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1. CIRCUIT TERMINOLOGY
CIRCUITS by Ulaby & Maharbiz
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Chapter 1: Circuit Terminology

Electronics
Devices – active vs. passive
 Circuits
 Systems

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Cell-Phone Architecture
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Units, Multiples, Notation
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Tech Brief 1: Micro- and Nanotechnology
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Tech Brief 1: Moore’s Law
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Tech Brief 1: Micro- and Nanotechnology
Tech Brief 1: Heat power Density by CPU
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Circuit
Representation
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Common Circuit
Elements
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Circuit Topology
Branch: single element, such as a resistor or source
Node: connection point between two or more branches
Extraordinary Node: connection point between at least 3 branches
Loop: closed path in a circuit
node
branch
loop
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Terminology
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Planar Circuits


Planar circuits: can be drawn in 2-D without
branches crossing each other
Whenever possible, re-draw circuit to simplify!
Charge & Current

Unit of charge = coulomb
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Electron Drift
Response time = 0.2 microsecond
Actual travel time = 10 days!!
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Current
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Example 1-1: Charge Transfer

Given:
Determine: (a) q(t)
(b)
Solution:
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Example 1-1: Charge Transfer (cont.)
(b)
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Voltage & Power
Reference/Gro
und



Choose
reference point
for potential
Assign potential
at reference =
0, called ground
Now all
potentials are
relative to
ground terminal
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Measuring Voltage & Current


Voltmeter: measures voltage without drawing current
Ammeter: measures current without dropping voltage
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Open Circuit & Short Circuit


Open circuit: no path for current flow (R = )
Short circuit: no voltage drop (R = 0)
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Power
Rate of expending or absorbing energy
dw dw dq
P=
=
= vi
dt dq dt
Energy
P
=
0

conservation
Units: watts
One watt = power rate of one joule of work per second. 1 W = 1 A x 1 V
Passive Sign Convention
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Example 1-4: Energy Consumption

Given: Resistor consuming 20 W before switch turned off at t = 0.

Also
Determine: Total energy consumed by resistor after t = 0.
Solution:
(before t = 0)

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Circuit Elements: Independent Sources
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Circuit Elements: Dependent Sources
I-V for Sources

Current/voltage fixed
for independent sources
 What
does a non-ideal
source look like?

Dependent sources vary
with reference
voltage/current
 What
are units for
slope?
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Equivalent Circuit Using Dependent Source
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Example 1-5: Dependent Source

Given:
Source is CCVS
Determine:
Solution:
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Switches
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Science Press
Summary
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