独立主格结构
一、独立主格结构是一个名词或代词，加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等
在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：
1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，与主句之间不用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的常见形式
1. 名词（代词）+现在分词（逻辑主语是分词的动作发出者）
The moon appearing，they decided to go on with theirjouney.
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。
2. 名词（代词）+过去分词（逻辑主语是分词的动作承受者）
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
Good-bye said，he went home.
3. 名词（代词）+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人
来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。
4. 名词（代词）+介词短语（相当于不带动词的“主—系—介词短语）
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。
5. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词（相当于一个未带动词的“主—系—表”结构）
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。
6. There being +名词（代词）
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
7. It being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词 with。
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。
比较：“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。
with 的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
三、英语独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从
句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语
The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
2. 用作条件状语
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果
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天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the
professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜
到很晚。
4. 用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under
his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5. 表示补充说明
A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，
他的脸冻得通红。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
注：1、独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表
示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
2、独立主格结构没有所有格形式。
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。
比较动名词复合结构：
The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.
3、 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。
四、with + 复合宾语结构常见类型及其用法
“with + 复合宾语”结构是指“with +宾语（名词或代词）+ 非谓语动词（分词、不定式）
、介
词短语、形容词或副词等”所构成的一种介词短语。
该结构内部若是动词，则其非谓语形式的选用要注意三点：若内部动词表示将来（无论主动
还是被动）
，则用不定式；若内部动词表示被动且属过去，则用过去分词；若内部动词表示
持续主动动作，则用现在分词。该结构在句子中可以作以下几种成分：
1、原因状语
1.With the man guiding us ahead, we had no trouble finding the village.
2、时间状语
1.With our problem settled , we all felt happy.
3、伴随状语
She left the offices with tears in her eyes.
4、后置定语
1.Do you know the man with/having a book in his hand?
分词结构和独立主格结构作状语时的区别
一、分词在句中作状语时句子的主语是分词的逻辑主语，即主句主语是分词的动作执行者（用
现在分词）或动作承受者（用过去分词或现在分词被动式）
。这种情况下的分词短语可以改
为相应的状语从句或并列谓语。
二、独立主格结构作状语时，结构内部的分词或介词短语的逻辑主语不是整句的主语，即主
句主语与分词的逻辑主语不一致。
三、使用分词短语、独立主格结构、with + 复合宾语结构分别在句子中作状语时要
注意：它们与主句之间不应有从属连词（如 when, if, as soon as, as, while 等）或并列
连词（如 and, but, or, so 等）
。
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独立主格结构练习题及解析
1. I have a lot of books, half of ________ novels.
A. which B. that C. whom D. them
2. ________ more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the
danger of dying out.
A. because B. as C. With D. Since
3. The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most of
________ carrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they had
bought there.
A. them B. who C. whom D. which
4. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver
pennies, all of ________ over 600 years old.
A. which B. that C. them D. it
5. The cave ________ very dark, he lit some candles ________ light.
A. was; given B. was; to give C. being; given D. being; to give
6. The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand ________ a gun and his face
________ with sweat.
A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering
7. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair _________.
A. flowed in the breeze B. was flowing in the breeze
C. were flowing in the breeze D. flowing in the breeze
8. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _________
for the day.
A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished
9. On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park, _________
parents seated together joking.
A. their B. whose C. which D. that
10. The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, ________ Land
Rover of the latest.
A. another B. other C. the other D. the others
【答案与解析】
1. D。half of them novels 为独立主格结构，相当于 and half of them are
novels。
2. C。考查“with + 名词 + 过去分词”结构。
3. A。most of them carrying...为独立主格结构，相当于 and most of them were
carrying...，也可改为：most of whom were carrying。注意改动后连词 and 的使用
和动词 were的使用。
4. C。all of them over 600 years old 为独立主格结构，相当于 and all of them
are over 600 years old。
5. D。第一空填 being，构成独立主格结构;第二空填不定式表目的。
6. C。独立主格结构，his right hand 与hold有主谓关系，故用holding,而 his
face与 cover是动宾关系，故用covered.
7. D。her long hair 与 flowing 是主动关系，这是“独立主格结构”作状语。
8. B。因lessons与动词finish之间为被动关系，故要用过去分词。其实，their
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lessons finished for the day为独立主格结构。
9. A。此题容易误选B，认为这是非限制性定语从句。其实，句中的their parents
seated together joking 不是非限制性定语从句，而是一个独立主格结构，因为空
格后的动词 seated 不是谓语，而是一个过去分词，因为 seat 作动词用时，是及
物动词。
10. D。易误选C。后面部分实际上是独立主格结构形式，省略了being。补
充完整就是：The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one being a Toyota, the
others being Land Rover of the latest. (两个独立主格结构均表伴随状语)
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五、倒装结构
倒装可分为二种：将整个谓语提到主语之前的叫完全倒装（full inversion）；将 be 、情态
动词或者助动词放在主语之前的叫做部分倒装（partial inversion）。用于表示一定的句子结
构（语法需要）或强调某一句子成分。
一、完全倒装
(1)在以地点副词 here, there 和时间副词 now, then，thus 开头，后面的动词是 be, come, exist,
fall, follow, go, lie, remain, seem, stand 等，而主语又是名词时，构成完全倒装句。
There goes the bell. 铃声渐渐消失了。
Then came the chairman. 然后主席就来了
Here is your letter. 这是你的信。
(2) there 引导句子
除了 there be 句型外，there 还可以接 appear, exist, lie, remain, seem to be, stand 等，一般都译
成"有"的含义。
There appeared to be a man in black in the distance.远处有个穿黑色衣服的人。
(3)在象声词或以 out、in、up、down、away 等表示运动方向的副词置于句首的句子。
Click.click went the weaving room.
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. 轰炸机下面发出了一颗导弹。
(4)当表示地点的介词词组在句首时。
At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.
East of the lake lie two towns.
Under the tree was lying a wounded soldier.
注意：
1) 在 here, there 引出的倒装句中，当主语是普通名词时用完全倒装句，但当主语是代词时，
就要用部分倒装句。
Here comes the postman! 邮递员终于来了！注意实意谓语动词位于主语之前。
Here we are.（我们到了。注意系动词位于主语代词之后。）
2) 当主语是代词，谓语是系动词，表语是说明性的词、词组和定语从句时，可以使用完全
倒装句，起强调作用。
Lucky is he who has been enrolled into a famous university.他真幸运，被一所名牌大学录取
了。
二 部分倒装
1. 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如 no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way,
not until, scarcely , barely , under on condition , hardly … when，no sooner …than，not only ,等。
Never have I seen such a performance. 我从来没看过这样的表演。
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question. 你在哪儿都找不到这个问题的答
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room. 妈妈直到孩子睡着才离开房间。
（当 Not until 引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。The mother didn’t leave the room until
the child fell asleep）
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. 他不仅拒收了礼品，还狠狠
批评了送礼的人。
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her. 她刚要走时一个学生来看她。
2. 表示"也"、"也不" 的 so, neither, nor 放在句首时，句子作部分倒装。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack. Tom 能说法语，我也能。
If you won't go, neither will I. 如果你不去，我也不去。
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注意： 当 so 引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为"的
确如此"。例如：
1) Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. Tom 让我去踢足球，我去了。
2) ---It's raining hard.
---So it is. ---雨下得很大。 ---的确很大。
3. only 放在句首，强调状语（副词，介词短语或状语从句等），全句语序要部分倒装。
Only in this way, can you learn English well.你只有用这种方法才能学好英语。
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 他被请了三次才来开会。
注意：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed. 他只有病得非常严重时才会卧床休
息。
4． as, though 引导的倒装句
as / though 引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提
前）。此时应注意：1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词；2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主
语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. 尽管他愿意努力工作，
但是他好像从来都不能令他的工作满意。
三 其他部分倒装
1. so… that 句型中的 so 位于句首时，需倒装。例如：
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch. 他害怕得动都不敢动。
2. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中，例如：
May you all be happy. 望大家开心愉快。
3. 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有 were, had, should 等词，可将 if 省略，把 were, had,
should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Were I you, I would try it again. 如果我是你，我就再试一次。
总结：
种类
倒装条件
例句
here, there, up,
完全倒装
down, in, out, off,
away 等副词开头
Out rushed the children.
的句子表示强调
强调表语
置于句首，或为保
持句子平衡
Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.
never, hardly,
scarcely, seldom,
部分倒装
little, not until, not Hardly did I know what had happened.
等表示否定意义
的副词放于句首
和修饰的状语放
only
于句首
Only then did he realized the importance of English
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not only…but also
not only…but also 连接并列的句子，Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.
前倒后不倒
neither…nor…连
neither…nor…
接并列的句子，前 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
后都倒装
so…that,
so…that,
such…that
such…that 中的 so
或 such 及修饰的 So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.
成分放于句首时
前倒后不倒
as 引导的让步状
Child as he is, he has learned a lot.
语
so, neither 或 nor
so, neither 或 nor
表示前句内容也
适用于另 d 外的
He can play the piano. So can i.
人或事。
省略 if 的虚拟条
件
Were I you, I would not do it in this way
用于表示祝愿的
祈使句中
May you be in good health!
倒装句练习：
1. _____can you expect to get a pay rise.
A.With hard work
B. Although work hard
C. Only with hard work D. Now that he works hard
2. ____, mother will wait for him to have dinner together.
A.However late is he
B. However he is late
C. However is he late
D. However late he is
3. Not until all the fish died in the river, _____ how serious
the pollution was.
A.did the villagers realize
B. the villagers realized
C. the villagers did realize
D. didn’t the villagers realize
4. Not until I began to work ____ how much time I had wasted.
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A.didn’t realize
B. did I realize
C. I didn’t realize
D. I realized
5.—Do you know Jim quarrel with his brother?
—I don’t know, _______.
A.nor don’t I care B. nor do I care
C. I don’t care neither
D. I don’t care also
6. Only by practicing a few hours every day _____ be able to
waste much time.
A.you can B. can you C. you will D. will you
7. Not until the early years of the19th century _____ what heat is.
A.man did know
B. man knew
C. didn’t man know
D. did man know
8. _____got into the room, _____ the telephone rang.
A.He hardly; then B. Hardly had he; when
C. He had not; than D. Not had he; when
9. ______ snacks and drinks,but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic
in the forest.
A. Not only they brought B. Not only did they bring
C. Not only brought they D. Not only they did bring
10.—I don’t think I can walk any further.
—_____, Let’s stop here for a rest.
A.Neither can I
B. Neither do I
C. I didn’t think so D. I think so
11. Only in this way ______ do it well.
A.must we B. we could C. can we D. we can
12. Hardly ____ when it began to rain.
A.had he arrived
B. arrived he
C. he had arrived
D. did he arrive
13. Jack is a student and studies at the No. 2 Middle School. _____.
A. It was the same with Mike
B.So it is with Mike
C. So is Mike
D. So does Mike
14. ______, I would have given you his address.
A. If you asked me
B. You had asked me
C. Should you have asked me D.Had you asked me
15. _____ that they had made an important discovery in science.
A.Little they realized
B. They had realized little
C.Little did they realize
D. Little had they realized
16. ______ that I couldn’t be absorbed in the work.
