1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (/ˌsɪmfaɪəˈtrɪkəm
ˌlætərʌˈflɔːrəm/; formerly Aster lateriflorus) is a species
of flowering plant in the aster family (Asteraceae).
Commonly known as calico aster, starved aster, and
white woodland aster, it is native to eastern and
central North America. It is a perennial and herbaceous
plant that may reach heights up to 120 centimeters (4
feet) and widths up to 30 cm (1 ft).
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum
The flowers of calico aster are small compared to most
Symphyotrichum species. They have an average of 7–15
short white ray florets, which are rarely tinted pink or
purple. The flower centers, composed of disk florets,
begin as cream to yellow and often become pink, purple,
or brown as they mature. There are roughly 8–16 disk
florets, each with five lobes that strongly reflex (bend
backwards) when open. The mostly hairless leaves have
a characteristic hairy midrib on their back faces, and
branching is usually horizontal or in what can appear to
be a zigzag pattern. Flower heads grow along one side of
the branches and sometimes in clusters at the ends.
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum is a conservationally
secure species and grows in a variety of habitats. It can
be found throughout most of the eastern and eastcentral United States and Canada. There is also a native
population in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. Its latesummer and fall appearing flowers are visited by small
pollinators and nectar-seeking insects such as sweat
bees, miner bees, and hoverflies. As well as occurring
naturally in several varieties, S. lateriflorum has
multiple cultivars and has been grown for at least
250 years in Europe. Some modern-day cultivars are
'Bleke Bet', 'Lady in Black', and 'Prince'. It has been used
by indigenous Americans as a medicinal plant.
Conservation status
Secure (NatureServe)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Order:
Asterales
Family:
Asteraceae
Tribe:
Astereae
Subtribe:
Symphyotrichinae
Genus:
Symphyotrichum
Contents
Subgenus: Symphyotrichum subg.
Symphyotrichum
Description
Roots
Stems
Leaves
Section:
Symphyotrichum sect.
Symphyotrichum
Species:
S. lateriflorum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
1/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
Flowers
Involucres and phyllaries
Florets
Binomial name
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum
(L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve[2]
Fruit
Chromosomes
Taxonomy
History
Varieties
Variety angustifolium
Variety flagellare
Variety hirsuticaule
Variety horizontale
Variety spatelliforme
Variety tenuipes
Hybrids
Etymology
Distribution and habitat
Distribution
Habitat
Ecology
Reproduction
Pollinators and nectar-seekers
Pests and diseases
Conservation
Uses
Medicinal
Gardening
Cultivars
Native distribution[3]
Synonyms[3]
Basionym
Solidago lateriflora L.
Most recently
Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton
Alphabetical list
Notes
Aster acadiensis Shinners
References
Aster agrostifolius E.S.Burgess
External links
Aster bellidiflorus var. rigidulus (Nees)
DC.
Description
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum is a clump-forming
perennial that grows 20–120 cm (3⁄4–4 ft) tall and up to
30 cm (1 ft) wide.[4] Herbaceous and with alternate
leaves,[5]: 1095 it can have a different appearance
throughout its lifespan or a season. For example, a
mature or returning plant, or one late in the season, may
have one or more stiff stems that reach close to
maximum height, several arching branches, and
multiple clusters of flowers (inflorescences). An early or
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
Aster bifrons Lindl. ex DC.
Aster diffusus Aiton
Aster diffusus var. bifrons (Lindl. ex
DC.) A.Gray
Aster diffusus f. bifrons (Lindl. ex DC.)
Voss
Aster diffusus var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl.
ex DC.) A.Gray
2/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
first-year plant may have one short and somewhat floppy
stem, several large leaves, and end abruptly with one
flower head in the center.[6]
Aster diffusus f. hirsuticaulis (Lindl. ex
DC.) Voss
Aster diffusus var. horizontalis (Desf.)
A.Gray
Roots
Aster diffusus var. variifolius Peck
The roots of Symphyotrichum lateriflorum have short
and woody branched caudices, and can have short
rhizomes that may produce offsets.[4] The images of
caudices are from dried specimens of S. lateriflorum
that are stored in the New York Botanical Garden
(NYBG) Steere Herbarium.
Aster divaricatus Raf. ex DC.
Aster divergens Aiton
Aster divergens var. diffusus (Aiton)
Nutt.
Aster divergens var. humilior DC.
Aster divergens var. pendulus (Aiton)
Nutt.
Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. ex DC.
Aster horizontalis Desf.
Aster lateriflorus var. angustifolius
Wiegand
Caudex
with
[7]
rhizomes
no Caudex
with
[8]
rhizomes
no
Aster lateriflorus var. bifrons (Lindl. ex
DC.) Fernald
Aster lateriflorus var. flagellaris
Shinners
Aster lateriflorus var. glomerullus
E.S.Burgess
Aster lateriflorus var. grandis Porter
Aster lateriflorus var. hirsuticaulis
(Lindl. ex DC.) Porter
Caudex
with
[9]
rhizomes
no Two
or
[10]
rhizomes
three
Aster lateriflorus var. horizontalis
Farw.
Aster lateriflorus var. indutus Shinners
Stems
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum has from one to five
stems growing from the root base.[4] These stems can be
a reddish or purplish color, often with a woody
appearance, or a shade of green. Characteristics can
depend on the prevalence of sun, with the green stems
occurring more likely in the shade.[11]: 172
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
Aster lateriflorus var. pendulus
E.S.Burgess
Aster lateriflorus var. spatelliformis
(E.S.Burgess) A.G.Jones
Aster lateriflorus var. tenuipes
Wiegand
Aster leucanthemus Raf.
3/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
Slender and wiry inflorescence-filled branches grow
from the stems at almost a right angle or in long arches.
Shorter branches may ascend rather than arch.[4] Stems
and branches can be covered with fine soft hair, but
sometimes the amount of hair is reduced farther from
the base, mid-stem, or as it goes up the stem. The hair
usually grows in vertical lines, particularly on the
inflorescence branches.[6]
Leaves
Aster miser Nutt.
Aster miser var. abbreviatus DC.
Aster miser var. diffusus (Aiton)
L.C.Beck
Aster miser var. divergens (Aiton)
L.C.Beck
Aster miser var. glomerellus Torr. &
A.Gray
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum has alternate and simple
leaves. Characteristics vary among leaves on the same
plant and on plants in different environments and areas
of the range.[5]: 1102 Leaves occur at the base, on stems,
and on inflorescence branches. The farther away from
the base the leaves are, the smaller they become,
sometimes markedly so. By the time flowers appear, the
leaves at the base and stem have often withered or
fallen.[4] Leaves have fine, reticulate veins[a][12]: 1225 and
little to no hair except for the key characteristic of hair
on the back, or abaxial, midrib.[11]: 177 This abaxial
midrib hair can sometimes all but disappear as the plant
ages within a season.[5]: 1102
Aster miser var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl. ex
Basal, or bottom, leaves vary in shape from oblanceolate,
lance-ovate, ovate, spatulate, to nearly circular. They are
thin and the least lance-shaped, with a short or no
leafstalk. Basal leaf sizes vary, measuring about
3–35 millimeters[b] in length by 7–25 mm in width. The
surfaces feel slightly rough to the touch, and the edges
are wavy or saw-toothed. Leaves may or may not come
to a point at the end depending upon their shape.[4]
Aster recurvatus Günther ex Nees
Lower and middle stem leaves have no leafstalk,
meaning they are sessile, or they have a very short
leafstalk with wings. The shapes of the stem leaves vary
from ovate or elliptic to elliptic-oblanceolate or
lanceolate, rarely linear-lanceolate. Sizes become much
smaller the farther they grow from the base. In length,
they average 5–10 cm with widths averaging 1–2 cm.[4]
Aster tradescanti Michx.
Distal leaves, higher on the stem and on the branches
with the flower heads, are also sessile. Their margins are
sometimes entire, smooth on the edges with no teeth or
lobes. Sizes range from 1 cm to 15 cm (6 in) in length and
up to 3 cm in width. The more distal, the smaller they
are, and this change can occur abruptly.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
DC.) Torr. & A.Gray
Aster miser var. miserrimus Torr. &
A.Gray
Aster miser var. myrtifolius (Willd.) DC.
Aster miser var. pendulus (Aiton)
L.C.Beck
Aster miser var. vimineus Farw.
Aster myrtifolius Willd.
Aster pendulus Aiton
Aster rigidulus Nees
Aster scoparius Nees
Aster seliger Nees
Aster spatelliformis E.S.Burgess
Aster tenuipes (Wiegand) Shinners
Aster vimineus var. columbianus
Britton
Aster vimineus var. dubius Wiegand
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var.
angustifolium (Wiegand) G.L.Nesom
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var.
flagellare (Shinners) G.L.Nesom
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var.
hirsuticaule (Lindl. ex DC.) G.L.Nesom
4/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
Flowers
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum is a late-summer and fall
blooming perennial, the flower heads opening as early as
July in some locations and as late as October in others.
The flower heads grow in much-branched arrays (called
panicles), are racemose, and generally stay on the upper
sides of their stalks, called peduncles.[5]: 1102 The flower
heads at the ends of the peduncles mature
approximately one week before those on the rest of the
plant.[13]: 842
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var.
horizontale (Desf.) G.L.Nesom
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var.
spatelliforme (E.S.Burgess) G.L.Nesom
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var.
tenuipes (Wiegand) G.L.Nesom
Venatris salicifolius Raf.
