LESSON 2:
A REVIEW ON THE DATABASE ENVIRONMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Source: Modern Database Management, 12th Edition
Author: Jeff Hoffer, Ramesh Venkataraman, and Heikki Topi
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to

Concisely define each of the following key terms:
data, database, database management system, data model, information,
metadata enterprise data model, entity, relational database, enterprise resource
planning (ERP) system, database application, data warehouse, data
independence, repository, user view, enterprise data modeling , systems
development life cycle (SDLC), prototyping, agile software development, data
modeling and design tools, conceptual schema, logical schema, and physical
schema.

Name several limitations of conventional file processing systems

Explain at least 10 advantages of the database approach, compared to traditional
file processing.
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Identify several costs and risks of the database approach.
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List and briefly describe nine components of a typical database environment.
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Identify four categories of applications that use databases and their key
characteristics.

Describe the life cycle of a systems development project, with an emphasis on the
purpose of database analysis, design, and implementation activities.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
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Explain the prototyping and agiledevelopment approaches to database and
application development.
Explain the roles of individual who design,
implement, use and administer databases.
Explain the differences among external,
conceptual, and internal schemas and the
reasons for the three-schema architecture for
databases.
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BASIC CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

Data
- are facts concerning objects and events that could
be recorded and stored on computer media.
Types:
 Structured: numeric, alphabetic (text), alphanumeric that can
normally be stored in tabular form.
Example: student name, age, birthdate, address

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Unstructured: multimedia data like images, videos, documents,
sounds, etc.
Information
- data that has been processed in such a way that it can
increase the knowledge of the person who uses it.
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DATA VS INFORMATION
The terms data and information are closely
related, and in fact are often used
interchangeably.
 Information is data that is organized and
meaningful.
 Data without context is useless
 Data is not exactly information but data is a
very powerful asset

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DATA VS INFORMATION
Data+Interpretation --> Information/Knowledge
Example:
Clark C. Lewis
Joan E. Doyle
Kenneth D. Baker
Clive R. Finkle
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1998-01023
1999-67890
2001-12345
2000-00001
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CONVERTING DATA TO INFORMATION
(by Context)
Figure 1-1a Data in context
Context helps users understand data
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Figure 1-1b Summarized data
Graphical displays turn data into useful
information that managers can use for
decision making and interpretation
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
Metadata
- data that describes the properties or
characteristics of end-user data and the
context of those data
- also defined as “data about a data”
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Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the
data, including data types, field sizes, allowable
values, and data context
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PROGRAMS VS SYSTEMS
Program - a set of step-by-step instructions
that directs a computer to perform specific
tasks and produce certain results.
Examples:
computation of taxes, computation of
deductions, MS Excel, MS Word, etc.

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System - an organized set of related
components established to perform a certain
task.
Example:
Payroll System
MS Office System
Inventory System
HRIS

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Database – is a collection of logically related data designed
to meet the information needs of multiple users in an
organization.
A database may be of any size and complexity.
For example, a salesperson may maintain a small database of
customer contacts—consisting of a few megabytes of data—on
her laptop computer. A large corporation may build a large
database consisting of several terabytes of data on a large
mainframe computer that is used for decision support
applications . Very large data warehouses contain more than a
petabyte of data.

•
•
a terabyte is a trillion bytes
a petabyte is a quadrillion bytes
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EVOLUTION OF DATABASE SYSTEMS
1960s - Traditional File Processing Systems
 1970s - Hierarchical and Network
 1980s – Relational Models
 1990s - Object-Oriented Databases
and Object-Relational Databases
 2000+- Relational and Non-relational
Databases; NoSQL; cloud databases

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FILE SYSTEMS: THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH
This approach to information systems design
met the data processing needs of individual
departments rather than the overall
information needs of the organization.
 Each department has its own set of files

* A file is a collection of related records.
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DISADVANTAGES OF FILE PROCESSING

Program-Data Dependence
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Duplication of Data
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No centralized control of data
users have little opportunity to share data outside their own applications.
Lengthy Development Times

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Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
Limited Data Sharing
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All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
Programmers must design their own file formats
Excessive Program Maintenance

80% of information systems budget

the data descriptions and the logic for accessing data are built into individual
application programs (this is the program-data dependence issue described
earlier). As a result, changes to data formats and access methods inevitably
result in the need to modify application programs.
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Duplicate Data
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SOLUTION: THE DATABASE APPROACH
Central repository of shared data (Single
database)
 Data is managed by a controlling agent
 Coordinated access through a DBMS
- requires a Database Management System
 Stored in a standardized, convenient form
 Uses data models

