Review of ReseaRch
issN: 2249-894X
impact factoR : 5.7631(Uif)
UGc appRoved JoURNal No. 48514
volUme - 8 | issUe - 9 | JUNe - 2019
Le`fr xUFk ¼euq] ;kKoYD;½ esa f’k{kk O;oLFkk dk leh{kkRed v/;;u
fefFkys’k dqekj 'kqDy1 ] MkW- pk: 'kekZ2
1
’kks/kkFkhZ& fgefxfj th fo’ofo|ky;] nsg jknwu2
vflLVsaV izksQslj & fgefxfj fo’ofo|ky;] nsgjknwuLkkjka’k%&
euqLe`fr ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr tks /keZ”kkL= ds uke ls
izpfyr gS ;g bZ lu~ ds izkjEHk esa fyf[kr Hkkjrh; laLd`fr f”k{kk
dh vkpkj lafgrk jgh gS ftlls bl ns”k dh lkekftd fpUru
/kkjk dks fn”kk feykA ;g xzUFk u flQZ lekt”kkL=] laL—r]
dkuwu ds xzUFk jgs gS vfirq vusdks “kSf{kd micU/k Hkh fn;s x;s
gSA buls ikjEifjd O;ogkjks dks fn”kk feyrh gSA f”k{kk dk
ikB~;Øe lkekU;&lkaL—frd ,o O;kolkf;d :Ik esa izpfyr
FkkA f”k{kk dk mn~ns”; ckSf)d fodkl FkkA Lo/keZ dk ikyu
izeq[k FkkA /keZ”kkL= esa f”k{kk ds vusd i{k&laLdkj] xq:]
ikB~;Øe] vuq”kklu f”k{kk dk o’kZ] vodk”k] T;ksfr’k f”k{kk fpfdRlk f”k{kk] dkuwu dh f”k{kk] L=h f”k{kk lHkh
dh foospuk dh x;h gSA xq:&f”k’; lEcU/k ij fo”ks’k cy fn;k x;k gSA ;gk¡ f”k{kk dh vkSipkfjd ,oa
vukSipkfjd nksuks fo/kk, Fkh] ftlesa dqN le; v/;;u v/;kiu esa tkrk Fkk rks dqN le; xq: lsok esa
yxrk FkkA vr% f”k’; dk lokZaxh.k fodkl gksrk FkkA vr% ;g ,slk xzUFk gS ftlds “kSf{kd fpUru esa
nk”kZfudrk dk iqV fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vr% Le`fr vkSj f”k{kk uked fo/kk dh LFkkiuk gksrh gSA
ladsr’kCn%& * /keZ”kkL= * Le`frxzUFk * Le`fr vkSj f”k{kk * f”k{kk dh fo/kk;s * ikjEifjd O;ogkj
1&v/;;u dk fo"k;
vkfRed fodkl dh xfr gS] tks
Le`frxzUFk ¼euq] ;kKoYD;½ esa f”k{kk mlds tUe ls ysdj vuqdj.k
O;oLFkk dk leh{kkRed v/;;u
Jo.k] v/;;u] euu rFkk
ikjLifjd lEcU/k&LFkkiuk ds
2&v/;;u dh i`"BHkwfe ;k
}kjk thou ds vUr rd pyrh
jgrh gSA ;fn O;fDr pkgs] rks
izLrkouk
f”k{kk vkfndky ls gh euq’; ds og vius thou ds vfUre le;
iw.kZ&fodkl dk egRoiw.kZ lk/ku rd fo|kFkhZ jg ldrk gSA1
jgh gSA ^f”k{kk* “kCn Lo;a bruk oLrqr% fo|kFkhZ thou ,d
vLi’V gS fd blds O;kid ,oa laLdkfjd thou dk ifjpk;d
lhfer nksuks vFkZ gks ldrs gSA gS vkSj laLdkj e`R;q rd gksuk
O;kid vFkZ esa f”k{kk euq’; ds
jgrk gS blfy, lekt
lEcU/k&LFkkiu lqpk: :Ik ls
gksrk jgs blds fy, f”k{kk ,oa
fo|k lnSo lokZaxh.k fodkl dk
ekxZ iz”kLr djrh gSA ;g f”k{kk
dh vukSipkfjd fo/kk dgykrh gSA
lhfer vFkZ esa f”k{kk dk rkRi;Z
ml voLFkk&fo”ks’k ls gS] ftl
vof/k esa dksbZ euq’; vius xq:
vFkok&
f”k{kk&laLFkku esa jgdj viuh
izxfr ds gsrq visf{kr mins”k
¼laLdkj½ izkIr djrk gSA izk;%