A. They made such talked B. So loudly they talked
C. It was noise outside
D. Such a loud noise did they make
17. Many a time _____ me good advice.
A. he gave
B. does he give
C. he has given
D. has he given
18. ____ have I seen a better performance.
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A. Everywhere
B. Nowhere else
C. Everywhere else
D. Nowhere
19. Not a single word ____ at the beginning.
A. did he say B. has he said C. he said D. he has said
20. Only in an hour ago ____ out why he was absent.
A. did the teacher found
B. the teacher found
C. did the teacher find D. had the teacher found
21. _____the plane.
A. Flew down
B. Down flew
C. Down was flying
D. Down fly
22. Hardly _____ when the bus suddenly pulled away.
A. they had got to the bus stop B. they got to the bus stop
C. did they get to the bus stop D. had they got to the bus stop
23. ______ I had time, I would have run round that lake again.
A. If
B. Unless C. Had D. When
24. Not only ______ a promise ,but he also kept it.
A. had he made
B. he had made
C. did he make
D. he makes
25. ______ I would see you here.
A.Little I dreamed
B. Little do I dream
C. I dreamed little
D. Little did I dream
26. There ____ .
A.come they
B. they come
C. they are come
D. they will come
27. ______ that he could not speak for a long time.
A.So frightened was he
B. So frightened he was
C. Was he so frightened
D. Frightened was he
28. Only when class began ______ that he had left his book at home.
A.will he realize B. he did realize
C. did he realize D. should he realize
29. Only when you have finished your homework _____ go home.
A. can you B. would you C. you will D. you can
30. Seldom ____ any mistakes during my past few years
of working here.
A. would I make
B. did I make C. I did make
D. shall I make
参考答案
1．倒装句，答案为 C。
2．状语从句语序应是正常语序，故 A、C 排除，连词 however 后必须紧跟形容词或副词，
D 是正确答案。
3．not until 引导状语从句位于句首时，主句要倒装，答案为 A 。
4．本题考查以否定词开头并修饰状语时的主谓语序，这时原状语可以是副词或介词短语，
还可以是从句，而主谓的语序为部分倒装，答案为 B。
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5．本题考查 neither 或 nor 连接句子时语序的倒装，答案为 B。
6．答案为 D。
7．答案为 D。
8．hardly...when 和 no sooner ...than 是两个固定句型，前半部分置于句首，其后分句要倒装，
答案为 B 。
9．答案为 B 。
10．答案为 B。
11．only 引导的介词短语或从句位于句首修饰状语时，句子谓语要部分倒装，答案为 C。
12．部分倒装，答案为 A。
13．答案为 B。
14．答案为 D。
15．副词 little 位于句首时，句子要倒装，答案为 C。
16．答案为 D。
17．many 修饰名词并位于句首时，句子要倒装，答案为 D。
18．答案为 D。
19．答案为 A。
20．only 修饰介词短语时，并位于句首时,句子要倒装，答案为 C。
21．答案为 B。
22．答案为 D。
23．虚拟语气的倒装形式，答案为 C。
24．答案为 C。
25．答案为 D。
26．there 放于句首，主语是代词时，主语和谓语的位置不变，仍保留陈述句式，答案为 B。
27．答案为 A。
28．答案为 C。
29．only 修饰句子的状语，位于句首，要部分倒装。only 修饰的状语从句不倒装，主句要
倒装，答案为 A。
30 ． 由 否 定 词 never, not, hardly, little, seldom, rarely, nowhere 和 否 定 意 义 的 短 语
in no way, in no case, at no time, by no means 等引起的句子，常用倒装语序，答案为 B。
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六、主谓一致问题
主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数上必须与主语一致。通常有三个不同角度 1,语法一致
2,意义一致 3,就近原则.
语法一致：
1．不定式,动名词,以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.
Reading often means learning .读书常意味是学习.
To read English aloud every morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗读英语好处多.
注：若 what 从句用在 "主系表"结构中，从句是含复数意义的并列结构，谓语动词用单数
或复数两可。如果表语是单数,主句的谓语动词一般用单数，如果表语是复数,主句的谓
语动词一般用复数。
What you say and think is /are no business of mine. 你怎么说以及怎么想，不关我的事。
What he bought was /were some books. 他所买的是几本书。
What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
事故是由什么引起的完全是个谜.
What his father left him are a few English books.
他父亲留给他的只是几本英语书而已.
2．不定代词 one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody,
someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动
词用单数. none 作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数；但在代表可数的东西时总是
看作单数，因而谓语动词要用单数。
None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。
None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。
Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动.
Many a student takes a walk on campus after dinner. 许多学生晚饭后常在校园里散步.
Every boy and girl shows great interest in extra-curriculum activities .每个男孩和女
孩对课外活动都表现出很大的兴趣.
3．由 some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语,或是由它们自身作主
语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数
On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball and some are lying in the sun. 海
边,有些人在打排球,有些人躺着晒太阳.
Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛.
A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 许
多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作.
4． a series of, a kind of, the number of, a + 名词+ and a half，one and a half + 名词等与名词
构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数. 但 One or two more +复数名词"作主语
时,谓语动词用复数.
.
A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition. 一系列高科技产品
已在展览上展出.
The number of printing mistakes in some recent books often surprises people even to death.
近来一些书籍里印刷错误的数量让人吃惊得要命.
A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人.
One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work. 要派一两个人到那儿去给他们帮忙
注意：a series of
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这是一个短语，表示“一系列”，后面跟复数名词。但其动词谓语用单数还是用复数，取决于
本短语表示的是一系列“同一种类”的事物还是“不同种类”的事物。前者用单数谓语；后者用
复数谓语。
A series of wet days spoils our holiday.（阴雨连绵破坏了我们的假期。
）
There are a series of strange objects in his suitcase.（他的提箱里有一些奇怪的东西。）
5．有些表示“单位、度量”的短语,名词的单复数决定谓语形式,如:a lot of, most of, any of, half
of， three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of, all of 等后接不可数名词,或是
单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主
语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数. （即谓语动词形式根据 of 后的名词）
Three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖.
A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off.
昨天突然断电时,那家商店丢失了许多钱.
A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.
最近出版了许多关于投资基金的书籍.
6） "more than one + 单数名词"大多接单数谓语。
More than one person was (were) absent. 不止一个人缺席。
"more + 复数名词+ than one "接复数谓语。
More students than one have been there. 不止一个学生去过那儿。
"more than two (three,…)+复数名词 " 接复数谓语。
More than one hundred students have attended the concert. 不止一百名学生听
了这场音乐会。
意义一致
从意义上决定主谓一致问题.有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依
意义也用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义亦
用单数形式.
1）表示国家,机构,事件,作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.
The United States is leading the world in science and technology.
美国常在世界科技方面领先.
The United Nations play an important role in the international affairs.
联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用
2) 当主语后面接由 as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to,
more than,no less than, rather than, together with 等引导的词组（做状语）时,其谓语动
词的形式要依主语的单复数而定.
The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend. 学
生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊.
The warehouse, with all its stockings, was burned last night.
昨晚,那个仓库连同其所有的货物一起被烧毁了.
3) 表示时间,金钱,距离,体积,重量,面积,数字等词语作主语时,其意义若是指总量应看
作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指"有多少数量"则应该看作是复数,那么谓语
动词也应该用复数.
Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.
人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月.
Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life.
二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期.
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Eighty dollars are enough for a student to spend on food for one week. 八十块钱给一
个学生吃一个月的伙食是足够的了.
4) 形容词前加定冠词即"the + 形容词"作主语时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应
看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数。
The young, on the one hand, often think of the old conservative. On the other hand,
the old always consider the young inexperience.
一方面,青年人常认为老年人保守;另一方面,老年人总是认为青年人没有经验.
In many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate.
在许多故事里,好人总是有好报;坏人注定要倒霉.
5)当 and 连接两个并列主语在意义上指同一人,同一物,同一事或者同一概念时,应看作
单数,谓语动词用单数.另外,当 and 连接两个形容词去修饰一个单数形式的主语时,其
实是指两种不同的事物,主语则应该看作是复数, 那么谓语动词也应该用复数.
War and peace is a constant theme in history. 战争与和平是一个历史永恒的主题.
Chinese and Japanese silk are of good quality.中国丝绸和日本丝绸质量都很好.
6) 集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义:主语表示整体时视为单数,谓
语动词用单数;主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数,谓语动词用复数.这类集体名
词常见的有:army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government,
group, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff, team 等等,其中
cattle,people,police 一般看成复数形式.
The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球.
The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞.
The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.
人民大众完全有理由谨防职业骗局.
The public now come to know the whole story.
人们现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了.
7）有些表示成双成对的词，常常只用复数形式，动词一律用复数，也不能用不定冠词。通
常使用"a pair of"。这样的词有： eyeglasses, pants, scissors, shoes, shorts, socks, stockings,
trousers 等。
8）学科名词一般用单数谓语动词。但是，表具体的学业、活动时，多用作复数。economics,
electronics, mathematics, politics 等等。
Politics is a good topic for discussion.（政治是谈论的好题目。
）
Economics has fascinated me.（我迷上了经济学。
）
Her mathematics are weak. 她数学差。（指“学业成绩、能力”）
What are your politiscs? 你的政治观点如何？
Athletics have been greatly encouraged at this college.
9）有些名词具有复数形式，但其实是单数意义，有自己的复数形式。其用法与一般名词相
同，单数时可以使用不定冠词，谓语用单数；复数时谓语动词用复数。chaos - chaoses（琐
事，杂乱）, campus - campuses（校园）, chorus - choruses（合唱队）, status - statuses（身份、
地位）, virus - viruses（病毒）, analysis - analyses（分析）, basis - bases（基础）, crisis - crises
（危机）, hypothesis - hypotheses（假设）,等。
There was chaos everywhere in the town after the earthquake.（地震后，城内一片混乱。）
10）复数形式的名词， crossroads (十字路口；聚焦点), barracks (兵营), headquarters (总部),
means (方法，手段), species (种类，品种), series (系列), works (工厂)等，其动词的单复数取
决于两点：
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a) 取决于限定词：
Every means has been tried but without much result.各种方法都试过，可没有多大效果。
These works have been closed since the beginning of this year due to the strike of the
workers.由于工人罢工，这些工厂从今年年初起就一直停工。
b) 取决于上下文内容、作者所要表达的意思、特指还是泛指：
Are/ Is there any other means of solving the problem?还有什么其它解题的方法吗？
这里可以用 are 表示其它方法，也可以用 is 表示和现在所用的方法相对比的另一种方法。
Our TV series are much better than those of Japan.我国的电视剧比日本的好得多。（泛指）
11）百分数（或分数）+of + 可数名词（或不可数名词）谓语动词用单数；百分数（或分数）
+of + 复数名词，谓语动词用复数。如：
Twenty percent of the workers in the factory are women. 这个工厂里百分之二十是女工。
Altogether more than 70 percent of the surface of our planet is covered by water.
