INTRODUCTION TO OFFSHORE
OIL AND GAS SURFACE
FACILITIES
OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY CENTRE
PETROLEUM TRAINING INSTITUTE
EFFURUN
Blowout Preventer
• Is a heavy valve or assembly of valves
fitted at the top of an oil well during drilling
and closed in the event of a blowout
• There are two basic types of blowout
preventers (BOPs),
• Ram and Annular, that come in a variety of
styles, sizes, and pressure ratings.
• A “BOP stack” comprises several individual
blowout preventers serving various
functions that are assembled or “stacked”
together, with at least one annular BOP on
top of several ram BOPs.
• These various BOPs can seal around the
drill pipe, casing, or tubing; close over an
open wellbore; or cut through the drill pipe
with steel shearing blades.
BOP Stack
BOP Stack
• Since BOPs are critically important to the
safety of the crew, the rig and the
wellbore itself,
• BOPs are inspected, tested and
refurbished at regular intervals
determined by a combination of risk
assessment, local practice, well type and
legal requirements.
• BOP tests vary from daily function testing
on critical wells to monthly or less
frequent testing on wells thought to have
low probability of well control problems.
BLOW OUTPREVENTER
Functions
• Contain Pressure
• Primary means of well control
• Structural connection to wellhead
• Supports weight of hung off pipe
• Disconnect package for adverse weather
• Transition from high to lower pressure system
• Provides means of circulation and pressure testing via Choke
and Kill lines
• Provides secondary well control for Horizontal Tree
completion system
• Provides active orientation system for conventional Tree
completion via BOP pin
BOP COMPONENT
Components
• Flex joint
• Annular Preventer
• Shear Rams
• Variable Rams
• Pipe Rams
• Wellhead Connector
WELLHEAD CONNECTOR
Function
• Structural Connection to Wellhead
• High Pressure, high Integrity Seal
• Remote alignment and guidance
Features
• Hydraulically Operated
• High bending loads without separation
• High-angle release
• High Pre-load
• Short swallow up
Single Point Mooring Systems
• Single point mooring (SPM): is a floating
buoy/jetty anchored offshore to allow
handling of liquid cargo such as petroleum
products for tanker ships.
• SPM is mainly used in areas where a
dedicated facility for loading or unloading
liquid cargo is not available.
• Located at a distance of several kilometres
from the shore-facility and connected using
sub-sea and sub-oil pipelines, these SPM
facilities can even handle vessels of
massive capacity such as VLCC.
Single Point Mooring Systems
Cont’d
Benefits of Single point mooring
(SPM) serves as a link between the
shore-facilities and the tankers for
loading or off-loading liquid and gas
cargo. Some of the major benefits of
using SPM are:
• Ability to handle extra large vessels
• Doesn’t require ships to come to the
port and thus save fuel and time
• Ships with high drafts can be
moored easily
• Large quality of cargo can be easily
handled
Single point mooring
Tanker Moored to SPM System
Source: Arabianoilandgas.com
RIGGING & SLINGING
What is a Rigger?

The traditional definition of a rigger is a person that uses
hoists and pulleys. The industry extends the term, however,
to define anyone engaged in the lifting, moving and
transporting, positioning, pulling and securing of heavy
equipment, machines and oversized loads.

A rigger moves loads varying in size, weight and shape
such as manufacturing machines in factories, X-ray
machines in hospitals, and storage silos on farms.

