See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271647028 Design & Implementation of Fire Alarm Circuit Technical Report · March 2012 DOI: 10.13140/2.1.1126.9440 CITATIONS READS 0 67,441 3 authors, including: Utsho A Arefín Northern University Bangladesh 61 PUBLICATIONS 61 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Machine View project Design and Construction of a Microcontroller Based Industrial Fault Detection System View project All content following this page was uploaded by Utsho A Arefín on 02 February 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION OF FIRE ALARM CIRCUIT BY Asok Bala ID: ECE-070200074 Md. Najmul Hossain ID: ECE-070300082 Supervised By Ashraful Arefin Senior Lecturer, Department of EEE This Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communication Engineering DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING NORTHERN UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH March 2012 DESIGN & IMPLEMENTATION OF FIRE ALARM CIRCUIT BY Asok Bala ID:ECE-070200074 Md. Najmul Hossain ID:ECE-070300082 Supervised By Ashraful Arefin Senior Lecturer, Department of EEE This Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communication Engineering DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING NORTHERN UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH March 2012 APPROVAL The project report on “Design and Implementation of Fire Alarm Circuit” submitted by Asok Bala, ID: ECE-070200074 and Md. Najmul Hossain, ID: ECE-070300082, to the department of Electronics and Communication Engineering from Northern University Bangladesh has been accepted as satisfactory for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communication Engineering and approved as to its style and contents. This project report has been approved by the following members of Project/Thesis defense committee. Board of Examiners: 1. Engr. Md. Badiuzzaman ………………………… (Head of Department EEE&ECE) 2. Ashraful Arefin (Supervisor) .…… …………………. 3. Md. Abdul Hamid ………………………… (Lecturer) Prof. Dr. Md. Nurul Islam Dean Faculty of science & engineering ……………………………… Northern University Bangladesh (i) DECLARATION We hereby declare that the work presented in this project is the outcome of the investigation performed by us under the supervisor of Ashraful Arefin, Senior Lecturer, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Northern University Bangladesh. We clearly declare that no part of this project has been submitted else-where for the award of any degree or diploma and is solely edited to us. Countersigned Signature ................................. (Ashraful Arefin) …………………….. (Asok Bala) .……………………… (Md. Najmul Hossain) (ii) ABSTRACT Design and Implementation of Fire Alarm Circuit combinational digital circuit which can perform an alarm by the voice signal. In this project detects smoke using Light Dependent Resistor & Light Emitting Diode. Normally speaker no alarm but when smoke detect then alarming. The project is based upon a major approach to control and security home, office, shop, market and University etc. For fire alarm main circuit design to using (ISIS) software and circuit finally implemented on bread board. (iii) ACKNOWLEGDEMENT First of all we would like to thank of Creator. Today we are successful in completing our Project work with such ease because He gives us the ability, chance and co-operating supervisor. We would like to thank all of our teachers for their help to that made this project successful. After that we are relay thank to our head of Department Engr. Md. Badiuzzaman and our supervisor Ashraful Arefin. Our supervisor not only gives us time but also his proper guidance and valuable advice. He was always with us whenever we faced difficulties. These comments and guidance helped us a lot to prepare our project report. We are also thankful to all of our teachers who helped us a lot in a number of ways by providing various resources and moral supports and our classmates and friends also who supplied a lot of information to make this accomplished. Finally we are grateful to our family who are always with us in every step of our life. NUB Authors March 2012 (iv) Table of Contents APPROVAL……………………………………………………………………………………...(i) DECLARATION………………………………………………………………………………..(ii) ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………….(iii) ACKNOWLEGDEMENT……………………………………………………………………...(iv) Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………….(v,vi,vii) List of Figures…………………………………………………………………….......……….(viii) Chapter-01-Introduction…………………………………………………………………….…….1 1.1 What is smoke detector………………………………………………..…………………2 1.2 Types of Smoke Detector……...………………………………………………..……….2 1.3 Importance of Smoke Detectors…………...................................................