总的来说，我们这个行星的表面有百分之七十是为水覆盖的
12) 数学上的加、减、乘、除的规律是：加法和乘法的谓语动词单复数皆可；而减法和除法
的谓语动词一律用单数。
One plus/ and one is/ are two.（一加一等于二。）
Ten times zero is / are zero.（10 乘 0 等于 0。
）
Ten minus three is seven.（10 减 3 等于 7。
）
Ten into fifty is five.（50 除以 10 等于 5。
）
注意：Two tens make/ makes twenty.（两个 10 得 20。
）
Two tens are twenty.（两个 10 得 20。
）
在这两个例句里，动词 make 既可以用单数，也可以用复数。但如果用 be 动词做谓语，则
只能用复数。
13）群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等地理名称作主语，谓语动词用作复数。
Niagara Falls are a splendid scene.
尼亚加拉瀑布是一个壮丽的景象.
The West Indies are commonly divided into two parts.
就近原则( Principle of Proximity )
这一原则是指,谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致.常出现在这类句子中
的连词有: there be 句型，or, either… or …, neither… nor … ,not only… but also …，not
just…but…,等.
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.
不是我,就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任.
Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress. 既不
是那些不友好的话,也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧.
Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.
不仅仅是他,而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会.
Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.
他全家人和他都不知道那件事.
当的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致.
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另：某些固定结构中谓语的数：
a great many + 可数名词复数
谓语用复数
many a + 可数名词单数
谓语用单数
a number of +可数名词复数
谓语用复数
the number of +可数名词复数
谓语用单数
the majority of +可数名词复数
谓语用复数
each/every +可数名词单数
谓语用单数
neither/either of +可数名词复数
谓语用单数
more than one +可数名词单数
谓语用单数
one and a half +可数名词复数
谓语用单数
the greater part of / a large proportion of / 50% of / one third of / plenty of / the rest of
谓语的数与 of 后面的名词一致
练习
1.There ______ died in the terrible fire in Luoyang last winter.
A. hundreds people
B. hundred people
C. hundreds peoples
D. hundred peoples
2. Either you or the president _______ the prizes to these gifted winners at the meeting.
A. is handing out
B. are to hand out
C. are handing out
D. is to hand out
3. I, who ______ your close friend, will try my best to help you out of trouble.
A. am
B. is
C. are
D. be
4. The Olympic Games in the year 2008 ______ in Beijing of China, which ______ known to us
all.
A. is to hold; is
B. is to be held; was
C. are to hold; is
D. are to be held; is
5. There _____ a lot of rubbish on the floor so I asked Mary to sweep _____ up.
A. were; it
B. are; them
C. was; it
D. is; them
6. Three million tons of coal ______ every year in the city.
A. is exploited B. are exploited
C. had exploited
D. have exploited
7. Stories of the Long March _______ popular with the young people now.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. were
8. Mathematics _______ the language of science.
A. are
B. are going to be
C. is
D. is to be
9. Both rice and wheat _____ grown in our country.
A. is
B. are
C. was
D. were
10. ________ either of your parents come to see you recently?
A. Have
B. Had
C. Has
D. Is
11. What the children in the mountain village need ________ good books.
A. is
B. are
C. have
D. has
15
12. The whole family _______ TV attentively.
A. are watching
B. is watching
C. is seeing
D. are seeing
13. Nothing but several glasses ________ bought by my father the day before yesterday.
A. was
B. were
C. have been
D. would be
14. At the bus stop ______ a soldier and two young people on their way to the village.
A. were
B. was
C. is
D. sits
15. If law and order ______, neither the citizen nor his family is safe.
A. are not preserved
B. is not preserved
C. were preserved
D. have not been preserved
16. There ______ little change in that middle school.
A. have
B. had
C. have been
D. has been
17. What such a sunset is ______ strange to us all.
A. going to be B. /
C. is
D. that
’
18. Seventy-five percent of the earth s surface ______ with water.
A. is covered B. is covering
C. were covered
D. are covered
19. The following ______ some other mental diseases.
A. being
B. are
C. was
D. were
20. Not only you but also I ______ able to help him out.
A. are
B. is
C. am
D. were
21. “ The Kites” ______ us a story of the kite’s history.
A. have told
B. tells
C. were told
D. was told
22. You and I _____ twin sisters.
A. were
B. are
C. is
D. am
23. A teacher of English and class teacher _______ us something about volunteer workers.
A. are telling B. is telling C. are given D. were given
24. Thousands of tons of rubbish ________ over a large period of time.
A. rots away
B. rot away
C. has rotted away
D. are rotted away
25. Mayor as well as volunteer workers _______ the newly-built stadium.
A. is cleaning B. are cleaning
C. were cleaning
D. have cleaned
26. Many a student ______ something about Abraham Lincoln.
A. have known
B. knows
C. is known
D. are known
27. The defence works ______ built long ago to keep the enemy away.
A. were
B. has been
C. had been D. was
28. “ Have you all studied the passage‘Using the Mind against Disease’？”
“______ .”
A. Nobody of us has
B. Nobody of us have
16
C. None of us has
D. None of us did
29. A group of Italian soldiers ______ quickly towards their position.
A. were advancing
B. were advanced
C. was advancing
D. advancing
30. Everyone, men and women, old and young ______ sports and games.
A. is enjoy
B. were enjoying
C. enjoys
D. enjoy
答案：
1.解析：选 B. hundred 一词前面有具体数词修饰时不加-s
2. 解析：选 D. 当 either …or 连接两个并列主语时，句子的谓语动词在人称和数上和后一
个主语保持一致。
“be+不定式”表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作。
3. 解析：选 A. who 为引导定语从句的关系代词，其先行词是 I , 所以谓语动词要用 am.
4. 解析：选 D. 主语 the Olympic Games 意为：奥运会，谓语动词要用非第三人称单数形式；
后半部分为 which 引导的非限制情定语从句，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
5.解析：选 C. there be 句型中 be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语，a lot of rubbish(不可数名
词)，因此后面谓语动词要用单数。
6. 解析：选 A. 主语为 coal, 是不可数名词。根据题意，此处要用被动语态。
7. 解析：选 A. 主语 Stories of the Long March 是书名，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。
8. 解析：选 C. 此处 mathematics 为学科名词，作主语时谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。
9. 解析：选 B. both----and---连接两个并列主语时，句子的谓语动词要用非第三人称单数形
式。
10.解析：选 C. either 是主语部分的中心词，助动词要与 either 要数上保持一致。
11.解析：选 B. what 引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词要根据后面的名词的数来决定，
此处要用非第三人称单数形式。
12.解析：选 A. 此处指：家里的各个成员，所以谓语动词要用非第三人称单数形式。
13. 解析：选 A. 此处 nothing 句子的主语，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。
14. 解析：选 A. 此句为倒装句，句子的主语是 a soldier and two young people.
15. 解析：选 B. 此处主语 law and order 指的是同一个概念，所以谓语动词要用第三人称单
数形式.
16. 解析：选 D. 此处 there be 结构中的主语 little change 是不可数名词。
17. 解析：选 C. 本句是主语从句，缺谓语，所以要用第三人称单数形式。
18. 解析：选 A. 本句缺谓语，主语 percent 后面是不可数名词，所以要用第三人称单数形式。
19. 解析：选 B. 本句的表语 是复数形式，所以谓语动词要用非第三人称单数形。
20.解析：选 C. 根据 就近一致性原则，谓语用 am.
21. 解析：选 B. 本句的主语是书名，从整体考虑，谓语是第三人称单数形。
22. 解析：选 B. 用 and 连接两个并列主语时，谓语用非第三人称单数形.
23.解析：选 B. 本句主语是同一个人，谓语用第三人称单数形式。
24.解析：选 B. 本句主语是 tons, 是复数形式，rot 是不及物动词，不可用被动形式。
25.解析：选 A. 本句主语 Mayor 是单数形式，谓语用第三人称单数形式。
26. 解析：选 B.主语 many a student 意思是复数，形式是单数。谓语动词要用第三人称单数
形。
27. 解析：选 D. 主语 works 是集合名词，当成整体考虑，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形。
Long ago 表示过去.
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28. 解析：选 C. 因为问句是完成时态，答句要用完成时态回答，另外主语不可用 nobody of
us.
29.解析：选 A. 主语 a group of 在本句中表示具体每个人。
30. 解析：选 C. 本句主语是不定代词 everyone，为单数主语，谓语动词要用第三人称单数
形。
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七、形容词、副词及其比较用法
考题：考查形容词与副词的用法区别，比较等级的用法以及重要比较句型的用法，某些典
型的形容词和副词的用法。
一、形容词
形容词在句中做定语、表语和主语。
(1)以 “a” 开头的形容词如 alike, asleep, awake, alive 活着的等不能做前置定语，可做表语或
后置定语。表语形容词 well；ill；frightened
(2)某些以副词词缀 “-ly” 结尾的词是形容词，如 lonely；friendly；lively；lovely 等。
(3)下列动词既是实义动词又是系动词，用做系动词时，要求形容词做表语：remain, keep,
become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。
（4）复合形容词：snow-white 雪白的 English-speaking 说英语的；glass-topped 玻璃罩的；
full-time 全日制的；
well-known 众所周知的；
kind-hearted 善良的；
man-made 人造的；take-away
可以带走的；ten-year-old 十岁的
（5）只能作定语的形容词：little 小的；only 唯一的；wooden 木质的；woolen 羊毛质的；
elder 年长的。
(6)比较级的修饰语如 a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，还有表示倍数
比较的词等，他们的位置是：修饰语+as…as…, 或修饰语+more…than…。如：
(7)下列词和短语不用比较级形式，表示比较概念
inferior，minor，senior，prior，prefer to，superior，major，junior，preferable，differ from，
compared with，in comparison with，different from，rather than。
Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market.
（8）比较级形式表示最高级意义时，比较对象的范围应用 any other +单数名词，the other +
复数名词， the others，anyone/anything else 上述词是用来将比较级结构转变成最高级意义的
关键词语。
John runs fastest than anyone.
（9）有关比较级的特殊句型
not so much…as…与其说……不如说……
The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death
rates as a result of improvements in medical care.
no/not any more…than…两者一样都不……
The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.
no /not any less…than…两者一样都……
She is no less beautiful than her sister.
just as…so….正如……，……也……(用倒装结构)
Just as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.
二、 副词
1、 修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、名词、全句:
Even a child (or Even he) can do it.
2、 副词的位置
(1)修饰形容词、副词（片语或子句）时，通常放在前面。
The mountain is very beautiful.
(2) 修饰动词的副词
不及物动词 + 副词 She speaks well.
及物动词 + 受词 + 副词 She speaks English well.
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(3) 表确定时间或场所的副词, 通常放在句首或句末, 放在句首时语气较强。
She was born in Taipei in 1948.
(4) always, never, often, sometimes, usually 等频率副词的位置。
(A) 在一般动词前: They always say so.
(B) 有动词 be 时,在 be 动词后: I am always busy.
(C) 有助动词时, 在助动词和本动词间: This job will never be finished.
(5) 置于句首修饰全句: Fortunately he succeeded in the examination.
(6) 同类两个以上的副词须依 (单位较小者 + 单位较大者) 的顺序排列。
He lives at Taichung, in Taiwan, Republic of China.
(7) 有两个以上不同种类的副词修饰语时, 其顺序为: 地点+状态+次数+时间。
She arrived there safely the other day.
三、 有些形容词又可用作副词
early; past; half; long; straight; fast; hard; quick; deep; slow; pretty; awful; wrong; right; high; late;
hourly; early; weekly; etc.