A rigger uses cranes, overhead lifting gear, pulleys, load
moving dollies, hydraulic jacks, and flat bed trucks.
What a Rigger Does
Riggers can perform a multitude of tasks in their day-to-day
work assignments. Because Riggers can work in a number of
specialty fields, the following list of typical functions that
Riggers perform should not be taken as necessarily complete.
In rough order these functions can consist of,
Rigging Equipment and
Hardware Manipulation
Preparation of Destination
Inspection and Testing
Load Assessment
Communication
Hardware Selection
Preparation of Destination
Definition Rigging & Slinging?
i.
Rigging -The process of lifting and moving heavy loads with ropes, chains,
and mechanical devices.
ii.
Sling - A loop of material that connects the load to the lifting device.
Slings can be made of chain, wire, metal mesh, natural, and synthetic
materials.
Examples of Rigging & Slinging
Examples of Rigging & Slinging
Type of Rigging Gears / Accessories
 Lifting gears play an important part in the lifting operation.
 Their function is to tie the objects tightly and hang them on the
crane. There is a great variety of lifting gears.
 If there is insufficient knowledge or a wrong choice is made, lifting
may fail and accidents may result.
 All lifting gears shall be tested by qualified examiners and suitably
marked with a Safe Working Load (SWL).
Type of Rigging Gears / Accessories
1. Wire Rope
2. Fibre Rope
3. Flat Webbing & Round Synthetic Sling
4. Chain
5. Thimbles
6. Hooks
7. Shackles
8. Eyebolt
9. Eye Nuts
10.Turnbuckles
4. Chain
 Wire rope is used more commonly than chain for most construction rigging
operations, even though chain may perform better under certain conditions.
 In the past most chain rope was made from wrought iron and mild steel, and
it often failed, causing injury and death. Thus, for rigging purposes the
construction industry has used wire rope almost exclusively.
 Chain produced today is superior to that of the past, but the circumstances of
the job may determine whether chain or wire rope should be used.
Marine Accident and Their Major Causes
Major causes of marine accidents:
Crux of the matter is that all regulations are driven by some or
other maritime accidents in past. However new accidents keep
taking place due to various reasons :
Human error Competition Piracy
Over-dependence on technology Lack of skilled workforce
Crew fatigue
Poor communications Operational pressures Bureaucracy
onboard
Solas and marine
accidents
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CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES
What is CLASS ?
• The term ‘Classification’ comes from the fact
that we sort out ships categories according to
the level of confidence we assign them, further
to the results of the assessment carried out
thereon.
• The class is granted generally for a term of 5
years during which it’s validity is subject to
compulsory periodical surveys
What is CLASS ?
• It defines technical and safety
standards of a ship, which reflects
the risk of insuring a ship
Reason to CLASS a ship
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Determines fitness for service of ships
Meet Requirement of jurisdictions
Possible lower insurance premiums
Indicates due negligence
Ensures proper maintenance is performed
Assures that capital investment is protected
Ensure owner satisfaction
Classification of the ship enables :• The insurers to assess the premium relative to the ship
(hull insurance) and that relative to the cargo (cargo
insurance)
• Hence, the owner to find an insurer who accepts to
cover the risk incurred by the ship
• Then, the owner to charter his ship
• The charterer to select advisedly the ship whom he will
entrust with his cargo
• A future owner to assess the quality of the ship prior to
the purchase
• The flag authorities to trust the ship and, therefore, to
register her into their fleet
What is CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY
• A body that ensures that ships and
offshore vessels are classed and
categorized for maximum efficiency.
Present Role of Classification Societies
• To assign a Class
notation
• Maintenance of class
• Relevant research
work
• Statutory surveys
(marine administration)
• Charter surveys
• Profitability advice (to
owner)
• Development of
computer software
• Set up worldwide
networks
• Carry out surveys
• Certification
• Emergency technical
services
Classification Responsibilities
• To ensure that merchant ships and marine
structure presented to it comply with rules
that the society had established for design,
construction and periodic survey
• Trough it classification survey procedure it is
the intent of the society to prevent vessel
from falling into a substandard condition.
Major Classification Societies in the world
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Lloyd's Register (LR)
American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
Bureau Veritas (BV)
Det Norske Veritas (DNV-GL
Registro Italiano Navale (RINA)
Class NK Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (NK)
Germanischer Lloyd (GL)
Russian Maritime Register of Shipping (RS)
China Classification Society (CCS)
Türk Loydu Turkish Register of Shipping (TL)
Indian Register of Shipping (IRS)
Polski Rejestr Statków (PRS)
Korean Register of Shipping (KR)
Hellenic Register of Shipping (HRS)
Offshore Vessels
Offshore Vessels
• Offshore vessels are ships that specifically
serve operational purposes such as oil
exploration and construction work at the
high seas or offshore environment.
• These vessels helps in exploration and
drilling of oil and provide necessary
supplies to the excavation and construction
units located at the offshore environment.
• Offshore ships also provide the transiting
and relieving of crewing personnel to and
from the offshore environment.
• Offshore vessels are mainly classified into
the following main groups:
- Oil Exploration and Drilling Vessels
- Offshore Support Vessels
- Offshore Production Vessels
- Construction/Special Purpose Vessels
Oil Exploration and Drilling Vessels
Oil exploration vessels, as the name suggests,
help in exploration and drilling of oil at high
seas. The main types of exploration vessels are:
• Drill ship
• Jack Up Vessels
• Semi-submersible vessels
• Offshore barge
• Floating Platforms
• Tenders
Oil Exploration and Drilling Vessels
Offshore Support Vessels
These are specialist vessels that
performs the following functions:
• Replenishment
- Food, tools, equipment
• Removal
- Waste, used equipment, waste
skips e.g. metal, wood, plastics
