will be instrumental in promoting similar
examples of sustainable rural development. The smart village model offers a
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unifying framework that is also flexible enough to allow for different development
pathways for a multitude of diverse rural communities. In turn, the smart village
vision is potentially the key to achieving the post-2015 development agenda and the
UN target of sustainable energy for all by 2030. By maintaining an inclusive
network of stakeholders, ranging from governments, international development
agencies, local NGOs, and the villagers themselves, the Smart Villages Initiative
can facilitate vertical information exchange. The benefits of integrating knowledge
across this spectrum are potentially significant, merging practical insight with
strategic vision, all the while keeping our feet on the ground. By working closely
with networks of science academies in each region, we also ensure our briefs are
held to academic standards of rigour and are influential at a high level. The global
scope of our engagement also provides a rare opportunity for information exchange
between disparate regions. To date, Smart Villages has held workshops in East
Africa and Southeast Asia. More workshops and other engagement activities are
planned in South America, Central America, South Asia and West Africa. Whilst
our vision may be ambitious, we believe that with broad engagement, and support
from key institutions, governments, and media outlets it is eminently achievable.
Most importantly, this model of sustainable development has the potential to
significantly improve the lives of village communities worldwide and help ensure
a sustainable future for everyone.
SMART VILLAGES
The idea behind smart villages revolves around shifting the paradigm, so
that instead of considering small rural populations as recipients of government aid,
they are equipped with the necessary means to become engines of change and
productive centres. The determining factor in achieving this is the digitalisation of
the villages.
By using the internet and associated technologies, potential customers can
be attracted from anywhere, improving efficiency, and therefore increasing produc
-tivity, offering better customer service and creating job opportunities both locally
and in other areas. The main obstacle is the digital divide, the difficulty in accessing
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the internet outside large cities, and the lack of digital literacy, the lack of training
to equip the population with the necessary skills.
Implementation by states
The following states and territories participate in the programme