We had an early breakfast. (形容词)
We went by a fast train. (形容词)
We had breakfast early. (副词)
Don’t speak so fast. (副词)
(2) above; then; after; up; down; away; home 等地方或时间副词亦可作形容词。
The above statement (= the statement which is above)
(3) 有些形容词变为副词, 可在字尾加 ly, 也可以不加, 不过在字义上不同。
(A) easy“安适地”; easily“容易地”;
Stand easy!
He’s not easily satisfied.
(B) clear ( = completely “完全地”; clearly“显然地”)
The bullet went clear through the door.
The thieves got clearly away.
(C)high“高”; highly“很; 非常”
The birds are flying high.
He was highly praised for his work.
(D) Slow 和 slowly 当副词时同义, 但 slow 比 slowly 语气强.
I told the driver to go slow(er).
Drive slowly round these bends in the road.
形容词和副词练习
1. Norway is one of ________ European countries with a large land area than Britain,
Ireland or Italy.
A. as big
B. the biggest
C. so big
D. the bigger
2. Five of Henry’s children were at the wedding party, including ________ , Daniel.
A. an oldest one
B. the oldest one
C. the old one
D. an old one
3. —Can Li Hua help me with my English?
—I regret to tell you her English is ________ yours.
A. as good as
B. no more than
C. not better than
D. as much as
4. I can’t pay ________ as he asked for.
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A. a as high price
B. as a high price
C. as high price
D. as high a price
5. —Are you satisfied with Jack’s job?
—Not in the least. It couldn’t be ________ .
A. so bad
B. any worse
C. much better
D. the best
6. — What does the model plane look like?
—Well, the wings of the plane are ________ of its body.
A. more than the length twice
B. twice more than the length
C. more than twice the length
D. more twice than the length
7. It was ________ that both my son and my daughter couldn’t put it down.
A. such interesting a book
B. so interesting a book
C. a such interesting book
D. so an interesting book
8. Miss Langham arm in arm with Mr Peabody —— ________ sight!
A. how astonishing a
B. so an astonishing
C. what astonishing a
D. such an astonishing
9. During the ________ , he enjoyed a good primary education.
A. first few happy years abroad
B. first happy few years abroad
C. happy first few abroad years
D. first abroad few happy years
10. In the 27 th Olympic Games, Liu Hongyu was supposed to win the gold medal in
jogging; she failed to, ________ .
A. yet
B. though
C. although
D. anyway
12. Don’t worry about me. I’ll forget it ________ .
A. for long
B. sooner
C. any longer
D. in time
13. —Would you like some wine?
—I don’t drink wine as a rule, but I don’t mind a glass ________ .
A. at any time
B. once in a while
C. more or less
D. all the time
14. —Do you think the weather is good enough for a camp?
—You couldn’t hope for ________ at this time of the year.
A. a nice day
B. the nice day
C. a nicer day
D. the nicest day
15. The guests are ________ friends of the film star.
A. mostly
B. almost
C. at most
D. most of all
16. ________ of the two boys can swim across the river.
A. Toe oldest
B. An older
C. The strongest
D. The older
17. He will pass two milestones ________ , that is, he will receive his master’s degree
and find a challenging job.
A. long ago
B. not long ago
C. before long
D. long before
18. —What a pity! I’ve not got a ticket for the football match.
—Don’t worry. It’ll be broadcast ________ .
A. live
B. lively
C. alive
D. living
19. Finnish President said Finland－China relations had progressed ________ with
fruitful co-operation(合作)in new and high-tech fields.
A. peacefully
B. highly
C. quietly
D. smoothly
20. He’s not got another job yet and it’s not ________ he will for some time.
A. likely
B. easily
C. nearly
D. lonely
21. It is a beautiful cell phone but it is not ________
the price that I paid for it.
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A. reasonable
B. valuable
C. fit
D. worth
22. These shoes are so ________ that I can’t put them on.
A. little
B. close
C. hard
D. tight
23. It’s ________ a long time since I started to teach at this school.
A. quite
B. much
C. pretty
D. so
24. We do meet now and then, but not ________ .
A. freely
B. commonly
C. regularly
D. presently
25. I think this exhibition is ________ of the two. I have never seen ________
exhibition.
A. by far better; the better
B. far better; a better
C. by far the better; a better
D. far the better; a better
26. You don’t have to be angry with him. He ________ wanted to know the truth.
A. almost
B. mostly
C. merely
D. hardly
27. —Are you pleased with what he has done?
—It couldn’t be ________ . Why didn’t he put more effort into his work?
A. any worse
B. much better
C. so bad
D. the best
28. —What’s wrong?—Nothing serious. I’m just ________ busy.
A. much
B. more
C. too much
D. far too
29. He moved away from his parents and missed them ________ enjoy the exciting
life in China.
A. too much to
B. very much to
C. enough to
D. much so as to
30. The little boy isn’t getting on well in maths and worse still, he is even unwilling to
go to school. With her son ________ , she feels very ________ .
A. disappointing；worrying
B. disappointing；worried
C. disappointed；worried
D. disappointed；worrying
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1. D. than 是解题的关键词，即有 than 必用比较级。
2. B. 由 five 可知要用最高级，最高级前面用 the。
3. C. 句意为“我遗憾地告诉你，她的英语不如你的好”。
4. D. 在 as…as 中，第一个 as 是副词，后面一定是先接形容词，再接名词，即：
as +adj. +n. +as，故选 D。
5. B. 由 not in the least(一点也不满意)可知，“再也没有做得(比他的)更差的了”。
6. C. 考查倍数表达法：①倍数+as…as…②倍数+比较级+than…③倍数+the+名词
(size, length, width, height 等)+of…。选项中 more than 是最大的干扰项，more
than twice(=over twice)意为“两倍多”。
7. B. so interesting a book =such an interesting book 请注意冠词的位置。
8. A. 根据后面的标点“!”，可排除 B 和 D；注意：how astonishing a sight=what an
astonishing sight.
9. A. 词序题。副词 abroad 只能放在所修饰的名词后面，排除 C 和 D。又根据“限
定语(冠词、指示代词、物主代词、序数词、基数词、few, less, several 等某
些量词)+形容词(描绘、大小、形状、年龄新旧、颜色、国籍或产地、物质
材料、用途)+名词”可排除 B，因为限定词 few 应放在形容词 happy 之前(from
www.hxen.com)。
10. B. though 既可作连词，可与 although 可互换；也可作副词，位于句子末尾，
此时，不能用 although。yet 也可表示“但是”，但不位于句末。anyway=anyhow
意为“无论如何、不管怎样”。
11. D. else 常放在疑问词(如 what, who, how 等)或者复合不定代词(如 someone,
nothing, everybody 等)后面；其所有格总是 else’s。又如：That must be
somebody else’s coat; it isn’t mine.
12. D. 本题中的 in time 不是“及时”之意，而是“迟早、终究(=sooner or later)”之意。
13. B. once in a while(=occasionally 偶尔)与 as a rule(=usually, in most cases 通常、
在多数情况下)相对。
14. C. 因为否定词 can’t 与比较级连用，表示最高级含义。
15. A. 因为 mostly“多半 (是)”；almost“几乎、差不多”；at most“至多”。
16. D. 因为指 “(两者中)较…的那一个”，用“the +比较级”。
17. C. 因为只有 before lone (=soon 不久以后、很快) 才与将来时连用。
18. A. 因为 live 作“现场直播”解，可作形容词也可作副词，在此题中是副词；live，
alive, living 均可作形容词“活着的”解，live 只能在动物前作定语，alive 可作
后置定语、表语或补语，living 多作前置定语、表语。lively 也是形容词，
意为“生动的”。
19. D. 因为指双边关系进展，当然用“顺利”smoothly。Peacefully 和平地、安宁地；
highly 高度地、非常；quietly 平静地、寂静地(from www.hxen.com)。
20. A. 因为 likely 是形容词，意为“可能的”，在句中作表语。easily 和 nearly 是
副词；虽然 lonely(寂寞的)是形容词，但其意义与句意不通。
21. D. 因为只有 be worth 后才可接宾语。reasonable 价格合理的；valuable 有价
值的或有用的；fit 适合的。22. D. tight 紧的。
23. A. 因为只有 quite 才可以放在冠词前面。
24. C. 因为只有 regularly(经常地)才与 now and then(偶尔)相对。
25. D. 表示“(两者中)较…的那一个”用“the+比较级”，排除 A 和 B。far 只能紧靠
在所修饰的比较级之前，by far 一般放在比较级之后，若有冠词时，要放在
23
冠词之前或比较级之后。
26. C. merely 只是。其它选项意义不通(from www.hxen.com)。
27. A. 因为 It couldn’t be any worse. 意为“(他的工作做得)非常差”，与后文内容
相符。
28. D. 因为 too 修饰形容词或副词，far 是用来加强 too 的语气的。而 much 除与
比较级最高级连用外，一般是非修饰作形容词的过去分词及 afraid, alive 等。
29. A. 因 为 too…to do sth. ( 太 … 以 至 于 不 能 做 …) 是 固 定 搭 配 (from
www.hxen.com)。
30. B. 句意是：由于她的儿子令有失望，她感到非常烦恼。表示“令人…的”用-ing
分词，表示“感到…的”用-ed 分词。
形容词和副词练习
1. The modern machine proved ______ in heart surgery.
a. high valuable b. highly valuable c. valuable high d. valuable highly
2. Mr. Johnson and his ______ daughter do not always understand each other.
a. older b. the oldest c. eldest d. the eldest
3. They ______ thought that the truth would be finally discovered.
a. little b. not c. small d. bit
4. They hardly believe that the apartment which costs them $ 4,000 is ______.
a. so small b. such little c. so little d. such small
5. If a claim is kept ______, it is more likely to be recognized.
a. live b. lived c. alive d. living
6. On his way to school he met ______, so he sent him to hospital.
a. very ill man b. much sick man c. serious ill man d. very sick man
7. She was operated a month ago but now she was ______.
a. very good b. very well c. healthy d. good conditioned
8. What I would do is to go ______.
a. really quietly somewhere b. somewhere quietly really
c. really quiet somewhere
d. somewhere really quiet
9. The chairman asked ______ to write their questions on a piece of paper and send
them to the front.
a. the present members b. the members presently
c. the members present d. the presently members
10. The price was very reasonable; I would gladly have paid ______ he asked.
a. three times much as b. three times as many as
c. as three times much as d. three times as much as
11. The trousers are ______, but Tom does not care a bit.
a. too a little small b. a little too small c. a too little small d. a small too little
12. She wore a dress to the party that was far more attractive than ______.
a. other girls b. that of other girls c. the other girls d. those of other girls
13. he can play tennis better than ______ in the class.
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a. any boys b. any other boy c. any boy d. any other
14. Kasia is taking her ______ tour of the shops in search of bargains.
a. daily b. day c. day time d. night
15.
______ the child expresses his interest in an activity, the stronger it will
become.
a. The more frequent b. The frequenter c. The more frequently d. the
frequentlier
16. We’d better wait _______ , Peter and Tom will come very soon.
a. a little longer b. more longer c. long d. as longer
17. although the medicine tastes ______, it seems to help my condition.
a. bad b. badly c. too much bad d. too badly
18. When she got her first month salary, Diana bought herself ______ dress.
a. a cotton , blue …expensive b. an expensive … blue, cotton
c. a blue, expensive … cotton d. a cotton, expensive… blue
19. The doctors have tried ______ to save the life of the wounded soldier.
a. everything possible humanly b. humanly everything possible
c. everything humanly possible d. humanly possible everything
20.
