NCM
100
(Assignment No. 1 2nd Term Period)
Name: Manuel Lorenz B. Lacaden
Section: BSN 1H
Subject: NCM 100
Submitted to: Ma’am Janice Asuit RN,RM,MSN
October 1, 2021
1. Biography of Martha Elizabeth Rogers
Martha Elizabeth Rogers (May 12, 1914 – March 13, 1994) was an American
nurse, researcher, theorist, and author widely known for developing
the Science of Unitary Human Beings and her landmark book, An Introduction
the Theoretical Basis of Nursing.
She believes that a patient can never be separated from their environment
when addressing health and treatment. Her knowledge about the coexistence
of the human and his or her environment contributed a lot in changing toward
better health.
Early Life
Martha Rogers was born on May 12, 1914, sharing a birthday with Florence Nightingale. She was the
eldest of four children of Bruce Taylor Rogers and Lucy Mulholland Keener Rogers.
Portrait of Martha E. Rogers
She had a thirst for knowledge at an early age. She found Kindergarten to be “terribly exciting” and had
a love and passion for books that her parents fostered. Her father introduced her to the public library at
the age of 3, where she loved storytime. She liked to go off by herself with a book. And by the fourth
grade, she had read every book in her school library. She used to go to the public library before I was
6, even before she could read. She was well acquainted with the public library and started reading eight
books at a time. Her father used to be bothered if she was skimming, but he, later on, discovered that
the young Rogers was learning fast.
In fact, Rogers already knew the Greek alphabet by age 10. By the sixth grade, she already finished
reading all 20 volumes of The Child’s Book of Knowledge and was into the Encyclopedia Britannica.
Four Generations, Left to right: Lucy K Rogers, mother; Martha E. Rogers;
Laura B. Keener, grandmother; Lucy M. Brownlee, great-grandmother. via V.
M. Malinski & E.A.M. Barrett, 1994
She also loved to read various topics like anthropology, archaeology,
cosmology, ethnography, astronomy, ethics, psychology, eastern philosophy,
and aesthetics. By her senior year, she had completed all the high school math
courses and took a college-level algebra course where she was the only female
in the class.
Education
Initially, Martha Rogers wanted to do something that would hopefully contribute to social welfare like
law and medicine. However, she only studied medicine for a couple of years because women in
medicine were not particularly desirable during her time. Instead, along with her friend, Rogers entered
a local hospital that had a school of nursing. But just like Nightingale, her parents weren’t really any
happier over that decision than they had between over medicine.
Bruce T. Rogers (Father), Martha, Keener (Brother), Laura (Sister), Lucy K. Rogers (Mother), via E.A.M.
Barrett & V.M. Malinski, 1994
She then transferred to Knoxville General Hospital’s nursing program and was one of 25 students in
her class. She described her training as at times as being miserable because the training was like the
“Army, pre-Nightingale.” She even spent a week at home, thinking of not returning to school but
eventually enjoyed working with people and patients.
Rogers received her nursing diploma from the Knoxville General Hospital School of Nursing in 1936,
then earned her Public Health Nursing degree from George Peabody College in Tennessee in 1937.
She sold her car to pay for tuition and entered a Master’s degree program full-time.
Rogers Family, circa 1945. Jane L. Coleman, Martha E.
Rogers, Lucy K. Rogers, (Mother) Keener (Brother), Laura B.
White (sister) via E.A.M. Barrett & V.M. Malinski, 1994
Her Master’s degree was from Teachers College at Columbia
University in 1945, and her Doctorate in Nursing was given to
her from Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore in 1954. She
completed her studies in 1954, and the title of her dissertation
was “The association of maternal and fetal factors with the
development of behavior problems among elementary school
children.”
Career and Appointments
After Martha Rogers graduated from George Peabody College in Tennessee in 1937, she worked for
the Children’s Fund of Michigan for two years as public health nurse.
•
Rogers
in
her
V.M. Malinski, 1994
Teens
via
E.A.M.
Barrett
&
In 1940, she accepted a position in Hartford, CT, at the Visiting Nurse
Association. She worked at the Association for five years, first as an
Assistant Supervisor, then as the Assistant Education Director, and lastly
as the acting Director of Education. At the same time, she completed her
coursework at Teacher’s College and completed her degree requirements
(Master of Arts) in 1945.