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Nagaland
Odisha
Puducherry
Punjab
Rajasthan
Sikkim
Tamil Nadu
Telangana
Tripura
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
Assam
Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Daman and Diu
Gujarat
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir
Jharkhand
Karnataka
Kerala
Lakshadweep
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Manipur
Meghalaya
Chandigarh
Delhi
Smart City-based development has become a trend of city development
around the world. The development of Smart City is not just to improve the
efficiency of the bureaucracy by utilizing information and communication
technology (ICT), but also how to develop the community by making ICT
infrastructure and facility as supporting factors or enablers. Smart city is defined as
an innovative city on the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
and other means to improve its quality of life, efficiency of urban services, and
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competitiveness, as well as sustainability. As a form of government support on
Smart City development in Indonesia, Ministry of Communications and Informatics
of Republic of Indonesia in collaboration with Ministry of Home Affairs, Ministry
of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform, Indonesia Ministry of National
Development Planning/BAPENNAS, Ministry of Public Works and Human
Settlement, Presidential Staff Office initiated the idea of 100 Smart City Movement
of “Gerakan menuju 100 smart city”. In 2017, 25 cities/regencies were chosen to be
accompanied and mentored by the experts in implementing Smart City concept. In
2019, this program targets as many as 100 cities/regencies in Indonesia that have
implemented Smart City development and become models for other regions in
Indonesia.
The need for smart city in urban and rural areas was different, but there were
some standards that must be met. The development of the village area was realized
through smart village concept. Smart city and smart village are two different cases
where the level of the broad are different regional size and problems, so that not all
elements in Smart City were able to be applied to all regions in Indonesia. Based
on law number 6 of 2014 about the village, the total of the villages is around 73.000
villages in regencies and around 8.000 villages in cities. Villagers were empowered
to realize their unique ambitions by picking and choosing the aspects of modernity
they wished to incorporate to their communities. Villages were more than cities, so
they must take smart way for the improvement and development of the country as
a whole. Smart Village was a new concept developed by the researchers from India,
N. Viswanadham, and Sowmya Vedula. This concept was developed in 2010, by
describing the ecosystem for a village and mapping the procedures of integrated
design to build a smart village. The concept of smart village became an alternative
for the development of rural areas in the current global era. "Smart village" was a
solution to improve people’s quality of life in rural areas. In developing a smart
village, the village government must set a goal, what must be developed first and
what will become the supporter. The motivation behind "smart village" was
technology must act as the development, bring through the education, local business
opportunities, improve health and welfarea, increase democratic involvement, and
improve the villager’s quality of life. This concept can be used as a basis for rural
development in Indonesia. The regency in Indonesia that has begun to innovate in
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the development of rural area is Banyuwangi Regency. In 2016, the District
Government of Banyuwangi launched "Smart Kampung" program which was
established through Regent Regulation Number 18 of 2016 concerning the
Integration of Village/Urban-Based Work Programs Through Smart Kampung of
Banyuwangi. This program designed a village to have an integrated program
framework combining the use of optical fiber-based ICT, productive economic
activities, creative economic activities, health-education improvement, and poverty
alleviation efforts. The governance scope of "smart kampung" program was the
implementation of public services for the community. In 2017, the
enactment of Regent Regulation Number 60 of 2017 concerning the Implementati-on of Smart City Master Plan through Banyuwangi Smart Kampung was done.
This regulation was attached to Banyuwangi Smart City Master Plan discussing the
reference to short-term, medium-term and longterm development programs. This
Master Plan adopted the smart city model developed by Ministry of
Communications and Informatics covering 6 dimensions. However, Master Plan
had not provided detailed explanation related to the application of "smart kampung"
in each village in Banyuwangi Regency. Some legal products related to the
development of "smart kampung" on http://jdih.banyuwangikab.go.id/ have not
shown any models related to how "smart kampung" concept can be implemented.
One legal product found was only Public Service Standard (SPM) from several
villages, precisely there were 7 out of 189 villages whose SPM were on the page,
including Ketapang, Cluring, Wringinrejo, Sumbersari, Plampangrejo, and Sempu
Villages. Ketapang Village was the fastest growing village compared to other
villages, with 35 services in 5 minutes as average standard of service. There were
some differences in the number of services provided by each village, and the speed
of service also varied. It showed that there were no standards used by all villages in
the provision of services. In 2018, "smart kampung" program brought Banyuwangi
Regency to the third place among 25 cities/regencies in the evaluation of phase 1
on "Gerakan menuju 100 smart city". It became the reason behind the selection of
Banyuwangi Regency as the object of research. The concept of "smart kampung"
have same subject with smart village concept. It has an innovation focusing on rural
areas. This research was intended to propose the model of smart village for villages
in Banyuwangi Regency. The arrangement of this model was adjusted with the
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problems and characteristics of the research object, Banyuwangi Regency. The
model developed was certainly supported by policies and regulations existed in
order to be implemented optimally and brought positive impacts for the
development of villages in Banyuwangi Regency.
Fig.1.1
In India there are 6,00,000 villages out of them 1,25,000 villages are
backward so there is a need for designing and building the village as a smart village.
With modernization and urbanization people migrate from one place to another
place for different facilities such as education, employment and affinity of people
towards the locality or city. Village is main criteria for development of nation. So,
develop the village in such a way that which is self dependant in providing the
services, employment and well connected to the rest of the world i.e. smart village.
The smart village corrects the social oversight by providing accommodations for
sustainable family relationships without disturbing the lifestyle of different
generations. The vision of smart village is that modern energy access can act as
catalyst for development in education , health , productive enterprise , clean water
, sanitation , environmental sustainability and participatory democracy which helps
to support further improvement in access to energy . Initially the concept of
development of village is of Mahatma Gandhi i.e. swaraj and suraj village . But,
now days it is newly termed as smart village. We know that, India is a developing
nation, with the help of smart village we can make India as a SS nation. Now days,
our government also gives strong focus on smart village. Government implements
so many schemes on smart village.
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The phenomenal allocation of Budget 2018 for Agriculture and Rural
Development sectors has attracted attention of media, policy makers, academicians
and common people alike. This has come after 70 years of independence when the
nation is still reeling under rural distress and agrarian crisis. According to Census
2011 data, 69% of India’s population, or around 833 million people of India, lives
in rural areas, against 31%, or 377.1 million people, in urban areas.
The World urbanization trends 2014 report from United Nations projected
that the latter figure will jump to 50% by 2050.In this context, Ministry after a lot
of brainstorming under the leadership of Honourable Prime Minister came up with
a program named as Shyama Prasad Mukherji Rurban Mission (SPMRM). The
main objective of the program was to make the villages smart and as growth centres
of the nation. Through this program, government intended to breathe life into the
statement “The soul of India lives in its villages” given by father of the Nation. The
program was an ambitious attempt to transform rural areas into “Economically,
Socially and Physically Sustainable spaces”, or smart villages “which would trigger
overall development in the region”. The Prime Minister during the launch of the
SPMRM program said that “It is true that people are moving from our villages with
great speed. They want a certain quality of life good education, healthcare,
electricity, Internet and entertainment options. The governments of the time didn’t
think about how these people will settle in the city and how basic necessities will
be provided. With this mission, this government has thought of a way to tackle
that”. Till December 2017, 266 village clusters were adopted under SPMRM
program against the target of 300 village clusters till 2019. Even though the term
Smart Village has appeared in the program document of SPMRM but as it appears,
the idea of developing smart villages has not come to the center stage in
development discourses. Nevertheless, the concept has already gained currency in
many development organizations both National and International across developed
and developing nations. Perhaps time has now come to make fresh interventions
with new momentum to gear up Building Of Smart Villages In India.
Mahatma Gandhi envisioned the concept of an ideal village - a complete
republic and independent of its neighbours for its vital daily needs. This is to ensure
that every village grows enough food, milk and vegetables for villagers. It also has
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a school and nobody is refrained of basic education. Primary education is mandatory
and schools have playground, proper sanitation and drinking water. Village has to
maintain its own water resources ensuring clean water to all. As far as possible
every activity in the village is conducted in cooperation basis without any
discrimination. Smart village also refers to a bundle of services delivered to its
residents through community participatory approach in an effective and efficient
manner (Figure 1). The services include affordable clean water, basic education,
shelter and food, communication and transportation, job for the youths, farms and
grazing fields for cattle and a proper market for agriculture produce.
The concept implies the participation of local people in improving their
economic, social or environmental conditions, cooperation with other communities,
social innovation and the development of smart village strategies. Digital
technologies can be applied to many aspects of living and working in rural areas.
The smart village concept also suggests the adoption of smart solutions in both the
public and private sectors over a wide range of policy fields such as improving
access to services, developing short food supply chains and developing renewable
energy sources.
The smart village concept is gaining traction on the rural development
agenda, coinciding with the ongoing reform of the common agricultural policy
(CAP). A key element of this reform will be a new delivery model based on each
Member State developing a CAP strategic plan. In December 2020, the
Commission published its recommendations for each Member State on the direction
their plans need to take to achieve the CAP objectives and the European Green Deal
targets. The Commission’s analysis highlight the gaps Member States must address
if the Green Deal target of 100 % access to fast broadband internet in rural areas by
2025 is to be met. Much will depend on how Member States respond to these
recommendations in drawing up their CAP strategic plans. The European
Parliament has made a significant contribution to the smart village concept, taking
part in a pilot project on smart eco-villages and supporting the European
Commission’s 2017 action plan for smarter villages. The European Committee of
the Regions and the European Economic and Social Committee have meanwhile
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both indicated their support for the concept through events, opinions and
communications.
In India, as per National Sample Survey (NSS) classification around
125,000 villages are truly backward out of 600,000 villages. In 2004, World Bank
recognizes very poor human development in 18 regions out of 78 regions in the
country. About 70 per cent of the Indian population lives in rural areas. These rural
populations are vulnerable to poverty, illiteracy, poor health and unemployment. In
order to handle these specific problems, government of India has brought a number
of rural development programmes which are being implemented to create
opportunities for improvement of the quality of life of these rural people. Out of
