Running head: : REVIEW OF BIO-ECOLOGICAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (BIOECODS) Group #4: Review of Bio-ecological Drainage Systems (BIOECODS) Group Members: Keston Boodoo-816026090 B’Jorn St.Cyr-816026800 Fana Wiggins 815009894 Tyrese Samuel-816027141 Aaron Bernard-816026872 Kai Fairman-816023260 Course name Date: Civil Engineering Design II (CVNG 2003) Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering The University of the West Indies (UWI) St. Augustine Author Note Lecturer: Prof Hazi Azamathulla 1 : REVIEW OF BIO-ECOLOGICAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (BIOECODS) 2 Contents BIOECODS DESIGN .............................................................................................................. 3 BIOEDODS CONCEPTS ........................................................................................................ 5 MATERIAL USED IN BIOECODS ....................................................................................... 7 References................................................................................................................................. 8 : REVIEW OF BIO-ECOLOGICAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (BIOECODS) 3 BIOECODS DESIGN CRITERIA Storm water is a significant contributor to pollution in Malaysia according to (Zakaria et.al ,2004), hence the goal of storm water management has changed from just being to prevent flooding but to also protect the natural water cycle and ecological system. According to (Zakaria et.al ,2004), the common concrete drainage system in Malaysia has been found to have significant consequences to the environment. It also hasn’t mitigated the severity of flooding in Malaysia, with flooding only getting worse and the annual budget spent by the Department of Irrigation and Drainage increasing annually in a feeble attempt to blunt the damage. The solutions developed for treating this flooding problem while protecting the environment were to: Introduce a local source control where the storm water is controlled at its source. Flow attenuation i.e., prolonging the flow time of runoff to reduce the peak discharge. Treatment in natural or mostly constructed biological systems such as ponds, wetlands and treatment facilities. These 3 proposed solutions will consider throughout the design of the system; the quantity and quality of the storm water runoff as well as the amenity value of surface water in the urban environment (this means creating a more sustainable environment for people and nature). With this new approach to the long running Malaysian flooding problem, the University of Science in Malaysia decided to collaborate with the Department of Irrigation and Drainage in 1999, to construct a Bio-ecological drainage system (BIOECODS) at their engineering campus. The BIOECODS will be a sustainable urban drainage system that will manage stormwater while replicating natural drainage systems. The aim of this project is to solve the flooding problem by allowing natural drainage surrounding the BIOECODS to function in conjunction with it, as well as to mitigate river pollution and water scarcity, with the added benefits of recharging the groundwater supply and enhancing the environment in sustainability and aesthetics. The BIOECODS was the first project to incorporate this new way of designing storm water drainage systems in Malaysia and will consist of applying; swales, subsurface modules, dry ponds, wet ponds, detention ponds and constructed wetlands into the University’s Drainage System, covering an area of 300 acres. The project was successfully completed in December 2002, and according to (Juiani et al.,2021) it has effectively stopped the flooding problem and all the goals of the project were achieved as expected, with some new unexpected benefits such as increased aquatic and terrestrial life on the campus, increased oxygen in the natural water sources, and water for domestic and recreational use. Dimensions Recommended for BIOECOD Facilities 1. The length of a BIOECOD should be at least 60m and a maximum of 30 meters. 2. The Minimum Width of a BIOECOD should be at least 0.6m and have a maximum of 3 meters. 3. The ponded zones should be a maximum of 150mm and design ponding time of 24 hours 4. The Longitudinal slope should be less than 5%. 