Each flower head is about 13 mm diameter when in bloom,[14]: 102
and is either sessile or with a usually hairy (specifically, pilose)
peduncle of its own which is less than 10 mm in length.[4] At the
base of the flower head are from one to seven bracts which look
like (and technically are) small leaves that grade into the
phyllaries.[4]
Involucres and phyllaries
On the outsides of the flower heads of all members of the family
Asteraceae are small bracts that look like scales. These are called
phyllaries, and together they form the involucre that protects the
individual flowers in the head before they open.[c][15]: 29 The
involucres of Symphyotrichum lateriflorum are cylinder-bell in
shape and usually 4–6 mm in length.[4]
The phyllaries are appressed or slightly spreading. The shape of
the outer phyllaries is oblong-lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate,
and the inner phyllaries are linear.[4] They are in 3–4 (sometimes
up to 6) unequal rows, meaning they are staggered and do not end
at the same point,[4] and they may be smooth or have hairs.[13]: 835
The sparsely haired margins of each phyllary may appear white or
light green but are translucent or sometimes reddish. The
phyllaries have green chlorophyllous zones that are lanceolate,
lens-, or diamond-shaped and have green or purplish
tips.[4][13]: 836
Close-up of S. lateriflorum stem and
branch node
Abaxial leaf on S. lateriflorum plant
showing hairy midrib and the netlike reticulate veins on the leaf
surface
Florets
Each flower head is made up of ray florets and disk florets in about a one to one (1:1) ratio,[13]: 843 the
former developing 3–4 days before the latter.[13]: 842 The 7–15[d] ray florets grow in one series and are
usually white, rarely pinkish or purplish.[4][6] They average 4–5 mm in length, but can be as short as
3 mm and as long as 8 mm.[4][16] They are 0.9–1.2 mm wide.[4]
The disks have 8–16[e] florets[4][16] that start out as cream or light yellow and after opening, may turn
pink, then purple or light brown after pollination.[f][13]: 836 Each disk floret is cylindrical or funnelshaped, 3–5 mm in depth,[4][13]: 836 and is made up of 5 petals, collectively a corolla, which open into
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
5/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
5 lanceolate lobes[g] comprising 50–75% of the depth of the
floret.[13]: 837 The lobes become strongly reflexed (bent sharply
backwards) once open.[4]
Close-up of involucre,
phyllaries, and bracts
on S. lateriflorum
flower head
Microscopic photo of
the involucre of a
flower head of S.
lateriflorum
plant
showing
phyllary
detail
Lance-ovate shaped basal leaves
on a juvenile S. lateriflorum plant
Several flower heads of S.
lateriflorum
Microscopic photo of
S. lateriflorum flower
head showing closed
and open disk florets
S.
lateriflorum
microscopic photo of
a single ray floret and
two disk florets
Fruit
The fruits (seeds) of Symphyotrichum lateriflorum
are not true achenes but are cypselae, resembling an
achene but surrounded by a calyx sheath. This is true
for all members of the Asteraceae family.[17] After
pollination, they mature in 3–4 weeks[13]: 842 and
become gray or tan with an oblong-obovoid shape,
1.3–2.2 mm in length with 3–5 nerves, and with a few
stiff, slender bristles on their surface (strigillose).
They also have tufts of hairs (pappi) which are white
to pinkish in color and 3–4 mm in length.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
Diagram of cypsela, with Fruiting plant with many
pappi labeled
cypselae
6/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
Chromosomes
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum has a base number of eight chromosomes (x = 8).[18] Diploid,
tetraploid, hexaploid, and octaploid plants with respective chromosome counts of 16, 32, 48, and 64
have been reported.[13]: 836
Taxonomy
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum is a member of the genus Symphyotrichum, classified in the subgenus
Symphyotrichum, section Symphyotrichum, subsection Dumosi.[19] It is one of the "bushy asters and
relatives".[18] Its basionym (original scientific name) is Solidago lateriflora L.,[2] and it has sixty
taxonomic synonyms. Its name with author citations is Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á.Löve &
D.Löve.[3] Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus, in 1753, was the first to describe what we know today as
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum.[2]
History
In 1748, Linnaeus' apostle Pehr Kalm traveled to North America from Europe. He stayed for two and
a half years studying flora and fauna and gathering specimens for study by Linnaeus, returning home
in 1751. Kalm's travels in North America took him to Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and
southeastern Canada.[20] One of the samples he gathered was described by Linnaeus as Solidago
lateriflora, now the basionym of Symphyotrichum lateriflorum. Linnaeus recorded the specimen's
origin as "Habitat in America Septentrionali" (Latin for "It grows in North America"), and that it was
provided by Kalm. Linnaeus classified this plant in the genus Solidago[21]: 879 which now contains
over 130 of the many species known today as goldenrods.[22] At that time, Linnaeus sorted fifteen of
his available specimens into this genus and included them in his two-volume Species Plantarum
(1753).[21]: 878–881
In 1789, Scottish botanist William
Aiton included Solidago lateriflora
in his Hortus Kewensis,[23]: 211 the
first edition of a catalogue of the
plants cultivated at Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, where he had been
the director since 1759.[24]: 25 In
separate entries, he also described
an Aster diffusus, Aster divergens,
and Aster miser, all as separate
Solidago lateriflora L. protologue. Carl Linnaeus (1753), Species
species definitions from Solidago
Plantarum, 2: 879. Latin.[21]: 879
lateriflora. In the A. miser section,
Aiton referenced the A. miser of
Linnaeus "excluso synonymo Dillennii".[h][23]: 205 The Plants of the World Online (POWO) entry for
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum includes Aster diffusus Aiton as a synonym, but not Aster miser L. or
Aster miser Aiton. It does include Aster miser Nutt.[3] which was described by English naturalist
Thomas Nuttall in 1818. Nuttall stated that what he described appeared "to be the A. miser of
Linnaeus, but probably not that of Aiton."[26]: 158 Aster divergens Aiton is also listed as a taxonomic
synonym.[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
7/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
It was not until 1889 that American botanist Nathaniel Lord Britton combined Solidago lateriflora L.
with Aster species, identifying Aster diffusus Aiton and Aster miser Aiton as the same. This resulted in
one species named Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton, with Solidago lateriflora L. as the basionym, as it had
been the first described.[27] Other names and combinations occurred before and after this, but Aster
lateriflorus was the only one associated with the original Solidago lateriflora until the broad and
polyphyletic circumscription of the genus Aster was divided.[28] Aster lateriflorus (L.) Britton was
moved to the genus Symphyotrichum in 1982 by Áskell and Doris Löve during their study of plant
chromosomes[29] making its binomial name Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve where
it currently remains.[3] The infraspecies were subsequently moved by American botanist Guy L.
Nesom in 1994.[30]: 285
In a 1928 study of Aster lateriflorus and close relatives, while pondering the "endless confusion in the
naming of specimens" of this species, American botanist Karl McKay Wiegand noted how
environmental differences likely affected leaf and flower head characteristics, causing botanists to
name specimens of this plant as different varieties or species when they may not have been.[11]: 174 In
this study, Wiegand compared characteristics among the specimens which largely had been ignored
up to that point, namely, "the exact length of the involucre and the inner involucral bracts, the
number of rays, and the shape of the limb in the disk-corolla as well as the length and character of its
lobes."[11]: 162
Varieties
The Catalogue of Life (COL) recognized six varieties of Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á.Löve &
D.Löve on its 2009 Annual Checklist.[31] By 2017, all had been demoted to taxonomic synonyms.[32] S.
lateriflorum var. hirsuticaule was demoted five years prior, in 2012.[33] According to Flora of North
America, "[m]uch genetic and phenotypic variation is encountered within the complex; a thorough
study is needed before a coherent taxonomy can be achieved."[4]
Although the following varieties are neither accepted by COL[34] nor POWO,[3] they were accepted as
of June 2021 by one or more of USDA PLANTS Database,[35] NatureServe,[1] World Flora Online
(WFO),[36] Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS),[37] and Database of Vascular Plants of
Canada (VASCAN).[38] The autonym is Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum.[39]
Variety angustifolium
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. angustifolium (Wiegand) G.L.Nesom is commonly known as narrowleaved calico aster.[40] Latin angustus means narrow and folium means foliage or leaves. In 1903,
American botanist Edward Sandford Burgess described a new species he named Aster agrostifolius
which, along with other characteristics, had very thin grass-like leaves.[12]: 1226 Latin agrostis means
grass. Karl McKay Wiegand, in 1928, then described a new variety of A. lateriflorus with narrow
lanceolate or linear leaves which he called A. lateriflorus var. angustifolius. He did not associate it
with the A. agrostifolius of Burgess. Wiegand identified the holotype for his variety as collected from
Cheshire, Massachusetts, 1915, by J. R. Churchill[i] and held in the herbarium of the New England
Botanical Club.[j][11]: 174 He was quick to note that "var. angustifolius may be nothing more than a
separation of the narrow leaved individuals of the typical form."[11]: 175 After Nesom reclassified the
varieties from genus Aster to Symphyotrichum, S. lateriflorum var. angustifolium was created, and
the two former taxa became its taxonomic synonyms.[30]: 285 [42]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
8/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
Variety flagellare
In 1953, Canadian-American botanist Lloyd Herbert Shinners
named specimens as two new varieties of Aster lateriflorus: A.
lateriflorus var. flagellaris Shinners and A. lateriflorus var. indutus
Shinners.[43][44] In his protologues, Shinners said specifically that
both had deeply lobed disk corollas and no rhizomes, and these
characteristics were his reasoning for placing them both with A.
lateriflorus.[45]: 157–158
Regarding leaf characteristics, Shinners stated that Aster
lateriflorus var. lateriflorus, A. l. var. angustifolius, and A. l. var.
pendulus all had pubescent abaxial midribs, but did not say that
his two new varieties had the same.[45]: 157–158 He said the
opposite: in the protologue for A. lateriflorus var. flagellaris,
Shinners wrote in Latin "foliis subter omnino glabris", which in
English is "leaves totally glabrous on the abaxial side."[45]: 157
Thus, no hair abaxially on the leaves of this variety. In the A.
lateriflorus var. indutus protologue, Shinners wrote "foliis subter
puberulis super dense scabris", translated to English is "leaves
with some hairs on the abaxial side, on the adaxial side densely
scabrous." There is no mention of an exclusivity of hair on its
midrib either.[45]: 158
The type specimens of Aster lateriflorus var. flagellaris and A.
lateriflorus var. indutus were both collected in Texas, the former
in 1947 in Henderson County, and the latter in 1946, two miles
southeast of Daingerfield, which is in Morris County. Shinners
was working from only the type specimen for A. lateriflorus var.
indutus, and he viewed multiple specimens for A. lateriflorus var.
flagellaris, mostly from Texas, and one from McCurtain County,
Oklahoma, which is the southeasternmost county of that state and
on the north side of the Red River of the South bordering
Texas.[45]: 157–158
Lanceolate and linear leaves on an
inflorescence of S. lateriflorum
Herbarium specimen of S.