such programmes Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana(SAGY) is a rural development
programme mainly focusing on the development of villages Under SAGY, our
Prime Minister Narendra Modi desires to develop around 2500 smart villages by
2019. As per this scheme, all the members of parliament of all the political parties
should take the responsibility of developing physical and institutional infrastructure
in villages and turn them into smart villages. The Socio economic development in
Indian economy can be tackled by the Government by taking responsibility for
uplifting the rural and the economically poorer sections. Initially in India, the
National Informatics Centre (NIC) introduced the concept of smart village in
several years back, but not streamlined. Recently, the concept of smart village in
Indian context was explored and is mainly emphasizes the adoption of smart
technologies at the village level to address the key sectors of water, power, housing,
education, training, employment. All states, districts and local level institutions are
required to provide the governance framework and will be supported by IT-enabled
service delivery mechanisms at the village level. All these efforts are in initial stages
and not much improvement has been achieved in most of the villages.
The “emerging concept” (European Commission, undated) of smart villages
has been actively promoted by the European Commission since around 2017 to
describe a developing thematic policy priority.2 The most recent proposals for the
future of the CAP (European Commission 2018 para 16) promote the development
of smart villages across Europe. Two rather separate discourses frame the thinking
and policy development around smart villages. First, the idea of smart villages is
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framed by the presence of high-speed broadband and the application of wider digital
technologies to support business innovation and wider community development.
The Bled Declaration (2018) strongly emphasises this digital dimension and the
ENRD (2018) argues that “broadband infrastructures, the availability of digital
services and digital literacy are among the potential gaps that need to be filled on
the road to smart villages”. Second, smart villages are seen as communities which
build on the human and social capital of their inhabitants and local assets to support
their development. Although Agricultural Commissioner Hogan (2018: 2) has
stated that “smart villages are about people- they are about rural communities taking
the initiative to find practical solutions to challenges and make the most of new
opportunities,” often smartness is couched in terms of the availability and ability to
use a robust digital infrastructure, with many references to a need for high speed
broadband and IT-based solutions to a range of rural problems. Elsewhere, the
Commissioner has argued for an “agri-tech revolution” and the use of advanced
ICT at all stages in the food chain on the farm, through to processing and retailing.”
3 This would cover not just precision farming in the arable sector but every facet of
farming from livestock enterprises to viticulture. Broadband rollout to “not spots”
and improvements in broadband speed are seen by others as an essential enabling
infrastructure development to improve rural business connectivity and improve the
quality of life (Skerratt 2010). This dualistic characterisation of smart villages
comprises a chaotic conception (Sayer 1984) which is a product of neoliberal
thinking about innovation and specialisation and communitarian thinking about
collaborative action. Can one have a smart village with very poor broadband
services? Or, is the right mix of social capital a sufficient defining characteristic?
The idea of smart villages is connected to the idea of smart specialisation, which
has been explored in a rural context by Naldi et al. (2015) and Teräs et al. (2015),
who question whether the village is the appropriate spatial scale to create the hubs
of knowledge and innovation which underpin smart growth. Smart villages are also
intimately connected to the concept of social innovation (ENRD 2018b). Social
innovation is regarded as central to the recovery of the European economy in the
aftermath of the economic crisis (Barroso, 2009), although the term is often
considered to be weakly conceptualised, despite which, and as is also the case with
smart villages, it has been rapidly adopted as a component of mainstream policy
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rhetoric, although it is missing from the most recent CAP proposals (European
Commission 2018). A smart village could thus be thought of as one that has
confronted developmental challenges successfully to increase its resilience, often
using social innovation as for the basis of such practices and ventures. Smart
villages are loosely used as a descriptor for communities which have both strong
human and social capital and good digital connectivity and whose capacity to
deliver innovative solutions is high. The implied spatial scale is normally the
physical community the village and its hinterland and there are strong implications
in the rhetoric surrounding smart villages that smartness is a kind of collective
property associated with successful innovation. 4 This implies that there must be
un-smart or less smart villages. If such communities exist, and few would disagree
that there are differences in overall socioeconomic performance between
communities, arguably the researcher’s task should be to identify the features that
differentiate one category from the other.
Smart Energy
Provision of clean and sustainable, energy is central to almost all other
dimensions of rural development. Energy security is the secret mantra, which
enables development in agriculture, health-care, education and skilling of rural
communities. With a wide variety of solar, wind, biomass and biogas technologies
now available at competitive costs, we are at the cusp of witnessing energy
disruption and creating an abundant energy economy. For rural energy supply and
management, the element of ‘smart’ refers to creation and management of mini,
micro and nano grids within the energy eco-system of a village or a group of
villages. It is particularly relevant to rural areas with no or unreliable grid
connectivity. These micro / nano grids bring in the element of selfreliance in energy
for rural community and create a possibility of giving back the surplus to the grid.
Developing a village with this approach can usher in a new developmental model.
The vision for a smart village revolves around energy security. Energy is the golden
thread that connects economic growth, increased social equity, and an environment
that allows the planet to thrive. One such case has been shared in the below for
reference.
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Smart Connectivity
Smart connectivity has two distinct connotations for smart village concept.
One is to provide reliable and highquality broadband and voice communications.
And the second, probably more importantly, through a range of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) solutions, applications and services, be an
integral part of smart technology solutions for all other domains like smart
agriculture, smart water management, smart education, smart health-care and so on.
Rural communities tend to be politically disenfranchised due to their relative
remoteness. Consequently, they lack information on societal issues and have
difficulty becoming actively involved in debates about how to address them. Smart
villages, through ICT, can allow rural communities to become more aware of their
social, economic and political rights, engage in governance processes at all levels
to the collective benefit and empowerment of all.
Smart Agriculture
For any village, its agricultural eco-system is one of the most intrinsic
identities that directly relates to its social, environmental and financial fabric.
Efficiency and productivity in agriculture is directly related to the farming practices
adopted by the communities. Fortunately, the intersection of technology and
agriculture has opened up a lot of opportunities for the farmer, consumer and
suppliers. This intersection is now called as Precision Agriculture (PA). The
development of PA is driven by Internet of Things (IoT), BDAA (Big data and
advanced Analytics) and the plummeting cost of sensors in the semiconductor
industry. Infusion of PA techniques and practices can drive transformation at every
stage in agriculture. The immediate benefits are self-sufficiency for villages,
generating business and increasing financial freedom for villagers (both farmers and
suppliers).
Smart Education
Smart villages aim to increase the time available for students to study and
will address prevalent factors that negatively affect the ability of students to acquire
the knowledge and skills necessary to achieve economic goals and improve labor
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productivity. ICT-equipped schools can provide a good deal of handholding in
accessing internet and consequently the world’s knowledge base, ending the
information isolation experienced by many rural communities. New opportunities
can be generated for distance and adaptive learning, reducing the need to move to
towns or cities to achieve higher levels of education. In addition, ICT and internet
access also have a “pull factor”, providing incentives for school attendance and for
attracting and retaining good teachers, addressing issues such as school dropouts
and cognitive development.
Smart Health
At the most basic level, households in smart villages will be able to consume
potable water and a more nutritious diet due to the reduced cost of boiling water
and cooking food, and enhanced agricultural productivity arising from associated
development initiatives and reduced wastage. ICT-enabled m-health initiatives can
enable mobile health diagnostic solutions, requiring relatively low levels of local
medical skill and providing access to specialist health-care services based in urban
communities where necessary. Epidemiological data can be gathered, providing the
opportunity for more effective interventions and early warning capability to address
health related challenges such as malnourishment, underweight child birth, anemic
mother etc. 2.6 Smart Environment Smart villages can be stewards of the
environment aided by technologies to monitor key environmental indicators such
as forest health, water quality, soil conditions and changes to the landscape. They
can also reduce pressure on deforestation using efficient cook stoves to decrease the
need for traditional biomass energy sources such as charcoal and wood a key driver
of unsustainable forest use. Smart villages can host community-run recycling
facilities ranging from those equipped to recycle wastewater and organic waste from
agro-processing, to next-generation facilities for the recycling of e-waste, including
energy-storage and generation technologies such as batteries and solar panels.
Depending on geographical endowments, some smart villages will be able to
operate as regional ecotourism hubs, an activity that can improve the welfare and
connectivity of rural and urban communities. The aforementioned Villages have all
emerged as Smart Villages but only in a particular domain. It’s not holistic in nature.
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However, the pressing need of hour is to have a Smart Village with all sorts of
comprehensiveness in it.
Smart Infrastructure
In order to ease life of villagers in every possible way, a village has to be
well supported with infrastructure to enhance efficiency of habitants and efficacy
of inputs from the villagers. The infrastructure includes roads, institution buildings,
weather station equipment, hospital equipment, telephone towers etc. Most of these
infrastructures can be established with well-intended village habitants and the
guiding institutions through convergence of funds, functions and functionaries.
Smart element needs to be included in every stage of infrastructure development.
Initiatives of government under Unnat Bharat Abhiyan1 (UBA) and Sansad
Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) are worth mentioning here in this section, for their
intentions and outcomes.
Development of Smart Villages:
It is clear that the situations and challenges in developing urban and rural
area are different due to the constraints and opportunities. Many researchers believe
that the existing technologies developed for the smart city may be useful for the
smart village concept. Researchers reported that the Smart village system can be
developed on the lines of smart city model. The components taken in to
consideration will vary from region to region for villages, based on the available
resources and opportunities. Following are some generalized guidelines for the
development of Smart Villages.
1. Economic Component:
This component will include local administration and economic
factors. It will cover governance models, bandwidth, mobility, cloud
computing, entrepreneurship etc.
2. Environmental Component:
This component will address the issues related to resources and
infrastructures available at local level. It may covers cleaner
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
technologies, public and alternative transportation, green spaces, smart
growth, climate change etc.
3. Social Component:
This component may address issues related to community life,
participatory democracy, social innovation, proximity services etc.
Technologies For A Smart Village
The new technologies are coming together to help the development of rural
communities:

