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IN VITRO EVALUATION
OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIBIOFILM AND
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ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY OF THE METHANOL AND HEXANE
EXTRACTS OF THE LEAVES AND ROOTS OF ELAEIS GUINEENSIS
(ARECACEAE)
REBECCA APPIAH (10603761)
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS AND MICROBIOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF GHANA
SCHOOL OF PHARMACY
SUPERVISOR: DR. PHILIP DEBRAH
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INTRODUCTION & JUSTIFICATION
The development of
resistance to drugs
poses one of the
greatest threats to
malarial control and
results in increased
malaria morbidity and
mortality.
However, there are few
In 2018, there were an
estimated 228 million
cases of malaria
Modelthe
worldwide, of which
estimated number of
malaria deaths stood at
405000 (WHO 2019).
The African oil palm (E.
reports on the antimalarial
guineensis) is one of
activity of the plant, hence
the plants that is very
the need to intensify
crucial in the lives of
research on E. guineensis,
traditional societies in
to screen and evaluate for
west Africa.
antimalarial activity.
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INTRODUCTION & JUSTIFICATION
Biofilms (surface-associated microbial
communities) are able to cause chronic
infections due to their increased
tolerance to antimicrobial agents,
resist phagocytosis and evade the
body’s defense mechanism (Hoiby et
al, 2010).
E. guineensis has been shown to possess
According to the National Institute
activity against bacterial and fungal strain like
Novel strategies to treat these infections are
of Health, up to 80% of human
S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli and C. albicans
urgently required, thus the need to evaluate the
bacterial infections involve biofilm-
however not much has been found on the
plant for it’s antibiofilm activity.
associated microorganisms.
antibiofilm activity.
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Objectives
Aim
• To determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations and
To assess the antimalarial,
minimum bactericidal concentrations of the extracts to be
antimicrobial and antibiofilm
used.
activity of the methanol extract
of the leaves and hexane
extract of roots of E.
guineensis in vitro
• To evaluate the antimalarial activity of the extracts of E.
guineensis.
• To perform an inhibition and eradication of biofilm assays
using MTT to assess the growth of the microbes.
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METHODOLOGY
Sample collection and
authentication
Extracts
Soxhlet extraction
Rotary evaporation
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Method- MIC AND MBC DETERMINATION
Extract
MBC determination
Dilution of extract
MIC determination
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METHOD- MBIC
Sub-culturing of
microorganisms and
incubating for 24 hours
Introduction of aliquots
of microbial culture
and varying
concentrations of the
extract in 96 well
plates.
Washing of the wells
three times with
normal saline to
remove planktonic
forms and addition of
MTT
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METHOD- MBEC
Sub-culturing of
microorganisms and
incubating for 24 hours
Introduction of cultured
microorganisms into the
wells of the plate to form
biofilms overnight
Washing of the wells 3
times with normal saline
to remove free-floating
forms. Addition of
varying concentrations
of extracts. Incubation
for 24 hours
Addition of MTT
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION-Antimicrobial assay
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION- ANTIMICROBIAL ASSAY
Concentration in ug/ml
MICROORGANISMS
METHANOL
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HEXANE
MIC
MBC/MFC
MIC
MBC/MFC
˃ 512
˃ 512
512
˃ 512
Escherichia coli NCTC 10418
˃ 512
˃ 512
512
˃ 512
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 599
˃ 512
˃ 512
˃ 512
˃ 512
Candida albicans ATCC 10231
˃ 512
˃ 512
256
512
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC
25923
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION- ANTIBIOFILM ASSAY
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION- ANTIBIOFILM ASSAY
CONCENTRATION IN UG/ML
MICROORGANISMS
METHANOL
HEXANE
MBIC
MBEC
1024
˃ 1024
1024
˃ 1024
Escherichia coli NCTC 10418
1024
˃ 1024
1024
˃ 1024
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 599
1024
˃ 1024
1024
1024
Candida albicans ATCC 10231
˃ 1024
˃ 1024
˃ 1024
˃ 1024
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC
MBIC
MBEC
25923
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CONCLUSION
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03
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The finding of the study revealed that the methanol
and hexane leaves and roots extracts of Elaeis
guineensis were effective against the planktonic and
biofilm forms of the test strains
Frequently, your initial font choice is taken out
of your hands; companies often specify
For the antibiofilm assay, C. albicans ATCC 10231 biofilm was
least susceptible to the extracts however the extracts showed
excellent antibiofilm activity against the biofilm of P. aeruginosa
599.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
 Also, phytochemical screening should be done on the plant
extracts to identify and isolate the compounds responsible
for the antimicrobial activity.
 Also antimalarial assay should be carried out on the
extracts to confirm the plant folkloric use.
REFERENCES
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• Gebreyohannes, G., Nyerere, A., Bii, C., & Sbhatu, D. B. (2019). Challenges of intervention, treatment,
and antibiotic resistance of biofilm-forming microorganisms. Heliyon, 5(8), e02192.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02192
• Chong, K. H., Zuraini, Z., Sasidharan, S., Devi, P. V. K., Latha, L. Y., & Ramanathan, S. (2008).
Antimicrobial of Elaeis guineensis leaf. Pharmacologyonline, 3, 379–386.
• Aziz, N. A., Halim, U. N., & Abdullah, N. S. (2015). Phytochemical screening and in vitro antibacterial
activity of Elaeis guineensis leaves extracts against human pathogenic bacteria. Malaysian Journal
of Analytical Sciences, 19(4), 775–780.
• Vijayarathna, S., Zakaria, Z., Chen, Y., Latha, L. Y., Kanwar, J. R., & Sasidharan, S. (2012). The
Antimicrobial efficacy of Elaeis guineensis: characterization, in vitro and in vivo studies. Molecules,
17(5), 4860-4877. doi:10.3390/molecules17054860
• WHO. (2018). World malaria report, 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2015. In.
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THANKS!
Any questions?
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