ENVIRONMENT EXP 4 (RESULT) From experiment, SAMPLE Diesel Kerosene Petrol CLOUD POINT ( oC ) -5 - POUR POINT (oC ) -7 - SOLID POINT ( oC) -9 - The kerosene and petrol do not obtain any value due to the temperature can not drop lower to a certain value during the experiment. From theory, SAMPLE Diesel Kerosene Petrol CLOUD POINT ( oC ) -5.1 - 25 - 18 POUR POINT (oC ) - 8.1 - 37 - 57 SOLID POINT ( oC) -9 - 40 - 60 The experiment use 40 mL of sample. NaCl and CaCL use to get lower temperature. Why diesel cloud, pour and solid point is higher? Due to the chain structure (tgk structure sample, relate dgn temperature ) What we can do to improve the experiment? Maybe using liquid nitrogen to get lower temperature and use insulation (mcm prevent heat transfer) DISCUSSION In this experiment, the cloud point and pour point of diesel, petrol and kerosene (petroleum products) were determined. Cloud point is a temperature at which a cloud or haze of wax crystal appears at the bottom of the test jar when the oil is cooled under prescribed condition. Cloud point is important to measure low temperature properties of petroleum products such as fuels for diesel engines and to estimate their effect on vehicle low temperature operability. Meanwhile, pour point is the temperature before liquid becomes solid and loses its flow characteristics. Pour point is important because it is the lowest temperature for a fluid to be transfer by pouring. When surrounding is lower than pour point, it may cause jamming of the machine during operation. In order to get pour point, the solid point of the fluid must be obtained first because pour point is 3˚C higher than solid point. The main usages of petroleum products in daily live are probably for transportation fuels, fuel oil for heating electricity generation and feedstock for producing chemicals, plastics and synthetic materials. Petroleum is a mixture of different compound consists of alkanes, alkenes and cycloalkanes. Petroleum contains between 4 and 12 carbon atom. Besides, diesel fuel is commonly used for diesel engines in trucks, trains and boats. The common diesel fuel usually has 12 carbon atoms. Lastly, kerosene is commonly used in jet engines, solvent for greases and heating boilers. Usually, kerosene has the longest carbon atom chain between these three petroleum products which is 27 carbon atoms. FIGURE 1: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF PETROL FIGURE 2: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DIESEL FIGURE 3: CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF KEROSENE Based on the result of this experiment, the cloud point for diesel is -5˚C while the solid point is -9˚C making the pour point of diesel to be -7˚C. While conducting this experiment, it was unable to get the experimental data for cloud point, solid point and pour point of petrol and kerosene as those points are too low for ice with calcium chloride to achieved. The lowest theoretical temperature for ice with calcium chloride can achieve is -25˚C while the lowest temperature achieved during the experiment was -10˚C. Based on the theoretical data from result, the cloud point, solid point and pour point of petrol are -18˚C, -60˚C and -57˚C respectively while the cloud point, solid point and pour point of kerosene are -25˚C, -40˚C and -37˚C. This means that errors happened while conducting the experiment such as the temperature of laboratory. When the temperature of the laboratory was high, rate of heat transfer is higher so the ice will melt quickly making it impossible to achieved lowest temperature of the ice. According to Graph 1, diesel has the highest cloud point and pour point while kerosene has the lowest cloud point and pour point.