________________________________________________________________________________________
Journal for all Subjects : www.lbp.world
1
Le`fr xUFk ¼euq] ;kKoYD;½ esa f’k{kk O;oLFkk dk leh{kkRed v/;;u
volUme - 8 | issUe - 9 | JUNe - 2019
________________________________________________________________________________________
f”k{kk dk vk/kqfud le; esa blh laLdkj ls vfHkizk; gS] tks dksbZ Hkh O;fDr thou laxzke esa izfo’V gksus ds
iwoZ fofHkUu f”k{kk&laLFkkuksa esa izkIr djrk gSA blesa lc dqN fuf”pr jgrk gSA ,d LFkku ¼fo|ky;½] ,d
fuf”pr le; ikB~;Øe bR;kfnA ;g f”k{kk dh vkSipkfjd fo/kk dgykrh gSA
oSfnd ;qx ls ysdj vc rd f”k{kk dk egRo Li’V gSA Lo;a ^osn* dk vFkZ gS&^Kku*A f”k{kk ds }kjk
efLr’d vkSj cqf) dk fodkl gksus dh fLFkfr esa gh f”kf{kr O;fDr vU; euq’;ksa dh rqyuk esa Js’B ekuk tkrk
gSA2 fo/kk dks ve`r izkIr djus dk lk/ku osnksa esa gh Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA3 fo|k ls gh eqfDr izkIr gksrh gS
rFkk euq’; f”kYi esa fuiq.krk izkIr djrk gSA4 mifu’knksa esa fo|k vkSj vfo|k dk ikFkZD; Li’V dj fo|k dk
vkJ; xzg.k djus rFkk vfo|k ls nwj jgus dk mins”k fd;k x;k gSA5
1- ;koTtho /khrs foiz%
2- v{kkoUr% deZuks l[kk;ksa HkoUr% tos’kq vlek; Hkwd%&_Xosn&1&7&17
3- fo|;ke`r Hk”uqos&;tqo sZn&40&14
4- lk fo|k ;k foeqDr;sA fo|U;k f”kYiusiq’;e&fo’.kq iqjk.k&1&19&41
5- nwjHksrs foijhsrs fo’kwph vfo|k ;k p fo/ksfr Kkrk&dBksifu’kn~&2&4
fo|k u dsoy vkfRed oju~ leLr thou ds rRo dk lE;d cks/k djkus dh n`f’V ls Hkh mi;ksxh
ekuh tkrh gSA bl :Ik essa euq’; dk lEi.kZ Kku f”k{kk dk Ik;kZ; gS vkSj Kku dks euq’; dk rhljk us=
dgk x;k gSA1 rFkk egkHkkjr esa fo|k dks loZJs’B dk us= dgk x;k gSA2
uhfr lfgR; esa rks fo|k dh iz”kalk esa mfDr;ksa dh Hkjekj gSA uhfrdkjksa dh n`f’V esa fo|k bgyksd
,oa ijyksd nksuksa ds lk/ku ds :Ik esa gSA lkalkfjd thou esa ;g ekrk&firk vkSj L=h dh Hkkafr fgr djus
okyh rFkk y{eh ,oa dhfrZ dh o`f) djus okyh gSA HkrZ̀gfj us ^uhfr”krd* esa blh dkj.k fo|kjfgr euq’; dks
Ik”kq ds leku ekuk gSA3
mijksDr o.kZu ls Li’V gS fd f”k{kk] fo|k vkSj Kku bu rhuksa “kCnksa dk iz;ksx izkphu lkfgR; esa
Ik;kZ;okph ds :Ik esa iz;qDr gksrk FkkA ;sa rhuks “kCn ,d gh Hkko dks izdV djrs FksA
vkt ;g ,d loZekU; lR; gS fd izkphu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; o laLd`fr esa f”k{kk dk Ik;kZIr fooj.k gSA
;g bruk fo”kky gS fd ;k rks blds fdlh dky[k.M dk v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;k fdlh ,d nks
xzUFk dk v/;;u djuk Hkh dfBu dk;Z gSA vr% “kks/kdrkZ us izkphu lkfgR; ds dsoy nks xzUFkksa&euqLe`fr