IoT: the Internet of Things is linked to the concept of smart cities, but is
also applicable in rural areas. For example, using sensors that allow crops
to be more competitive or applied to education and health in isolated areas.

Artificial intelligence: the adoption of artificial intelligence systems is
directly applicable to improving crops and environmental management, as
well as in optimising health services and infrastructure use.

Big Data: the huge amount of data generated today (Big Data), allows
changes in climate to be analysed accurately along with water consumption,
livestock movements, the growth of pastures and forests, and other essential
information.

Drones: the use of drones, hectares of land can be monitored automatically
thereby collecting data on temperature, crop status, animal movements or
controlling the spread of pests, thus improving the use of pesticides.

Robots: from autonomous tractors that do not need a driver to robots
capable of picking delicate fruits one by one without damaging them, the
introduction of robots in rural areas is driving a revolution in efficiency and
sustainability.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
CHAPTER-2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
19
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This literature review was taken from books, journals, previous studies
related to the smart city and smart village or smart rural.
1. A A Aziiza and T D Susanto (2020):
Smart Village refers to a concept developed in rural area that provides
solutions to problems occurred and improves the quality of life. The main problems
faced by rural areas are cover poverty, low level of education, and limited access to
technology. Smart village concept emerged due to some different characteristics
between rural and urban areas. Banyuwangi Regency is one of regions that created
smart concept starting from rural area, called smart kampung. So far, smart
kampung only focused on public services, which included only a small part of smart
city concept. Hence, this research was intended to propose the model of smart
village examined through initial interview in village sample of Banyuwangi,
literature reviews related to smart city, smart village, and smart rural. Then, the
results were confirmed and adjusted to support local regulations. This research
created a smart village model that was capable to be a guide for each village to
develop towards better future. The proposed smart village model was categorized
into 6 dimensions including
(1) Governance,
(2) Technology,
(3) Resources,
(4) Village Service,
(5) Living, and
(6) Tourism.
This research is expected to be applied to villages in other Regencies by
adjusting the characteristics of each region.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Smart City
Smart city was an adaptive city, possessing high capacity to react; the key
was on the adaptation and learning capacity, in which the citizens as the main roles
in reacting, listening and receiving learning itself, this learning must be done within
groups. Smart city concept was operated in complex urban area, combined several
complex infrastructures, human behaviour, technology, social structure and politic
as well as economy. Smart city was more than digital city as it was able to connect
the capital city physically with its social and develop the services and infrastructures
of a better city by combining IT and politic vision to clear program for the city
improvement and its services. Smart city had various models developed by the
researchers around the world. The models developed were diverse, adjusted to the
needs in certain areas. Smart city firstly was introduced by IBM in 2009 on a journal
entitled “A vision of smarter city: How city can lead the way into a prosperous and
sustainable future”. Hongkong Smart City Blue Print (2017) states that there were
6 areas of smart cities covering “Smart Mobility”, “Smart Living”, “Smart
Environment”, “Smart People”, “Smart Government” and “Smart Economy”.
Besides, there were other models mentioned by the researcher, according to
Giffinger, there were 6 characteristics of smart city covered smart people, smart
environment, smart living, smart mobility, smart governance and smart economy.
In addition, smart city model developed in cities of overseas, Ministry of
Communications and Informatics launched a model which was contained in the
book of smart city guidance. This smart city model had a slight difference from the
other model which lied on smart branding dimension to make a city able to display
the face of each city through the tourism they had. There were 5 dimensions
including:
1) smart government
2) smart economy
3) smart environment
4) smart living and
5) smart society
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Smart Village
Smart Village was one of concepts for the developed villages in India. This
concept was developed by Viswanadham and Vedula in their book entitled “Design
of Smart Village”. A smart village model followed a model from smart city as an
effect of integrated technology changes to be implemented in the remote areas. The
aim of smart village was to help it solve all problems through the implementation
of ICT (Information and Communications Technology) and GIS (Geographic
Information System). Nowadays, Indonesia has implemented the concept of
“nawacita” for regional development, this program prioritized the development in
rural area. Smart village concept focused on the role of technology in building
governance and public services. Technology used by Muke and Nilesh in their
research was able to be used by people lived in rural area in order to improve their
quality of life. The use of technology utilized by villagers was able to make them
become more responsive. Smart village model based on the concept of “Access to
Information for Everybody” in which ICT (Information and Communications
Technology) service was reached easily by villagers through IIIC program. Smart
village model developed by N. Viswanadham and S. Vedula was called as smart
village ecosystem covering 4 aspects;
1) Institution,
2) Resources,
3) Service Chain and
4) Service delivery technologies & mechanism.
Besides, there were 7 focus areas in smart village including economy, ICT,
people, governance, environment, living and energy. Smart village existed because
of ICT awareness that was able to be utilized as the instrument as the efforts of local
economic development. The use of technology became a main factor in creating
smart village. Based on Guzal-Dec, technology in smart village had important roles
such as investing in the infrastructures, business development, human resources,
potential and community building.
22
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
2. David Freshwater (2000):
Sustainable development is generally discussed in terms of environmental
considerations, but from a rural community perspective, sustainable development
must address how the people of the community generate the income to maintain
their rural lifestyle. In those instances where employments considered as part of
sustainability discussions, it is too often thought of in static terms jobs that will last.
But the reality of both modern rural and urban life is that economic conditions
rapidly change, and so a discussion of sustainable employment has to be conducted
in a dynamic context where different types of employment evolve as economic
conditions change. While market signals alone can, in principle, provide the
information and the conditions for this type of dynamic process, the argument of
the paper is that the nature of rural areas makes it unlikely for markets alone to
allow sustainable employment.
3. Zhao Zhifeng (2009):
The fast urbanization has become already a main characteristic of socioeconomic transition in China. This paper points out the characteristics and the
problems of villages in Beijing metropolitan region. The paper also explores the
role of villages in the metropolitan region in the process of urbanization. As a
representative case, the Village System Planning of Changing District in Beijing is
presented in this paper. According to the research on the economic and the spatial
typologies of villages in Changing District, the villages are classified to three
categories in the planning. In conclusion, by the guideline of categorization, the
Village System Planning intends to solve those problems of villages under the
background of fast urbanization so as to realize the sustainable development of rural
area.
4. Dr. Milind Kulkarni (2010):
In India majority of the population still lives in villages. A lot of work needs
to be done in making the villages clean. There are different aspects of clean village
such as: water supply, sanitation, indoor air quality, solid waste management and
renewable energy etc. All these aspects have different alternatives with the
23
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
associated merits and demerits. In some aspects such as water supply, considerable
work is done whereas in some areas like sanitation lot of work is required to be
done. We can learn lot of lessons based on success and failure in adopting different
alternatives. Keeping in touch with technology clean village projects should
integrate technology and digital design, which will make the village not only clean
but also smart. The paper discusses all these aspects with reference to Maharashtra
and India. This discussion plans to give important inputs and alternatives to policy
makers so that they can redirect and reformulate the policy. Engineering students
can design and implement projects of clean and smart village which will help in
their skill development. At the end paper gives recommendations for effective
making of Clean and Smart Village.
5. N. Viswanadham, SowmyaVedula (2010):
we describe the ecosystem for a village and then map out an integrated
design procedure for building a smart village. We define a Smart Village as a bundle
of services which are delivered to its residents and businesses in an effective and
efficient manner. Dozens of services including construction, farming, electricity,
heath care, water, retail, manufacturing and logistics are needed in building a smart
village. Computing, communication and information technologies play a major role
in design, delivery and monitoring of the services. All the techniques and
technologies needed to build a smart village are available now and some of them
are being used in villages in India but these are disparate, fragmented and piecemeal
efforts. We recognize that the need of the hour is strategy, integrated planning and
above all monitoring and execution of the activities using appropriate governance
models. Our integrated design is a way forward to deal with the demographic deficit
and also achieve the goals of inclusive growth. It is replicable and can be used to
design and build smart villages in other parts of the World.
6. Haslenda Hashim, Wai Shin Ho, Jeng Shiun Lim, Sandro Macchiato
(2013):
Integrated biomass solar town concept is a concept which encourages local
community to utilize biomass waste comprehensively with strong ties between
community and local stakeholders. This paper discusses about an Integrated
24
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Biomass Solar Town for eco village with and without load shifting (LS). On the
other hand, the energy storage (ES) is also incorporated which could help cut
electricity demand during peak periods and smoothing variations in power
generation by variable solar power. A substantial technical and economic benefit
was achieved through the implementation of integrated (LS) and ES. In this study,
LS issued mainly to increase demand during periods of high supply and also shift
the load to interval with low demand hence reduce the size of ES significantly. The
concept is one of the great initiatives to spur economic growth and environmental
protection through energy efficiency improvement and deployment of low-carbon
technologies.
7. Parminder Kaur & Anshu Parashar(2021):
According to the United Nations, Sustainable Development Goals are
framed for improving rural health, hunger, poverty issues, environmental
conditions, and illiteracy globally. With the upcoming technology, there have been
many advances in the lifestyle of people all around the world. Comparatively, more
emphasis has been given to the development of urban areas than rural. The
sustainable development of a country depends on the growth of its rural areas.
Countless technological and theoretical models, projects, and frameworks have
been proposed and implemented to help overcome sundry issues and challenges
faced by rural people in quotidian life. New technological methods are deemed to
be the future of livability, therefore; a technologically advanced solution for
sustainable rural development is called for. Blockchain Technology is the next step
for innovation and development and it has far many applications in sustainable rural
development that are yet to be discovered. The objective of this paper is to explicitly
review research conducted in rural development to fill the undone work in the future
with better research ideas, to make rural areas a livable and advanced place while
also maintaining their integrity leading to sustainable development. To conduct
such a review, a systematic research methodology is applied following regulations
in the conduction of standardized but explorative analysis. Within the timeline of
2010–2021, 112 papers are carefully selected to perform the systematic review. This
review will provide a comprehensible as well as concise research compendium for
all applications proposed, implemented, and possible in the future to realize the
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
concept of smart villages for the development of rural areas using blockchain
technology.
8. Simona Stojanova, Gianluca Lentini, Emilija Stojmenova Duh(2021):
Highlighting the important role of rural development, this paper represents
a review of rural policies. Data were generated, including a broad literature research
and online survey on existing and future, post-2020 rural development policies. The
survey was shared among project partners from six different EU Member States
including eleven regions, all from the Alpine Space. The number of total policies
covered in this review paper, together with policy projects, programs or actions, is
114. Based on these, key policy findings and future recommendations are provided,
attributing to the future studies on this topic as well as for policymakers at the local,
regional, national and EU levels.
9. Dr. Milind Kulkarni(2015):
Clean and Smart Village:
In India 70% population still lives in the villages. Present scenario of the
government is to be work out on the Swachh Baharat Abhiyan for making village
clean. There are different aspects of making clean villages such as: drainage system,
solid waste management and renewable energy sources etc.
10. Pritesh Y Shukla:
A smart village known for its citizens, available resources, available services
and schemes. Smart village start focuses on renewable energy resources, basic
amenities and liable individual and community behavior to build a vibrant and happy
