Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism
time Period: 1815-1850 | Chp. 21
Term:
Definition & Significance:
Congress of Vienna
Klemens von Metternich
“legitimacy”
Balance of power
Edmund Burke and conservatism
Concert of Europe
Greek Revolt
Def: After the Napoleonic wars, many of Europe’s leaders wanted
a reestablishment of the old order. (Great Britain, Prussia, Austria,
& Russia)
Sig: The goal was not simply to restore old boundaries but to
resize the main powers so they could balance each other and
remain at peace.
Def: A politician and statesman of Rhenish extraction and one of
the most important diplomats of his era, serving as the Austrian
Empire’s Foreign Minister from 1809 and Chancellor from 1821 until
the liberal revolutions of 1848 forced his resignation.
Sig: He led the Austrian delegation at the Congress of Vienna that
divided post-Napoleonic Europe amongst the major powers.
Def: To reestablish peace and stability in Europe, Metternich
considered it necessary to restore the legitimate monarchs who
would preserve traditional institutions.
Sig: Changing the government back to the conservative views.
Def: In making territorial rearrangements, the powers at Vienna
believed they were forming a new balance of power that would keep
any one country from dominating Europe
Sig: The balance of power also dictated the allied treatment of
France.
Def: favored obedience to political authority, hated revolutionary
upheavals, and was unwilling to accept either the liberal demands
for civil liberties or the nationalistic aspirations generated by the
French revolutionary era.
Sig: Focused on traditional orders; supported by hereditary
monarchs, government bureaucracies, landowning aristocrats & the
church
Def: Meetings of Prussia, Russia, Austria, Great Britain and France
to preserve peace and stability in Europe
Sig: Worked to prevent any type of revolution that would threaten
the conservative order established in Europe; enacted a principle of
intervention.
Def: In 1821, the Greeks revolted against the Ottoman Turks, most
of the European powers supported Greece against their Muslim
oppressors
Sig: The French and British sent fleets to Greece to attack the
Ottomans and Russia also declared war on the Ottomans.
Until 1830, the Greek revolution was the only successful European
revolt in Europe because they were supported by the European
powers
Tories and Whigs
Corn Laws and the Peterloo Massacre
Louis XVIII and Charles X
Carbonari
German Confederation
The Decembrist Revolt
Tsar Nicholas I
Thomas Malthus
David Ricardo’s “iron law of wages”
Def: 2 major political factions in parliament: Whigs: supported the
new industrial classes; Tories: no desire for change, traditional, & in
control
Sig: Great Britain was ruled by the aristocratic landowning classes,
power was largely in the hands of Parliament, not the crown
Def: Tory’s government response of falling agricultural prices: Corn
Law of 1815 (imposed high tariffs on foreign grain)
Sig: Benefited landowners, working-class conditions more difficult;
Peterloo Massacre: a squadron of cavalry attacked 60,000
demonstrators at Saint Peter’s Fields in Manchester in 1819, killed 11
ppl
Def: Bourbon family restored to the throne in 1814, Louis XVIII
accepted Napoleonic code. Charles X (Count of Artois) took over in
1824, granted indemnity to aristocrats who lost land during Rev.
Religious policy encouraging Catholic church to control education
Sig: Opposed by ultraroyalists: liberals who hoped to return to a
monarchical system dominated by aristocrats & restore Catholic
church.
Def: secret society made up of charcoal burners that were
motivated by nationalistic dreams and planned for revolution
Sig: The Congress of Vienna had established 9 states in Italy, much
of Italy was under Austrian rule
Def: Vienna settlement (1815): recognized 38 sovereign states that
had been there (Austria and Prussia major states), remaining
states formed Germanic Confederation (GC)
Sig: No power because they needed consent of all the states
Def: Alexander I died → Constantine abdicated the throne →
Nicholas ascended, Northern Union opposed Nicholas I and revolted
(Decembrist Revolt). Crushed and leaders executed
Sig: Nicholas I became reactionary and determined to avoid another
rebellion, strengthened bureaucracy and secret police (deported
suspicious ppl), nicknamed Policeman of Europe
Def: A reactionary ruler who sought to prevent Rebellion in Russia
by strengthening the government bureaucracy, increasing
censorship, and suppressing individual freedom by the use of
political police
Sig: His fear of revolution would lead to no revolts during his reign.
Def: Argued that population, when left unchecked, increases at a
geometric rate while the food supply correspondingly increases at a
much slower arithmetic rate
Sig: Brings forth the idea that misery and poverty were simply the
inevitable result of the law of nature
Def: Argued that an increase in population means more workers,
more workers in turn cause wages to fall below the subsistence
level.