,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr dk p;u fd;k gSA ;g nksuks xzUFk vius vki esa vf}rh; gSA ;g ,d ,sls dky[k.M dk
izfrfuf/kRo djrh gS] tks oSfnd] mRrjoSfnd rFkk lw=dky ds ckn ,oa bZLoh lu~ ds izkjEHk ds le; dh
O;oLFkk dks mn~n`r djrh gSA blesa fo|k dh bruh egRRkk crk;h x;h gS fd fo|k ds dkj.k czkã.k dh
fo”ks’krk Li’V gks x;h vkSj og czkã.k gks x;k] vU;Fk tUe ls rks lHkh “kwnz gksrs gSA4
1- Kkua r`rh; euqtL; us=a&lqHkkf’kr jRu lUnksg&i`’B&194
2- ukfLr fo|klea p{kqukZfLr lR;ea ri%&egkHkkjr&12&339&6
3- fo|kfoghu% Ik”kqfHk lekuk&uhfr”krd&16
4- tUeuk tk;rs “kwnz% laLdkjkn~ f}t mPpsrA fo|;k ;kfr foizRoa f=Hkh% Jksfr; ,oa pA&euqLe`fr&2&169]
;kKoYD;&1&2&39 vFkkZr~ izR;sd O;fDr tUeuk “kwnz gksrk gSA laLdkjks ls f}t dgk tkrk gS] fo|k ls
foizRo izkIr djrk gS rFkk rhuks ds }kjk ^Jksfr;* dgk tkrk gSA &ds- lh- JhokLro izkphu Hkkjr dk bfrgkl
i`’B&167
“kks/kdrkZ dks fo”okl gS fd euqLe`fr ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr esa f”k{kk ds os lHkh ekSfyd rRo ,oa
fl)kUr fo|eku gS ftldh lgk;rk ls bZLoh lu~ ds izkjEHk ds Hkkjrh; f”k{kk vkSj n”kZu rFkk Hkkjrh; f”k{kk
iz.kkyh dh :ijs[kk dh tk ldrh gSA
________________________________________________________________________________________
Journal for all Subjects : www.lbp.world
2
Le`fr xUFk ¼euq] ;kKoYD;½ esa f’k{kk O;oLFkk dk leh{kkRed v/;;u
volUme - 8 | issUe - 9 | JUNe - 2019
________________________________________________________________________________________
3-v/;;u dh vko’;drk%&
izLrqr “kks/kdk;Z dh vko”;drk “kks/kkFkhZ dks vkHkkflr gks jgh FkhA pw¡fd gekjk o’kZ 2007&08 esa MkŒ
Hkhejko vEcsMdj fo”ofo|ky; vkxjk esa ,e- ,M- dk y?kq “kks/k ÞeuqLe`fr vkSj f”k{kkß uke ls izLrqr fd;k
tk pqdk gSA iqu% vc mlh dk;Z dks vkxs c<+krs gq, foLr`r “kks/kdk;Z dh vko”;drk izrhr gks jgh gSA
orZeku esa dsoy laLd`r fo’k; ds v/;srk Le`fr xzUFkksa dh foospuk djrs gSA ijUrq f”k{kk n”kZu dh
“kk[kk esa oSfnd n”kZu ,oa f”k{kk] mifu’kn n”kZu ,oa f”k{kk] ‘kVn”kZu ,oa f”k{kk tSls fo’k;ks dh foospuk lHkh
f”k{kk nk”kZfud dj jgs gSA mlh esa Le`fr n”kZu ,oa f”k{kk] iqjk.k n”kZu vkSj f”k{kk] egkdkO; n”kZu vkSj f”k{kk
tSlh vko”;drk izrhr gks jgh gSA mlh ,d dM+h ds :Ik esa vkaf”kd iwfrZ gsrq Le`frxzUFk vkSj f”k{kk fo’k;
dh vko”;drk ds rgr bl fo’k; dks foLrkj nsuk pkgrs gSA
oLrqr% f”k{kk”kkL= esa oSfnd n”kZu] mifu’kn n”kZu ,oa ‘kVn”kZu gh foosfpr fd;s x;s gSA blesa Le`fr
xzUFk] iqjk.k ,oa egkdkO; dks tksM+us ,oa i<+us&i<+kus dh ijEijk dks c<+kus gsrq bl fo’k; dk pquko fd;k
x;k gSA vHkh rd laLd`r fo’k; ds vfrfjDr dsoy bfrgkl fo’k; vkSj jktuhfr fo’k; esa bu xzUFkksa dks