…………….2 1.4 How Smoke Detectors Work……………………………………………………….……2 1.5 Organization of the Project………………………………………………………….…...3 Chapter-02-Optical Smoke Detector…………………………………..……….………………….4 2.1 How optical smoke detectors work………………………………..……….…………...5 Chapter-03-Circuit Elements………………………………………………………………….......7 3.1LightDependentResistor………………………….....……………………………………8 3.2 Example of a light sensor circuit…………………..…………………………………..10 (v) 3.3 LM7809 FIXED VOLTAGE REGULATOR (POSITIVE)…………...……………….11 3.4 3-TERMINAL 1A POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS………………………….12 3.5 FEATURES…………………………………….……………………...……………….12 3.6 Block Diagram……..………………………………………...……….….…………….13 3.7 Instructions of 7809 IC……….…………………………………...…...……………….13 3.8 Transistor BC547……………..…………………………………………………………16 3.9 Pin Diagram………………………………………..…....………………………………17 3.10 Transistor C1815Y…………………..…….……………..…………………………….18 3.11 Description……………………………...….….……………………………………….18 3.12 Applications…………………………………………..……………….……………….18 3.13 Features……………………..……………………………………..…………….……..19 3.14 Basics of measuring resistance……………………………..…………….……………20 3.15 How to measure resistance with an analogue multimeter……..…………...…………..20 3.16 How to measure resistance with an digital multimeter, DMM…………....…………...23 3.17 General precautions when measuring resistance……………………...….……………24 3.18 How Light Emitting Diodes Work…………………………………….……...………..27 3.19 How Speakers Work……...……………………………………………….………….29 3.20 How Capacitors Work……………………………………………………….…………30 Chapter-04-Power Supply & Fire Alarm Circuit …………………………………….………….32 (vi) 4.1 Power supply for the circuit….…………………………………….…...……………….33 4.2 Fire alarm circuit……………...……………………………………..…………………..34 4.3 Figure of Capacitor .01µf,Transformer 230-12V, Transistor BC547……….….……….35 4.4 Figure of Transistor C1815Y, Power supply with fire alarm circuit,7809IC,Capacitor 1000µf…………………………………………………………………………….……………...36 Chapter-05-Conclusion & Future Plan…………………………………………………………..37 5.1 Conclusion…..………………………………………………………………………….38 5.2 Future Plan…..………………………………………………………………………….38 References…………………..……………………………………………………………………39 (vii) List of Figures Figure Optical smoke detector work………………………………………………………………5 Figure LDR………………………..……………………………………..…….………………….8 Figure LDR works………………….…………………………………………...….……………10 Figure LM7809 Voltage Regulator……………………………………………………...……….11 Figure 7809 Pins…………………………………………………………………………………14 Figure 7809 Circuit Diagram…………………………………………………………………….15 Figure Transistor BC547…………………………………………………...…………………….16 Figure Transistor C115Y………...………………………………………………………………18 Figure LED………………………………………………………………………………………27 Figure Speakers…………………………………………………………………………………..29 Figure 9v Power Supply………………………………………………………………………….33 Figure Fire Alarm Circuit………………………………………………………………………..34 Figure Capacitor .01µf, Transformer 230-12V, TransistorBC547…..…………………………..35 Figure Transistor C1815Y, Power supply with fire alarm circuit, 7809IC, Capacitor 1000µf…36 (viii) Chapter -01 Introduction 1 1.1 What is smoke detector: A smoke detector is a device that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial, industrial, and mass residential devices issue a signal to a fire alarm system, while household detectors, known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself. 1.2 Types of Smoke Detector: There are two main kinds of smoke detectors. Such as(i) Photoelectric smoke detectors and (ii) Ionization smoke detectors. 1.3 Importance of Smoke Detectors: A smoke detector's purpose is a simple one, to give you ample notification in case of a fire in your house. Without a smoke detector, by the time you realize that there is a fire, your house could be so badly engulfed that you cannot find a safe exit or the smoke can be so overwhelming that you suffocate trying to get out. The National Fire Protection Association reports that while 75 percent of homes have at least one working smoke alarm, between 2003 and 2006, 66 percent of fire deaths happened in homes with no working smoke alarm. 1.4 How Smoke Detectors Work: Photoelectric sensors generate a beam of light focused on a light-sensitive cell, enclosed in the alarm. If the light beam is interrupted from smoke entering the detector, the alarm goes off. Ionization sensors work by having a small piece of radioactive material create an electric current between two plates. If smoke or hot air enters the chamber, the reaction is changed and the current is disrupted, causing the alarm to go off. Photoelectric smoke detectors work best with slow, smoky fires and ionization detectors work best with quick, hot fires. 