5. The root zone should have a minimum depth of 100mm. : REVIEW OF BIO-ECOLOGICAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (BIOECODS) Min Length (m) 60 Min/Max Bottom Width (m) 0.6/3.0 Recommende d Slope (%) 30 0.6/2.4 N/a N/a N/a N/a Min 30 Max 60 Min 30 Max 60 4 Max Flow Velocity (m/s) 2 Max Depth of flow (mm) 150 Min/Max Residence Time (min) 0.1 <0.3 75 N/a N/a N/a N/a Bettess (1996) 1 2% (0.5 min and 6.0 max) <4% without berms N/a Mohd. Sidek et al. (2001) WEF (1998) N/a N/a 250-1000 (Total Depth) Leonard and Sheriff (1992) N/a 0.6 <6% Max 5% <0.5 N/a N/a N/a N/a N/a < 8 feet 2%-4% <0.9 fps (6months), <1.5 fps (2years) N/a Max 10 (6month 24hour Storm) FRPB (1995) Yu et al. (1994) Reeves (2000) 2%-4% Literature Source Table 1 Showing the Comparison of Design Criteria for the Ecological Swale based on the MASMA and others (after Burkhard 2000) BIOECODS Components Dry Pond Wet Pond Detention Pond Design Parameter Criteria Maximum period of surface water inundation Maximum depth of water inundation Surface Area Volume Capacity Design Rainfall Surface Area Volume Capacity Design Rainfall 24 hours 150mm 4500 m2 5000 m3 10-year ARI 10,000 m2 18,000 m3 50-year ARI Table 2 Showing Design Criteria for Dry, Wet and Detention Ponds Design Parameter Catchment Area % Catchment Area Length Width Design Storm (3-month ARI) Volume Design Inflow Rate Bed Depth Media Hydraulic Conductivity of Gravel Criteria 1.214 km2 0.7 155m 60m 22.5mm/hr 9,100 m2 0.25 m3/s 0.6m Pea Gravel and Soil Mixture 10 m3/s to 10m2/s : REVIEW OF BIO-ECOLOGICAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (BIOECODS) Slope of Wetland Bed 1% Wetland Surface area 9,100 m2 Mean Residence Time 3 Days Table 3 Showing Design Criteria for the constructed Wetland Figure 1 Showing the Schematic Layout of BIOECOD Drainage Systems BIOEDODS CONCEPTS 5 Running head: : REVIEW OF BIO-ECOLOGICAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (BIOECODS) Concept Description Bio Retention Swales Bioretention swales are shallow, vegetated, landscaped depressions with sloped sides with the intent to capture, treat and infiltrate stormwater runoff as it moves downstream. Swales can be classified as perimeter swales and individual swales. Perimeter swales cater for excess water while individual swales capture flow from impermeable surfaces. Dry Ponds Dry ponds are known as on-site stormwater detention ponds which serve a temporary storage function for excess stormwater runoff. This detention basin has a storage capacity of 150 mm and is integrated into the surrounding landscape. The excess runoff enters the pond through the ecological swale and by filtration is drained into a modular storage tank. This component also serves as passive and active recreational areas. Ecological Swale + Subsurface Detention Wet Pond An ecological swale is a dual drainage system which consists of a surface swale and a subsurface module. This BIOECOD aids in the retention, infiltration and detention. The excess stormwater is stored as subsurface detention storage. Depending on size and capacity, the type of ecological swale will be taken into careful consideration to suite specific site conditions. Detention Pond The Bio-Ecological drainage Systems (BIOECODS) concept utilizes subsurface detention storage for excess stormwater runoff. These storage modules are placed at critical connecting points withing the system. The modules used can be categorized based on storage capacities and can be noted as being either Type 1 or Type 2 for the design being assessed. The concepts surrounding BIOECODS combine infiltration, delayed flow, storage, and purification (pre-treatment of storm water)(Ghani, et al. 2008) Detention ponds serve the function of: 1) Stormwater detention; 2) Solids Settling; 3) Biological treatment Wetland is used as a community treatment facility. As much as 90% of the total volume of annual stormwater runoff will flow through an area supporting growing plant material. The end product is expected to improve the aesthetic value for surrounding areas at the downstream end of the drainage system. Wetland Wading River Recreational Pond and River A wet pond is a stormwater facility that provides both permanent and temporary storage of stormwater runoff. The wet pond facilitates all of the excess water