society. The motivation behind the concept on “Smart Village” is that the technology
should acts for development, education and local business opportunities, improving
health and welfare.
11. Trivedi, Kafeel Ahmad:
Solid waste management in India, Solid waste management is one of the
major environmental problems in Indian villages. Improper management of solid
26
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
waste causes hazards to inhabitants. Various study reveal that about 90% of solid
waste is disposed of unscientifically in open dumps and landfills. Thus, creating
problems to public health and the environment. In the present study, an attempt has
been made to provide a comprehensive review of the characteristics, generation,
collection and transportations disposed and treatment technology of solid waste
practiced in India. The study pertaining to solid waste management for Indian villages
has been carried out to evaluate the current status and identify the major problems.
Various adopted treatment technologies for solid waste management are critically
reviewed, along with their advantages and limitations.
12. Shanmuga Priyan (2019):
The Future of India lies in its villages" Mahatma Gandhiji. A smart village
knows about its citizen, available resources, applicable services, and schemes. It
knows what it needs and when its needs. The concept of the smart village makes
the villages self-sufficient in respect of their needs. It will encompass a sustainable
and inclusive development of all sections of the village community so as they enjoy
a high standard of living. This paper presents the development of the village as a
smart village by providing the basic facilities in a hasty manner from past literature.
We make smart villages by taking a smart decision using smart technologies and
services.
13. Rutuja Somwanshi (2016):
They study the project report deals with study and development of smart
village. Smart village is one of the energy access acts as a catalyst for development
in education, health, security, productive enterprise, environment that in turns
support further improvement in energy access. This report focuses on improved
resource use efficiency, local selfgovernance, access to assure basic amenities and
responsible individual and community behavior to build happy society. Smart
village by taking smart decisions using smart technologies and services.
14. Dr. C. Grace Indira and V. Anupama (2016):
Explain besides smart cities, it is necessary for us to have smart village for,
sustainable and inclusive future of emerging India. Smart villages are the need of
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
the hour as development is needed for both rural and urban areas for improved
livelihood. The impulsive motive behind the concept 'smart village' is that the
technology. Now it's need of the hour is integrated planning, strategy, and above all
monitoring and execution of the activities using proper governance models to work
property for the real future of emerging India. They focuses on the key areas as
vision and need for smart villages, approaches, government programmes,
technology used for smart villages, areas of interest in smart village and it outcomes
expected.
15. Boda Ramesh (2016):
Explains concept of smart village is the development of the village shall be
based on the five path that is retrofitting, redevelopment, green fields, E-pan,
livelihood, 69% of India lives in villages, if it is ignored, then it will hamper the
economic growth of the country. Villages are backbone of our countries economic
growth as most of the primary sector activities occur in villages. To explore new
opportunities and dimensions for the rural population in other sectors will definitely
boost the country growth. In that path smart village is an initiation through the
concept of Rurbanization.
16. Ankit D. Gangani, Mehulkumar A. Dungrani, Kuldeepsinh Y. Jadeja
(2016):
They study the planning aspects for betterment of smart Indian village.
Smart villages are the need of the hour as development not just for rural areas but
for integrated urban growth including smart cities as well for better livelihood.
Planning for betterment of smart village is needs smartness in technology,
ecofriendly environment, maximizing employment potential of rural youth. Taking
education, skill for vocations etc. to villages can well channelize the energies of the
youth as a powerful tool for the nation. Most of the overall development of the
country can be possible with the development of the villages only.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
29
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methods used to arrange a model in this research were done through
preliminary interview, literature review of previous studies, books and analysis of
supporting regulations. Literature review was taken by selecting journals according
to the definition of the model used and the examples of its applications. Then it was
continued by an analysis of local regulations dealing with the research object,
Banyuwangi Regency.
Fig.3.1 Research Methodology
This research carried out the preliminary interview to obtain information
related to the general overview of smart kampung implementation in Banyuwangi
Regency. The criteria of the informants were Head of Village, TI Staff or service
staff and head of department or staff at related department in Banyuwangi Regency.
Literature review was done afterwards to find out the definition, model and
implementation of smart kampung. Literature review of this research was taken
from the database of electronic journals such as Scopus, IEEE, Emerald Insight,
Springer, Science Direct and Google Scholar. The keywords used to find the
literature were ‘smart village’ and ‘smart rural’. The keywords used were not
30
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
specified by the year. The “smart village” keyword shows that there were 78
research documents of Science direct database, 87 research documents of IEEE,
1680 research documents of Google Scholar, 84 research documents of Springer
database and 36 research documents of Emerald insight database. Another keyword,
“smart rural”; showed that there were 23 research documents of Science direct
database, 10 research documents of IEEE, 578 research documents of Google
Scholar, 127 research documents of Springer database and 8 research documents of
Emerald insight database. In a total, there were 2711 research document search on
“smart village” and “smart rural” around the world. Based on these results, not
every document was analyzed. The researcher verified the redundant documents
and filtered based on its titles. The selection results collected 138 journal documents
referring “smart village” and “smart rural”. These documents then were read and
analyzed based on definition, model and examples of application. There were 25
journal documents selected in the final analysis. These documents were then
analyzed by using mapping method concerning the objective, model and examples
of its application. The results were confirmed by related regulations to produce
smart village model of this research.
Mahatma Gandhi envisioned the concept of an ideal village - a complete
republic and independent of its neighbours for its vital daily needs. This is to ensure
that every village grows enough food, milk and vegetables for villagers. It also has
a school and nobody is refrained of basic education. Primary education is mandatory
and schools have playground, proper sanitation and drinking water. Village has to
maintain its own water resources ensuring clean water to all. As far as possible
every activity in the village is conducted in cooperation basis without any
discrimination. Smart village also refers to a bundle of services delivered to its
residents through community participatory approach in an effective and efficient
manner. The services include affordable clean water, basic education, shelter and
food, communication and transportation, job for the youths, farms and grazing
fields for cattle and a proper market for agriculture produce.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Fig.3.2 Frame Work
The Smart Village Framework for a region depends on the resource
availability, people’s occupation, co-operation between the villagers and social
acceptance. It is indeed important to understand the dynamics of socio-economic
aspects of the village with geographical features and quantifying available
resources. Knowledge of current skills and practices with gaps in the agriculture,
energy, water resource and livestock management will help in choosing apt
technologies for sustainable development.
Smart village framework essentially management approach based on the
nature’s principles with sustainable technical interventions to achieve self-reliance
in food, water, energy, education, job and other vital needs. The framework
embraces local resources and skilled man power to ensure sustainable intervention
of technology which are technically feasible, economically viable, user and
environment friendly.
The primary step is to quantify the available natural resources in the region
which include land, water, energy and human resource. Status or the quality of the
resource is also an important factor to be considered apart from quantity in order to
implement technological interventions. However, educated and sensible human
power is the most important resource as they constitute ultimate users and
stakeholders of the all other natural wealth.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Technology is basically utilisation of resources to achieve required outcome
such as agriculture and agro processing, livestock and milk products, oil seed
cropping and oil extraction, medicinal plants and herb production etc. On the other
hand, technology can also help to improve the resource status and balance the
natural system. For example, percolation ponds and check dams across the streams
will increase the water percolation and recharges the ground water. Planting grass
like lemon grass and trees in slopes conserves soil and water. Technological
interventions should be aptly chosen for optimum utilisation of resources and the
sustainable development of region.
Sustainability is a qualitative as well as quantitative parameter which is
tagged with every process. In a village scenario sustainability refers to the
revitalising the resources with a feedback process ensuring a closed operating cycle.
Ideally, any process which displaces resource to achieve an outcome, either help in
generating the utilised resource or should have neutral effect of the environment.
Nevertheless, most of the village processes bring resources back to the system either
in a residual form with technological interventions. For illustration, soil fertility
used for agriculture is recuperated from organic manure, where agriculture residue
is used as livestock fodder. The feedback process has to be maintained to ensure
sustenance of resources. Proposed smart village framework ensures the sustainable
agriculture, livestock, horticulture, energy utilisation and water exploitation.
Local institutional support plays a major role in achieving sustainable
development of any region. Gram panchayat plays a key role in the implementation
of developmental activities and also to get the feedback of stakeholders. It also
coordinates with external institutions and with the other village committees such as
Self Help Group (SHG), Village Forest Committee (VFC) etc. Intra village
organisations and NGOs help in motivating the villagers and also to spread
awareness about new schemes and rights. Research organisations (both government
and private) can also impact the rural environment through vocational trainings,
scientific technological introduction, CSR initiatives etc.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY):
Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana (SAGY) was initiated by Govt. of India with
the vision to make at least one Gram Panchayat as an “Ideal Panchayat (Adarsh
Gram)” from each Member of Parliament (MP) constituency every year. Guidelin
es narrate possible interventions in the village and also the government departmen
ts which are responsi-ble developments. A Member of the Parliament needs to
adopt a Gram Panchayat from his constituency and understand the needs of people,
status of resources and develop a village development plan which is executed with
the help of various administrative departments.
Ragihalli Gram panchayat of Bengaluru Urban district is adopted under
SAGY programme by Shri Ananth Kumar, Member of Parliament, Bangalore
South, Bangalore and Honourable union Minister for Chemicals and Fertilisers. The
village is located about 32 km from Bengaluru city centre in Jigani Hobli, Anekal
taluk of Bengaluru urban district in Karnataka. The Ragihalli panchayat shares a
common boundary with Bannerghatta National park which was Ragihalli state
forest before 1972.
Rural Development:
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were framed for improving rural
health, hunger, poverty issues, environmental conditions, and illiteracy globally.
The present situation of rural areas brings us to a list of issues (Fig. 1) that can
further promote the eradication of rural areas from the global chain if not
technologically. Beginning with poverty which has been an issue unresolved
regardless of the various monetary schemes provided by the government drives the
young generation out of the community to find jobs to sustain daily needs. Many of
them fail to finish even high school, which leads to securing menial jobs in urban
regions. This brings us to the second issue in the rural community, illiteracy.
Education that plays a vital role in the overall development of humans, as
well as the community, is often disregarded to fulfill contemporary requirements
such as money. In many cases, the parents exploit their children into working on
the farm or small family businesses.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Concept:
The basic concept of smart village is to collect community efforts and
strength of people from various streams and integrate it with information
technology to provide benefits to the rural community. According to Mahatma
Gandhi’s philosophy and thoughts smart village project provides, “Global means to
the local needs.”
The concept of smart village is defined as below
S - Social, skilled and simple.
M - Moral, methodical and modern.
A - Aware, adaptive and adjusting.
R - Responsive and ready
T - Techno savvy and transparent Zero
Requirement Of Smart Village:
1. Smart security.
2. Efficient public transportation system.
3. Improving sanitation conditions
4. Solid and liquid waste management
5. Rain harvesting /Rain water drainage system.
6. Safe drinking water facilities.
7. Use of renewable energy.
8. Energy conservation.
9. Grievance redresser.
10. Strengthening CBOs.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
11. Functional bank account.
12. Facilities regarding to the agriculture.
13. Latest& affordable medical facilities.
14. E-governance.
15. Use of modern technologies for improvement of locality.
16. Improvement on women empowerment.
17. Educational facilities
Benefits:

