Patho Chapter 1 Notes 1. Describe basic cellular structures and function Cytoplasm (Space, cellular work takes place) Organelles (little organs that perform the cells life) and Cell Membrane (provides protection) Nucleus (control center) Mitochondria (energy production) RER (produce proteins, contains Ribosomes) SER (store lipids, does not contain ribosomes) 2. Discuss how cells exchange materials Diffusion- moving from an area with high concentration to an area of lower concentration without exerting any effort or energy. 3. Identify how cells obtain and produce energy Breakdown of Glucose (carbohydrate) & breakdown of Triglycerides (fat) then food is broken down into sugars, amino acids and fatty acids stored or metabolized to make ATP. 4. Explain how cells replicate and specialize Proliferation- Genes and Growth factor proteins regulate the process by either stimulating or suppressing it. Mitosis- Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Differentiation- cells become specialized in terms of their type, function, structure, and cell cycle. The primitive stem cells of the embryo develop into more than 200 highly specialized cells. 5. Describe the different types of tissues Epithelial- tightly packed sheets of cells- serves as a barrier. Made up of 3 types of cells squamous, cuboidal and columnar, also involved in absorption. Connective- supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body. ... Connective tissue is made up of cells, fibers, and a gel-like substance. Types of connective tissue include bone, cartilage, fat, blood, and lymphatic tissue. Muscle- Cell fibers (myocytes) that contain contractile proteins (actin/myosin. Allows the body to maintain and upright stance and to move. Supports blood circulation. Nervous- senses, processes, and responds to internal and external stimuli. Consists of neurons and neuroglia. found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning. 6. Describe common cellular adaptations and possible reasons for the occurrence of each Atrophy- occurs because of decreased work demands on the cell. Shrink Hypertrophy- Increasing workload increases organelle size and contractility. Enlargement Hyperplasia- an increase in the number of cells caused by increased workload, hormonal stimulation, or decreased tissue. Pregnancy Metaplasia- the replacement of one adult cell with another cell Dysplasia- Deranged cell growth of specific tissue results in abnormal size, shape, and appearance. 7. List common causes of cell damage ischemia, necrosis, infarction. Cell injury include physical, chemical, or biological agents; radiation; and nutritional imbalances. 8. Discuss cancerous cellular damage Carcinogenesis- The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. Initiation: introduction of the agent Promotion: initiation of uncontrolled growth Progression: permanent malignant changes 9. Describe common genetic and congenital alterations. Caused by a mutation, Characterized by the patterns of transmission.