[46]
lateriflorum var. flagellare
Specimens collected by American botanist Alfred Traverse in
Harris County, Texas, and verified by Shinners as A. lateriflorus
var. flagellaris are stored at the Botanical Research Institute of
Texas Philecology Herbarium,[46][47] as is one collected in 1934 by American botanist Eula
Whitehouse at the Ottine wetlands in Gonzales County, Texas, and determined by German-American
botanist Almut Gitter Jones to be A. lateriflorus var. indutus.[48] The current name of
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. flagellare (Shinners) G.L.Nesom was created in 1994, and the two
prior taxa became its taxonomic synonyms.[49]
Variety hirsuticaule
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. hirsuticaule (Lindl. ex DC.) G.L.Nesom is known as rough-stemmed
calico aster and starved aster.[50] Aster hirsuticaulis, its basionym, was originally published by Swiss
botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1836 as having been defined by English botanist John
Lindley.[51] Latin hirsuti caulis translates to hairy stem. An abundance of flower cluster stem hair
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
9/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
("caule racemoso hirsutissimo") and the existence of abaxial leaf
rib hair ("costâ subtùs hirsutissimâ") were both in the Latin
protologue published by de Candolle.[52]
Subsequent authorities demoted Aster hirsuticaulis to
infraspecies.[k] American botanists John Torrey and Asa Gray did
so first in 1841 with A. miser var. hirsuticaulis,[54] using the
abaxial pubescent or hirsute (very hairy) midrib as a primary
defining factor.[55] They also stated that the leaves of the variety
were "more or less hirsute".[55] Gray followed up in 1884 with A.
diffusus var. hirsuticaulis.[56] Here, Gray specified an
environmental factor, "probably growing in much shade", also
writing that the abaxial midrib and the stem were "very
hirsute".[57]: 187
Very pubescent specimen of S.
lateriflorum
In 1894, German botanist and horticulturist Andreas Voss further
demoted Aster hirsuticaulis to a form of A. diffusus.[58] Voss placed his form classifications of A.
hirsuticaulis and A. bifrons under A. diffusus var. thyrsoideus. He stated that these forms "sind nur
üppige, an schattigen und feuchten Orten stehende, lockerer gebaute, höhere Pflanzen", in English,
"are just luxurious plants growing at shady and moist places, less branched and taller".[59] That same
year, Pennsylvania botanist Thomas Conrad Porter demoted A. hirsuticaulis to a variety of Britton's
A. lateriflorus, which took precedence.[60] After Nesom reclassified the varieties from genus Aster to
Symphyotrichum,[30]: 285 these became taxonomic synonyms of the new Symphyotrichum
lateriflorum var. hirsuticaule.[61]
Variety horizontale
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. horizontale (Desf.) G.L.Nesom is
commonly called horizontal calico aster.[63] It has been in
cultivation in Europe since the mid-1700s, and possibly before.
The protologue for the earliest taxonomic synonym, Aster
pendulus, was by William Aiton in 1789 who stated that the plant
he was describing was cultivated in 1758 by English botanist
Philip Miller[23]: 204 who was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic
Garden from 1722 to 1770.[64] In the preface of Hortus Kewensis,
Aiton wrote that he remembered "several Plants to have been
cultivated by Mr. Ph. Miller, in the Physick Garden at Chelsea,
though no reference is made to them in [Miller's] Gardener's
Dictionary."[65]: x
Nuttall demoted Aster pendulus to a variety of A. divergens in
1818.[26]: 159 In 1833, American botanist Lewis Caleb Beck created
A. miser var. pendulus from A. pendulus Aiton. His short
description states that the leaves of the branches are "rather
remote".[66]: 186 In 1829, French botanist René Louiche
Desfontaines described and named Aster horizontalis with a focus
on ramuli horizontales, or "horizontal branches".[67]: 402 In 1884,
Asa Gray placed this as a variety of A. diffusus. His description
included that it was a "cultivated form ... a plant of the gardens,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
Herbarium specimen identified as S.
lateriflorum var. horizontale,
collected by T. Nuttall, 1831, in New
Jersey[62]
10/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
not exactly matched by indigenous specimens, but evidently of this species." He gave the synonyms as
A. horizontalis Desf. and A. recurvatus Willd., the latter described by German botanist Carl Ludwig
Willdenow in 1803.[68]: 2047
American botanist Oliver Atkins Farwell placed Aster horizontalis Desf. as a variety of A. lateriflorus
(L.) Britton, describing it in 1895 as "a tall plant with long straggling horizontal branches."[69]: 21 In
1898, Burgess demoted A. pendulus Aiton to a variety of Aster lateriflorus.[70]: 380 Finally, Nesom
created Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. horizontale when he moved the varieties to genus
Symphyotrichum.[30]: 285 [71] Its taxonomic synonyms are listed as Aster horizontalis Desf., A. diffusus
var. horizontalis (Desf.) A.Gray, A. lateriflorus var. horizontalis (Desf.) Farw., and A. lateriflorus var.
pendulus (Aiton) E.S.Burgess.[72] The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) presents an Award of Garden
Merit as a "seal of approval that the plant performs reliably in the garden."[73] This variety is
cultivated and marketed as an ornamental garden plant in Europe and gained this award in 1993.[74]
Variety spatelliforme
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. spatelliforme (E.S.Burgess)
G.L.Nesom was described by Burgess in 1903 as species Aster
spatelliformis, making it the basionym of this variety. Burgess'
protologue primarily focused on leaf characteristics which he said
were how it differed from A. lateriflorus. Leaves were described,
in part, as small, rounded, and spatulate-shaped, with fine,
reticulate veins and a short wedge-shaped base.[12]: 1225
In 1984, Almut Gitter Jones demoted Aster spatelliformis to a
variety of A. lateriflorus.[76]: 379 Note that it was in 1982 that Löve
and
Löve
began
moving
species
to
the
genus
[29]:
358–359
Symphyotrichum.
Two years before, in 1980, Jones
had placed Symphyotrichum as a subgenus of Aster.[77]: 234 It was
not until Nesom's evaluation of Aster sensu lato in 1994 that
Jones' subgenus was combined with the genus.[30]: 267 After this,
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. spatelliforme was created, and
the two former taxa became its taxonomic synonyms.[78]
Variety tenuipes
Holotype of Aster spatelliformis
E.S.Burgess, from J.K.Small
Herbarium, now in the NYBG Steere
Herbarium[75]
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. tenuipes (Wiegand) G.L.Nesom is
commonly called slender-stalked calico aster.[79] It was said by American botanists Henry A. Gleason
and Arthur Cronquist to be a lax plant, with wiry stems, often larger heads in open panicles, and
involucres to 6.5 mm.[80] Wiegand first described it as a variety in 1928, Aster lateriflorus var.
tenuipes Wiegand, with slender and "somewhat zigzag" stems, larger heads, and longer rays than the
standard form of the species. He attached as holotype a specimen from Dundee, Prince Edward
Island, collected in 1912 by Fernald, Long & St. John,[l] stored as no. 814 in the Gray
Herbarium.[m][11]: 174
In 1943, Shinners promoted the variety to species level as Aster tenuipes (Wiegand) Shinners, specifying
that it lacked the "pubescent midveins" of A. lateriflorus.[81] This name had been in use since 1898 as
Aster tenuipes Makino, native to Japan.[82][83] The following year, Shinners renamed his to Aster
acadiensis Shinners.[84] Nesom created Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. tenuipes when he moved
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
11/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
the varieties to genus Symphyotrichum.[30]: 285 [85] These three
names, Aster lateriflorus var. tenuipes Wiegand, A. tenuipes
(Wiegand) Shinners, and A. acadiensis Shinners, are now its
taxonomic synonyms.[86]
Hybrids
The following naturally occurring hybrids have been reported:
Symphyotrichum dumosum × S. lateriflorum[16]
Symphyotrichum cordifolium × S. lateriflorum[87]: 22
Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve × S. lateriflorum[88][89]
Symphyotrichum lanceolatum subsp. lanceolatum × S.