I was worried very much because I’ll miss my flight if the bus arrives ______.
a. lately b. late c. latter d. more later
21. The noise outside was ______ his speech was hardly audible.
a. too irritating that b. so irritating so c. so irritating that d. so irritating enough
that
22. The harder the shrub is to grow, ______.
a. the more higher price it
b. the higher price it is
c. the higher the price is
d. the higher is the price
23. The photographs of Mars taken by satellite are ______ taken from the earth.
a. clearest than those
b. clearer than that
c. much clear than those d. much clearer than those
24. ______ anywhere in the United States costs less than a dollar when you dial it
yourself.
a. Three-minute call b. A three-minutes call
c. A three-minute call d. A three-minutes-call
25. We arrived ______ Professor Baker had already called the roll.
a. so lately that b. as late that c. so later that
d. so late that
26.
It is ______ that I would like to go to the beach.
a. so nice weather b. such nice weather c. so nice a weather d. such a nice
weather
27. Her little car isn’t ______ to seat more than two people comfortably.
a. big enough b. enough big c. so big enough
d. big as enough
28. His score on the exam was ______ to qualify him for a graduate program.
a. too good b. well enough c. as high as d. good enough
29. The plane is scheduled to arrive ______ because of bad weather.
a. lately b. late c. later d. latest
30. There are ______ that I can’t finish them.
25
a. so long assignments b. such long assignments
c. long assignments
d. so very long assignments
31. Bats find their way by squeaking ______ and guiding themselves by echoes.
a. very fast b. very fastly c. much faster d. most fastly
32. Your application will be considered ______ your file is completed.
a. as quickly as b. as soon as c. as fast as d. as early as
33. This dress is prettier, but it costs ______ that one.
a. twice more than b. twice as much as c. as much twice as d. twice so much as
34. A new shopping center on the north side will have ______.
a. five hundred more than shops b. as more than five hundred shops
c. five hundred shops more than d. more than five hundred shops
35. The more you study during the semester, ______ you have to study the week
before exams.
a. the less b. the lesser c. less d. the little
36. To answer accurately is more important than ______.
a. a quick finish b. to finish quickly c. finishing quickly d. you finish quickly
37. When a body enters the earth’s atmosphere, it travels ______.
a. in a rapid manner b. fastly c. with great speed d. very rapidly
38. The salary of a taxi driver is much higher _______.
a. in comparison with the salary of a teacher
b. than a teacher
c. than that of a teacher
d. to compare as a teacher
39. Frost occurs in valleys and on low grounds ______ on adjacent hills.
a. more frequently as b. as frequently than
c. more frequently than d. frequently than
40. She can speak _______ in front of Mack, but she can’t eat ______ in his
restaurant.
a. free, free b. free, freely c. freely, free d. freely, freely
41. You will have to practice ______ times before you can do it.
a. may more b. more several c. more often d. more many
42.
I have been going to Shanghai ______ than I used to.
a. lesser b. less c. fewer d. less often
43. Tuition at American university runs ______ one thousand dollars a semester.
a. so high as b. as high to c. as high as d. as higher than
44.
I enjoy the concert last night; they played ______ beautiful music.
a. such b. such a
c. so d. so a
45. Several day ______, I saw the man again on the street.
a. late b. later
c. latter d. last
46. When electricity was first invented, people refused to believe such a thing
______.
a. impossible b. possibly c. possible d. impossibly
47. The reason why so many people sit before the television tonight is that there
will be a ______ show.
a. living b. live c. alive d. lived
48. When the three boys met one another, they found they looked very much
26
______. Then they knew they were triplet.
a. like b. alike c. likely d. liked
49. The doctor assured the patient that there was ______ with her, but she could
not help worrying.
a. seriously wrong nothing b. nothing serious wrong
c. nothing seriously wrong d. serious nothing wrong
50.
If you live in Wuhan one day and in Shenyang the next, you ______ the change
in temperature.
a. are certainly to feel b. certainly feel c. are to feel certainly d. are certain to
feel
51. As a safety precaution, all drivers carry only enough money to make change
for ______.
a. a bill of ten-dollar b. a ten-dollars bill
c. a ten-dollar bill
d. a tens-dollar bill
52. When I spent holidays Europe, I bought _____ vases.
a. two lovely big old German
b. two lovely old big German
c. two German big old lovely
d. lovely big two old German
53. Everyone will agree that food in the south is as good as ______ in the country.
a. other region b. any other region c. that of any region d. that of any other
region
54. Stars are so far away that they are ______ spots of light when seen from the
earth.
a. nothing more as b. anything more than
c. more than
d. nothing more than
55. What deeply impressed his was that magnificent ______.
a.
eight-century-old
b.
eight-centuries
c.
old-eight-centuries
d.
eight-century’s-old
56. _______ focus on cultural differences between Chinese and Western societies.
a. The below text and dialogues
b. Below the text and dialogues
c. The text and dialogues below
d. Text and dialogues the below
57. People will be able to fly from one planet to another in ______.
a. little nasty arrow-shaped tubes
b. nasty little arrow-shaped tubes
c. arrow-shaped little nasty tubes
d. arrow-shaped little nasty tubes
58. Beginning in the late 19th century, the _______ rise in the productivity of
England was just ______ less than Germany and the U.S.
a. year…slightly b. yearly…slight c. yearly…slightly d. year…slightly
59.
In Spain, officials estimate that ______ 75 percent of the current violent crime
is drug related.
a. much as b. as much as c. as many as d. as great
60. You should spend ______ in the study of the various senses and uses of the
common words.
a. much time as you can b. as time much as you can
c. time as many as you can d. as much time as you can
61. Professor Chen asked us to write ______ essay on individual differences in
27
second language learning.
a. a no more than two-thousand-word
b. a less two-thousand-words
c. a less than two-thousands-words
d. a no more two than thousand word
62. Her voice is ______.
a. loud b. aloud
c. loudly d. loudness
63. That so many advances have been made in ______ is the most valid argument
for retaining the research unit.
a. such short time b. so a short time c. such a short time d. such short a time
64.
______ curriculum includes all experiences which the students may have
within the environment of the school.
a. Broad speaking b. Speaking broadly c. Broadly speaking d. Broadly
65. Since taxi fare in the city may run ______ twenty dollars, I suggest that you
take a bus.
a. as high as b. as expensive as c. so high that d. so expensive as
66.
If negotiations for the new trade agreements take ______, critical food
shortages will develop in several countries.
a. too much longer b. much too long c. the longest d. the longer
67.
If he had followed the directions carefully in taking the medicine, he would
have felt better ______.
a. much quicker b. more quick c. much quickly d. more quickly
68. Since he spent his childhood in France, Jack is able to converse in French
______.
a. rather good b. quite better c. fairly more d. rather well
69. Of the two cars that the Smiths have, the Plymouth is, without any question,
______.
a. the cheapest to run b. the cheaper to run c. cheaper d. more cheaper
70. With ______ three inches of rain falling in a six-month period, the farmers
found it necessary to irrigate the land
a. less than b. little than c. fewer than d. less few than
71. On a small marble table in the center of her boudoir stands ______ vase.
a. a little exquisite antique brown Chinese porcelain
b. an exquisite little antique brown Chinese porcelain
c. an antique little exquisite brown Chinese porcelain
d. a Chinese antique little expensive brown porcelain
72. “When is Tom going to leave?”
“He is going to leave ______ this week.”
a. sometimes b. some time c. sometime d. somewhat
73. The librarian insists that Dana take ______ books from library before she
returns the dictionary she borrowed last month.
a. no b. many c. not many d. no more
74. The facilities of the older hospital are ______ the new hospital.
a. as good or better than
b. as good as or better as
c. as good as or better than d. as good as or better than those of
75. ______ iron has relatively few economical uses.
28
a. Chemical pure b. Chemically pure
c. Pure chemical d. Purely chemical
76. I walked 8 miles today. I never guessed that I could walk ______ far.
a. much b. that c. such d. as
77. They _____ to our proposal.
a. have not still responded b. have not responded still
c. have still not responded d. still have not responded
78. True hibernation takes place only among ______ animals.
a. whose blood is warm
b. blood worm
c. warm-blooded
d. they have warm blood
79. He works ______.
a. lone b. lonely c. alone d. lonesome
80. A _____ road goes ______ from our college to the center.
a. straight…straight
b. straightly…straightly c. straight…straightly
straightly…straight
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
B
C
A
A
C
D
B
D
C
D
B
D
B
A
C
A
A
C
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
C
B
C
C
D
C
D
B
A
D
B
B
A
B
B
D
A
B
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
D
C
C
C
A
D
C
A
B
C
B
B
C
D
C
A
D
D
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
29
A
C
B
C
B
D
A
A
C
C
A
B
D
D
C
A
B
C
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
D
D
B
B
D
C
C
A
d.
八、平行结构
一、平行结构指的是相同的语法结构，它要求有同等重要的思想、概念，并列的句子成分要
用同类的语法形式来表达，要用并列连词连接。平行结构是一种修辞手法，它可以使句子前
后保持平衡和协调，从而增加语言的连贯性。
二、平行结构常常使用并列连词，如 and, but, or, neither...nor, either...or, not only...but also,
not...but 等，这些并列连词所连接的应该是名词和名词，副词和副词，分词和分词，不定式
和不定式，动词对动词，句子和句子等，而不能其中一个概念用分词结构表达，而另一个概
念用不定式或从句来表达。
下面句子就违反了平行结构的准则
Do some nice things for your parents that they don't expect——like cooking, doing the
dishes, washing clothes, or clean the floors.
“做饭”、“刷碗”、“洗衣服”、“拖地”在本句中应为并列结构，故应用相同的语法形式，
都用动名词，所以应将 clean 改为 cleaning。
Mr. Johnson was young, energetic, and having interest in many activities.
这个句子中的三个表语具有相同的语法功能，都是说明主语的，应该放在相同的结构中，
都用形容词。因此，应该把 having interest in many activities 改为 interested in many
activities。
三、平行结构的几种常见形式
1. 名词平行结构
The patient's symptoms were fever, dizziness, and headache. 病人的症状是发烧、头晕和头
痛。
2. 形容词、副词平行结构
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、
富有、聪明。
The work is handsomely and skillfully done.这项工作做得漂亮，有水平。
3. 分词平行结构
The boys were running, shouting and laughing.男孩子们一边跑，一边喊叫着、笑着。
The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted.老人回到了家里筋疲力竭，非常失
望。
4. 动名词平行结构
Henry's work is reading books and writing book reviews.亨利的工作是读读书，写写书评。
Alice said she'd prefer swimming to playing tennis in such hot weather.爱丽斯说在这样的
热天她宁愿游泳而不去打网球。
5. 动词不定式平行结构
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and
digested. 有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞食下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼
和消化的。
平行结构练习
1. On Saturday afternoon, Mrs. Green went to the market, ________ some bananas
and visited her cousin.
