Hypothalamus
controls the secretions of the pituitary gland through nervous stimulation (posterior pituitary) and releasing
hormones secreted to the anterior pituitary
Pituitary Gland
located at the base of the brain and controls many other endocrine system glands, pituitary gland helps
control body/tissue growth, secretes endorphins(chemicals that reduce sensitivity to pain), divided into
anterior/posterior sections
Pineal Gland
located within the brain and secretes melatonin, which regulates internal clocks/rhythmic activities
Thyroid Gland
wraps around the trachea at the base of the neck, inferior to larynx
Thymus
located below the thyroid/between the lungs and secretes thymosin. shrinks with age as exposed to more
germs/build up of antibodies
Adrenal Gland
two located above the kidneys. medulla secretes epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine which
regulates fight/flight response at times of extreme stress, cortex secretes aldosterone, as well as cortisol
Pancreas
located behind the right of the stomach, secretes insulin and glucagon
Ovaries
secretes estrogen/progesterone which regulate the female menstrual cycle, and endometrium in the uterus
also secrete a female hormone when a fertilized egg binds to it to stop the menstrual cycle
Testes
secretes male steroid hormones such as testosterone, which controls development of male characteristics
such as formation of male sex organs in the womb, sperm development, and secondary sex characteristics
at puberty(deep voice, facial/chest/armpit hair, etc)
Exocrine Gland
ducts, lumen, and surfaces
Endocrine Gland
chemical messengers and blood stream
Stimulus
a change in homeostatic environment, which causes a signal to be sent to the Central Nervous
System(CNS)
Response
an effect caused by a signal sent from the CNS that causes the body to return to homeostasis
Hormones
chemical messenger of the endocrine system, composed of a specific chemical compound, produced by a
specific tissue of the body, released in bodily fluids, carried to a distant target tissue, affects a pre-existing
mechanism, and effective in small amounts
Positive Feedback
uncommon feedback
EX: baby pushes on cervix, nervous signals to hypothalamus, hypothalamus manufactures oxytocin,
oxytocin transported to posterior pituitary and released, oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction, loop stops
when baby leaves birth canal
Negative Feedback
most common control mechanism, level of hormone in blood/body's return to homeostasis shuts off loop at
hypothalamus and pituitary
Feedback Loop
environmental stimulus, stimulates control center(brain-hypothalamus), hypothalamic hormones stimulate
pituitary, pituitary hormones stimulate target area, target area produces change, change acts
negatively/positively on the cycle
Neurosecretory Cells
specialized neurons that synthesize/secrete hormones and extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior
pituitary
Release Inhibiting Hormones
somatostatin, prolactin release inhibiting hormone(PIH)
Releasing Hormones
thyrotropin releasing hormone(TRH), growth hormone releasing hormone(GHRH)
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
manufactured in hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
target: uterus/breasts
function: labor/delivery, milk ejection
ADH(Vasopressin AVP)
target:kidneys
function:water reabsorption
Thyroxine
regulates metabolic rates of almost all the cells in the body, and as levels increase, so does cellular
respiration rates. iodine is required to produce
Thyroid Hormone
TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary(T3/T4 stimulate or environmentally stimulate the hypothalamus)
TSH stimulates the thyroid(T3/T4 shuts off TRH/TSH production)
Parathyroid
four glands are embedded in the thyroid gland, secrete parathyroid hormones which regulate the amount of
calcium in the blood/its absorption by bones
Thymosin
stimulates t-cell(type of white blood cells) production in children.
Parathyroid Hormones
regulates the amount of calcium in the blood as well as its absorption by bones
Aldosterone
regulates reabsorption of nutrients from the kidney
Cortisol
controls the rate of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Insulin
tells the liver/muscles to remove sugar from the blood and store it as fat
Glucagon
tells the liver to break down fat stores and release sugar back into the blood
Hypersecretion
caused by too much hormone, and is harder to treat
Hyposecretion
caused by too little hormone, and can be treated by addition of the hormone
Diabetes
increased levels of glucose in blood
Hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
Graves Disease
overactive thyroid
Goiter
enlarged thyroid gland
Protein/Peptide Hormones
hydrophilic(dissolvable), large, can't fit through membranes, second messenger mechanism of action, most
hormones
Steroid Hormones
small, hydrophobic, lipophilic, travels in blood w/ carrier, cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors, changes protein
synthesis
Hypothalamus' Hormones
production of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones
Pituitary's Hormones
anterior lobe: ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH
posterior lobe: release of oxytocin and ADH
Thyroid Gland's Hormones
thyroxine(T4), triiodothyronine(T3), and calcitonin(CT)
Thymus's Hormones
Thymosins
Adrenal Glands' Hormones
suprarenal medulla: epinephrine(E) and norepinephrine(NE)
suprarenal cortex: cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens
Pineal Gland's Hormones
melatonin
Parathyroid's Hormones
parathyroid hormone(PTH)
Heart's Hormones
atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)
Kidneys' Hormones
erythropoietin(EPO), calcitriol, renin
Digestive Tract's Hormones
numerous hormones
Pancreatic Islets' Hormones
insulin, glucagon
Gonads
Testes: androgens(especially testosterone), inhibin)
Ovaries: estrogens, progestins, inhibin
Fat Soluble Hormones
passes through the plasma membrane of the cell in a two step process. binds to DNA and activates specific
genes that increase production of proteins. EX: Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones
do not enter the cell but bind to plasma membrane receptors, generating a chemical signal inside the target
cell. EX: Peptides/Amines
Eicosanoids
sometimes classified as a 3rd type of hormone composed of lipids. includes prostaglandins.