lateriflorum[90][91]
Symphyotrichum puniceum × S. lateriflorum[87]: 22
S. lateriflorum plant showing a
zigzag growing pattern
Etymology
The specific epithet (second part of the scientific name) lateriflorum is a combination of the Latin
words for side (lateri, literally meaning flank) and flower (florum), so named because the flowers are
seen to grow on one side of the branches.[92] Symphyotrichum lateriflorum is commonly known as
calico aster, starved aster, white woodland aster,[93] side-flowering aster,[94] side-flower aster, goblet
aster, one-side aster, one-sided aster, farewell summer,[93] and calico American-aster.[16] Along with
other asters that bloom in the fall, S. lateriflorum may be called a Michaelmas daisy.[95] There are
indigenous American names for this plant including the Meskwaki word no'sîkûn and the Potawatomi
word pûkwänä'sîkûn, both as spelled by ethnobotanist Huron Herbert Smith.[96]
Aster comes from the Ancient Greek word ἀστήρ (astḗr), meaning star, referring to the shape of the
flower. The word aster was used to describe a star-like flower as early as 1542 in De historia stirpium
commentarii insignes, a book by the German physician and botanist Leonhart Fuchs. An old common
name for Astereae species using the suffix -wort is starwort, also spelled star-wort or star wort. An
early use of this name can be found in the same work by Fuchs as Sternkraut, translated from
German literally as star herb (Stern Kraut).[97] The name star-wort was in use by Aiton in his 1789
Hortus Kewensis. Scientific names that were later changed to be taxonomic synonyms of
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum[34] had common names such as diffuse white-flower'd star-wort and
pendulus star-wort in this work (Aster diffusus and Aster pendulus, respectively).[23]: 204–205
Distribution and habitat
Distribution
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum is present in the wild in the United States in all states east of the
Mississippi River; in the states on the west Mississippi River bank (Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri,
Arkansas, and Louisiana); and, in the western states of South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma,
and Texas. It is also present in the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, New
Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. In Mexico, it is present in the state of Veracruz. S. lateriflorum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
12/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
is native throughout its current North American range.[3] The USDA PLANTS Database records a
presence in British Columbia,[35] but Flora of North America states that it was an ephemeral there
that did not persist.[4] Varietal distributions have been recorded as follows:
S. lateriflorum var. angustifolium is present in Ontario, as well as in the U.S. region of New
England except Rhode Island, and in the states of Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, New Jersey, New
York, and Wisconsin.[98]
S. lateriflorum var. flagellare is present in Oklahoma and Texas.[99]
S. lateriflorum var. hirsuticaule is present in Ontario, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and New
Brunswick.[50] Because it is considered a taxonomic synonym and not a variety of the species in
most databases, United States distribution data cannot be found.
S. lateriflorum var. horizontale is present in New Brunswick, and in all U.S. states east of the
Mississippi River excluding Indiana, Ohio, Virginia, South Carolina, and Louisiana. Also present
west of the Mississippi in Minnesota, Missouri, and Arkansas.[100]
S. lateriflorum var. spatelliforme is present in Florida.[101]
S. lateriflorum var. tenuipes is present in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Maine, Michigan,
New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont.[102]
S. lateriflorum is an introduced species in Belgium,[103] France, Italy, and Switzerland.[3] As of
July 2021, it was not on the European Union's List of invasive alien species of Union concern.[104]
Habitat
Habitat can vary considerably, including wet to dry-mesic woodlands and savannas, floodplain
woodlands, fens, marshes, wet to wet-mesic prairies, and high water table old fields.[5]: 1101
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum has been found on banks, in thickets, and on shores usually in rather
dry, but also in damp or even wet, sandy or gravelly soil.[11]: 173 S. lateriflorum is categorized on the
United States National Wetland Plant List (NWPL) with Wetland Indicator Status Ratings of
Facultative Wetland (FACW) and Facultative (FAC), depending on wetland region. In the Atlantic and
Gulf Coastal Plain (AGCP) and Northcentral and Northeast (NCNE) regions, it is a Facultative Plant
(FAC), choosing wetlands or non-wetlands and adjusting accordingly. In the Eastern Mountains and
Piedmont (EMP), Great Plains (GP), and Midwest (MW) regions, it is a Facultative Wetland Plant
(FACW), usually occurring in wetlands, but not out of necessity. In these regions, it is less likely to,
but may choose non-wetlands.[105]: 176
Companions or associates depend upon the environment where Symphyotrichum lateriflorum is
growing. Nearby naturally occurring native North American trees can include silver maple (Acer
saccharinum), ash-leaved maple or boxelder (Acer negundo), common hackberry (Celtis
occidentalis), downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollis), the critically endangered green ash (Fraxinus
pennsylvanica), common elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), and the endangered American elm
(Ulmus americana).[5]: 1101 Some companion Symphyotrichum species are Drummond's aster (S.
drummondii), shining aster (S. firmum), panicled aster (S. lanceolatum), New England aster (S.
novae-angliae), and purplestem aster (S. puniceum).[5]: 1102
Ecology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
13/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum is considered a weed species in Canada and the United States. It is not
considered a noxious weed in either country. Canadian botanists Jerry G. Chmielewski and John C.
Semple called it "probably the least weedy of the weedy aster species in Canada."[13]: 838,839 S.
lateriflorum has coefficients of conservatism (C-value) in the Floristic Quality Assessment (FQA) that
range from 1 to 10 depending on evaluation region.[106] The lower the C-value, the higher tolerance
the species has for disturbance. In the case of a low C-value, there is lesser likelihood that the plant is
growing in an undisturbed or remnant habitat with native flora and fauna.[107]: 3 For example, in the
Atlantic coastal pine barrens of Massachusetts, New York, and Rhode Island, S. lateriflorum has been
given a C-value of 1, meaning its presence in locations of that ecoregion provides little or no
confidence of a remnant habitat.[108] In contrast, in the Dakotas, S. lateriflorum has a C-value of 10,
meaning its populations there are not weedy and are restricted to only remnant habitats which have a
very low tolerance to environmental degradation.[109]
Reproduction
Calico aster's primary means of reproduction is through pollination, which occurs with the help of
short or mid-length tongued insects that are able to manipulate the small flower heads successfully
and transfer pollen from one plant to another. The use of pollen from one plant to fertilize another is
called cross-pollination and is required by this species. Any occasional self-pollination produces only
a few viable seeds.[13]: 842–843 As an adaptive mechanism, the flower heads of Symphyotrichum
lateriflorum "go to sleep" at night. The flower heads close the ray florets around the disk florets. This
may help protect and preserve the pollen within.[13]: 842 Reproduction also can occur through cloning
via the plant's short rhizomatic structure. Typically, this causes the formation of small groups rather
than large colonies, because S. lateriflorum is not a large colony-producing species. It is more likely
for any vegetative reproduction (non-seed reproduction) to form within a clump.[13]: 843
Ray florets in the Symphyotrichum genus are
exclusively female, each having a pistil (with style,
stigma, and ovary) but no stamen. Ray florets accept
pollen and each can develop a seed, but they produce
no pollen.[6] The ray florets of S. lateriflorum bloom
earlier and are likely receptive to pollen longer than
the disk florets.[13]: 842
Each ray floret has three petals which are fused
together to form a corolla. The floret has one ovary at
the bottom, and this ovary contains one ovule.[n] The
ovary has an attached style that extends outward
from between the ray floret corolla and the rest of the
flower head. As the ray floret is blooming, the stigma
at the top of the style splits into two lobes to allow
pollen to access the ovary.[15]: 30–31
Diagram of ray floret
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
corolla
style
stigma
calyx
ovary
Diagram of disk floret
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
stigma
style
anthers
corolla
calyx
ovary
Disk florets in the Symphyotrichum genus are
bisexual, each with both male (stamen, anthers, and
filaments) and female reproductive parts; thus, a disk floret produces pollen and can develop a seed.
The disk floret has five petals, sometimes referred to as lobes, which are fused into its own corolla in
the shape of a tube.[6] When the disk floret of S. lateriflorum is blooming, the corolla lobes separate to
about 50–75% the length of the corolla.[13]: 837
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
14/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
The male stamen is inside the tube-shaped corolla of the disk
floret. It has five anthers, five filaments, and produces pollen. The
anthers and filaments are readily visible as separate entities in
non-Asteraceae species. Here, they are fused together to form a
cylinder, or tube, with their pollen on the inside only. This male
anther cylinder surrounds the female style and stigma. As the style
is maturing, it elongates up through the anther cylinder, gathering
the pollen on its stigma along the way.[15]: 30
The ovary is at the bottom of the disk floret style. As with the ray
floret, the disk floret stigma has two lobes that are fused together.
The disk floret's stigma stays closed while pollen is on it, keeping
its ovary safe from self-pollination. After the pollen has been
collected and carried off by one or more pollinators, the stigma
begins to split into two lobes, opening the style so that the disk
floret ovary becomes accessible to receive pollen from another
plant.[15]: 30
Close-up of a flower head showing
open and closed disk florets with
three elongated stamens, styles and
stigmas covered in pollen and not
visible
When pollination is complete, the seeds become ripe in
3–4 weeks, hardening and developing pappi. They are then wind dispersed. Usually, the seeds will
have their dried corollas attached as they depart.[13]: 842–843
Pollinators and nectar-seekers
Pollinators and nectar-seekers include short and mid-length
tongued insects such as common eastern bumblebee (Bombus
impatiens), European honeybee (Apis mellifera), eastern
yellowjacket
(Vespula
maculifrons),
bald-faced
hornet
(Dolichovespula maculata), cloudy-winged miner bee (Andrena
nubecula), the miner bees Pseudopanurgus andrenoides and
Pseudopanurgus compositarum, and the apoid wasp Cerceris
kennicottii.[5]: 1102
Sweat bees and hoverflies also visit the flowers. Some that have
been recorded include the bristle sweat bee (Lasioglossum
imitatum), Cresson's metallic sweat bee (Lasioglossum cressonii),
Tricolored bumblebee (Bombus
experienced sweat bee (Lasioglossum versatum), golden green
ternarius) pollinating S. lateriflorum
sweat bee (Augochlorella aurata), leathery sweat bee
(Lasioglossum coriaceum), nightmare sweat bee (Lasioglossum
ephialtum), and pure golden green sweat bee (Augochlora pura). The hoverfly species Eristalis
arbustorum, Eristalis dimidiata, and the calligrapher fly (Toxomerus marginatus) also have been
recorded visiting the flowers.[5]: 1102
Pests and diseases
Banded woolly bear caterpillars (larvae of the isabella tiger moth Pyrrharctia isabella)[5]: 1102 eat the
leaves, as does the larvae of the green owlet (Leuconycta diphteroides).[110][111] Symphyotrichum
lateriflorum is also host to the pearl crescent butterfly (Phyciodes tharos)[112] and the silvery
checkerspot (Charidryas harrisii).[113] Leaf miners also eat the leaves, including the leaf blotch miner
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
15/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
Acrocercops astericola[114] and the "trumpet" leaf miner
Astrotischeria astericola.[115] The larvae of the Coleophora silk
case-bearing moth Coleophora dextrella feed on the seeds,[116][117]
and the galls produced by the midge Rhopalomyia lateriflori
occur in the axillary buds where their larvae can develop.[13]: 846
Fungal diseases include the rusts Puccinia dioicae and Puccinia
asteris, which can occur on the leaves,[5]: 1102 and the powdery
mildew Erysiphe cichoracearum has been found on plants of S.