• Can be used as multi function
vessel
• The provide support for diving
activities
- Inspection, maintenance,
construction,
decommissioning
Some of the main types of offshore
support vessels are:
• Anchor handling tug vessel (AHTV)
• Seismic vessel
• Platform supply vessel
• Well Intervention Vessel
• Accommodation Ships
Offshore Support Vessel
Offshore Production Vessels
• Offshore production vessels
refer to those vessels that help in
the production processes during
drilling operations in the offshore
environment e.g FPSOs (Floating,
Production, Storage and
Offloading).
• Main types of these vessels are:
- Floating Production Storage and
Offloading
(FPSO)
- Single Point Anchor Reservoir (SPAR)
platform
- Shuttle Tankers
- Tension Leg Platform
Offshore Construction Vessel
• Ships that primarily aid in the construction
of various offshore structures are known
as offshore construction vessels.
• Main types are:
- Diving Support Vessel
- Crane Vessel
- Pipe Laying Vessel
Offshore Environment
• Remote nature of the environment
- Workers are isolated from friends and families
- Staffs may not clock off and return home
It is usually self contain
- Catering services available
- Laundry and medical services
- Recreation activities available
Harsh conditions
Weather- hot, cold, high winds, current, fogs
Noise level may be high
Offshore Hazards
FIRE SAFETY
FIRE SAFETY
Fire is a chemical reaction in which a combustible
material combines with oxygen in the atmosphere
to give out heat and flame.
Fire is combustion accompanied by flame or glow,
which escapes its normal confines to cause
damage.
Burning or combustion can be described as a
chemical reaction involving a fuel and oxygen.
FIRE PYRAMID OR TRIANGLE
There are three elements involved in fire, they are
oxygen, fuel and heat. A fire can start only when
the following elements are combined:
A fuel, being a gas, a liquid or a solid
An oxidant, usually (air/oxygen) (21% of air)
A heat source, such as a flame, a spark or the like.
Together they form the so-called Triangle of fire
where each leg represents a parameter.
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Industrial Safety and Environment
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF FIRE I
Fire cannot take place Fuel
• GASSES
unless the following things
• LIQUIDS
are present
• SOLIDS
Ignition Source
•
•
•
•
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Hot surface
Electrical equipment
Flammable materials
flame
Industrial Safety and Environment
FIR
E
Oxygen
• From AIR
• Oxidising substances
FIRE TRIANGLE
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF FIRE II
The three fire elements
OXYGEN
FUEL
IGNITION SOURCE
The absence of any of the three elements will prevent
fire from starting
Fire extinguishing depends on removing one of the
elements from an existing fire
 This is particularly difficult if an oxidising substance
is present
 Fire can spread rapidly from fuel to fuel.
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Industrial Safety and Environment
THE FIRE TETRAHEDRON
The fire tetrahedron is a
modification to the limitations
of the fire triangle.
Modern fire science recognizes
that in order to support flaming
combustion, a fourth element
must be added to the fire
triangle.
In addition to fuel, heat and
oxygen, a chemical chain
reaction is required to continue
the flaming combustion. The
chemical chain reaction makes
up the fire tetrahedron.
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Industrial Safety and Environment
fire tetrahedron
SOURCES OF IGNITION
The main sources of ignition on work premises are:
Smoking
Electrical equipment
Tools and equipment
Heaters
Arsons
The main fuels that can accumulate on work
premises are:
Paper and boxes
Plastics
Solvents
Waste materials
Furniture and carpets etc.
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Industrial Safety and Environment
SOURCES OF FUELS I
The most common things that will burn in a typical
workplace are:
Solid
 These include:
 wood, paper, cardboard, wrapping materials plastics, rubber,
foam (ie polyethylene, tiles, clothing)
 wall paper, hand board, clipboards used as building
materials (e.g. woodshavings, dust, paper, hair)
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Industrial Safety and Environment
SOURCES OF FUELS II
Liquids
 These include the following :
 Paints; petrol; toluene; varnish; white spirit; acetone;
thinners mentholated spirit; other chemical adhesives
and paraffins
 Most flammable liquids give off vapour which are heavier
than air so they will fall to the lowest level.
 A flash flame or an explosion can occur if the
vapour catches fire in the correct concentration of
vapour and air.
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Industrial Safety and Environment
SOURCES OF FUELS III
Gases
 These gases include
 LPG( liquid petroleum gas cylinders, usually butane and
propane),
 acetylene (used for welding), hydrogen
 All these are flammable gasses
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Industrial Safety and Environment
METHODS OF EXTINCTIONS I
1. Cooling – this is the process of reducing
the ignition temperature by taking the heat
out of the fire. Usually by using water to
reduce or limit the temperature.
Smothering involves the
removal of oxygen from the combination.
Dry chemical powder is the perfect agent
for this process
2. Smothering –
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Industrial Safety and Environment
METHODS OF EXTINCTIONS II
1. Starvation - A fire will go out if deprived of
fuel supply. This method thus involves the
removal or reduction of fuel supply from
the combination
1. Inhibition of chain reduction - This method
involves inhibiting the chain reaction in the
fire tetrahedron. That is removing or
stopping the continuation of the chemical
reaction
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Industrial Safety and Environment
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
Fires are classified in accordance with British
Standard EN2:1992 Classification of Fires.
However for all practical purposes, there are five
main classification of fires (A,B,C,D,F, including
fires involving electrical equipement).
 BS 7937:2000 the specification of portable fire
extinghishers for use in cooking oil fires introduced
the new class F.
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Industrial Safety and Environment
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE I
The categories based on fuel and the means of
extinguishing are as follows:
Class A: these are fires which involve solid materials