Prostaglandins
type of eicosanoid, starts pain, blood clotting, and inflammation.
ACTH
target: adrenal gland
function: triggers adrenal gland activation and production of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid
Fight or Flight Response
ramps up blood pressure, heavily increases amount of glucose in bloodstream, shuts down non-emergency
services (egg/sperm development), halts production of CRH in the hypothalamus
CRH
causes production in various glands.
Glucocorticoid
a type of corticosteroid that binds to the glucocorticoid receptor which is present in almost every vertebrate
animal cell.
Mineralocorticoid
a type of corticosteroid that influences salt and water balances.
HPT Axis
composed of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and thyroid. regulates homeostasis.
TRH
triggers release of other hormones
Sense Organs
Somatic Senses
Provide general sensory info about body & environment
Visceral Senses
Provide info about various internal organs
Mechanoreceptors
Respond to mechanical stimuli; compression, bending, stretching
Chemoreceptors
Respond to chemicals attached to their membranes - smell, taste
Photoreceptors
Respond to light striking their receptor cells - eyes
Thermoreceptors
Respond to changes in temperature
Nocicepters
Respond to pain; thermal, chemical, mechanical
Sensation/Perception
Conscious awareness of stimuli from receptors
Order of Sensation
External stimuli - receptor produces AP - AP conducted to CNS - AP translated and/or projected
Exteroreceptors
Associated with skil
Visceroreceptors
Associated with visceral/organs
Proprioceptors
Associated with connective tissue
Free nerve endings
Cold receptors, Warm receptors, Pain receptors
Pain receptors
0-12 C pain, 47+ C pain/cold
Merkel's/tactile discs
Light touch, superficial pressure
Hair follicle receptors
Light touch (Bending of hair) not very well localised
Pacini's/lamellated corpuscles
Deep touch & vibration
Meissner's/tactile corpuscles
Two point discrimination touch
Ruffini's end organs
Pressure & stretching
Golgi tendon organs
Increase in tendon tension
Muscles spindles
Muscle tone, contraction
Endocrine System
Hypothalamus
controls the secretions of the pituitary gland through nervous stimulation (posterior pituitary) and releasing
hormones secreted to the anterior pituitary
Pituitary Gland
located at the base of the brain and controls many other endocrine system glands, pituitary gland helps
control body/tissue growth, secretes endorphins(chemicals that reduce sensitivity to pain), divided into
anterior/posterior sections
Pineal Gland
located within the brain and secretes melatonin, which regulates internal clocks/rhythmic activities
Thyroid Gland
wraps around the trachea at the base of the neck, inferior to larynx
Thymus
located below the thyroid/between the lungs and secretes thymosin. shrinks with age as exposed to more
germs/build up of antibodies
Adrenal Gland
two located above the kidneys. medulla secretes epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine which
regulates fight/flight response at times of extreme stress, cortex secretes aldosterone, as well as cortisol
Pancreas
located behind the right of the stomach, secretes insulin and glucagon
Ovaries
secretes estrogen/progesterone which regulate the female menstrual cycle, and endometrium in the uterus
also secrete a female hormone when a fertilized egg binds to it to stop the menstrual cycle
Testes
secretes male steroid hormones such as testosterone, which controls development of male characteristics
such as formation of male sex organs in the womb, sperm development, and secondary sex characteristics
at puberty(deep voice, facial/chest/armpit hair, etc)
Exocrine Gland
ducts, lumen, and surfaces
Endocrine Gland
chemical messengers and blood stream
Stimulus
a change in homeostatic environment, which causes a signal to be sent to the Central Nervous
System(CNS)
Response
an effect caused by a signal sent from the CNS that causes the body to return to homeostasis
Hormones
chemical messenger of the endocrine system, composed of a specific chemical compound, produced by a
specific tissue of the body, released in bodily fluids, carried to a distant target tissue, affects a pre-existing
mechanism, and effective in small amounts
Positive Feedback
uncommon feedback
EX: baby pushes on cervix, nervous signals to hypothalamus, hypothalamus manufactures oxytocin,
oxytocin transported to posterior pituitary and released, oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction, loop stops
when baby leaves birth canal
Negative Feedback
most common control mechanism, level of hormone in blood/body's return to homeostasis shuts off loop at
hypothalamus and pituitary