lateriflorum in Ontario and Quebec.[13]: 846
Conservation
Leaf miner Astrotischeria astericola
damage on calico aster
NatureServe lists Symphyotrichum lateriflorum as Secure (G5) worldwide,[1] and S. lateriflorum var.
lateriflorum is Critically Imperiled (S1) in Kansas and Nebraska.[39] S. lateriflorum var.
angustifolium is possibly Imperiled (S2) in Kentucky,[98] and S. lateriflorum var. horizontale is
Imperiled (S2) in New Jersey.[100]
Uses
Medicinal
In 1928, ethnobotanist Huron Herbert Smith documented the Meskwaki use of this plant as a
psychological aid using the "blossoms as a smudge 'to cure a crazy person who has lost his mind'", and
as an herbal steam using the entire plant "as a smoke or steam in sweatbath". The Meskwaki word is
no'sîkûn, and the Potawatomi pûkwänä'sîkûn. Both words mean "smoke a person".[96] In her 1979
book Use of Plants for the Past 500 Years, Charlotte Erichsen-Brown documented that the Mohawk
people use an infusion of this plant with Symphyotrichum novae-angliae to treat fever.[13]: 839
Gardening
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum is said to be hardy to USDA Zone 3 (to −40 °C (−40 °F)).[118]: 430 An
adult plant can be propagated by division of the rootstock, although this is only needed every few
years.[14]: 102 It will grow well in shade or sun, and in any soil with some moisture.[118]: 430
The earliest record of the species in gardens was of a taxonomic synonym of S. lateriflorum var.
horizontale called Aster pendulus. It was cultivated by Philip Miller by 1758.[23]: 204 Miller was chief
gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden from 1722 to 1770.[64] A physic garden is one devoted to
medicinal plants. This variety is still often called Aster lateriflorus var. horizontalis and is sometimes
labeled in cultivar form as 'Horizontalis'.[63] S. lateriflorum var. horizontale gained the RHS Award of
Garden Merit in 1993.[74]
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. horizontale is listed as very hardy with RHS Hardiness Rating H7,
which is to below −20 °C (−4 °F).[74] The RHS Plant Finder suggests it for flower borders and beds of
cottage and informal gardens, growing in an open location with full sun and well-drained moderately
fertile soil.[63]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
16/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
Cultivars
Marketed cultivars of calico aster can be found
using common names and the current and
previous scientific names. Below is an alphabetical
list of some probable or definite cultivars of
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum with descriptions
and history when available.
'Bleke Bet'[119] reaches a height of 120 cm (4 ft),
has dark leaves, and 18 mm diameter flowers with
rose to purple centers and white ray florets.[14]: 103
'Buck's Fizz'[120] has 13 mm diameter flowers
that have white rays with pink to purple disks, and
leaves with "bronze-purple tints". It is reported to
reach a maximum height of 60 cm (2 ft).[14]: 103
S. lateriflorum var. horizontale in a European garden in
full bloom
'Cassiope' is listed as a cultivar of S. lateriflorum var. lateriflorum and is without description in the
RHS Plant Finder as of June 2021.[121] It was introduced as early as 1910 as a cultivar of A.
vimineus.[14]: 144
'Chaevis Callsope', last listed in the 2000 RHS
Plant Finder, is without description as of
June 2021.[122]
'Chloe' has an active listing in the RHS Plant
Finder as of June 2021.[123]
'Coombe Fishacre', found in the RHS Plant
Finder simply as Symphyotrichum 'Coombe
Fishacre' without a species name, won the RHS
Award of Garden Merit in 1993.[74] It has multiple
common or marketing synonyms and is offered
'Chloe' in full bloom
both as a cultivar of A. novi-belgii (S. novi-belgii,
New York Aster)[124] and as a hybrid of both.[125]
RHS shows another synonym, Aster coelestis 'Coombe Fishacre'.[124] A. diffusus var. horizontalis was
its parent according to the following passage from the periodical Gardening World Illustrated
(1898).[95] That variety is the S. lateriflorum var. horizontale of today.
The comparatively new variety [of Michaelmas Daisy], Coombe Fishacre, which was raised
by Mr. Archer Hind, is in magnificent condition at Long Ditton at the present time, and
the plants are conspicuous amongst all the rest by reason of their extreme floriferousness.
The bronzy-red and white flowers much resemble those of A. diffusus horizontalis, its
parent, but they are larger and finer. The height is about 3 21 ft.[95]
'Coombe Fishacre' is said to be hardy to RHS H7, bloom in late summer and autumn, and in 2–5 years
reach a height of 50–100 cm (13⁄4–31⁄4 ft) and width of 10–50 cm (1⁄4–13⁄4 ft).[124]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
17/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
'Daisy Bush' was introduced in 1993 and has
green leaves and bushy branches of flower heads
that are 20 mm diameter, with white rays and pale
yellow disks. It reaches a height of 70 cm
(21⁄5 ft).[14]: 103 It was last listed in the RHS Plant
Finder in 1997.[126]
'Datschi' was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder
in 2018.[127] According to Paul Picton, author of
The Gardener's Guide to Growing Asters,
'Datschi' was introduced before 1920. It has flower
heads 13 mm diameter, white rays, pale yellow
disk florets that are less likely to change color,
deep green leaves, and reaches a height of 120 cm
'Coombe Fishacre' in a garden in England
(4 ft).[14]: 103 There was a cultivar named Datschi
in the RHS Autumn 1919 trials at Wisely assigned
to their type diffusus,[128]: 371 which is not explicitly said to be an A. diffusus cultivar but is more
descriptive of that growing habit.[128]: 370 It had single white flowers reported as 3⁄8–1⁄2 inch diameter
that bloomed from 23 October 1919–5 November 1919, and it reached a height of 4 feet.[128]: 371
'Delight' was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2007.[129] An old cultivar, this compact plant was
introduced before 1902. The flower heads are 13 mm diameter with white reflexed rays and creamyyellow disks, and it reaches a height of 90 cm (3 ft).[14]: 103
'Golden Rain' is listed as a cultivar of S. lateriflorum var. lateriflorum and is without description in
the RHS Plant Finder as of February 2021.[130] Picton lists it as a cultivar of A. vimineus "with
creamy-white ray florets and deep yellow disks" that was introduced around 1910 by H.J. Jones from
his Lewisham nursery. It reaches a height of 45 cm (11⁄2 ft).[14]: 144
'Jan',[131] introduced in 1992, has large flower heads for a cultivar of this species at 30 mm diameter.
Reaching a height of 80–100 cm (21⁄2–31⁄4 ft), it has green leaves with white and lilac blooms.[14]: 104
'Lady in Black' was introduced in 1991.[14]: 104 It
has bronze and dark purple leaves with flowers
that have white rays and "rosy-pink" centers. It
reaches a height of 100–150 cm (31⁄4–5 ft) and
width of 50–100 cm (13⁄4–31⁄4 ft) in 2–5 years, and
is hardy to RHS H7.[132]
'Lovely' is listed in the RHS Plant Finder as of
June 2021.[133]
'Orphir' is listed as a cultivar of S. lateriflorum
var. lateriflorum and is without description in the
RHS Plant Finder as of February 2021.[134] Picton
lists it as a cultivar of A. vimineus dating to as
early as 1910.[14]: 144
'Lady in Black'
'Prince',[135] introduced circa 1970, is compact at a height of 60 cm (2 ft). It has dark purple foliage
with 13 mm diameter flower heads.[14]: 104
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
18/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
'Prince Charming' is listed as a cultivar of S. lateriflorum var. lateriflorum and is without
description in the RHS Plant Finder as of June 2021.[136] Picton lists 'Prince Charming' as a cultivar of
A. vimineus dating to as early as 1910.[14]: 144
'Rubrifolius' was last listed in the 2001 RHS Plant Finder.[137] Translated from Latin, rubri folium
means red leaf or red foliage. No information was readily available about this cultivar as of
January 2021.