Class B: these are fires which involve liquid or liquified
solids (paints, oil, fats).


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(wood, paper, cardboard, textiles, furniture and plastics).
There are normally glowing embers during combustion
These fires are extinguished by cooling using water.
These can be further subdivided into:
 Class B1: these are fires that involve liquids that are
soluble in water such as methanol. They can be
extinguished by CO2 , Dry Powder, Water Spray, Light Water
& Vaporising Liquids
Industrial Safety and Environment
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE II

Class C: these are fires which involve gases, such as
natural gases or liquid gas (butane, propane)


15
Class B2: these are fires which involve liquids which
are not soluble in water (petrol & oil). They can be
extinguished by using Foam, CO2, Dry Powder, Light
Water & Vaporising Liquids
They can be extinguished using foam or Dry Powder in
conjunction with water to cool any container involved or nearby
Industrial Safety and Environment
CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE III
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
Class D: The Class D fire is defined as one that uses a

Class K: A Class K fire is defined as a cooking fire involving
combustible metal as its fuel source. Examples of such
combustible metals include titanium, magnesium, aluminum,
and potassium. Class D fires are a danger in laboratory
environments. However, be aware that combustible metals are
used as part of production and other industry processes, and
you need to be certain of what materials you are using for dayto-day operations
combustion from liquids used in food preparation. Technically
a type of liquid fire, Class K fires are distinct enough to warrant
their own classification Greases, cooking oils, vegetable fat,
and animal fat are all fuel sources found in Class K fires.
Industrial Safety and Environment
TYPES FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
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1.
Water extinguisher: Water fire extinguishers are
the cheapest and widely used fire extinguishers.
They are very suitable for class A fires. They act
by cooling the fire or reducing the temperature.
Water fire extinguishers are however not suitable
for fires involving electricity. Effective on only
class A fires
2.
Foam extinguisher: This is more expensive than
water but more volatile. They are not
recommended for fires involving.
Industrial Safety and Environment
TYPES FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
3. Dry chemical powder extinguisher: Often termed
‘multipurpose extinguisher’ as it is capable of
extinguishing all classes of fire. However, when
used indoors, powder can obscure vision or
damage machinery. It is also very messy.
4. Carbon dioxide extinguisher: Carbon dioxide fire
extinguishers are suitable for fires involving
electrical components and will also extinguish class
B fires. They are however not suitable for
extinguishing fires in confined spaces
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Industrial Safety and Environment
DISTINGUISHING FACTOR BY COLOR
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S/N EXTINGUISHER
COLUR
1
Portable water fire extinguisher
Red
2
Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers
Black
3
Dry chemical powder
Blue
4
Foam fire extinguisher
Cream
Industrial Safety and Environment
FIRE CLASSIFICATION AND EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
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S/N CLASS OF FIRE
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
1
Class A
Water ,dry chemical powder
2
Class B
Carbon dioxide, dry powder, foam
3
Class C
Carbon dioxide, dry powder ,foam
4
Class D
Dry powder
Industrial Safety and Environment
FIRE PROCEDURES FOR EMPLOYEES
Raise alarm
Leave the building immediately
Use the nearest exit
Walk quickly but do not run closing doors behind
you
Do not delay to collect your personnel belonging
Attend the fire assembly point and report to fire
marshal standing behind your supervisor
Do not return to work premises until told to do so
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Industrial Safety and Environment
ACTION FROM THE PART OF EMPLOYEE ON
DISCOVERING A FIRE
Shout fire and raise the alarm by breaking the
glass of fire call point
Call the fire service
Fight the fire if you are competent and if you
consider it is safe to do so
Follow the evacuation procedure
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Industrial Safety and Environment
DO NOT FIGHT THE FIRE IF
It is bigger than a waste paper bin
One extinguisher is not enough for fire
fighting
Smoke affecting your breathing
If you cannot see the exit
Gas cylinders or chemicals are involved
in fire
Your efforts are not reducing the size of
the fire
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Industrial Safety and Environment