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DATA MODELS
-
are graphical systems used to capture
the nature and relationships among
data.
- used at different levels of abstraction as
a database is conceptualized and
designed.
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)

A Database Management Systems (DBMS)
is a program or a set of programs designed to:
 manage data resources and
 control access to the database
 It is a computerized system whose overall
purpose is to store and update information,
and to allow users to access, enforce data
integrity, manage concurrency control, and
restore a database.
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 DBMS
is a software system that enables
the use of a database approach
 It enables end users and application
programmers to share data
 It enables data to be shared among
multiple applications rather than
propagated and stored in new files for
every new application (Mullins, 2002). A
DBMS also provides facilities for controlling
data
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DBMS
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Order Filing
System
Invoicing
System
DBMS
Central database
Contains employee,
order, inventory,
pricing, and
customer data
Payroll
System
DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources
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ADVANTAGES OF THE DATABASE APPROACH
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ADVANTAGES OF THE DATABASE APPROACH
1. Program-data independence
 The separation of data descriptions (metadata)
from the application programs that use the data is
called data independence.
 With the database approach, data descriptions are
stored in a central location called the repository.
 This property of database systems allows an
organization’s data to change and evolve (within
limits) without changing the application programs
that process the data.
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2. Planned data redundancy
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Good database design attempts to integrate previously
separate (and redundant) data files into a single, logical
structure.
Ideally, each primary fact is recorded in only one place in
the database..
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The database approach does not eliminate redundancy
entirely, but it enables the designer to control the type and
amount of redundancy.
we avoid the wasted storage space that result from
redundant data storage.
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3. Improved Data Consistency

By eliminating or controlling data redundancy, we greatly reduce the
opportunities for inconsistency.
4. Improved Data Sharing
5. Enforcement of Standards

These standards will include naming conventions, data
quality standards, and uniform procedures for accessing,
updating, and protecting data. The data repository provides
database administrators with a powerful set of tools for
developing and enforcing these standards.
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6. Improved Data Quality

database approach provides a number of tools and
processes to improve data quality like specifying integrity
constraints and conducting clean up (or scrub)
7. Improved Data Accessibility and
Responsiveness

With a relational database, end users without programming experience
can often retrieve and display data, even when they cross traditional
departmental boundaries.
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8. Increased Application Development Productivity

A major advantage of the database approach is that it greatly reduces the
cost and time for developing new business applications.
9. Reduced Program Maintenance

Within limits, either the data or the application programs that use the data
can be changed without necessitating a change in the other factor. As a
result, program maintenance can be significantly reduced in a modern
database environment.
10. Improved Decision Support

Some databases are designed expressly for decision support applications
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COSTS AND RISKS OF THE DATABASE APPROACH
New, specialized personnel
 Installation and management cost and
complexity
 Conversion costs
 Need for explicit backup and recovery
 Organizational conflict