Locally produced and locally consumed energy: In villages if the
mountains, hilly area are present then use of solar energy & wind energy
then energy is produce in that village itself & use for development of village.

Creation of job: Generally village people migrate from village to city for
purpose of job. If village becomes smart so all the job requirements are
fulfills & people not migrate from one place to another.

Contribution to global environment: The system can reduce reliance on
fossil fuels &contribute to reduction of green house gases such as carbon
dioxide .Energy consumption optimization 25-30% average energy saving.

For farmer e-learning etc. facility that will be able to ask there quarries
online.

New technologies in education, e-learning, desktop publishing, horoscope
generation of interested person of the village. Transportation of village into
comfortable & safe space that enhance quality.
NGO’s Role:

NGOs play important role in rural development of India. NGOs acts
as Planner & Implementers of Developmental Plans and perform a
variety’s of services & Humanitarian.
36
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES

NGOs services focus on assessing individual strength and settling
personal goals& encourage overall growth and development.

NGOs play role in co-ordination, collaboration and bridge he
communication between the govt., private sectors.

NGOs creating awareness among the public active to promote
education.Ex.Education of girls .NGOs have important role in
bringing about social change and development.

The projects like construction of Dams, Roads, Highways’,
railways& important role in religious discrimination.

The role of NGOs has a very important to protection of environment
through social services. NGOs are taking up this job sportingly and
successfully.
Peoples Role:
•
Inculcating hygienic behavior and practices.ART
•
Inculcating respect for the cultural heritage.
•
Volunteerism: activities for promotion of voluntarism like Bhrat
Nirman.
•
Reducing risk behavior - alcoholism, smoking, substance abuse.
•
Behavioral changes.various programs implemented by grampanchayat,
•
Drinking water pipeline is under construction with the help of
rashtriy peyjal yojna,
•
Mahatma Gandhi national rural employment guarantee scheme –
under this jalygovt. scheme is under construction.
Government Contribution:
a) Reorienting education towards sustainable development:
•
Education is critical for promoting sustainable development and
improving the capacity of the people to address the environment and
development issue.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
•
Basic education provides underpinning for any environment and
development education , the latter needs to be incorporated as
essential part of learning .
•
It is critical for achieving ethical awareness, values and attitudes,
skills and behavior consistent with sustainable development and for
effective public participations in decision making.
•
To achieve the accessibility of environment education , linked to
social education from the primary school age through adulthood to
all groups of people.
b) Increasing public awareness:
•
Public awareness should be recognized as a process by which human
beings and societies can teach their fullest potential.
•
Small scale enterprise promotion through social media.
•
Education empowerment and access to information through
smartphones.
•
By making Motivational Videos.
c) Promoting training programs:
•
Government with the help of non-government authorities can
arrange various trainings to aware the people .
•
Implement various schemes and projects in accordance with
policies.
•
Training for all age group people.
•
With the help of social media, motivational speeches and videos we
can give training to the people.
Solid Waste Management:
•
Establish a waste collection, transport and treatment within the
panchayat.
•
The collected waste should be segregate into biodegradable and nonbiodegradable at each house itself by making two dustbins,
38
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Green dustbin = bio degradable waste Red dustbin = non biodegradab
le waste.
•
From bio-degradable waste we can prepare bio-compost and vermincompost and non-biodegradable is sold to recyclers or sent to the
landfills.
•
To collect this waste, under Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme grampanchayat appoint a team of
trained youth called as Friends of nature who do entire operation
starting from collection to composting and land fill. The no. of
friends of nature, 1 for 150 households. So, number of friends
required for JAVALGAO village,
No. of houses = 1095 No. of green friends required = 1095/150 = 6.
•
For this management, various tools and equipments are required for
daily collection and treatment of waste and the land required to
construct treatment plant and capital cost required to construct
vermin-compost bed and shed which are obtained under Solid Waste
Management Scheme Fund and Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme.
•
For collection of waste tricycle is required, 1 for 300 households.
•
Therefore for JAVALGAO, provide 3 tricycles.
•
The payment of Green Friends will be given for first 100 days from
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
and next 100 days from Solid Waste Management Scheme Fund.
•
After that village panchayat may use its own revenue generated from
solid waste management activities and users fees.
•
The user fee is Rs-30/month for each household at doorstep with
receipt.
•
On an average each village panchayat may require 5.5 lakh for solid
waste management.
39
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
RO Plant:
•
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses
semipermeable membrane to remove ions, molecules and larger
particles from drinking water.
•
About 60% of diseases afflicting the rural population are
waterborne.
•
So, instead of spending money on medical facilities use clean
drinking water. Total population of the JAVALGAO village is near
to 5000. o In javalgao, there are 1095 families and which carry 20
liter water daily.
•
Therefore provide 2 RO plant of capacity 2000 lph having cost of 10
Lakh each and which is implemented under the various scheme of
Department Of Rural Development And Panchayat Raj.
•
With RO plant provision of WATER ATM is done to solve the
problems such as delivery of water using manpower and payment
related issue.
•
The cost of one liter of water is 50 paise.
•
The total cost required for Ro plant is 20 lakh and for water atm and
installation cost of 10 Lakh is required.
Rainwater Harvesting:
Rainwater Harvesting is a technique of collection and storage of rainwater
into natural reservoirs and tanks, or the infiltration of surface water into subsurface
aquifers. The rainwater harvesting is of different types such as,
a) Directly from roof tops and stored in tanks,
b) Monsoon runoff and water in swollen streams during the monsoon and
storing it in underground tanks,
c) Water from flooded rivers can be stored in small ponds,
d) Collection and transfer of rainwater into percolation tanks. So as to facilitate
discharge into ground.
e) But for village we use roof rainwater harvesting for houses.
40
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
f) With rooftop harvesting, most any surface tiles, metal sheets, plastic but not
grass or palm leaf can be used to intercepts the flow of rainwater and provide
a clean water and year-round storage. Other uses include water for gardens,
irrigation of annual crops pastures and trees, domestic and livestock
consumption, ground water recharge.
g) The rainwater harvesting is mandatory to all in village.
h) The reasons for using rainwater harvesting systems answer three questions:
What: rainwater harvesting will improve water supply, food production, and
ultimately food security.
Who: Water insecure household or individuals in rural areas ill benefit the most
from rainwater harvesting system.
How: Since rainwater harvesting leads to water supply which food security, this
will greatly contribute to income generation.
Advantages:
1. Rainwater harvesting provides a good supplement to other water sources .Thus
relieving pressure on other water sources.
2. It can be as a buffer and can be used in times of emergency or breakdown of
public water supply systems.
3. Helps to reduce the storm drainage load and flooding in the cities.
4. It is a flexible technology and can be built to require meets of any range .Also
the construction, operation and maintenance is not very labour intensive in most
systems.
5. Prevents water wastage by arresting soil erosion and mitigates flood.
6. Sustains and safeguards existing water table through recharge.
7. Arrests sea water intrusion and prevents salination of ground water.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Income Source:
The main business of people in javalgao village is agriculture and along with
that poultry, business related with dairy products, animal conservation, nursery.
Agriculture:
• Agriculture has a significant role in the socioeconomic fabric of India. About 70%
people in India do the agriculture.
• The history of agriculture in India dates back to the RugVeda. Today India ranks
second worldwide.
• Now a day the major problem is of scarcity of water and it is same in our selected