2 1.5 Organization of The Project: In Chapter 02, we have discussed about on Optical Smoke Detector using Photoelectric sensor.In Chapter-03, we have discussed about on Light Dependent Resistor, LM7809IC Positive Voltage Regulator, Transistor BC547, C1815Y & its Pin Diagram, Resistance, Light Emitting Diode (Led), Capacitor, Speaker and their works. In Chapter-04, we have discussed about on Power Supply and Fire Alarm Circuit and how it works and In Chapter-05, we have discussed about on Conclusion and Future Plan. 3 Chapter-02 Optical Smoke Detector 4 2.1 How optical smoke detectors works: The answer to that question is really two answers, because there are two quite different kinds of smoke detectors. One is a kind of electronic eye; the other's a sort of electronic nose. The eye type of detector is more properly called an optical smoke detector (or photocell smoke detector) and it works a bit like Tom Cruise in Mission Impossible. Remember the scene when Tom dangles from the ceiling trying to avoid all those light-detecting burglar beams? An optical smoke detector is just like that inside. Let's take a look. The detector must be screwed to your ceiling because that's where smoke heads for when something starts to burn. Fire generates hot gases and because these are less dense (thinner—or weigh less per unit of volume) than ordinary air they rise upward, swirling tiny smoke particles up too. The detector is designed with a large opening in the bottom (1), shown upper right in our top photo, that leads to the detection chamber up above. 5 An invisible, infrared light beam, similar to the ones that Tom Cruise dodged, shoots across the chamber from a light-emitting diode or LED (2) to a photocell (3). The photocell is an electronic light detector that generates electricity for as long as light falls on it. Normally, when there is no smoke about, the light beam shoots constantly between the LED and the detector. An electronic circuit (4) detects that all is well and nothing happens. The alarm (5) remains silent. But if a fire breaks out, smoke enters the chamber (6) and interrupts the beam (7). Because no light is falling on the photocell, it does not generate an electric current anymore. The circuit spots this straight away (8), realizes something's amiss, and triggers the shrill and nasty alarm (9) that wakes you up and saves your life. 6 Chapter-03 Circuit Elements 7 3.1 Light Dependent Resistor: LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000 000 ohms, but when they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically. 8 The animation opposite shows that when the torch is turned on, the resistance of the LDR falls, allowing current to pass through it. Circuit Wizard software has been used to display, the range of values of a ORP12, LDR . When a light level of 1000 lux (bright light) is directed towards it, the resistance is 400(ohms). When a light level of 10 lux (very low light level) is directed towards it, the resistance has risen dramatically to 10.43M (10430000 ohms). 9 3.2 Example of a light sensor circuit: When the light level is low the resistance of the LDR is high. This prevents current from flowing to the base of the transistors.Consequently the LED does not light. However, when light shines onto the LDR its resistance falls and current flows into the base of the first transistor and then the second transistor. The LED lights. The preset resistor can be turned up or down to increase or decrease resistance, in this way it can make the circuit more or less sensitive. 10 3.3 LM78XX (KA78XX, MC78XX) FIXED VOLTAGE REGULATOR (POSITIVE): (LM7809 Voltage Regulator) 11 3.4 3-TERMINAL 1A POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS: The LM78XX series of three-terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can Deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. 3.5 FEATURES: · Output Current up to 1A · Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 18, 24V · Thermal Overload Protection · Short Circuit Protection · Output Transistor SOA Protection 12 3.6 Block Diagram: 3.7 Instructions of 7809 IC: 7809 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit (IC) which is widely used in electronic circuits. Voltage regulator circuit can be manually built using parts available in the market but it will take a lot of time to assemble those parts on a PCB. Secondly, the cost of those parts is almost equal to the price of 7809 itself so professionals usually prefer to use 7809 IC instead of making a voltage regulator circuit from scratch. Before you start using 7809, you will need to know about the pin structure of IC 7809. Apparently, it looks like a transistor. It has three pins. For a better understanding, I have given an image of 7809 bellow. Please take a look. You can easily see the V in and V out pins as well as the ground pin. It is really easy to use 7809 for voltage regulation purposes. I have also included a circuit diagram of 7809 so that you may learn how to use it in a circuit diagram. 