'Valentin' is described in the Dutch magazine TUINSeizoen as a cultivar with white to pale lilac
flowers that bloom September–November, with an adult height of about 76 cm (21⁄2 ft). It is hardy to
−30 °C (−22 °F) and does best in an open sunny location with well-drained moderately fertile and
moist soil.[138]
Notes
a. Repeated branching of the veins on the leaf so that they look like a net.
b. To convert millimeters to inches, divide the number of millimeters by exactly 25.4.
c. See Asteracae § Flowers for more detail.
d. Outside range about 6–25.[16]
e. Outside range about 6–20.[4][16]
f. All species in the Symphyotrichum genus have disk florets that mature to a pink, purple, or light
brown. This is not unique to calico aster.[6]
g. There are 5 lobes on the disk florets of all species in Symphyotrichum genus.[6]
h. Aiton was excluding a species named Aster ericoides Meliloti agrariae umbone and drawn by
German botanist Johann Jacob Dillenius in his 1732 Hortus Elthamensis. Linnaeus referenced it
as the species he named Aster miser. See [21]: 877 and [25] for details.
i. Joseph Richmond Churchill of Dorchester, Massachusetts.[41]
j. Information about and image of this holotype is viewable online at the Harvard University Herbaria
& Libraries Digital Collections (huh.harvard.edu) — Specimens, Barcode 00263144.
k. An infraspecies is a taxon below the species rank. It can be a subspecies, variety, subvariety,
form, or subform, and a species can have multiple infraspecies.[53]
l. Merritt Lyndon Fernald, Bayard Henry Long, and Harold St. John.
m. Information about this holotype (without image) is viewable online at the Harvard University
Herbaria & Libraries Digital Collections (huh.harvard.edu) — Specimens, Barcode 00936398.
n. Asteraceae ovaries are called inferior because each has one ovule and can produce only one
seed. See also Asteraceae § Floral structures and Gynoecium.
References
1. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum Starved Aster" (https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_
GLOBAL.2.159157/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum). explorer.natureserve.org. Arlington, Virginia:
NatureServe. 2 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
2. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve, Taxon 31(2): 359 (1982): (1982)" (https://ww
w.ipni.org/n/911503-1/). www.ipni.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria
& Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
19/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
3. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve" (http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/
247115-2/). www.plantsoftheworldonline.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2021. Retrieved
3 October 2021.
4. Brouillet, L.; Semple, J.C.; Allen, G.A.; Chambers, K.L.; Sundberg, S.D. (2006). "Symphyotrichum
lateriflorum" (http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250067657). In Flora of
North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA) (http://ww
w.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1). 20. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 14 September
2020 – via eFloras.
5. Wilhelm, G.; Rericha, L. (2017). Flora of the Chicago Region: a Floristic and Ecological Synthesis.
Illustrated by Lowther, M.M. Indianapolis: Indiana Academy of Science. ISBN 978-1-88336-215-7.
OCLC 983207050 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/983207050).
6. Brouillet, L.; Semple, J.C.; Allen, G.A.; Chambers, K.L.; Sundberg, S.D. (2006). "Symphyotrichum"
(http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=132022). In Flora of North America
Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA) (http://www.efloras.org/fl
ora_page.aspx?flora_id=1). 20. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 4 November 2020 – via eFloras.
7. New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) (n.d.). "NYBG1852252: Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var
tenuipes (Wiegand) G.L.Nesom" (https://portal.torcherbaria.org/portal/collections/individual/index.
php?occid=15099615). www.torcherbaria.org. Texas Oklahoma Regional Consortium of Herbaria
(TORCH). Retrieved 5 January 2021.
8. New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) (n.d.). "NYBG1868845: Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var
lateriflorum" (https://portal.torcherbaria.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1507321
7). www.torcherbaria.org. Texas Oklahoma Regional Consortium of Herbaria (TORCH). Retrieved
5 January 2021.
9. New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) (n.d.). "NYBG1868851: Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var
lateriflorum" (https://portal.torcherbaria.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=1519724
7). www.torcherbaria.org. Texas Oklahoma Regional Consortium of Herbaria (TORCH). Retrieved
5 January 2021.
10. New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) (n.d.). "NYBG1851882: Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.)
Á.Löve & D.Löve" (https://portal.torcherbaria.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=152
23061). www.torcherbaria.org. Texas Oklahoma Regional Consortium of Herbaria (TORCH).
Retrieved 5 January 2021.
11. Wiegand, K.M. (September 1928). "Aster lateriflorus and some of its relatives" (https://www.biodiv
ersitylibrary.org/page/600152/). Rhodora. Providence, Rhode Island: Preston and Rounds Co. 30
(357): 161–179. ISSN 0035-4902 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-4902). Retrieved
3 November 2020 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
12. Small, J.K. (1903). Flora of the Southeastern United States (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pag
e/376878/). New York: Published by the author. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.133 (https://doi.org/10.5962%
2Fbhl.title.133). Retrieved 19 December 2020 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
13. Chmielewski, J.G.; Semple, J.C. (2001). "The biology of Canadian weeds. 113. Symphyotrichum
lanceolatum (Willd.) Nesom [Aster lanceolatus Willd.] and S. lateriflorum (L.) Löve & Löve [Aster
lateriflorus (L.) Britt.]" (https://doi.org/10.4141%2FP00-056). Canadian Journal of Plant Science.
Ottawa: Canadian Science Publishing. 81 (4): 829–849. doi:10.4141/P00-056 (https://doi.org/10.4
141%2FP00-056).
14. Picton, P. (1999). The Gardener's Guide to Growing Asters. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, Inc.
ISBN 0-88192-473-3. OCLC 715820196 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/715820196).
15. Morhardt, S.; Morhardt, E. (2004). California Desert Flowers. Berkeley: University of California
Press. ISBN 0-52024-003-0.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
20/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
16. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (calico American-aster): Go Botany" (https://gobotany.nativeplanttru
st.org/species/symphyotrichum/lateriflorum/). gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org. Framingham,
Massachusetts: Native Plant Trust. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201127150550/h
ttps://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/symphyotrichum/lateriflorum/) from the original on 27
November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
17. Barkley, T.M.; Brouillet, L.; Strother, J.L. (2006). "Asteraceae" (http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as
px?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10074). In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of
North America North of Mexico (FNA) (http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1). 19.
New York and Oxford. Retrieved 10 January 2021 – via eFloras.
18. Semple, J.C. (n.d.). "Symphyotrichum Dumosi: Bushy Asters and Relatives" (https://uwaterloo.ca/
astereae-lab/research/asters/symphyotrichum/symphyotrichum-subsect-dumosi).
www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210527015644/https://uwate
rloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/asters/symphyotrichum/symphyotrichum-subsect-dumosi) from the
original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
19. Semple, J.C. (17 May 2021). "Classification of Symphyotrichum in the restricted sense" (https://uw
aterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/asters/symphyotrichum/classification-symphyotrichum).
www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210527015918/https://uwate
rloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/asters/symphyotrichum/classification-symphyotrichum) from the
original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
20. Kalm, P. (1770) [1753]. Travels into North America (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/23971
011/). 1. Translated by Forster, J.R. (1st ed.). Warrington, England: William Eyres. p. x.
doi:10.5962/bhl.title.27718 (https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.27718). Retrieved 9 December
2020 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
21. Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358580/)
[Species of Plants] (in Latin). 2 (1st ed.). Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii.
doi:10.5962/bhl.title.669 (https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.669). Retrieved 9 December 2020 –
via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
22. "Accepted Solidago species search results" (http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/?f=species_f%
2Caccepted_names&page.size=480&q=solidago). www.plantsoftheworldonline.org. Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew. 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
23. Aiton, W. (1789). Hortus Kewensis (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5874758/) [Garden of
Kew] (in Latin). 3. London: George Nicol. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4504 (https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbh
l.title.4504). Retrieved 21 December 2020 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
24. Chambers, R. (1835). A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen (https://archive.org/details/
abiographicaldi05unkngoog/page/n41/). Glasgow: Blackie & Son. pp. 24–25. Retrieved
17 October 2021 – via Internet Archive.
25. Dillenius, J.J. (1732). Hortus Elthamensis (https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/idviewer/10700/82) [Garden
of Eltham] (in Latin). 1. Londini [London]: Sumptibus auctoris [Printed by the author]. Plate 40.
Retrieved 21 December 2020 – via Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid Biblioteca Digital.
26. Nuttall, T. (1818). The Genera of North American Plants, and a Catalogue of the Species, to the
Year 1817 (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/723754/). 2. Philadelphia: D. Heartt.
doi:10.5962/bhl.title.290 (https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.290). Retrieved 21 December 2020 –
via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
27. Britton, N.L. (1889). "New or noteworthy North American phanerogams, II" (https://www.biodiversit
ylibrary.org/page/12615434/). Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences. New York
Academy of Sciences. 9: 11. ISSN 0028-7113 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7113).
Retrieved 20 December 2020 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
21/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
28. Semple, J.C. (27 April 2021). "An overview of "asters" and the Tribe Astereae" (https://uwaterloo.c
a/astereae-lab/research/asters). www.uwaterloo.ca. Ontario. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20210527015756/https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/research/asters) from the original on 26 May
2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
29. Löve, Á. (1982). "IOPB Chromosome Number Reports LXXV". Taxon. Utrecht, Netherlands:
International Bureau for Plant Taxonomy and Nomenclature. 31 (2): 359. ISSN 0040-0262 (https://
www.worldcat.org/issn/0040-0262). JSTOR 1220008 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1220008).
30. Nesom, G.L. (September 1994). "Review of the taxonomy of Aster sensu lato (Asteraceae:
Astereae), emphasizing the New World species" (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1295994
0/). Phytologia. Huntsville, Texas: Michael J. Warnock (published 31 January 1995). 77 (3): 141–
297. ISSN 0031-9430 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9430). Retrieved 24 December 2020 –
via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
31. Bisby, F.A.; Roskov, Y.R.; Orrell, T.M.; Nicolson, D.; Paglinawan, L.E.; Bailly, N.; Kirk, P.M.;
Bourgoin, T.; Baillargeon, G., eds. (2009). "Catalogue of Life 2009 Annual Checklist:
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A. & D. Löve" (http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/20
09/show_species_details.php?record_id=748387). www.catalogueoflife.org. Integrated Taxonomic
Information System. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
32. Hassler, M. (February 2017). "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve – World Plants:
Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World" (http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annualchecklist/2017/details/species/id/07be3740601d89686dfbdb9d93826f24/). In Roskov, Y.; Abucay,
L.; Orrell, T.; Nicolson, D.; Bailly, N.; Kirk, P.M.; Bourgoin, T.; DeWalt, R.E.; Decock, W.; De Wever,
A.; van Nieukerken, E.; Zarucchi, J.; Penev, L. (eds.). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life,
2017 Annual Checklist. Leiden, Netherlands: Naturalis Biodiversity Center. ISSN 2405-884X (http
s://www.worldcat.org/issn/2405-884X). Retrieved 18 December 2020.