LFkku feyk gSA ijUrq e/;dkyhu Qkjlh p”es ls igysa dsoy ogh ikjEifjd Ldwy] dkWyst tks xq:dqyks dh
iwoZihfBdk ij LFkkfir gq, Fks ekS;Z ,Oka xqIr&xqIrksRrj dky esa] ogk¡ Hkh f”k{kk nsus esa ,sls xzUFkks dk LFkku FkkA
blfy, f”k{kk”kkL= ,oa f”k{kd izf”k{k.k ds ikB~;Øeksa esa Le`frxzUFkksa dks lekfgr fd;k tk ldsA blhfy, bu
ij “kSf{kd n`f’V ls “kks/k dh vko”;drk izrhr gks jgh gSA
4-v/;kfir 'kks/k fo"k;&ÞLe`fr xzUFk ¼euq] ;kKoYD;½ esa f’k{kk O;oLFkk dk leh{kkRed v/;;uß ds
dfBu 'kCnks dk ifjHkk"khdj.k
v/;kfir fo’k; esa Le`fr xzUFkks ¼euq ;kKoYD;½ esa nh x;h “kSf{kd O;oLFkk ;k izcU/k dk leh{kkRed
v/;;u ¼Critical study½ djus ds vUrxZr dqN ,sls dfBu “kCn gS ftldh foospuk djuk lehphu izrhr
gksrk gS&
 Jqfr
 Le`fr
 /keZ
 xzUFk ;k “kkL=
 /keZ “kkL=
5- v/;;uu dk mÌs’;
izLrqr v/;;u ds eq[; mÌs”; gS&
1- euqLe`fr esa vkpk;Z euq }kjk lk{kkRd`r f”k{kk fl)kUrks ,oa rRoks dk v/;;u djukA
2- ;kKoYD;a Le`fr esa egf’kZ ;kKoYD; }kjk lk{kkRd`r fl)kUrksa ,oa rROkks dk v/;;u djukA
3- euq ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr}; ds f”k{kk fl)kUrksa ,oa rRoks ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr esa izpfyr f”k{kk iz.kkyh
ds Hkkjrh;dj.k ds fy, dqN O;kogkfjd lq>ko nsukA
 4- euq ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr}; ls f”k{kk ds ,sls mÌs”;ks dk fu/kkZj.k ,oa foospu djuk tks Hkkjrh; f”k{kk
iz.kkyh esa ckyd ds lokZaxh.k fodkl esa lgk;d gks ldsA
 5- euq ,oa ;kKoYD; }kjk f”k{kk ds fofo/k igyqvks dh foospuk djuk tks f”k{kk ds cgqvk;keh i{kks dks
n”kkZ ldsA





 6- v/;;u dk {ks= ,oa lhek

izLrqr v/;;u euqLe`fr ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr rd lhfer gSA Le`fr xzUFkks dh vusdkusd jpuk d`fr;k¡
gS ftuesa dsoy bUgh nks dk p;u fd;k tk ldk gS D;ksfd ;s nks izkjfEHkd Le`fr;k¡ gS ,oa bUgh nksuksa ds
vusdkusd fo’k;ks dks vU; Le`fr;ks esa fy;k x;k gSA
________________________________________________________________________________________
Journal for all Subjects : www.lbp.world
3
Le`fr xUFk ¼euq] ;kKoYD;½ esa f’k{kk O;oLFkk dk leh{kkRed v/;;u
volUme - 8 | issUe - 9 | JUNe - 2019
________________________________________________________________________________________

gSA
“kks/k dh ifjlhek esa euqLe`fr ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr ds Hkh f”k{kk lEcU/kh lwfDr;ks dk p;u fd;k x;k
 7- v/;;u dh midiuk ;k vo/kkj.kk

Ekuq ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr esa f”k{kk ds fl)kUr ,oa rRo fo|eku gS] ftuds vk/kkj ij ge Hkkjrokfl;ksa