13 It is wise to use two .1uF capacitors on both input and output sides to filter any ripple or distortion in voltage but it is not necessary. In the image, you can see that 12V are being supplied on the input side of 7809 but the out put side of 7809 is outputting Regulated 9V. As long as the input voltage remains above 9V, output voltage of 7809 will remain smooth and regulated. Please note that input voltage of 7809 can be up to 23V but under my experience, it is wise to avoid input over 15V. 7809 is claimed to output 9V and almost 1.5A Current but again, I have experienced that we should not put a load over 9V and 1A on it. Since we are using it in power supply, the transfer of power will result in heat output. We will need to use a heat sink with 7809 otherwise this heat can damage it. It is advised to use a 1A fuse on the output side of 7809 and a 1.5A fuse on the input side of 7809 to avoid damage in case of short circuit. 14 15 3.8 Transistor BC547: BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current at collector & emitter terminals. BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549. 16 The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off. 3.9 Pin Diagram: 17 3.10 Transistor C1815Y: 3.11 Description: Enhanced performance, new generation, high-voltage, high-speed switching npn transistor with an integrated damper diode in a plastic full-pack envelope intended for use in horizontal deflection circuits of colour television receivers. Features exceptional tolerance to base drive and collector current load variations resulting in a very low worst case dissipation. 3.12 Applications: 96 Outputs Plasma Display Driver 90V Absolute Maximum Rating Reduced EMI (Electro Magnetic Interference) 3.3V / 5V Compatible Logic -40 / 30 mA Source / Sink Output Mos 6 Bit Data Bus (40 MHz) BCD Process Packaging Adapted to Customer Request (DICE, COB, COF, TAB). 18 3.13 Features: The C1815Y is assembled using a 0.062" thick laminate board with three sets of connector interface pads to accommodate analog and digital isolation. Analog Devices recommends using the FSI-110-03-G-D-AD-K-TR connector from Samtec: The overall card fits a 2.2 " 2.8" PCB specified from 0C to 70C. 19 3.14 Basics of measuring resistance: When measuring resistance, all musltimeters use exactly the same principle whether they are analogue multimeters or digital multimeters. In fact other forms of test equipment that measure resistance also use the same basic principle. The basic idea is that the multimeter places a voltage at the two probes and this will cause a current to flow in the item for which the resistance is being measured. By measuring the resistance it is possible to determine the resistance between the two probes of the multimeter, or other item of test equipment. 3.15 How to measure resistance with an analogue multimeter: Analogue multimeters are good at measuring resistance, although they are a few points to note about the way in which it is done. The first point to note is that as the meter itself responds to current flowing through the component under test, a high resistance which corresponds to a low current appears on the left hand side of the dial, and a low resistance which corresponds to a higher current appears on the right hand side of the dial as shown below. It will also be noticed that the calibrations become much closer together as the resistance becomes higher, i.e. on the left hand side of the dial. The calibrations on an analogue meter face 20 Another aspect of using an analogue multimeter for measuring resistance is that the meter needs to be "zero'ed" before making a measurement. This is done by connecting the two probes together so that there is a short circuit, and then using the "zero" control to give full scale deflection on the meter, i.e. zero ohms. Each time the range is changed, the meter needs to be zero'ed as the position may change from one range to the next. The meter needs to be zero'ed because the full scale deflection will change according to aspects such as the state of the battery. There are a few simple steps required to make a resistance measurement with an analogue multimeter: 1. Select the item to be measured: This may be anything where the resistance needs to be measured and estimate what the resistance may be. 2. Insert the probes into the required sockets Often a multimeter will have several sockets for the test probes. Insert these or check they are already in the correct sockets. Typically these might be labeled COM for common and the other where the ohms sign is visible. This is normally combined with the voltage measurement socket. 