33. Bisby, F.; Roskov, Y.; Culham, A.; Orrell, T.; Nicolson, D.; Paglinawan, L.; Bailly, N.; Appeltans, W.;
Kirk, P.; Bourgoin, T.; Baillargeon, G.; Ouvrard, D., eds. (2012). "Catalogue of Life 2012 Annual
Checklist: Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. hirsuticaule (DC.) Nesom" (http://www.catalogueoflife.
org/annual-checklist/2012/details/species/id/9497751/synonym/9551255/).
www.catalogueoflife.org. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 December
2020.
34. Hassler, M. (September 2020). "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve – World
Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World" (https://www.catalogueoflife.or
g/data/taxon/53Q88). In Roskov, Y.; Ower, G.; Orrell, T.; Nicolson, D.; Bailly, N.; Kirk, P.M.;
Bourgoin, T.; DeWalt, R.E.; Decock, W.; van Nieukerken, E.J.; Penev, L. (eds.). Species 2000 &
ITIS Catalogue of Life, 1 December 2020. Leiden, Netherlands: Naturalis Biodiversity Center.
ISSN 2405-8858 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2405-8858). Retrieved 18 December 2020.
35. NRCS (2014). "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum" (https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?s
ymbol=SYLA4). plants.usda.gov. Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database.
USDA. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
36. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve" (http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-00
00029031/). www.worldfloraonline.org. World Flora Online Consortium. 2020. Retrieved
21 October 2020.
37. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum" (https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TS
N&search_value=522220). www.itis.gov. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2020.
Retrieved 12 October 2020.
38. Brouillet, L.; Desmet, P.; Coursol, F.; Meades, S.J.; Favreau, M.; Anions, M.; Bélisle, P.;
Gendreau, C.; Shorthouse, D. (4 September 2020). "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (Linnaeus) Á.
Löve & D. Löve" (https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/3555/). data.canadensys.net.
Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Retrieved 1 November 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
22/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
39. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum" (https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT
_GLOBAL.2.144740/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum_var_lateriflorum). explorer.natureserve.org.
Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. 2 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
40. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. angustifolium (Wieg.) G.L.Nesom" (https://www.gbif.org/specie
s/4237101/). www.gbif.org. Copenhagen: Global Biodiversity Information Facility Secretariat.
2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
41. Churchill, J.R. (12 August 1912). Correspondence: Churchill, Joseph Richmond Aug. 12, 1912 to
Walter Deane (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45079646/). Retrieved 26 December 2020
– via Biodiversity Heritage Library. "Herbarium of J. R. Churchill, No. 32 Percival Street,
Dorchester, Mass."
42. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. angustifolium (Wiegand) G.L.Nesom" (http://www.worldfloraonli
ne.org/taxon/wfo-0000082737/). www.worldfloraonline.org. World Flora Online Consortium. 2020.
Retrieved 28 October 2020.
43. "Aster lateriflorus var. flagellaris Shinners, Field & Lab. 21: 157 (1953)" (https://www.ipni.org/n/236
35-2/). www.ipni.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries;
Australian National Botanic Gardens. 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
44. "Aster lateriflorus var. indutus Shinners, Field & Lab. 21: 158 (1953)" (https://www.ipni.org/n/23640
-2/). www.ipni.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries;
Australian National Botanic Gardens. 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
45. Shinners, L.H. (1953). "Notes on Texas Compositae – IX". Field & Laboratory. University Park,
Texas: Southern Methodist University. 21: 155–162. ISSN 0096-042X (https://www.worldcat.org/is
sn/0096-042X).
46. Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT) (n.d.). "BRIT560693: Aster lateriflorus var. flagellaris
Shinners, herbarium specimen collected 1960-11-01" (https://portal.torcherbaria.org/portal/collecti
ons/individual/index.php?occid=25224407). www.torcherbaria.org. Texas Oklahoma Regional
Consortium of Herbaria (TORCH). Retrieved 28 December 2020.
47. Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT) (n.d.). "BRIT560692: Aster lateriflorus var. flagellaris
Shinners, herbarium specimen collected 1956-10-25" (https://portal.torcherbaria.org/portal/collecti
ons/individual/index.php?occid=25224392). www.torcherbaria.org. Texas Oklahoma Regional
Consortium of Herbaria (TORCH). Retrieved 28 December 2020.
48. Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT) (n.d.). "BRIT333802: Aster lateriflorus var. indutus
Shinners, herbarium specimen collected 1934-10-23" (https://portal.torcherbaria.org/portal/collecti
ons/individual/index.php?occid=14247228). www.torcherbaria.org. Texas Oklahoma Regional
Consortium of Herbaria (TORCH). Retrieved 7 January 2021.
49. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. flagellare (Shinners) G.L.Nesom" (http://www.worldfloraonline.o
rg/taxon/wfo-0000111592/). www.worldfloraonline.org. World Flora Online Consortium. 2020.
Retrieved 28 October 2020.
50. Brouillet, L.; Desmet, P.; Coursol, F.; Meades, S.J.; Favreau, M.; Anions, M.; Bélisle, P.;
Gendreau, C.; Shorthouse, D. (4 September 2020). "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. hirsuticaule
(Lindley ex De Candolle) G.L. Nesom" (https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/3556/).
data.canadensys.net. Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Retrieved 1 November
2020.
51. "Aster hirsuticaulis Lindl. ex DC., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 5: 242 (1836)" (https://www.ipni.org/n/
311661-2/). www.ipni.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries;
Australian National Botanic Gardens. 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
52. De Candolle, A.P. (1836). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis (https://www.biodiversi
tylibrary.org/page/151677/) [An Essay of the Natural System of the Vegetable Kingdom] (in Latin).
Parisiis [Paris]: Treuttel et Würtz [Treuttel and Würtz]. p. 242. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.286 (https://doi.
org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.286). Retrieved 15 December 2020 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
23/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
53. "Article 4". International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) (http
s://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_4.html). 2018. "4.1. The secondary ranks of taxa in
descending sequence are tribe ... between family and genus, section ... and series ... between
genus and species, and variety ... and form ... below species. 4.2. If a greater number of ranks of
taxa is desired, the terms for these are made by adding the prefix 'sub-' to the terms ...
subspecies ..., variety ..., subvariety ..., form ..., and subform ...."
54. "Aster miser var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl. ex DC.) Torr. & A.Gray, Fl. N. Amer. (Torr. & A. Gray) 2(1):
131 (1841)" (https://www.ipni.org/n/23761-2/). www.ipni.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew;
Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. 2019. Retrieved
18 December 2020.
55. Torrey, J.; Gray, A. (1841). A Flora of North America (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1000
9411/). 2. New York: Wiley & Putnam. p. 131. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.9466 (https://doi.org/10.5962%
2Fbhl.title.9466). Retrieved 16 December 2020 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
56. "Aster diffusus var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl. ex DC. in DC.) A.Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 187
(1884)" (https://www.ipni.org/n/23312-2/). www.ipni.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard
University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. 2019. Retrieved
18 December 2020.
57. Gray, A. (1884). Synoptical Flora of North America. Caprifoliaceae – Compositae (https://www.bio
diversitylibrary.org/page/11296017/). 1 (2). New York: American Book Company.
doi:10.5962/bhl.title.10847 (https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.10847). Retrieved 16 December
2020 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
58. "Aster diffusus f. hirsuticaulis (Lindl. ex DC.) Voss, Vilm. Blumengärtn., ed. 3. 1: 467 (1894)" (http
s://www.ipni.org/n/23316-2/). www.ipni.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University
Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
59. Siebert, A.; Voss, A. (1894). Vilmorin's Blumengärtnerei (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4
2525157/) [Vilmorin's Flower Nursery] (in German). 1 (3rd ed.). Berlin: Paul Parey. p. 467.
doi:10.5962/bhl.title.67392 (https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.67392). Retrieved 19 December
2020 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
60. "Aster lateriflorus var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl. ex DC.) Porter, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 324 (1894)" (htt
ps://www.ipni.org/n/23638-2/). www.ipni.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University
Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
61. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. hirsuticaule (Lindl. ex DC.) G.L.Nesom, Phytologia 77(3): 285
(1995)" (https://www.ipni.org/n/981849-1/). www.ipni.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard
University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. 2019. Retrieved
18 December 2020.
62. New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) (n.d.). "NYBG1852241: Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var.
horizontale (Desf.) G.L.Nesom, collected by T. Nuttall, 1831, New Jersey" (https://portal.torcherbar
ia.org/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=6561748). www.torcherbaria.org. Texas
Oklahoma Regional Consortium of Herbaria (TORCH). Retrieved 7 January 2021.
63. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. horizontale" (https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/
340698/i-Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-i-var-i-horizontale-i/Details). www.rhs.org.uk. London:
Royal Horticultural Society. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201117092244if_/https://
www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/340698/i-Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-i-var-i-horizontale-i/Details) from the
original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
64. Le Rougetel, H. (1986). "Philip Miller/John Bartram Botanical Exchange". Garden History. London:
Garden History Society. 14 (1): 32–39. doi:10.2307/1586814 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F158681
4). JSTOR 1586814 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1586814).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
24/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
65. Aiton, W. (1789). Hortus Kewensis (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3649731/) [Garden of
Kew] (in Latin). 1. London: George Nicol. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4504 (https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbh
l.title.4504). Retrieved 27 December 2020 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
66. Beck, L.C. (1833). Botany of the Northern and Middle States (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/p
age/35421156/). Albany, New York: Printed by Webster and Skinners. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.51594
(https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.51594). Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via Biodiversity
Heritage Library.