A. bought B. buying C. to buy D. buy
2. In some parts of London, missing a bus means ________ for another hour.
A. waiting B. to wait C. wait D. to be waiting
30
3. Friendship is like money：easier made than ________ .
A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept
4. As far as I am concerned, education is about learning and the more you learn,
________ .
A. the more for life are you equipped
B. the more equipped for life you are
C. the more life you are equipped for
D. you are equipped the more for life
5. We're going to the bookstore in John's car. You can come with us ________
you can meet us there later.
A. but B. and C. or D. then
Key:
1-5 AAABC
改错：
1. Castro’s communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict
between he and President Kennedy.
改正： Castro’s communist principles inevitably led to an ideological conflict
between him and President Kennedy.
2.
Because strict constructionists recommend fidelity to the Constitution as
written, no one objects more than them to judicial reinterpretation.
改正： Because strict constructionists recommend fidelity to the Constitution
as written, no one objects more than they [do] to judicial reinterpretation.
3. Einstein was a brilliant mathematician. This is how he was able to explain the
universe.
改正： Einstein, who was a brilliant mathematician, used his ability to explain
the universe.
4. Because Senator Martin is less interested in the environment than in economic
development, he sometimes neglects it.
改正
Because of his interest in economic development, Senator Martin
sometimes neglects the environment.
5.
The candidate’s goals include winning the election, a national health program,
and the educational system.
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改正： The candidate’s goals include winning the election, enacting a national
health program, and improving the educational system.
6. Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as postponing it for
so long.
改正：Some critics are not so much opposed to capital punishment as they are
to postponing it for so long.
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九、复合句
一、名词性从句
名词性从句，所起的作用其实相当于一个名词。在句中做主语、宾语、表语、同位语。名
词性从句可分为四类：主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句，和同位语从句。
主语从句
1．由 that 引导。
That he is the cleverest student in the school is known to all. 众所周知，他是学校里最聪明的学
生。
2．一般疑问句改成主语从句时，连接词通常用 whether, whether 后可跟 or not。
Whether they will hold a meeting has not been decided. 要不要开会还没决定呢。
3．特殊疑问句改成主语从句时，用疑问词 what, when, who, how, where 等引导。
What he told you was only a lie. 他跟你说的只不过是个谎言。
When they will come isn’t known now. 他们什么时候来还不知道。
注意：①由一般疑问句或特殊疑问句变过来的主语从句中需采用陈述句的形式。 ②that 在
句首时通常不省略。 ③由一般疑问句变成主语从句时只能用 whether 而不能用 if。 ④
what/whatever 引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用。
They lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall.
(what 既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)
Water will continue to be what it is today—next in importance to oxygen.
(what 既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语)
表语从句
1.由 that 引导。
The difficulty is that no one wants to do that. 困难在于没有人想干那件事。
2．由关系代词 what 引起
This is what I want to tell you. 这就是我想告诉你的事。
3．由其他的连接代词或副词引导
That is why he cries. 那就是他为什么哭。
This is how we can work out the problem. 这就是我们如何解出这个问题。
宾语从句
宾语从句一般也是由连词 that, where, if, who, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why 等引
导。其规则跟主语从句，表语从句一样。
同位语从句 在固定的一些词如 idea, fact, news, hope, belief, message, information, possibility,
question, doubt, etc.之后用 that 或连接代词引起的从句作同位语，但有时因名词内容的需要，
也可由 whether 及连接副词 why, when, where, how 引导。that 不表示任何意义，其他词表示
时间、地点、原因等。
The fact that he is the cleverest in the class is known to all. 他是班上最聪明的这个事实众所周
知。
I am interested in the message that a famous star is coming tonight. 我对今晚要来一明星的消息
很感兴趣。
The problem, where I will have my college education, at home or abroad, remains untouched.
二、形容词性(定语)从句
在 复合 句中修 饰名 词或代 词的 句子 ， 充当定 语。 引导 定语从 句的词 ，分 为关 系代词
（who,whom,that,which,whose）和关系副词(where,when,why)。
33
关系代词（在句中作主语、宾语或定语）
1. that 既可代表事物也可代表人，which 代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，
that,which 在从句中作宾语时常可省略。
This is the book （which）you want.
2．that \which 在代物时常常可以通用
但有时只宜于用 which ,不用 that
(1) 关系代词前有介词时.
This is the hotel in which you will stay.
(2) 如有两个定语从句,其中一句的关系代词是 that,另一句宜于用 which.
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the liberary which was newly open to us.
(3）非限定性定语从句只能用 which 引导；
只宜于用 that ,不用 which.
(1) 先行词是形容词最高级或者它的前面有形容词最高级时
This is the best that has been used against air pollution in cities.
English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years.
(2) 先行词是序数词,或它的前面有一个序数词时
He is the last person that I want to see.
(3) 主句中已有疑问词时
Which is the bike that you lost?
(4) 先行词既有人又有物时
The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.
(5) 先行词是 all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none,the one 等代词时
You should hand in all that you have.
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
I mean the one that you talked about just now.
(6) 先行词前面有 only,any,few,little,no,all,one of,the same,the very 等词修饰时
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
Li Ming is the only one that got full marks in our class.
Li Ming is one of the students that want to be teachers in our class.
(7) 有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用 which,另外一个宜用 that
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
3.as 与 which 用作关系代词的区别
as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意
思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但有所不同。
(1) 引导限制性定语从句时，在 such, as, the same 后只能用 as，其他情况用 which：
I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。
It’s the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。
This is the photo which shows my house. 这张照片拍的是我的住宅。
(2) 引导非限制性定语从句时，有时两者可互换。但 as 在句中的位置比较灵活，可出现在句
首、句中、句末，而 which 只能出现在句末，尤其是当先行词是整个句子时。
As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes.
As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of
production.
Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part to China.
34
众所周知，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远，这你是知道的。
(3)在以下情况引导非限制性定语从句时，两者不可换用：
① 当从句位于主句前面时，只能用 as：
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
月球每月绕地球转一周，这是每个人都清楚的。
②as 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词，而应是整个句子、
整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念，而 which 则无此限制：
The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士
河。(不用 as)
③ 当 as 引导非限制性定语从句作主语时，其谓语通常应是连系动词，而不宜是其他动词
She has married again, as [which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了，这似乎很自然。
She has married again, which delighted us. 她又结婚了，这使我们很高兴。(不用 as)
4. but 作关系代词引导定语从句时,用于否定词语之后,相当于 who do/does not 或 that do/does
not 意思是 “无人/事物不……”.
There is no man but feels pity for starving children.
= There is no man who does not feel pity for starving children 没有人不同情那些嗷嗷待哺的
孩子
There is not one of us but wishes to help you.
= There is not one of us who does not wish to help you. 我们没有一个人不想帮助你
There are few teachers but know how to use a computer.
There is no complicated problem but can be solved by a computer.
二、关系副词（在句中作状语）
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
1. where 是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。
The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
注：地点先行词由 where 还是 which 引导
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
宾
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 宾
Is this museum the one you visited a few days ago?
Is this the museum where the exhibition was held?
2. when 引导定语从句表示时间。表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用 when 引导，有时不用
任何关系代词。
By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember
the first time I met her.
3. 当从句的逻辑主语是 some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything,
everything 或 nothing 时，常用 there is 来引导
There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。
35
三、副词性 (状语)从句
副词在句中起状语作用，也称状语从句。状语从句可细分为：时间、地点、条件、原因、让
步、目的、结果、比较、方式等。
1.条件状语从句
(1)复合连词 as long as，so long as，as far as，on condition that，in the event that；动词及分
词 provided(that)，providing(that)，given that, suppose/supposing(that)，assuming，say 等引导
条件状语从句。
In the event that she has not been informed, I will tell her. (如果……)
You can go swimming on condition that you don’t go too far from the river bank. (如果……)
Suppose it rained, we would still go. (假如……)
Say it were true, what would you do about it? (假如……)
(2)祈使句表示条件。
Dress warmly, or else you’ll catch cold.
Talk to anyone in the drug industry, and you’ll soon discover that the science of genetics is the
biggest thing to hit drug research since penicillin was discovered.
2.让步状语从句
as 引导让步从句，要求用倒装结构，把强调的部分置于句首。
Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes.
Humble as it may be, there is no place like home.
3.时间状语从句的常考知识点
(1)when it comes to 是习惯用法，意为“当谈到……时”。
Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true
when it comes to classroom tests.
(2)名词短语、介词短语 each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time, by the time 起
连词作用。
I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I
met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”
(3)副词 directly, immediately, instantly, now 引导时间从句, 相当于 as soon as。
The policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm.
4.原因状语从句的常考知识点
(1)in that 引导原因从句时,有时翻译成“是因为”、“就在于”。
Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for
the message to be delivered.
Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.
(2)now that 表示 “既然” ; seeing that, considering 表示“鉴于”、“考虑到”。
Now that we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once.
He did poorly in the examinations, considering how hard he had tried for them.
Seeing that she is lawfully old enough to get married, I don’t think you can stop her.
其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有: for the (simple) reason that, by reason that, on the
grounds that, in as much as, in so far as 等。
5.in order that, in case, for fear that, lest (用虚拟语气) 引导目的状语从句
Give me your telephone number, in case I need your help.
Helen listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what John wanted.
36
复合句练习
1. The reason ___ I can't come is that I have to prepare for the coming exam.
A. for
B. as
C. because
D. why
2. She studied hard at school when she was young,
contributes to her success in
her career.
A. that
B. so that
C. so
D. which
3. An investigation was made into the accident,
fifty people were killed.
A. where
B. when
C. in which D. for that
4. I've got a bottle of beer, but I haven't got anything
I can open it with.
A. that
B. what
C. where
D. which
5. All members
are admitted to the auditorium.
A. have got tickets
B. that had got the tickets
C. that have got the tickets
D. who have got the tickets
6. sound waves travel in the air in much the same way
water waves spread on
the water.
A. as
B. that
C. where
D. in which
7. Writers can accurately describe objects
have never seen.
A. who
B. if they
C. they
D. that
8. It wasn't such a good present
he had promised me.
A. that
B. as
C. which
D. what
9. Perhaps the day will come
people will be able to breath e clean air in cities.
A. when
B. while
C. as
D. since
10. To make up an objective test, the teacher writes a series of questions,
has
only on correct answer.
A. each of which
B. some of which
C. which
D. what
11. All
is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.
A. what is needed B. that is needed
C. for our needs
D. thing needed
12. Evidence came up
specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as
young as six months old.
A. which
B. what
C. that
D. when
13. The goals
he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
A. for that B. for which C. for what
D. of them
14. Those were the soldiers
to save the town.
A. whose responsibility was B. in whom there was a responsibility
C. whose was the responsibility D. from whom the responsibility
15. The person
you were talking to was an American.
A. who
B. whom
C. which
D. as
16. Einstein was one of the greatest men
ever lived.
A. who
B. that
C. whom
D. he
17.Most of the electronic devise of this kind,
manufactured or this
purposes, are tightly packed.
A. which is
B. as are
C. what are D. they are
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18. Scientists call Newton's idea
gravitation reaches throughout the universe
the law of universal gravitation.
A. when
B. which
C. that
D. where
19. English words are not always spelt
.
A. the way they sound
B. the way they to sound
C. the way they are sounding
D. as they are sounding
20. Snowdonia is a seashore city
you can enjoy yourselves much by visiting
the local scenic spots.