from built-up areas. It has an outlet structure that creates a permanent pool and detains runoff inflows and promotes settlements of pollutants. After the settlement or removal of suspended solids in the Wetland, the emerging water is now considered suitable for reintegration into surrounding areas through the existence of lakes. Alternatively, the byproduct of this stormwater management system is allowed to enter major waterways e.g., Rivers 6 Diagram Running head: : REVIEW OF BIO-ECOLOGICAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (BIOECODS) MATERIAL USED IN BIOECODS Subsurface Drainage Module Filter fabric These are structures usually made of plastic (recycled polypropylene) that can be designed in many different shapes and sized in order to promote storage of water, attenuation or volume reduction depending on the requirements of the system. As infiltrated water gets to the module, it seeps into the soil through the exfiltration process until the soil underneath and to the side of the module is fully saturated. After the soil is fully saturated the water is then stored in the module. Subsurface drainage module (Kee, et al.2011) A synthetic fabric that is permeable which allows water to pass through it. This fabric has a screening capability of 0.38mm and has a permeability of 93mm/s. Filter Fabric (Hydro-net) (Ghani, et al. 2004) Clean Sand Topsoil The sand bed provides drainage and aeration of the root zone which is defined as the region which provides a source of water to sustain the growth of the plants. The infiltration of this layer filters out particulates and smaller solid nutrients attached to it. Sieker (1999) states that the hydraulic conductivity of the sand needs to be at least 10-5 m/s. Particle sizes are between 0.5mm0.2mm (Ghani, et al. 2004) (Zakaria et al,2003) Facilitates drainage as well as provides a planting medium for grasses or other plant matter. (1-2 inches thick) (Zakaria et al,2003) (Zakaria et al,2003) Plants Geostrip The sand bed provides drainage and aeration of the root zone which is defined as the region which provides a source of water to sustain the growth of the plants. The infiltration of this layer filters out particulates and smaller solid nutrients attached to it. Sieker (1999) states that the hydraulic conductivity of the sand needs to be at least 10-5 m/s. Particle sizes are between 0.5mm0.2mm (Ghani, et al. 2004) A filter drain with openings on all 4 sides to allow for adequate flow made from recycled plastic usually used in the perimeter swale. (Zakaria et al, 2003) (Zakaria et al ,2003) 7 : REVIEW OF BIO-ECOLOGICAL DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (BIOECODS) 8 References Abdurrasheed, Abdurrasheed Sa'id, Khamaruzaman Wan Yusof, Husna Bt Takaijudin, Aminuddin Ab. Ghani, Muhammad Mujahid Muhammad, and Abdulkadir Taofeeq Sholagberu. “Advances and Challenging Issues in Subsurface Drainage Module Technology and BIOECODS: A Review.” MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 07005. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820307005. Ghani, A Ab, NA Zakaria, R Abdullah, MF Yusof, L Mohd Sidek, AH Kassim, and A Ainan. 2004. "Bio-ecological drainage system (BIOECODS): concept, design and construction." lnternariond Conference on HydroScience and Engineering, Brisbane, Australia. Ghani, AAB, NA Zakaria, CK Chang, and A Ainan. 2008. "Sustainable urban drainage system (SUDS)–Malaysian experiences." Proc. 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage. Juiani, Siti Fairuz, Nor Azazi Zakaria, Aminuddin Ab Ghani, Khairul Rahmah Ayub, Nor Ariza Azizan, Mohd Fazly Yusof, and Mohammad Zaki Mohd Kasim. "Bio-Ecological Drainage System (BIOECODS)–A Sustainable Green University Drainage System." Zakaria ,Nor Azazi , Aminuddin AB. Ghani, Rozi Abdullah, Lariyah Mohd. Sidek, Anita Ainan. 2003. ”Bio-Ecological drainage systems for water quantity and quality control.” Intl. River Basin Management Vol 1 No.3 Zakaria, Nor Azazi, Aminuddin AB. Ghani, Tze Liang Lau, and Cheng Siang Leow. “Securing Water for Future Generations through ... - USM.” Accessed November 7, 2021. http://redac.eng.usm.my/html/publish/2011_45.pdf. Kee ,Li Choo, Nor Azazi Zakaria, Tze Liang Lau, Chun Kiat Chang, Aninuddin A.B. Ghani, 2011,”Determination of manning’s n for subsurface modular channel”