Sig: The result is misery and starvation which then reduce the
population
John Stuart Mill
Utopian socialism
Robert Owen’s New Lanark
Louis Blanc and Flora Tristan
July Revolution of 1830
Reform Act of 1832
Second Republic
Frankfurt Assembly
Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy
Def: Absolute freedom of opinion and sentiment on all subjects
needed to be protected from government censorship and tyranny of
the majority
Sig: Became a supporter of women’s rights; On the Subjection of
Women: legal subordination of one sex to the other was wrong, with
equal education women could be the same as men
Def: Wanted to introduce equality into social conditions and believed,
human cooperation superior to competition
Sig: Against private property and competitive spirit of early
industrial capitalism
Def: Humans would reveal true natural goodness if they lived in
cooperative environment
Sig: succeeded at first with Lanark but later failed with New
Harmony, Indiana
Def: The Organization of Work: social problems could be solved by
government assist
Sig: Called for establishment of workshops to manufacture goods
for public sale, state would finance, workers would own and
operate
Def: Charles issued a set of edicts (July Ordinances) that imposed
rigid censorship on press, dissolved the legislative assembly, and
reduced the electorate to prepare for the new elections. Led to
revolt.
Sig: Charles X fled, Louis Philippe gained the most support from the
upper middle class, terrible working and living conditions and
economic crises led to unrest and violence, and Chamber of
Deputies had different opinions as to what direction it should take
Def: Reform Act gave the new industrial urban communities voice in
government
Sig: Number of voters increased (almost double),1 in every 30 rep
in Parliament, benefited the upper middle class (rest still had no
vote) and change did not alter House of Commons
Def: New constitution established Second Republic with unicameral
legislature and a president (4 years) elected by universal male
suffrage
Sig: Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew) elected; within 4
years, became emperor
Def: Prussia: King Frederick William IV (FW): agreed to abolish
censorship, establish new constitution, and work for unification
Sig: Governments allowed for elections by universal male suffrage
for deputies to an all-German parliament in Frankfurt (Frankfurt
Parliament); Purpose: to prepare for constitution for a united
Germany
Def: Leadership of risorgimento (resurgence) passed to Giuseppe
Mazzini: Italian nationalist who found Young Italy, urged Italians to
dedicate their lives to the nation
Sig: The dreams of Mazzini and Belgioso so seemed on the verge of
fulfillment when a number of Italian states rose in revolt in 1848
Romanticism
Goethe
Brothers Grimm
Sir Walter Scott
Neo-Gothic architecture
Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein
Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron
William Wordsworth
Caspar David Friedrich
M.W. Turner and Eugene Delacroix
Ludwig von Beethoven
Def: New intellectual movement that challenged the Enlightenment’s
preoccupation with reason by focusing instead on emotion, feeling,
individualism, and exoticism
Sig: Individualist sentiment led to the creation of the romantic hero,
usually a solitary genius ready to defy the world and sacrifice his
life for a great cause
Def: Grew out of the romanticism movement and focused on the
bizarre and the unusual
Sig: After Goethe’s novel, numerous novels and plays appeared
whose plots revolved around young maidens tragically carried off
at an early age by disease leaving the spouse to mourn in sadness
and sorrow
Def: Grimm brothers and Hans Christian Andersen focused on the
past, wrote fairy tales
Sig: Many of today’s fairy tales are based off of their work
Def: Ivanhoe wrote about a historic clash between Saxon/Norman
knights in medieval England
Sig: His literature was very popular at the time
Def: increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles
sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture
Sig: Architecture was the most important and original art form
during the Gothic period
Def: Prime example of Gothic literature
Sig: Brought the bizarre and unusual into her literature
Def: Placed himself as the hero in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage
Sig: The romantic poets were viewed as seers who could reveal the
invisible world to others.
Def: Described nature as mystical, poets could learn from nature,
alive/sacred – pantheism, believed that science was too out of touch
with their souls
Sig: Romantic artists rejected Classicism; paintings should mirror
artist’s view of the world
Def: Man and Woman Gazing at the Moon
Sig: Painted landscapes with an air of mysticism and mystery
Def: The Death of Sardanapalus
Sig: Most famous French Romantic artist; fascinated by the
exotic/color
Def: German composer and pianist
Sig: Music used to reflect deepest inner feelings, transitioned from
classical to a more hectic and new rhythm to express drama