3. Select the required range The analogue multimeter needs on and the required range selected. The range selected should be such that the best reading can be obtained. Normally the multimeter function switch will be labeled with the maximum resistance reading. Choose the one where the estimated value of resistance will be under but close to the maximum of the range. In this way the most accurate resistance measurement can be made. 4. Zero the meter: The meter needs to be zero'ed. This is done by firmly placing the two probes together to give a short circuit and then adjusting the zero control to give a zero ohms (full scale deflection) reading. This process needs to be repeated if the range is changed. 21 5. Make the measurement with the multimeter ready to make the measurement the probes can be applied to the item that needs to be measured. The range can be adjusted if necessary. 6. Turn off the multimeter Once the resistance measurement has been made, it is wise to turn the function switch to a high voltage range. In this way if the multimeter is used to again for another type of reading then no damage will be caused if it is inadvertently used without selecting the correct range and function. Analogue multimeters are ideal pieces of test equipment for measuring resistance. They are relatively cheap and they offer a reasonably good level of accuracy and general performance. They normally provide a level of accuracy that is more than sufficient for most jobs. 22 3.16 How to measure resistance with an digital multimeter, DMM: Measuring resistance with a digital multimeter is easier and faster than making a resistance measurement with an analogue multimeter as there is no need to zero the meter. As the digital multimeter gives a direct reading of the resistance measurement, there is also no equivalent of the reverse reading found on the analogue multimeters. There are a few simple steps required to make a resistance measurement with a digital multimeter: 1. Select the item to be measured: This may be anything where the resistance needs to be measured and estimate what the resistance may be. 2. Insert the probes into the required sockets Often a digital multimeter will have several sockets for the test probes. Insert these or check they are already in the correct sockets. Typically these might be labelled COM for common and the other where the ohms sign is visible. This is normally combined with the voltage measurement socket. 3. Turn on the multimeter. 4. Select the required range The digital multimeter needs on and the required range selected. The range selected should be such that the best reading can be obtained. Normally the multimeter function switch will be labelled with the maximum resistance reading. 23 maximum of the range. In this way the most accurate resistance measurement can be made. Choose the one where the estimated value of resistance will be under but close to the 5. Make the measurement With the multimeter ready to make the measurement the probes can be applied to the item that needs to be measured. The range can be adjusted if necessary. 6. Turn off the multimeter Once the resistance measurement has been made, the multimeter can be turned off to preserve the batteries. It is also wise to turn the function switch to a high voltage range. In this way if the multimeter is used to again for another type of reading then no damage will be caused if it is inadvertently used without selecting the correct range and function. Digital multimeters are ideal pieces of test equipment for measuring resistance. They are relatively cheap and they offer a high level of accuracy and general performance. 3.17 General precautions when measuring resistance: As with any measurement, when measuring resistance, there are some precautions to observe. In this way damage to the multimeter can be prevented, and more accurate measurements can be made. Measure resistance when components are not connected in a circuit: It is always advisable not to measure the resistance of an item that is in a circuit. It is always best to make the measurement of the component on its own out of the circuit. 