A. why
B. which
C. where
D. so
21. The time is not far away
modem communications will become widespread
in China's vast countryside.
A. when
B. before
C. until
D. as
22. A higher crime rate exists in cities a large percentage of unemployment
.
A. where have
B. that have C. which they have D. that having
23. The inflation made it hard for us to buy the necessities
.
A. which need us B. that we need
C. what we need
D. as we need
24.
you didn't know the rules won't be a sufficient excuse for your delaying
submitting the report.
A. It is
B. That
C. Because
D. What
25. It was
a hundred people looked lost in it.
A. too large room so
B. so a large room where
C. so large a room that
D. such a large room which
26. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication
the
advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
A. where B. in order that
C. in that D. in the way
27. You can fly to London this afternoon
you don't mind changing plane for
Paris.
A. provided
B. unless
C. except
D. so far as
28.
he had discovered his error, Jamaica made the necessary corrections in the
data.
A. As though B. As soon as
C. As if
D. As far as
29.
the students were discussing the car accident, Benne put in that the road was
icy.
A. Since
B. Where
C. While
D. As soon as
30. They repeated the test several times
they succeeded in getting a correct
result.
A. when
B. since
C. until
D. for
31. We must begin testing the instrument no matter
difficult it is.
A. what
B. when
C. how
D. however
32.
I left school I had taught that subject for ten years.
A. Whenever
B. By the time C. The moment
D. Since
33.
people say, I believe he is as innocent as a baby unborn.
A. Whoever
B. However
C. Whatever
D. Whenever
34. The more we looked at the abstract painting,
.
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A. the less we liked it
B. better we liked it
C. we liked it less
D. it looked better
35. I decided to stop and have lunch,
I was feeling quite hungry.
A. for
B. moreover
C. consequently
D. whereas
36. It was in 1665
the concept of the Earth's gravity interested Isaac Newton.
A. that
B. who
C. which
D. when
37. Hardly had Glucia finished his speech
the audience stared applauding.
A. that
B. as
C. since
D. when
38. Snowdonia will never seem to succeed,
hard she tries because no one is
supporting her.
A. however B. whenver C. whomever D. whom
39. I don't think that Bob will come here again today, please give the book
to
comes first.
A. whoever
B. who C. whomever D. whom
40.
the punishment was unjust, Henry accepted it without complaint.
A. So long as B. Since √C. Even though D. While
41. The situation today is obviously different from
it was about 30 years ago.
A. what
B. when
C. which
D. such
42. We all got up early that morning
we might start before dawn.
A. so as to
B. in order to
C. in order that D. so
43. You can not see the doctor
you have made an appointment with him.
A. if
B. except
C. unless
D. when
44. Whether that is a good solution depends on
.
A. how you look at it
B. you look at it
C. that you look at it
D. what you look at it
45. How close parents are to their children
a strong influence on the character
of the children.
A. have
B. to have C. has
D. having
46. No sooner had we reached the top of the hill
we all sat down to rest.
A. that
B. then
C. when
D. until
47. You will grow wiser
you grow older.
A. when
B. after
C. as
D. since
48.Reading is to the mind ______ exercise is to the body.
A. like B. so
C. what D. which
49. Betty spent all evening talking about her latest book, ____ one of us had never
heard.
A. which B. that C. of what D. of which
50.____, he has made great achievement in his career.
A. Young as he is
B. Though young is he
C. As he is young
D. young he is though
KEY:
1. D The reason why…. 有时 why 可用 that 代替
2. D Contributes to 为….贡献（捐献）3. C
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4. that 指物，作宾语；5. C 6. the same ….as…. 7. C
8. Such +n.+ …as…. 9. 先行词为 the day ; 10. 信号词为 has ;
11. B 12. C Evidence 证据； specific 明显的；13. B 14. A 15. B 16. B 泛指
人时常用 that ; 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. C 先行词表地点；21. A 先行词表时间；22. B
23. B 24. B 同谓语；
25.C It is …that…. 强调句； so +a.+…that… 26. C
27. A provide 只要；作条件状语从句。 28.B 29.C Put in 驶入；30.C
31. C No matter how difficult = however it is difficult 32. B 33. C
34.A The more …. , the less…
35.A 原因状语从句；36. A 强调句；
37. D Hardly ….when（before）…. 刚一…就…. 38. A
39. A 40. C Complaint 抱怨；让步状语从句；40. A 41.A 42.C
43.C Make an appointment with… 和………有约 44.A
45.C 主语从句谓语动词用单数；46. A 47.C 48.C 49. D 50.A
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十、反意疑问句
一、简单句式结构中反意疑问句
1、当陈述句部分的主语是名词时，反意疑问句的主语必须用人称代词来代替。
Your brother has gone to the library, hasn’t he? 你弟弟去图书馆了，是吗？
2、当陈述句的主语是指示代词 this, that 时，反意疑问句的主语用 it 代替；指示代词是 these,
those 时，反意疑问句的主语用 they 代替。
That isn’t a useful book, is it? 那不是一本有用的书，是吗？
These are important reading materials, aren’t they? 这些都是重要的阅读材料，是吗？
3、当陈述句部分是 I am…时，反意疑问句部分通常要用 aren’t I；如陈述句部分的主语是 I am
not 时，反意疑问句部分通常要用 am I。
I’m late for the meeting, aren’t I? 我开会迟到了，是吗？
I’m not doing well, am I? 我干得不好，是吗？
4、当陈述部分是 everyone / everybody, someone / somebody, no one / nobody, none 等表示人的
不定代词时，反意疑问句部分的主语多用 they，但也可用 he；当陈述部分的主语是 everything,
anything, something, nothing 等表示物的不定代词时，反意疑问句部分的主语用 it。
Nobody came when I was out, did they? 我在外时，没人来过，是吗？
Everything has gone wrong today, hasn’t it? 今天什么都出问题了，是不是？
5、当陈述部分是“there be + 主语 + 其它”结构时，反意疑问部分要用“be (not) + there”结构。
There are some bananas in the basket, aren’t there? 篮子里有些香蕉，是吗？
6、当陈述部分的谓语动词是 have 时，有两种情况：
（1）have 作“有”解时，反意疑问句部分可用 have（not）或 do（not）的相应形式。
His brother has a new bike, hasn’t (doesn’t) he? 他弟弟有一辆新自行车，是吗？
（2）have 用作表动作词和 have to 时，反意疑问句部分只可用 do（not）的相应形式。
A.表“吃，喝，玩，度过”等动作
They have a good time, don’t they?
B. We have to start early, don’t we? 我们必须早点出发，是吗？
7、当陈述部分有 hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, seldom, few, little, no, never, nothing, nobody,
nowhere 等否定词或半否定词时，反意疑问句部分要用肯定形式。
注:如果陈述句部分是带有否定前缀或后缀时，反意疑问句部分仍用否定结构。
It’s impossible for him to make such a mistake, isn’t it? 他不可能犯这样的错误，是吗？
8、当陈述部分有情态动词 ought to 时，反意疑问句部分要用 ought / should (oughtn’t /
shouldn’t)；如陈述部分为情态动词 used to，反意疑问部分可用 used 或 did；如陈述部分为
had better，反意疑问部分用 hadn’t 或 shouldn’t。
Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they? 这种事是不允许的，是吗？
You’d better do it by yourself, hadn’t / shouldn’t you? 你最好自己做，好吗？
9、当陈述句部分有情态动词 must 时，反意疑问部分有四种情况
（1）must 表示“必须、禁止“时，反意疑问部分要用 must (mustn’t) 。
You mustn’t stop your car here, must you? 你不能把车停在这地方，知道吗？
（2）must 表示“有必要”时，反意疑问句部分要用 needn’t。
They must finish the work today, needn’t they? 他们今天必须要完成这项工作，是吗？
（3）当 must 用来表示对现在的情况进行“推测”时，反意疑问部分要根据 must 后面的动词
采用相应的形式。
He must be good at maths, isn’t he? 他数学一定学得很好，是吗？
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（4）当 must 用来表示对过去的情况进行“推测”（must + have done）时，如强调对过去情况
的推测（一般句中有过去的时间状语），反意疑问句部分要用“didn’t + 主语”；如果强调动
作的完成（一般没有过去时间状语），反意疑问句部分要用“haven’t / hasn’t + 主语”。
She must have read the novel last week, didn’t she? 她上星期一定读了这本小说了，是吗？
You must have told her about it, haven’t you? 你一定把这事告诉她了，是吗？
10、当陈述部分的谓语动词是表示愿望的 wish 时，反意疑问部分要用 may，而且前后两个
部分均用肯定式。
I wish to go to the moon by spaceship some day, may I? 我希望总有一天能乘宇宙飞船去月
球。
11、感叹句的反意疑问句一律使用否定式，并用 be 的一般现在时形式。
What a foolish child (he is), isn’t he? 多傻的孩子啊，不是吗？
二、并列分句结构中反意疑问句
当陈述句是由并列连接词 and, but, or, for, so 等连接的两个并列分句组成时，反意疑问句
部分一般与最接近的分句保持一致，也就是说，对后一分句进行反问。
He was a lazy child, and he didn’t pass the exam, did he? 他是一个偷懒的孩子，他没能通过
考试，是吗？
三、复合句结构中反意疑问句
反意疑问句用于主从复合句结构中时，要注意以下三种情况
1.一般情况下，陈述句部分是主从复合句时，反意疑问句部分的代词和助动词应与主句中的
主语和动词保持一致。
This is the second time that he has been to Japan, isn’t it? 这是他第二次去日本，是吗？
2.在宾语从句中，如果陈述句部分是“I think (believe, suppose, imagine, expect 等) + 宾语从
句”， 反意疑问句部分应与宾语从句的主谓保持一致，并要注意否定转移。
I don’t think you have heard of him before, have you? 我认为你以前没有听说过他，是吗？
注：当 think 等这些动词的主语不是第一人称，或主语是第一人称，从句动词时态不是一般
现在时或一般过去时，其反意疑问句的助动词和人称代词要与主句保持一致。
Mary thinks you will come to the party, doesn’t she? 玛丽认为你将来参加晚会，是吗？
We had never thought she would play so well in the match, had we ? 我们从没想到她在比赛中
能发挥得这么好，是不是？
3.当陈述句部分为主语从句时，反意疑问句的主语用 it。
That he didn’t pass the entrance exam made his parents very angry, didn’t it? 他没有通过入学
考试使得他的父母十分生气，是吗？
四、祈使句结构中反意疑问句 祈使句反意疑问句的构成，必须按其句子结构及讲话人的
语气来决定其反意部分，有四种形式。
1．祈使句的肯定形式，其反意问句表示“请求”时，通常用 will you；表示“邀请、劝说”时，
用 won’t you。
Be sure to write to us, will you? 一定要给我们写信，好吗？（表示“请求”）
Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you? 今晚跟我们一起来吃饭，好吗？（表
示“邀请”）
2．祈使句的否定形式，其反意疑问句通常只用 will you 构成。
Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you? 请不要在会议室抽烟，好吗？
3．变异祈使句，即句首为一呼语，后接第二人称代词引导的一个一般现在时的陈述句，反
意疑问句部分要用 will you 构成。
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Mike, you take all these tables out of the next room, will you? 迈克，你把这些桌子都搬出隔
壁房间，好吗？
4． Let 开头的祈使句，构成反意疑问句时，除 Let’s 用 shall we 构成反意疑问句外，其它均
用 will you。
Let the boy go first, will you? 让那男孩先走，好吗？
Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we? 晚饭后，我们去散步，好吗？
五 特殊句式
1. 当陈述部分是由“I’m sure that ; I’m afraid that ; We are sure that ; We are afraid that ; I feel
sure that ; I hope that ; We feel sure that ; It seems that”等句型构成时，因主要意思在从句，故
疑问部分的主语要与从句的主语保持一致。
I’m sure that you know him well , don’t you ?