village.
• To avoid this problem, avoid the production of crops which require more quantity
of water like sugarcane, banana etc. while taking crops first check the quality of soil
and according to that take crops which are suitable.
• To reduce the wastage and overuse of water use latest modern techniques like
drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and so on.
• As a main business government launches so many schemes which help to reduce
stress and pressure generated in farmers mind because of today’s condition.
• The schemes are,
1. Soil health card scheme.
2. National agricultural development program to promote use of organic farming.
3. Fertilizer subsidy.
4. Bank loans, free electricity.
5. Gram Swaraj Abhiyan. Saksham Kisan, samriddh Bharat.
42
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
6. Pradhan Mantri Fesal Bima Yojna (PMFBY).
7. Crop intensification such as SRI.
8. Micro-irrigation, Agro-service center.
9. Setting up seed banks
In Andhra Pradesh the government has introduced the 'Seven Star Formula'
for development of smart villages.
The formula includes the following schemes:
1. Power supply to every household in all villages, LED bulbs everywhere.
2. Gas connection for every household
3. Drinking Water for all villages
4. Toilet for every house, setting up vermicompost units, underground drainage
system
5. CC roads, school, play ground, anganwadi center and internet facility
6. Pond for village, planting for greenery.
7. At least Rs. 10,000 income for every family in the village
43
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
CHAPTER 4
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
44
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Fig 4.1 Representation of No. of respondents based on which part they are from?
Which part of India you are
Count of Which part of
from?
India you are from?
Percentage(%)
North
3
10.3
South
26
89.7
Total
29
100
Table 4.1 Representation of No. of respondents based on which part they are from?
Interpretation: From the above table it is inferred that out of 29 responses, 89.7%
of people are from the southern part and remaining 10.3% of people are from the
northern part of India.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Fig.4.2 Representation of No. of respondents are from which state?
Which state you are
from?
Count of Which state you are
from?
Percentage(%)
Andhra Pradesh
20
69
Karnataka
8
27.6
Kerala
1
4.4
Total
29
100
Table.4.2 Representation of No. of respondents are from which state?
Interpretation: From the above table it is inferred that out of 29 responses, 69% of
people are from Andhra Pradesh, 27.6% of people are from Karnataka and the
remaining 4.4% of people are from Kerala.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Fig.4.3 Representation of No. of respondents who mare from rural areas?
Are you from Rural area?
Count of Are you from Rural
area?
Percentage(%)
Maybe
2
6.83
No
19
65.5
Yes
8
27.67
Total
29
100
Table.4.3 Representation of No. of respondents who mare from rural areas?
Interpretation: From the above table it is inferred that out of 29 responses, 27.67%
of people are from rural area, 65.5% are not from rural area and the remaining
6.83% of people may be from rural area.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Fig.4.4 Representation of No. of respondents have idea about smart villages?
Do you have any idea
about smart villages?
Count of Do you have any
idea about smart villages?
Percentage(%)
No
18
62.1
Yes
11
37.9
Total
29
100
Table.4.4 Representation of No. of respondents have idea about smart villages?
Interpretation: From the above table it is inferred that out of 29 responses, 37.9%
of people are from rural area, 62.1% are not from rural area.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Fig.4.5 Representation of No. of respondents what they think their govbernament is
well being towards there area?
Do you think your
present government is
well being towards your
areas?
Count of Do you think
your present government
is well being towards
your areas?
Percentage(%)
Maybe
7
24.1
No
14
48.3
Yes
8
27.6
Total
29
100
Table.4.5 Representation of No. of respondents what they think their govbernament is
well being towards there area?
Interpretation: From the above table it is inferred that out of 29 responses,
majority of 48.3% of people think that their present government is not well being
towards their areas, 27.6% of people say that their present government is well being
towards their areas and the remaining 24.1% of people tell that their present
government might be doing good towards their areas.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Fig.4.6 Representation of No. of respondents think there is an impact of villages in
development of India?
Do you think there is an
impact of villages in
development of India?
Count of Do you think
there is an impact of
villages in development of
India?
Percentage(%)
Maybe
2
6.9
No
5
17.2
Yes
22
75.9
Total
29
100
Table.4.6 Representation of No. of respondents think there is an impact of villages in
development of India?
Interpretation: From the above table it is inferred that out of 29 responses, 75.9%
of people tell there is an impact of villages in development of India, 17.2% of people
tell no, and the remaining 6.9% of people tell theirs no impact of villages in
development of India.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Fig.4.7 Representation of No. of respondents gave ratings for their government
How much ratings you will
give for your government?
Count of How much
ratings you will give for
your government?
Percentage(%)
1
5
17.2
2
7
24.1
3
9
31
4
4
13.8
5
4
13.8
Total
29
100
Table.4.7 Representation of No. of respondents gave ratings for their government
Interpretation: From the above table it is inferred that out of 26 responses,
majority of 31% of people have given 3 star ratings to their government, 24.1% of
people have given 2 star, 17.2% of people have given 1 star that is the lowest rating,
13.8% of people have given 4 star, and remaining 13.8% of people have given 5
star rating to their government.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
CHAPTER 5
BUSINESS PROPOSITION/SUSTAINABLE
SOLUTION
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
BUSINESS PROPOSITION/ SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS
Empowering Villages with Frugal Technologies and Open Business Models
Creating a Transport Business Plan

Choosing a Transport Business: Transport businesses can be broadly
categorized into passenger transport and goods transport businesses.
Passenger transport includes taxis and other commercial vehicles that are
used to ply passengers and goods within villages, towns, and also between
different cities and states. Freight or goods transport can also be within
regional geographical locales or across cities and countries. Unlike
passenger transport, goods or freight transport carries raw materials and
ready-made goods for consumption, retail business or industries

Getting to know the Business: Like any other business enterprise, one
needs to conduct research to understand the feasibility and profitability of a
business enterprise. Since this may vary regionally, one will need to
understand the specification of the transport business market in the regions
that one wants to operate in. This will include the fleet of vehicles that a
business owner will have to invest in, the loan schemes available for setting
53
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
up such a business, important and popular routes, and making business
connections with already successful entrepreneurs in the transport business

Registering the Transport Business: To set up any kind of transport
business, one will require legitimate licenses for the transport personnel and
vehicles that are registered for business purposes. Legitimate licenses are
mandatory for the setting up and management of a transport business

Investing in Transport Vehicles: While this may seem an obvious step,
this needs meticulous research if the business has to succeed. While the first
criteria of choice will be based on the nature of the business i.e. whether
passenger or goods transport, one will further need to choose the appropriate
kind of vehicles that will be practicable for the given context

Insurance and Tracking Devices for Transport Vehicles: In the case of
both vehicles for personal use or for business, vehicle insurance is
mandatory. Today, however, there are also various tracking devices that can
in fact prevent theft or help in the retrieval of stolen vehicles. Especially in
the case of goods transport vehicles, one can also avail of extra insurance
for goods that are being transported
Organizing the Business Team:

Drivers: For passenger or freight transport businesses, the primary
personnel is the drivers. All drivers need to be above 18 years with
legitimate licenses and adequate driving experience supplemented by onthe-job training. In the case of freight transport, truck drivers should possess
a commercial license for large vehicles

Customer Care Executives and Accountants: Like any business, a
professional customer care department is important for an efficient and
smoothly operating transport business. The business will also need a good
accounts team that can efficiently manage income and expenditure balances