Feedback Loop
environmental stimulus, stimulates control center(brain-hypothalamus), hypothalamic hormones stimulate
pituitary, pituitary hormones stimulate target area, target area produces change, change acts
negatively/positively on the cycle
Neurosecretory Cells
specialized neurons that synthesize/secrete hormones and extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior
pituitary
Release Inhibiting Hormones
somatostatin, prolactin release inhibiting hormone(PIH)
Releasing Hormones
thyrotropin releasing hormone(TRH), growth hormone releasing hormone(GHRH)
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
manufactured in hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary
Oxytocin
target: uterus/breasts
function: labor/delivery, milk ejection
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ADH(Vasopressin AVP)
target:kidneys
function:water reabsorption
Thyroxine
regulates metabolic rates of almost all the cells in the body, and as levels increase, so does cellular
respiration rates. iodine is required to produce
Thyroid Hormone
TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary(T3/T4 stimulate or environmentally stimulate the hypothalamus)
TSH stimulates the thyroid(T3/T4 shuts off TRH/TSH production)
Parathyroid
four glands are embedded in the thyroid gland, secrete parathyroid hormones which regulate the amount of
calcium in the blood/its absorption by bones
Thymosin
stimulates t-cell(type of white blood cells) production in children.
Parathyroid Hormones
regulates the amount of calcium in the blood as well as its absorption by bones
Aldosterone
regulates reabsorption of nutrients from the kidney
Cortisol
controls the rate of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Insulin
tells the liver/muscles to remove sugar from the blood and store it as fat
Glucagon
tells the liver to break down fat stores and release sugar back into the blood
Hypersecretion
caused by too much hormone, and is harder to treat
Hyposecretion
caused by too little hormone, and can be treated by addition of the hormone
Diabetes
increased levels of glucose in blood
Hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
Graves Disease
overactive thyroid
Goiter
enlarged thyroid gland
Protein/Peptide Hormones
hydrophilic(dissolvable), large, can't fit through membranes, second messenger mechanism of action, most
hormones
Steroid Hormones
small, hydrophobic, lipophilic, travels in blood w/ carrier, cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors, changes protein
synthesis
Hypothalamus' Hormones
production of ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones
Pituitary's Hormones
anterior lobe: ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH
posterior lobe: release of oxytocin and ADH
Thyroid Gland's Hormones
thyroxine(T4), triiodothyronine(T3), and calcitonin(CT)
Thymus's Hormones
Thymosins
Adrenal Glands' Hormones
suprarenal medulla: epinephrine(E) and norepinephrine(NE)
suprarenal cortex: cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens
Pineal Gland's Hormones
melatonin
Parathyroid's Hormones
parathyroid hormone(PTH)
Heart's Hormones
atrial natriuretic peptide(ANP)
Kidneys' Hormones
erythropoietin(EPO), calcitriol, renin
Digestive Tract's Hormones
numerous hormones
Pancreatic Islets' Hormones
insulin, glucagon
Gonads
Testes: androgens(especially testosterone), inhibin)
Ovaries: estrogens, progestins, inhibin
Fat Soluble Hormones
passes through the plasma membrane of the cell in a two step process. binds to DNA and activates specific
genes that increase production of proteins. EX: Steroids
Water Soluble Hormones
do not enter the cell but bind to plasma membrane receptors, generating a chemical signal inside the target
cell. EX: Peptides/Amines
Eicosanoids
sometimes classified as a 3rd type of hormone composed of lipids. includes prostaglandins.
Prostaglandins
type of eicosanoid, starts pain, blood clotting, and inflammation.
ACTH
target: adrenal gland
function: triggers adrenal gland activation and production of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid
Fight or Flight Response
ramps up blood pressure, heavily increases amount of glucose in bloodstream, shuts down non-emergency
services (egg/sperm development), halts production of CRH in the hypothalamus
CRH
causes production in various glands.
Glucocorticoid
a type of corticosteroid that binds to the glucocorticoid receptor which is present in almost every vertebrate
animal cell.
Mineralocorticoid
a type of corticosteroid that influences salt and water balances.
HPT Axis
composed of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and thyroid. regulates homeostasis.
TRH
triggers release of other hormones