24 If a measurement is made in-circuit, then all the other components around it will have an effect. Any other paths that will allow current to pass will affect the readings, making them inaccurate to some degree. Remember to ensure the circuit under test is not powered on Under some circumstances it is necessary to measure resistance values actually on a circuit. When doing this it is very important to ensure the circuit is not powered on. Not only will any current flowing in the circuit invalidate any readings, but should the voltage be high enough, the current resulting could damage the multimeter. Ensure capacitors in a circuit under test are discharged.Again when measuring resistance values in a circuit, it is necessary to ensure that any capacitors in the circuit are discharged. Any current that flows as a result of them will cause the meter reading to be altered. Also any capacitors in the circuit that are discharged may charge up as a result of the current from the multimeter and as a result it may take a short while for the reading to settle. Remember diodes in a circuit will cause different readings in either direction When measuring resistance in a circuit that includes diodes the value measured will be different if the connections are reversed. This is because the diodes only conduct in one direction. 25 Leakage path through fingers can alter readings in some cases. When making some resistance measurements it is necessary to hold a resistor or component onto the multimeter test probes. If high resistance measurements are being made the leakage path through the fingers can become noticeable. Under some circumstances the resistance path through fingers can be measured at just a few megohms, and as a result this can become significant. Fortunately the levels of voltage used in most multimeters when measuring resistance is low, but some specialised meters may use much higher voltages. It is wise to check. Measuring resistance with a multimeter is very easy and convenient. When looking at how to measure resistance, it is quite straightforward for both analogue and digital multimeters and the process is virtually the same in both instances, although readings may not be quite as easy to take if the resistance is high and the measurement needs to be taken where the calibrations are close together. Nevertheless whatever test equipment is used, resistance is easy to measure. 26 3.18 How Light Emitting Diodes Work: Light emitting diodes, commonly called LEDs, are real unsung heroes in the electronics world. They do dozens of different jobs and are found in all kinds of devices. Among other things, they form numbers on digital clocks, transmit information from remote controls, light up watches and tell you when your appliances are turned on. Collected together, they can form images on a jumbo television screen or illuminate a traffic light. Basically, LEDs are just tiny light bulbs that fit easily into an electrical circuit. But unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs, they don't have a filament that will burn out, and they don't get especially hot. They are illuminated solely by the movement of electrons in a semiconductor material, and they last just as long as a standard transistor. 27 The lifespan of an LED surpasses the short life of an incandescent bulb by thousands of hours. Tiny LEDs are already replacing the tubes that light up LCD HDTVs to make dramatically thinner televisions. In this article, we'll examine the technology behind these ubiquitous blinkers, illuminating some cool principles of electricity and light in the process. 28 3.19 How Speakers Work: In any sound system, ultimate quality depends on the speakers. The best recording, encoded on the most advanced storage device and played by a top-of-the-line deck and amplifier, will sound awful if the system is hooked up to poor speakers. A system's speaker is the component that takes the electronic signal stored on things like CDs, tapes and DVDs and turns it back into actual sound that we can hear. In this article, we'll find out exactly how speakers do this. We'll also look at how speaker designs differ, and see how these differences affect sound quality. Speakers are amazing pieces of technology that have had a profound impact on our culture. But at their heart, they are remarkably simple devices. 29 3.20 How Capacitors Work: In a way, a capacitor is a little like a battery. Although they work in completely different ways, capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. If you have read How Batteries Work, then you know that a battery has two terminals. Inside the battery, chemical reactions produce electrons on one terminal and absorb electrons on the other terminal. A capacitor is much simpler than a battery, as it can't produce new electrons -- it only stores them. In this article, we'll learn exactly what a capacitor is, what it does and how it's used in electronics. We'll also look at the history of the capacitor and how several people helped shape its progress. 