I’m afraid that he hasn’t finished that work , has he ?
I hope you don’t mind my speaking frankly , do you ?
It seems that you are an expert , aren’t you ?
2. 当陈述部分有“It is/was the first(second, third, etc)time +that 从句”这一结构时，其反意疑
问句的疑问部分要与“It is/was ”保持一致。
It is high time that you went to school , isn’t it ?
It was the second time that he had been in love that year , wasn’t it ?
3.当陈述部分有“It is said(told , reported , believed 等)+that clause”时，其反意疑问句的疑问
部分要与从句中的主谓语保持一致。例如：
It is reported that the police caught the thief yesterday , didn’t they ?
It is said that she has won the first place in this competition , hasn’t she ?
4.当陈述部分是感叹句时，其疑问部分要根据感叹句所强调的情况用 he/she/it/they 做主语以
便在逻辑上保持一致，反意疑问部分用否定形式,且用一般现在时的适当形式。例如：
What fine weather , isn’t it ?
What a pretty actress , isn’t she ?
How hard he works , doesn’t he ?
五、反意疑问句的回答
如果事实是肯定的，就用 yes，事实是否定的，就要用 no。
---He likes playing football, doesn’t he? 他喜欢踢足球，是吗？
---Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t. 是的。/ 不是。
---His sister didn’t attend the meeting, did she? 他妹妹没有参加会议，是吗？
---Yes, she did. / No, she didn’t. 不，她参加了。/ 是的，她没参加
练习
1. A hibernating animal needs hardly any food all through the winter， _____？
A. need it B. needn’t it C. does it D. doesn’t it
2.You and I could hardly understand， ______？
A. could I B. couldn’t you C. couldn’t we D. could we
3. When you have finished with that video tape， don’t forget to put it in my drawer，
___？
A. do you B. will you C. don’t you D. won’t you
4.Do help yourself to some fruit， _____ you？
A. can’t B. don’t C. wouldn’t D. won’t
5.She would have been more agreeable if she had changed a little bit， _____？
A. hadn’t she B. hasn’t she C. wouldn’t she D. didn’t she
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6. Mary has few friend in Japan， she？
A. has B. don’t C. doesn’t D. hasn’t
7. There is a beautiful lake in this city，
？
A. isn’t it B. isn’t there C. is it D. hasn’t it
8. There is nothing wrong with my bike，
？
A. is it B. isn’t there C. isn’t it D. is there
9. He comes late sometimes，
？
A. isn’t he B. comes he C. doesn’t he D. is he
10. ——You are not a new comer， are you？
—— . I came here only yesterday.
A. No， I am B. Yes， I am C. No， I’m not D. Yes， I’m not.
11.You’d like some coffee，____ ？
A．weren’t you B．wouldn’t you C．hadn’t you D．shouldn’t you
12. I don’t think he will come to the meeting，___ ？
A．will he B．won’t he C．do I D．am I
13. Harry and his brother promised to work harder，____.
A．do they B．don’t they C．did they D．didn’t they
14. His father knows little about it，___ he？
A．does B．doesn’t C．is he D．isn’t
15. We all like reading story books，___ ？
A．do we B．do you C．don’t we D．don’t you
1.C，need 是实义动词不是情态动词，hardly 是否定副词，因此前面的分句是否
定句。2.D，hardly 的解释同上。
3.B，前面句子是第二人称祈使句时，后面要用 will （would） you 或 won’t you;
本题中，前面的句子是否定句，因此后面用肯定的。
4.D，同上。
5.C，反意疑问句的谓语动词与主句一致。“她如果稍微改变一下就会更受欢迎，
对吗？”6.A 7.B 8.D 9.C 10.B 11.B 12.A 13.D 14.A 15.C
十一、常考结构
任何一个句子中只可能有一个主句，除非中间有连接词进
一、主句单一原则
行联系。
二、谓语动词专一原则 任何一个句子只可能存在一个谓语动词，除非中间存在
连接词。
三、平行结构
四、从句结构
五、介词+ which 结构
例：In the United States， a primary election is a method ___voters select the
nominees for public office.
（A） that （B）by which （C）is that （D）by those
B 是介词+which， 引导定语从句，
（大选是一种方法，根据这个方法，选民怎
么…。）
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六、in that 结构 在表示“原因”概念的引导词中，because of +名词，consequently
是副词而“in that”是原因状语的引导词。
例：Mercury differs from other industrial metals ___ it is a liquid.
（A） whereas（B） in that（C） because of（D） consequently
in that 为复合连词，用来引导原因状语从句。
七、what 结构 what 结构中 what＝the thing that
例：The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on___best in its climate and
soil.（A） it grows（B） what grows（C） does it grow（D） what does it grow A
和 C 没有从句引导词，故排除，（D）的语序有问题，从句不能用特殊疑问句的
倒装形式，故（B）正确。
八、同位语结构
例：The tongue ， ___， is an important aid in chewing and swallowing.
（A） is the chief organ of taste （B） tasting the organ chiefly
（C） the chief organ of taste
（D） the organ chiefly tastes
（C）是名词短语，适合作主语的同位语，使句子完整，句意正确，故选（C）。
九、比较结构
比较结构中要注意两点：1、倒装性；2、对称性
例 1：Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than___eastern Nebraska.
（A） does （B） in （C） it does in （D） in it does
（A）符合条件。注意 than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序，但是原文中使
用了倒装；在比较结构的后面部分中，如果比较从句的主语长，谓语动词短，动
词可放到主语前面进行到装。
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物例
例 3：The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much
broader than___.
（A） the domestic marketer has（B） the domestic marketer does
（C） those of the domestic marketer（D） that which has the domestic marketer
C 中 those 代替前面提到的 activities 以避免重复，those 一定要具备，因为只有这
样才能满足比较的都是 activities，谓语动词 are 因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略，
因此 C 为正确答案。
十、定语从句省略结构
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略
例：Most crocodiles will eat anything ______ capture and overpower.
（A） can （B） they can（C） which can（D） and
（B）看似没有从句引导词，实际上是省略了引导词 that，故选（B）。that they can
capture， that 引导定语从句在句子中做 capture 的宾语。
十一、状语从句省略结构
并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略,这种省
略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件：
第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致；第二、从句的谓语必须是 be 动词，
主语和 be 动词同进同出，
例 ： ___relatively costly ， the engine is highly efficient and needs servicing
infrequently.
（A） Even（B） It is（C） Even though（D） There is
Even though 则引导状语从句，even though it is， 这里 it is 已经省略。
十二、动词 ing+名词的复数作主语结构
在“动词 ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中，谓语动词是系动词 is.
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例：___wooden buildings helps to protect them from damage due to weather.
（A） Painting （B） Painted （C） The paint （D） By painting
A）painting wooden buildings 油漆房子这件事情，中心词是 painting
十三、make 结构
make 结构即为：make +sth.（宾语） +possible+（宾语
补足语）共有三种形式：make it possible+to do, make it possible+that 引导的从
句, make possible sth （这个 sth 一定很长，它后面有一个后置定语）
如果 possible 后面有 to do 或者 that 引导的定语从句，中间一定有 it 如果 possible
后面有名词，中间一定没有 it
例：X－rays are able to pass through objects and thus make___details that are
otherwise impossible to observe.
（A） it visible（B） visibly（C） visible（D） they are visible
visible 后面有名词，因此中间不能有 it，选择 C；
例：Using many symbols makes___to put a large amount of information on a single
map.（A） possible（B） it possible（C） it is possible（D） that possible
由于后面是动词不定式，因此 possible 前面一定有 it， it 作形式宾语，故 B 正确。
十四、the more …the more…结构
这个结构的意思是“越…,越…”，有三条规
则：1. the more 后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格。2. the more 后面的谓语如
果是 be 动词的话，可以省略。3. 第二个 the more 后面可以使用倒装.
the more，
the more 是原因状语从句，前面是原因，后面是结果，倒装句中必须是主句倒装，
从句绝对不能够倒装。
例：The stronger __ magnet， the greater the number of lines of magnetic force.
（A） of（B） the（C） is the（D） is of the
the more 后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格，因此只能选择 B
十五、表示结果的伴随状语结构
主谓宾完整的句子后面，如果出现两个词，
thereby 或者 thus， 那么这两个词后面必须使用现在分词，表示“从而怎么样”的
意思，这便是表示结果的伴随状语结构。但是必须注意并不是 thus 后面就是加
doing，必须是前面一个完整的句子。
例 2：The Smithsonian Institution preserves more than sixty－five million items of
scientific， historical， or artistic interest， ___winning the popular title， “attic of
the nation.”
（A） however （B） thus （C） and （D） moreover
逗号前面是个完整的句子，逗号后面是现在分词短语作状语表示结果。四个选项
中只有 thus 一词可直接放在现在分词前面，故选 B。thus 副词，修饰分词 winning，
伴随状语
例： Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels， thereby ___from
freezing.
（A） to save the seeds （B） saving the seeds
（C）which saves the seeds （D） the seeds saved
后面应该跟现在分词，答案为 B
十六、、规则动词过去分词作定语结构
第一步：从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动
还是被动
第二步：如果是被动的话，做谓语前面一定有系动词 be
例 ： Automatons programmed to perform a given task ___the flexibility and
adaptability of human beings.
（A） without（B） lack（C） minus（D） not having
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programmed 在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语，空格处缺谓语动词。四个选
择答案中只有（B）是可作谓语的动词。
十七、逻辑主语结构
在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或
者介词短语，那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。
例：Having been served lunch， ___.
（A） the problem was discussed by the members of the committee
（B） the committee members discussed the problem
（C） it was discussed by the committee members the problem
（D） a discussion of the problem was make by the members of the committee
Having been served lunch 指被招待了午饭，那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待，
而不可能是问题，所以选择 B
十八、复合宾语结构
宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态
变为被动语态，分别变为主语和主补。一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 make，
consider， call， elect， appoint.
十九、It 结构
一、强调句型 It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分
这个句型需要注意几点：强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子；强调部分可以
强调主语、宾语和状语，不能强调谓语和定语；强调人使用 who 或者 that， 其
他的只能用 that （即使是时间和地点），who 和 that 绝对不能省略如果原句是过
去时态，强调句型使用 it was，
例：原句：Ann bought these books last year.
强调宾语：It was these books that Ann bought last year.
强调状语：It was last year that Ann bought these books.
二、形式主语 It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 to do/that 引导的句子
是真正的主语，it 是形式主语。
二十、which 引导的定语从句结构 which 是关系代词 which 作主语或者宾语，
in which+完整的句子 which 在定语从句中作 in 的宾语，名词+of which+谓语动
词 of which 来修饰名词，名词在定语从句中作主语，所以后面直接跟谓语动词
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