dh vkdka{kkvks ,oa vko”;drkvksa ds vuq:Ik Hkkjrh; f”k{kk n”kZu rFkk Hkkjrh; f”k{kk iz.kkyh dh :ijs[kk dk
fu/kkZj.k dj ldrs gSA
 8- v/;;u dh fof/k

fàVuh ds oxhZdj.k ds vk/kkj ij izLrqr v/;;u dks nk”kZfud “kks/k ds vUrxZr j[kk tk ldrk gSA
v/;kfir fo’k; dk lEcU/k xq.kkRed “kks/k ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA blesa fdlh vkafdd lwpdkad dk iz;ksx ugh
fd;k tk ldrk gSA pjksa dks ek=k esa ugh eki ldrs gSA ifjdYiuk dk vkSipkfjd <+ax ls ijh{k.k fd;k
tk;sxk ftlds vk/kkj ij mls Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj djus lEcU/kh er “kks/kdrkZ dk er gksxkA blesa
ekuoh;rk ,oa lR; ds izfr vkxzg fd;k x;k gSA mfpr izfof/k;ks rFkk midj.kks ds fodkl dk vkHkko gS
blfy, lkekU;hdj.k dh laHkkouk de gSA ijUrq fQj Hkh f”k{kk esa ifjorZu ykus ,oa mldk Lrj Å¡pk djus
gsrq nk”kZfud fpUru fof/k dk lgkjk fy;k x;k gSA
 9- v/;;u dh izfØ;k

izLrqr v/;;u dh “kks/k izfØ;k esa rhu in gS& 1- rF;ks dk js[kkadu 2- rF;ks dk lkj.kh;u vkSj 3rF;ks dk foospuA
 1- rF;ks dk js[kkadu %&
 “kks/kdrkZ euqLe`fr ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr ds leLr lwDrks dks xaHkhjrkiwoZd i<+dj mlesa of.kZr “kSf{kd
dFkuks dks js[kkafdr fd;k tk;sxkA
 2-rF;ks dk lkj.kh;u%&
 rRi”pkr “kks/kdrkZ us js[kkafdr dFkuks dks rhu Hkkxks esa oxhZd`r fd;k tks fuEu izdkj gS&
 1- euq ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr esa f”k{kk ds nk”kZfud i{k&Kkuehekalk] rRoehekalk] ewY;ehekalk
 2- f”k{kk ds mÌs”;
 3- f”k{kk ds fofo/k i{k
 3- rF;ks dk foospu%&
 iwoksZDr fof/k ls euqLe`fr ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr ds “kSf{kd dFkuks dk js[kkadu ,oa lkj.kh;u djus ds
mijkUr izR;sd rF;ks dh O;k[;k i`Fkd&i`Fkd dh x;h vkSj O;k[;k ds vUr esa mHkjrs gq, fu’d’kksZ dh vksj
ladsr fd;k x;k gSA
10- v/;;u dk fu"d"kZ
euqLe`fr ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr ds v/;;u ls izkIr “kSf{kd fopkj ewyr% rhu “kSf{kd “kh’kZdks esa foHkDr
fd;s x;s gS&
1- euq ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr esa f”k{kk ds nk”kZfud i{k&rRoehekalk] Kkuehekalk] ewY;ehekalk dk fu’d’kZ ,oa
lkjka”k
2- euq ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr esa f”k{kk dk mÌs”; ,oa O;k[;k lEcU/kh fu’d’kZ ,oa lkjka”k
 lHkh mÌs”;ks dk fu’d’kZ izLrqr fd;k tk;sxkA
3- euq ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr esa f”k{kk ds vU; i{k ,oa lEcU/kh fu’d’kZ ,oa lkjka”k
 f”k{kk ds lHkh fofo/k i{kks dk fu’d’kZ izLrqr fd;k tk;sxkA
________________________________________________________________________________________
Journal for all Subjects : www.lbp.world