30 Inside the capacitor, the terminals connect to two metal plates separated by a non-conducting substance, or dielectric. You can easily make a capacitor from two pieces of aluminum foil and a piece of paper. It won't be a particularly good capacitor in terms of its storage capacity, but it will work. In theory, the dielectric can be any non-conductive substance. However, for practical applications, specific materials are used that best suit the capacitor's function. Mica, ceramic, cellulose, porcelain, Mylar, Teflon and even air are some of the non-conductive materials used. The dielectric dictates what kind of capacitor it is and for what it is best suited. Depending on the size and type of dielectric, some capacitors are better for high frequency uses, while some are better for high voltage applications. Capacitors can be manufactured to serve any purpose, from the smallest plastic capacitor in your calculator, to an ultra capacitor that can power a commuter bus. NASA uses glass capacitors to help wake up the space shuttle's circuitry and help deploy space probes. Here are some of the various types of capacitors and how they are used. Air - Often used in radio tuning circuits Mylar - Most commonly used for timer circuits like clocks, alarms and counters Glass - Good for high voltage applications Ceramic - Used for high frequency purposes like antennas, X-ray and MRI machines Super capacitor - Powers electric and hybrid cars 31 Chapter-04 Power Supply & Fire Alarm Circuit 32 4.1 Power supply for the circuit: A well regulated power supply is essential for this circuit because even slight variations in the supply voltage could alter the biasing of the transistor used in the fire sensing section and this could seriously affect the circuit’s performance. A regulated 9V/500mA power supply that can be used for powering the basic fire alarm circuit and its modified versions is shown above. Transformer T1 is a 230V primary, 12V secondary, 500mA step down transformer. D1 is a 1A bridge which performs the job of rectification. Capacitor C1 filters the rectifier output and C2 is the AC by-pass capacitor. IC1 (7809) is a 9V fixed positive voltage regulator. The output of the rectifier+filter section is connected to the input of 7805 and a regulated steady 9V is obtained at its output. S1 is the ON/OFF switch. F1 is a 500mA safety fuse. 33 4.2 Fire alarm circuit: Normally, led are high lighting & then LDR resistance are very low. Then the transistor Q1 off & collector current of Q1 flowing to the base of transistor Q2 & it on. Then collector current of Q1 flowing to the emitter. Then transistor Q3 off. The collector current of Q3 pass to the base of Q4 transistor & it on. The current are passing from collector to emitter. Then transistor Q5 off & Speaker no alarm. But when fire breakout LDR resistance increased & transistor Q1 on, current are flowing collector to emitter. Then transistor Q2 off. The collector current of Q2 flowing to the base of the Q3 transistor. This current on transistor Q3 & current flowing collector to emitter. Then transistor Q4 off. The collector current of Q4 flowing to the base of transistor Q5 & it on. Then current flowing collector to emitter & speaker alarming. 34 4.3 Figure of Capacitor.01µf,Transformer23012V,TransistorBC547: 35 4.4 Figure of Transistor C1815Y,Power supply with fire alarm circuit,7809IC,Capacitor: 1000µf: 36 Chapter-05 Conclusion & Future Plan 37 5.1 Conclusion: Smoke detectors are devices created and designed to alarm by voice signals when Lighting energy reduce safe levels. They are supposed to alert people if there is a danger of fire, and they are required in public places, especially ones where fire accidents are more likely to happen, such as kitchens. 5.2 Future plan: 1.We implemented smoke detect, but we want to thief detect before any stolen. 2.To make the circuit complex free and less expensive. 3.To implement the circuit by applying latest version of the renown software. 4.Minimising the transistor. 5.To protect our home, office, University, industry etc. automatically without any person when fire occurred. 38 References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_detector http://www.ehow.com/info_7983696_introduction-smoke-detectors.html http://www.explainthatstuff.com/smokedetector.html htt http://www.technologystudent.com/elec1/ldr1.htm http://www.123eng.com/projects/microcontroller_based_home_security_project.h http://www.researchcell.com/general/7809-pin-and-circuit-diagram/ http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronic-components/transistor-bc547-datasheet http://www.exchangeic.com/Data/C1815Y.html http://www.howstuffworks.com/led.htm http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/capacitor.htm http://www.howstuffworks.com/speaker.htm http://www.electronics-radio.com/articles/test-methods/meters/multimeter-resistance-measurement.php http://fpietronics.net/product.php?id_product=291 http://www.circuitstoday.com/fire-alarm-circuit http://www.ehow.com/how_7845177_write-report-heat-detectors.html#ixzz1ozH96N1G 39 View publication stats