Advertising the Company: Over and above the necessary logistics and
research in order to set up a transport business, one of the most important
components of setting up a successful transport business is a strong
advertising campaign to promote the business
54
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Transport Business Options
In rural and urban India, there exists a complex system of public and private
transport services constituted of a variety of motor vehicles such as auto-rickshaws,
taxis, buses, and trucks catering to a wide demographic. These systems are
distributed across a range of services such as public transport, on-demand
conveyance, freight transport, and healthcare. Below are some of the transport
services and transport business options that new entrepreneurs can invest in,
1. Taxi Service: Taxi service is one of the most lucrative transport business
options these days. While a large portion of this market has been captured
by ride-hailing and ride-sharing businesses like Ola and Uber, a large
population continues to use private taxi services for intra-city, inter-city, and
inter-state travel. With fast-expanding digital networks creating large data
networks between entrepreneurs and consumers, a taxi business can be a
highly profitable enterprise.
2. Bicycle Rental: While motor vehicles provide quickness, they are also
environmentally unsustainable. With increasing awareness regarding
ecological sustainability, many people today seek to use modes of transport
that are less polluting and also offer the chance towards a healthier lifestyle.
Owing to this, one can also consider bicycle rental services as a viable and
profitable transport business alternative.
3. Freight and Logistics Services: Freight transport is possibly one of the
oldest transport services and has changed only in form, owing to better
motor vehicle technology and larger digital networks. Since it was and
continues to remain absolutely necessary for a variety of business
enterprises, freight transport services are one of the most profit-making
transport business options.
4. Specialty Transportation: Specialty transportation can be considered as a
subset of freight or goods transport where one can devise specialized
transport services for specific industry needs such as the transport of huge
industrial machines, large mechanical components such as airplane parts,
windmills, etc. It also includes other specialized services such as modular
houses, perishable frozen items, human organs, etc.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
5. Livestock Transportation: Livestock is a primary component of many
manufacturing industries and forms an important part of the supply chain
for these enterprises. Livestock is also more vulnerable than other kinds of
goods and this demands specialized kinds of transport services that can be
tapped into by new entrepreneurs in the transport business.
6. Healthcare Transportation: Healthcare transportation can include ambulance services for medical emergencies and emergency services for road
accidents etc.
Logistics and transport business requires a lot of investment and to carry out that
investment business owners should be well aware of all the necessary information
required to start a new business. Therefore, it is highly recommended to frame a
detailed transport business plan to make a base for your business to further grow
and flourish.
How to establish an Agriculture Business?
1. The best way to start an agriculture business plan or activity is to conduct
market research on the available resources and technology.
2. Farming is a technically intense process and requires the help of qualified
and experienced professionals.
3. Market research shows that organic farm business plan is on a high along
with partnerships with the retail chains, food delivery start-ups and large
restaurants.
4. The most important thing in the business is the quality and trust of the
business partners and individual customers.
5. The hybrid seeds available in the market and the knowledge of fertilizers
and other inputs are essential.
6. The most important step is to decide what to grow and where to grow along
with the amount of the produce.
7. The agriculture farm business plan itself has a lot of divisions and varieties.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Innovations in agriculture business and start-up enterprises

The medicinal plants, such as Aloe Vera and Neem are targeted by the
medical and pharmaceutical industries for mass production

The plants require high inputs at the initial stage but have a promising
sustainable revenue generation capability and growth rate

The other important requirement or decision is the place. There are many
options available, such as backyard, renting an open space, large balconies
or even the terraces

Once the place and the varieties of produce are decided, whether it is the
seasonal vegetables or the medicinal plants the next step is to take help of
an expert to create a financial plan for the whole farm business plan
Making business plan for your agriculture business
1. The financial plan will include all the initial and running costs along with
the revenue generation calculations.
2. The correct calculation of the growth curve and breakeven point is essential
for futuristic sustainable growth and positive aggressive expansion.
3. The next step is to develop a pitching and marketing strategy.
4. There are a lot of options that need to be explored, such as grocery delivery
giants, large retail stores and the various restaurants around the region.
5. Nowadays, trend is also considering hiring of a self-business team and
trucks for selling the produce in the urban societies in order to avail the
correct value for the produce.
6. The owner of the farm business plan can create its own start-up and sell its
own products in the open market to create sustainable income and reduce
dependability.
57
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Market research and analysis

According to the market research the government and financial institutions,
such as banks have initiated and launched many schemes to promote
agriculture farm business plan and start-ups

The owner must take business loan that is nowadays provided with
competitive interest rates and flexible repayment options along with
reasonably longer tenure schemes

Hiring an experienced farmer along with a qualified professional in the field
of agriculture will provide the exact balance required to achieve success in
the business

The particular business is a labour intensive business and thus it is very
much necessary to hire experienced and qualified management and
marketing team to manage the operations efficiently
58
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
59
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Findings, Suggestions, and Conclusion
Findings:
Among the findings, The aim of the Smart Villages Initiative has
been to identify the framework conditions necessary that the government should b
e more concentrate of agriculture, transportation, technologies, employment
opportunities, education facilities for the provision of energy services to villages to
enable the livelihood opportunities, provision of services (healthcare, education,
clean water and sanitation) and empowerment embodied in the Smart Villages
concept. In this concept, the provision of sustainable energy services to rural
communities, in turn enabling the connectivity made possible by modern informat
ion and communication technologies, can have a catalytic impact on the lives of
villagers when appropriately integrated with other rural development initiatives
The evidence was based on the feedback from the rural area people through a
survey.
1. The survey says that 37.9% of the respondents says yes 62.1% says no for
whether they have idea about smart villages.
2. The survey says that 69% of the respondents from Andhra Pradesh whereas
27.6% are from Karnataka.
3. The survey says that 27.6% of the respondents are satisfied whereas 24.1% are
somewhat satisfied and 48.3% of respondents are not satisfied about their present
government well-being towards their area.
4. The survey says that 75.9% of the respondents says yes whereas 6.9% says some
impact and 17.2% of respondents says no for impact of villages in development of
India.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
SUGGETIONS:
1. Maintain its identity, culture and heritage.
2. Plans for development based on people.
3. Service centric information and tracks its progress.
4. It works towards revenue generation.
5. Has functional solid/liquid waste management system.
6. Homes with access to toilet, safe drinking water and regular power.
7. A smart village knows all information about its citizens available resources,
applicable services and schemes.
8. End all preventable maternal deaths and infant deaths.
9. Providing good basic health facilities in rural areas.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Conclusion
Smart Villages are the need of the hour as development is needed for both rural and
urban areas for better livelihood and technology will offer effective solution. The
technological support already exists at the urban side and there is a tremendous
pressure on urban landscapes due to Migration of rural people for livelihood Smart
Villages will not only reduce this migration but also irrigate the population flow
from urban to rural area as well. Taking education, skill for vocations etc to villages
can well channelize the energies of the youth as a powerful tool for the nation. An
educated rural youth will be an asset to the country and even if he shifts to a city he
shall prove to be an asset rather than a burden as is happening now. And at most the
overall development of the country can be possible with the development of the
villages only. There is no denying fact that we need smart villages. This is the
biggest challenge facing all developing countries today. There are technologies
available and they are successful elsewhere. But the failure comes from lack of
strategy, integrated planning and execution the ecosystem framework of a village
and city based on its location and investment climate will guide in developing
growth strategies They can be replicated to millions of villages and towns. Around
the World and this is in line with the inclusive growth initiatives.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
Bibliography
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Comprehensive review of initiatives and practices. Sustainability, 10(7),
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the EU and Beyond. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
3. Komorowski, Ł ., & Stanny, M. (2020). Smart villages: Where can they
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Questionnaire
Email *
_________________________________________
Name *
_________________________________________
Which part of India you are from? *
South
North
East
West
Which state you are from? *
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Telangana
Are you from Rural area? *
Yes
No
Maybe
What kind of development you are wishing to have in Rural areas in India? *
_______________________________
Do you have any idea about smart villages? *
Yes
No
May be
64
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
If yes, mention your ideas about smart villages. *
____________________________________
Do you think your present government is well being towards your areas? *
Yes
No
Maybe
If yes, tell the changes what the government had done to that areas? *
___________________________________
If no, suggest some points what government should make the changes in that
area? *
________________________________
What are your suggestions for government in developing rural areas in India? *
____________________________________
How much ratings you will give for your government? *
1
2
3
4
5
What is your contribution for development of villages near your place? *
Do you think there is an impact of villages in development of India? *
Yes
No
Maybe
65
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART VILLAGES
If yes, on which aspects government should be focus more for India's
development? *
____________________________________
66