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COMPONENTS OF THE
DATABASE ENVIRONMENT
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Data modeling and design tools -- automated tools used to
design databases and application programs
Repository–centralized storehouse of metadata
Database Management System (DBMS) –software for
managing the database
Database–storehouse of the data
Application Programs–software using the data
User Interface–text, graphical displays, menus, etc. for user
Data/Database Administrators–personnel responsible for
maintaining the database
System Developers–personnel responsible for designing
databases and software
End Users–people who use the applications and databases
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Figure 1-5 Components of the database environment
The database operational environment shown below is an integrated system of hardware,
software, and people, designed to facilitate the storage, retrieval, and control of the
information resource and to improve the productivity of the organization.
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THE DATABASE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
Enterprise Data Modeling
 - The first step in database development, in which the scope and general
contents of organizational databases are specified.
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SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
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The traditional methodology used to develop,
maintain, and replace information systems.
Are often used to guide the development of
information systems and databases.
It is a methodical, highly structured approach,
which includes many checks and balances to
ensure that each step produces accurate results
and the new or replacement information system is
consistent with existing systems with which it must
communicate or for which there needs to be
consistent data definitions.
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
(SEE ALSO FIGURE 1-7)
Planning
Analysis
Logical Design
Physical Design
Implementation
Maintenance
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
(SEE ALSO FIGURE 1-7) (CONT.)
Purpose–preliminary understanding
Deliverable–request for study
Planning
Planning
Analysis
Logical Design
Physical Design
Database activity–
enterprise modeling and
early conceptual data
modeling
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Implementation
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Maintenance
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
(SEE ALSO FIGURE 1-7) (CONT.)
Purpose–thorough requirements analysis and
structuring
Deliverable–functional system specifications
Planning
Analysis
Analysis
Logical Design
Physical Design
Database activity–thorough
and integrated conceptual
data modeling
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Implementation
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Maintenance
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
(SEE ALSO FIGURE 1-7) (CONT.)
Purpose–information requirements elicitation
and structure
Deliverable–detailed design specifications
Planning
Analysis
Logical Design
Logical
Design
Physical Design
Database activity–
logical database design
(transactions, forms,
displays, views, data
integrity and security)
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Implementation
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Maintenance
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
(SEE ALSO FIGURE 1-7) (CONT.)
Purpose–develop technology and
organizational specifications
Planning
Deliverable–program/data
structures, technology purchases,
organization redesigns
Analysis
Logical Design
Physical
Design
Physical Design
Database activity–
physical database design (define
database to DBMS, physical
data organization, database
processing programs)
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Implementation
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Maintenance
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
(SEE ALSO FIGURE 1-7) (CONT.)
Purpose–programming, testing,
training, installation, documenting
Planning
Analysis
Deliverable–operational programs,
documentation, training materials
Logical Design
Physical Design
Database activity–
database implementation,
including coded programs,
documentation,
installation and conversion
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Implementation
Implementation
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Maintenance
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE
(SEE ALSO FIGURE 1-7) (CONT.)
Purpose–monitor, repair, enhance
Planning
Deliverable–periodic audits
Analysis
Logical Design
Physical Design
Database activity–
database maintenance,
performance analysis
and tuning, error
corrections
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Implementation
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Maintenance
Maintenance
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ALTERNATIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS (IS)
DEVELOPMENT APPROACH

Rapid Application Development (RAD)
- An approach used to guide the development of
information systems and databases that follow an
iterative process of rapidly repeating analysis,
design, and implementation steps until they
converge on the system the user wants.
- These RAD methods work best when most of the
necessary database structures already exist
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PROTOTYPING

An iterative process of systems development
in which requirements are converted to a
working system that is continually revised
through close work between analysts and
users.
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AGILE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT

An approach to database and software
development that emphasizes individuals and
interactions over processes and tools, working
software over comprehensive documentation,
customer collaboration over contract negotiation,
and response to change over following a plan.”
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PEOPLE INVOLVED IN DATABASE
DEVELOPMENT
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Business analysts
Systems analysts
Database analysts and data modelers
Users
Programmers
Database architects
Data administrators
Project managers
Other technical experts
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THE RANGE OF DATABASE
APPLICATIONS
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Personal databases
Two-tier and N-tier Client/Server databases
Enterprise applications

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Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems
Data warehousing implementations
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PERSONAL DATABASES
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Designed to support one user.
They have long resided on personal computers (PCs),
including laptops, and now increasingly reside on
smartphones, tablets, phablets, etc.
The purpose of these databases is to provide the user with
the ability to manage (store, update, delete, and retrieve)
small amounts of data in an efficient manner.
Are widely used because they can often improve personal
productivity but entail a risk: The data cannot easily be
shared with other users.
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MULTITIER CLIENT/SERVER DATABASES

In most organizations, these applications are
intended to support a department (such as
marketing or accounting) or a division (such as a
line of business), which is generally larger than a
workgroup (typically between 25 and 100 persons).
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ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS
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An enterprise application/database is one whose scope is
the entire organization or enterprise (or, at least, many
different departments).
Such databases are intended to support organization-wide
operations and decision making.
Two Major Developments:
1. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems
2. Data warehousing implementations
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ENTERPRISE APPLICATIONS
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Systems
 A business management system that integrates all functions
of the enterprise, such as manufacturing, sales, finance,
marketing, inventory, accounting, and human resources.
 ERP systems are software applications that provide the data
necessary for the enterprise to examine and manage its
activities.
Data Warehouse
 An integrated decision support database whose content is
derived from the various operational databases.
Fin: activity
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ACTIVITY #01

Read and study the sample case, Developing A
Database Application for Pine Valley Furniture
Company, found on pages 31-41 of book
Modern Database Management, 12th Edition
by Jeff Hoffer, Ramesh Venkataraman, and Heikki Topi

Take note of the steps taken by the company to
successfully achieve their goal.
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