THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION There were “2” revolutions First Industrial Revolution Second Industrial Revolution *began in the 18th century **late 19th century **came about as a result of the Agricultural Revolution **this was occurring across the entire European continent **began in Great Britain and moved onto the European continent during **focused on steel, electricity, and communication the early 19th century **focus on textiles, the cottage industry, coal, and iron Causes of the Industrial Revolution ▪ Agricultural Revolution - changes in agricultural practices ▪ Movement from an open field system (ie, “Medieval system”) to the enclosure system ▪ End to common land usage for the poor ▪ Forced poor rural farmers to rely on someone else to survive ▪ 3 field crop rotation ▪ Plant 2, leave 1 fallow = time for the soil to refresh and replenish itself ▪ Artificial fertilizers Causes of the Industrial Revolution ▪ Population growth ▪ Fewer deaths from the disappearance of the plague ▪ Advances in medicine ▪ Improved sanitation practices ▪ Ex: underwear ▪ Changes in agriculture increased the food supply ▪ Fewer famines; less starvation Great Britain leads the way Why Great Britain? ▪ Availability of capital ▪ Capital = money used to invest businesses / enterprises ▪ Entrepreneurs and investors ▪ Joint stock companies ▪ Limited personal liabilities ▪ If an investment goes wrong, you only lose what you put in ▪ Bank of England ▪ Loans Why Great Britain? ▪ Abundance of natural resources ▪ Coal ▪ Used as power for the steam engines ▪ Iron ▪ Used to build new machines ▪ Access to water ▪ Ports & Rivers ▪ Politically stable ▪ Support of the British navy for protection ▪ Bound to ‘win’ ▪ Navigation Acts of 1651-1663 ▪ Taxes on foreign goods to protect domestic markets ▪ Monopolies on trade with British colonies ▪ Expansive network of colonies The Cottage Industry / The Putting Out System ▪ From guilds to home production ▪ Guilds – groups of craftsmen and artisans who created/sold similar products ▪ Hierarchy: Masters ---- journeymen ▪ Increasingly difficult for journeymen to break into the monopoly of goods and become masters ▪ Production of goods in the house ▪ The cottage industry was a family affair ▪ Primarily focused on the textile industry ▪ ex: cloth ▪ The putting-out system ▪ Consisted of the merchants and the worker ▪ Merchants “put out” the raw materials to the worker who made a finished product ▪ The finished product went back to the merchant to be sold ▪ Technology impacted and transformed the cottage industry Invented by James Hargreaves 1764: The Spinning Jenny was a machine that was able to automatically roll up yarn onto spools Invented by Eli Whitney 1793: invention that automatically removed seeds from the cotton; resulted in up to 50 lbs of clean cotton produced daily Invented by John Kaye 1733: increased the speed at which cloth could be woven; doubled productivity Effects of the 1st Industrial Revolution ▪ Growth of Factories ▪ Putting out system could not keep up with demand ▪ Factories aided in solving the problem of a good energy source to power the machines ▪ Ex. Water powered machinery Factories moved to locations near water Effects of the Industrial Revolution ▪ Growth of the Coal & Iron Industry ▪ Technological innovation: ▪ James Watt’s Steam Engine ▪ Use of hot coal to run the steam engine and power the machines ▪ Henry Cort’s process of ‘puddling’ ▪ puddling – process of using coke to burn away impurities from iron in order to produce a better quality form of iron ▪ Coal was used to power the machines in the factories ▪ Coal became the primary energy source in the next stages of industrialization ▪ Ex: railroad construction of the early 19th century Impact of the Industrial Revolution ▪ Increased sales of goods ▪ Cheaper production + shipping costs = lower price for the product ▪ Movement towards a world economy ▪ Steamboat and railroads helped link countries to one another ▪ Urbanization ▪ Mass movement of people to the cities Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution ▪ Urbanization ▪ Mass movement of people to cities ▪ Emergence of new social classes ▪ The rise of the Bourgeoisie ▪ AKA: “The Middle Class ▪ The Industrial Working Class ▪ Tenement living ▪ Child labor ▪ Poor working conditions Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution ▪ Emergence of new ways of thinking ▪ Laissez-faire economics ▪ No government involvement ▪ Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations ▪ Government hands off ▪ Free market – unregulated exchange of goods and services ▪ Thomas Malthus, ideas on population & food supply ▪ Population would increase faster than the food supply ▪ “nature” would provide the balance – “war, disease, famine” Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution ▪ Emergence of new ways of thinking ▪ Socialism ▪ Anti-Capitalism ▪ Industrial capitalism created a rift within society between the rich and poor ▪ Collective ownership of the means of production ▪ Called for an end to poverty and social injustice ▪ Robert Owen’s Utopia ▪ Scientific Socialism ▪ the basis for communism ▪ Created by Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto ▪ the History of class struggles is based on the struggle between the “haves” and the “have nots” ▪ Bourgeoisie – middle class business owners (have’s) ▪ Proletariat – industrial working class (have nots) ▪ According to Marx, the proletariat would rise up and overtake the bourgeoisie and ultimately own the means of production and set up a classless communist society ▪ Used as the basis for the Russian Revolution