After completing her degree in 1945, she sent out many job inquiry letters,
considered staying in Hartford but settled on a position as the Executive
Director at the Visiting Nurse Service in Phoenix, Arizona. She believed she
might have been the first nurse in Arizona with a master’s degree, and from
1945 to 1951, she built up the Visiting Nursing Service in Phoenix.
While a doctoral student, she did spend a year as a visiting lecturer at a Catholic University in
Washington, DC.
Rogers was then appointed Professor and Head of the Division of Nursing at New York
University right after graduating from Hopkins. She was encouraged to accept the position by Ruth
Freeman. When Rogers arrived at NYU, Vera Fry was the previous Division Head, and Joan Hoexter
stated that all of the nursing faculty left except her. She was also a Fellow for the American Academy
of Nursing.
Rogers officially retired as Professor and Head of the Division of Nursing in 1975 after 21 years of
service. Following her retirement, she continued to teach at NYU, was a frequent presenter at scientific
conferences throughout the world, and consistently refined her conceptual system.
Rogers with John Phillips
Rogers was also actively involved in professional
nursing organizations and associations concerned with
education and scholarship. In 1979, she became
Professor Emerita and continued to have an active role
in nursing and the Science of Unitary Human Beings.
Theory
The Science of Unitary Human Beings
Rogers with Sr. Callista Roy (right)
Martha Rogers’ theory is known as the Science of Unitary Human Beings (SUHB). The theory views
nursing as both a science and an art as it provides a way to view the unitary human being, who is
integral with the universe. The unitary human being and his or her environment are one. Nursing
focuses on people and the manifestations that emerge from the mutual human-environmental field
process.
SUHB contains two dimensions: the science of nursing, which is the knowledge specific to the field of
nursing that comes from scientific research; and the art of nursing, which involves using the science of
nursing creatively to help better the lives of the patient.
Her model addresses the importance of the environment as an integral part of the patient and uses that
knowledge to help nurses blend the science and art of nursing to ensure patients have a smooth
recovery and get back to the best health possible.
There are eight concepts in Rogers’ nursing theory: energy field, openness, pattern, pandimensionality, hemodynamic principles, resonance, helicy, and integrality.
Rogers’ development of the said theory has become an influential nursing theory in the United
States. It was considered profound and was too ambitious when first introduced, but now it is thought
to be ahead of its time. Her conceptual framework has greatly influenced nursing by offering an
alternative to traditional nursing approaches.
Her theory is discussed further below.
Works
Front cover of Reveille in Nursing (1964)
Martha Rogers wrote three books that enriched the learning experience
and influenced nursing research for countless students: Educational
Revolution in Nursing (1961), Reveille in Nursing (1964).
In about 1963, Rogers edited a journal called Nursing Science. During that
time, Rogers was beginning to formulate ideas about the publication of her
third book, An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing (1970), the
last of which introduced the four Rogerian Principles of Homeodynamics.
Her publications include Theoretical Basis of Nursing (1970), Nursing
Science and Art: A Prospective (1988), Nursing: Science of Unitary,
Irreducible, Human Beings Update (1990), and Vision of Space-Based
Nursing (1990).
Roger’s third book “An Introduction to the Theoretical Basis of Nursing” (1970)
Awards and Honors
Martha Rogers was honored with numerous awards and citations for her sustained
contributions to nursing and science. In 1996, she was posthumously inducted into
the American Nurses Association’s Hall of Fame.
Death
Martha Rogers died on March 13, 1994, and was buried in Knoxville, Tennessee. She has a memorial
placed on the sidewalk near her childhood home in Knoxville.
2. Identify the Major Concepts and define.
The following are the major concepts and metaparadigm of Martha Rogers’ nursing theory:
Human-unitary human beings
A person is defined as an indivisible, pan-dimensional energy field identified by a pattern and
manifesting characteristics specific to the whole. That can’t be predicted from knowledge of the parts.
A person is also a unified whole, having its own distinct characteristics that can’t be viewed by looking
at, describing, or summarizing the parts.
Health
Rogers defines health as an expression of the life process. The characteristics and behavior
coming from the mutual, simultaneous interaction of the human and environmental fields and health
and illness are part of the same continuum. The multiple events occurring during the
life process show how a person is achieving his or her maximum health potential. The events vary in
their expressions from greatest health to those incompatible with the maintaining life process.