4
Le`fr xUFk ¼euq] ;kKoYD;½ esa f’k{kk O;oLFkk dk leh{kkRed v/;;u
volUme - 8 | issUe - 9 | JUNe - 2019
________________________________________________________________________________________
11- v/;;u dh lkFkZdrk ,oa lq>ko
euqLe`fr ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr tks izk;% /keZ”kkL= ds uke ls tkus tkrh gS vkSj ;s bZLoh lu~ ds izkjEHk
ls ysdj vaxzsth “kklu O;oLFkk ls iwoZ Hkkjrh; fu;e dkuwu dk vk/kkj jgh gSA bu xzUFkks ds v/;;u dh
lkFkZdrk orZeku f”k{kk ds Hkkjrh;dj.k ,oa ikjEifjd O;ogkjks dks fn”kk funsZf”kr djus esa izkIr gksrh gSA
blfy, dqN lq>koks ij xkSj djuk pkfg,&
1- Hkkjrh; f”k{kk dk ikB~;Øe nks Hkkxks esa foHkDr gksuk pkfg,& 1- lkekU; ,oa lkaLd`frd ikB~;Øe 2O;kolf;d ikB~;ØeA lkekU; ikB~;Øe esa Hkkjrh; /keZ] laLd`fr] Ik;kZ;oj.k] bfrgkl] vFkZO;oLFkk]
uhfr&jktuhfr] thou i)fr lfEefyr gksA O;kolkf;d ikB~;Øe esa d`f’k] okrkZ] Ik”kqikyu] okf.kT;] dyk]
foKku] f”k{kd izf”k{k.k dk lekos”k gksA
2- f”k{kk dk eq[; mÌs”; Le`fr xzUFkks esa ckSf)d fodkl fn;k x;k gSA ckSf)d fodkl ds fcuk KkuktZu
laHko ugh gSA
3- euq’; dh f”k{kk lkekftd mRrjnkf;Roks ds fuoZgu ds fy, gksuh pkfg, vkSj euq’; Lo/keZ] deZ dk drZO;
djrs gq, lekt fgr esa dk;Z djuk pkfg,A
4- f”k{kk esa xq:] vkpk;Z] f”k{kd dk fo”ks’k egRo gS lkFk gh f”k’; Hkh ftKklq cuk jgsA
5- v/;;u&v/;kiu dk dk;Z lnSo vf/kdkjh] lnkpkjh] izf”kf{kr f”k{kdks dks nsuk pkfg, D;ksafd ogh jk’Vª
fuekZrkvks dks fn”kk ,oa n”kk nsrk gSA
Lkq>ko :Ik esa gS fd “kks/kdrkZ us dsoy euqLe`fr ,oa ;kKoYD; Le`fr dk p;u fd;k gS mlesa tks
fu’d’kZ fudky ik;s gS mls osn vkSj f”k{kk] mifu’kn vkSj f”k{kk dh rjg f”k{kk”kkL= ds n”kZu fo’k; esa ^Le`fr
vkSj f”k{kk* ds :Ik esa LFkku fn;k tk; rFkk Hkkoh “kks/kdrkZ vU; Le`fr;ksa dk foospu dj bl vk/kkj lkexzh
dks foLr`r djrs jgs fo”ks’kdj dfy;qx ds fy, ikjk”kj Le`fr dks lEi`Dr fd;k ldrk gSA
lUnHkZ xUFk lwph%& eq[;r% pkj izdkj ds lzksrks dk mi;ksx gks jgk gS&
1- izkFkfed lzksr%&
 euqLe`fr& ¼fgUnh vuqokn½ f”kojkt vkpk;Z pkS[kEck fo|kHkou okjk.klh 2017
 20 Le`fr;k¡& ¼laiknd½ iafM+r Jhjke “kekZ vkpk;Z Hkkx&1 laLd`r laLFkku osnuxj cjsyh 1993
 Le`fr pfUnzdk& nso.kHkV~V] eSlwj fo”ofo|ky; laLdj.k
 ;kKoYD; Le`fr& ¼fgUnh O;k[;k½ xaxklkxj jk; pkS[kEck laLd`r izfr’Bku] fnYyh] 2017
 _Xosn& laLd`r laLFkku osnuxj cjsyh 1993
 vyc:uh dk Hkkjr& bafM;u izsl bykgkckn
 vyc:uh dk Hkkjr& ,u- ch- Vh- ubZ fnYyh 2003
 ;kKoYD; f”k{kk& ¼fgUnh O;k[;k½ ujs”k >k pkS[kEck lqjHkkjrh izdk”ku okjk.klh] 2017
 bZ’kksifu’kn& xhrkizsl xksj[kiqj laor~ 2014