Nursing
It is the study of unitary, irreducible, indivisible human and environmental fields: people and their
world. Rogers claims that nursing exists to serve people, and the safe practice of nursing depends on
the nature and amount of scientific nursing knowledge the nurse brings to his or her practice.
Scope of Nursing
Nursing aims to assist people in achieving their maximum health potential. Maintenance and
promotion of health, prevention of disease, nursing diagnosis, intervention, and rehabilitation
encompass the scope of nursing’s goals. Nursing is concerned with people-all people-well and sick,
rich and poor, young and old. The arenas of nursing’s services extend into all areas where there are
people: at home, at school, at work, at play, in hospital, nursing home, and clinic; on this planet and
now moving into outer space.
Environmental Field
“An irreducible, indivisible, pan-dimensional energy field identified by pattern and integral with
the human field.”
Energy Field
The energy field is the fundamental unit of both the living and the non-living. It provides a way
to view people and the environment as irreducible wholes. The energy fields continuously vary in
intensity, density, and extent.
Subconcepts :
Openness
There are no boundaries that stop energy flow between the human and environmental fields,
openness in Rogers’ theory. It refers to qualities exhibited by open systems; human beings and their
environment are open systems.
Pandimensional
Pan-dimensionality is defined as a “non-linear domain without spatial or temporal attributes.”
Humans’ parameters to describe events are arbitrary, and the present is relative; there is no temporal
ordering of lives.
Synergy is defined as the unique behavior of whole systems, unpredicted by any behaviors of their
component functions taken separately.Human behavior is synergistic.
Pattern
Rogers defined the pattern as the distinguishing characteristic of an energy field seen as a single
wave. It is an abstraction and gives identity to the field.
3. Enumerate and define the metaparadigm of Nursing according to Martha Rogers.
Nursing Paradigms
There are four main topics (metaparadigms) that are addressed by nursing theorists:
1. Person (Unitary Human Being)
A Person is defined by Rogers as a being and energy field in constant interaction with the
environment. A person is an open system, more than the sum of its parts
2. Environment
The environment is an energy field including everything that is not the person.
3. Health
Next, health is viewed in terms of choosing actions that lead to the fulfillment of a person's
potential, and
4. Nursing
lastly, nursing tries to direct the interaction of the person and the environment in order to
maximize health potential
.
4. Discuss the:
Principle of Integrality (Synchrony + Reciprocity)
Because of the inseparability of human beings and their environment, sequential changes in the
life processes are continuous revisions occurring from the interactions between human beings and their
environment. Between the two entities, there is a constant mutual interaction and mutual change
whereby simultaneous molding is taking place at the same time.
Principle of Resonancy
It speaks to the nature of the change occurring between human and environmental fields. The
life process in human beings is a symphony of rhythmical vibrations oscillating at various frequencies.
It identifies the human field and the environmental field by wave patterns manifesting continuous
change from longer waves of a lower frequency to shorter waves of higher frequency.
Principle of Helicy
The human-environment field is a dynamic, open system in which change is continuous due to
the constant interchange between the human and environment. This change is also innovative.
Because of constant interchange, an open system is never the same at any two moments; rather, it is
continually new or different.
Principle of Reciprocity
Postulates the inseparability of man and environment and predicts that sequential changes in
the life process are continuous, probabilistic revisions occurring out of the interactions between man
and environment.
Principle of Synchrony
This principle predicts that change in human behavior will be determined by the simultaneous
interaction of the actual state of the human field and the environmental field’s actual state at any given
point in space-time.
Principles of Homeodynamics
Homeodynamics should be understood as a dynamic version of homeostasis (a relatively steady
state of internal operation in the living system).Homeodynamic principles postulate a way of viewing
unitary human beings. The three principles of homeodynamics are resonance, helicy, and integrality.
.
REFERENCES:
Gonzalo A. BSN,RN (2021). Martha Rogers : sciences of unitary human being; Nurse Labs; March 5.
Retrieved from https://nurseslabs.com/martha-e-rogers-theory-unitary-human-beings/
Society of Rogerian Students (SRS).Martha Rogers ; Nursing
https://marthaerogers.weebly.com/nursing-paradigms.html
Metaparadigm.
Retrieved from