 Ikqjk.k& vfXu] ok;q] x:.k] Hkkxor] f”ko vkfn
 jkek;.k& xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj
 egkHkkjr& xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj
 v’Vk/;k;h& ikf.kfu
 egkHkk’;& iratfy
 dkelw=& ¼fgUnh O;k[;k½ ikjl ukFk f}osnh pkS[kEck lqjHkkjrh izdk”ku okjk.klh 1999
 /keZ”kkL=kad& xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj
2- “kks/k izcU/k%& “kks/k xaxk ,oa “kks/k xaxks=h ij miyC/k dqN “kks/kizcU/kks dk fo”ys’k.k
3- “kks/k if=dk,a&
 vUosf’kdk&NCTE ubZ fnYyh
________________________________________________________________________________________
Journal for all Subjects : www.lbp.world
5
Le`fr xUFk ¼euq] ;kKoYD;½ esa f’k{kk O;oLFkk dk leh{kkRed v/;;u
volUme - 8 | issUe - 9 | JUNe - 2019
________________________________________________________________________________________
 bfrgkl& Hkkjrh; bfrgkl vuqla/kku ifj’kn] ubZ fnYyh ls izdkf”kr Hkkx&1 ,oa 2 esa MkŒ foosdkuUn
>k rFkk MkΠlqohjk tk;loky dk ys[k 1992&93
 bfrgkl cks/k& vktkn fgUn QkSt Qkm.Ms”ku] bykgkckn ¼vad&38 o’kZ&2004½ esa MkŒ uhjt JhokLro
dk ys[k
 tuZy& [k.M&15 o’kZ&2008] bZ”ojh izlkn bfrgkl laLFkku bykgkckn] MkŒ igykn ouZoky dk
ys[k&^laLdkj*A
4- f}rh;d lzksr%&
 vuqla/kku dh iqLrdsa& ih- ,u- jk;] vkj- ,- “kekZ] ,p ih- flUgk] ,l- ih- xqIrk] ,p- ds- dfiy v:.k
dqekj flag ds iqLrdsa
 “kSf{kd igyq dh iqLrdsa& jke”kdy ik.Ms;] vkj- ,u- Lo:Ik lDlsuk] jeu fcgkjh yky] xq:”kj.k
nkl R;kxh bR;kfn dh iqLrdsa
 lkekU; ,sfrgkfld ,oa lUnfHkZr iqLrdsa&
 Ikh- oh- dk.ks& /keZ”kkL= dk bfrgkl] m- iz- fgUnh laLFkku] y[kuÅ] 1992
 izksŒ jk/kkdqeqn eq[ kthZ& fgUnw lH;rk] jktdey izdk”ku ubZ fnYyh 2014
 izksŒ vuar lnkf”ko vYrsdj& izkphu Hkkjrh; f”k{k.k i)fr] vuqjkx izdk”ku] okjk.klh 2014
 IkzksŒ t;”kadj feJ& izkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd bfrgkl] fcgkj fgUnh xzUFk vdkneh iVuk 1974
 izksŒ foey pUnz ik.Ms;& izkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd bfrgkl] fgUnqLrku ,dsMeh] bykgkckn 2000
 izksŒ vkj- ,l- “kekZ& izkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd&vkfFkZd bfrgkl] fnYyh fo”ofo|ky; izdk”ku] ubZ
fnYyh 2000
 izksŒ jke”kj.k “kekZ& izkphu Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd fopkj ,oa laLFkk,¡] jktdey izdk”ku] ubZ fnYyh
 izksŒ vks- ih- xkok& jktuhfrd fpUru ¼euq½ dh :ijs[kk] e;wj izd”ku] uks;Mk
 izksŒ dkfydk jatu dkuwuxks& nkjkf”kdksg] x;k izlkn ,.M lUl] izdk”ku] vkxjk
________________________________________________________________________________________
Journal for all Subjects : www.lbp.world
6