67. Desfontaines, R.L. (1829). Tableau de l'École de Botanique du Muséum d'histoire naturelle (http
s://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42984732/) [Table of the Botanical School of the Natural
History Museum] (in Latin and French) (3rd ed.). Paris: J. S. Chaudé. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.69101
(https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.69101). Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via Biodiversity
Heritage Library.
68. Willdenow, C.L. (1803). Caroli a Linné Species Plantarum (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pag
e/666865/) [Caroli a Linné Species of Plants] (in Latin). 3 (3) (4th ed.). Berolini [Berlin]: G.C. Nauk.
pp. [1477]–2409. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.727 (https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.727). Retrieved
27 December 2020 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
69. Farwell, O.A. (1895). "Contributions to the Botany of Michigan. Part IV". The Asa Gray Bulletin.
Ann Arbor, Michigan: Gray Memorial Botanical Association. 3 (9): 20–22. eISSN 2471-8017 (http
s://www.worldcat.org/issn/2471-8017). ISSN 2470-5985 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2470-598
5). JSTOR 43673890 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/43673890). OCLC 1514396 (https://www.worldc
at.org/oclc/1514396).
70. Britton, N.L.; Brown, A. (1898). An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the
British Possessions (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11390497/). 3. New York: Charles
Scribner's Sons. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.10850 (https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.10850). Retrieved
24 December 2020 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
71. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. horizontale (Desf.) G.L.Nesom, Phytologia 77(3): 285 (1995)"
(https://www.ipni.org/n/981850-1/). www.ipni.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University
Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
72. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. horizontale (Desf.) G.L.Nesom" (http://www.worldfloraonline.or
g/taxon/wfo-0000102703/). www.worldfloraonline.org. World Flora Online Consortium. 2020.
Retrieved 28 October 2020.
73. "RHS Award of Garden Merit (AGM)" (https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/trials-awards/award-of-garden
-merit). www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal Horticultural Society. n.d. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
74. "AGM Plants December 2020 RHS – Ornamental" (https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/ag
m-ornamentals.pdf) (PDF). www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal Horticultural Society. December 2020.
p. 108. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
75. New York Botanical Garden (NYBG) (n.d.). "NYBG162051: Aster spatelliformis E.S.Burgess,
herbarium specimen, holotype" (https://portal.torcherbaria.org/portal/collections/individual/index.p
hp?occid=6464207). www.torcherbaria.org. Texas Oklahoma Regional Consortium of Herbaria
(TORCH). Retrieved 29 December 2020.
76. Jones, A.G. (1984). "Nomenclatural notes on Aster (Asteraceae) – II. New combinations and
some transfers" (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12883004/). Phytologia. Plainfield, New
Jersey: Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L. Moldenke. 55 (6): 373–388. Retrieved 24 December
2020 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
77. Jones, A.G. (1980). "A classification of the New World species of Aster (Asteraceae)". Brittonia.
Bronx: New York Botanical Garden. 32 (2): 230–239. doi:10.2307/2806795 (https://doi.org/10.230
7%2F2806795). JSTOR 2806795 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2806795). S2CID 86652597 (http
s://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86652597).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
25/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
78. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. spatelliforme G.L.Nesom" (http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxo
n/wfo-0000102850/). www.worldfloraonline.org. World Flora Online Consortium. 2020. Retrieved
28 October 2020.
79. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. tenuipes (Wieg.) G.L.Nesom" (https://www.gbif.org/species/423
7057/). www.gbif.org. Copenhagen: Global Biodiversity Information Facility Secretariat. 2020.
Retrieved 1 November 2020.
80. Gleason, H.A.; Cronquist, A. (1963). Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and
Adjacent Canada (https://archive.org/details/manualofvascular00glea/page/730/mode/1up/).
Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrand. p. 730. ISBN 0-44202-722-2. OCLC 243396 (https://www.w
orldcat.org/oclc/243396). Retrieved 19 December 2020 – via Internet Archive.
81. Shinners, L.H. (1943). "The genus Aster in Nova Scotia" (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/
609754/). Rhodora. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Intelligencer Printing Company. 45: 346.
ISSN 0035-4902 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-4902). Retrieved 20 December 2020 – via
Biodiversity Heritage Library.
82. "Aster tenuipes Makino, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 12: 64 (1898)" (https://www.ipni.org/n/182440-1/).
www.ipni.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian
National Botanic Gardens. 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
83. "Aster tenuipes Makino" (http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/182440-1/).
www.plantsoftheworldonline.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
84. Shinners, L.H. (1944). "Aster acadiensis nom. nov" (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/6151
84/). Rhodora. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Intelligencer Printing Company. 46: 31. ISSN 0035-4902
(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-4902). Retrieved 20 December 2020 – via Biodiversity
Heritage Library.
85. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. tenuipes (Wiegand) G.L.Nesom, Phytologia 77(3): 285 (1995)"
(https://www.ipni.org/n/981852-1/). www.ipni.org. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University
Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens. 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
86. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. tenuipes (Wiegand) G.L.Nesom" (http://www.worldfloraonline.or
g/taxon/wfo-0000078054/). www.worldfloraonline.org. World Flora Online Consortium. 2020.
Retrieved 4 December 2020.
87. Semple, J.C.; Heard, S.B.; Brouillet, L. (2002). "Cultivated and Native Asters of Ontario
(Compositae: Astereae)". University of Waterloo Biology Series. Ontario: Department of Biology,
University of Waterloo. 41: 1–134. ISSN 0317-3348 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0317-3348).
88. Brouillet, L.; Semple, J.C.; Allen, G.A.; Chambers, K.L.; Sundberg, S.D. (2006). "Symphyotrichum
laeve" (http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250068839). In Flora of North
America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA) (http://www.eflor
as.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1). 20. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 10 November 2020 – via
eFloras.
89. Brouillet, L.; Desmet, P.; Coursol, F.; Meades, S.J.; Favreau, M.; Anions, M.; Bélisle, P.;
Gendreau, C.; Shorthouse, D. (4 September 2020). "Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve ×
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum" (https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/26949/).
data.canadensys.net. Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Retrieved 10 November
2020.
90. Brouillet, L.; Desmet, P.; Coursol, F.; Meades, S.J.; Favreau, M.; Anions, M.; Bélisle, P.;
Gendreau, C.; Shorthouse, D. (4 September 2020). "Symphyotrichum lanceolatum subsp.
lanceolatum × Symphyotrichum lateriflorum" (https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/26945/).
data.canadensys.net. Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN). Retrieved 10 November
2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
26/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
91. Semple, J.C.; Brammall, R.A. (November 1982). "Wild Aster lanceolatus × lateriflorus hybrids in
Ontario and comments on the origin of A. ontarionis (Compositae–Astereae)". Canadian Journal
of Botany. Ottawa: Canadian Science Publishing. 60 (10): 1895. doi:10.1139/b82-237 (https://doi.
org/10.1139%2Fb82-237).
92. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum" (http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderD
etails.aspx?taxonid=277245). www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. St. Louis: Missouri Botanical
Garden. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20201117092933/http://www.missouribotanical
garden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=277245) from the original on 17
November 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
93. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve" (https://www.gbif.org/species/7832723/).
www.gbif.org. Copenhagen: Global Biodiversity Information Facility Secretariat. 2020. Retrieved
1 November 2020.
94. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum – Side-flowering Aster" (https://www.chicagobotanic.org/plantcollecti
ons/plantfinder/symphyotrichum_lateriflorum--side_flowering_aster). www.chicagobotanic.org.
Glencoe, Illinois: Chicago Botanic Garden. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/202101041
92548/https://www.chicagobotanic.org/plantcollections/plantfinder/symphyotrichum_lateriflorum--si
de_flowering_aster) from the original on 4 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
95. Fraser, J., ed. (22 October 1898). "Michaelmas Daisies at Long Ditton" (https://www.biodiversitylib
rary.org/page/59051253/). The Gardening World Illustrated. Vol. 15. London: Brian Wynne. p. 123.
Retrieved 3 January 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
96. Smith, H.H. (1928). "Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians" (https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/do
cument?id=np05-005). Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee. 4: 212. Retrieved
3 November 2020 – via eHRAF World Cultures.
97. Fuchs, L. (1542). De historia stirpium commentarii insignes (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/pag
e/41534106/) [Notable Commentaries on Racial History] (in Latin). Illustrated by Meyer, A.;
Füllmaurer, H.; and Speckle, V.R. Basel, Switzerland: In officina Isingriniana. p. 133.
doi:10.5962/bhl.title.63882 (https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.63882). Retrieved 3 January 2021
– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
98. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. angustifolium" (https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMEN
T_GLOBAL.2.159450/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum_var_angustifolium). explorer.natureserve.org.
Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. 2 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
99. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. flagellare" (https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_G
LOBAL.2.155941/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum_var_flagellare). explorer.natureserve.org.
Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. 2 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
100. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. horizontale" (https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_
GLOBAL.2.129594/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum_var_horizontale). explorer.natureserve.org.
Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. 2 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
101. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. spatelliforme" (https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMEN
T_GLOBAL.2.146101/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum_var_spatelliforme). explorer.natureserve.org.
Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. 2 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
102. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. tenuipes" (https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_G
LOBAL.2.134461/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum_var_tenuipes). explorer.natureserve.org.
Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. 2 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
103. "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve in Global Register of Introduced and Invasive
Species – Belgium" (https://www.gbif.org/species/152544387/). www.gbif.org. Copenhagen:
Global Biodiversity Information Facility Secretariat. 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
104. European Commission (2020). "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern" (https://ec.europ
a.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/list/index_en.htm). ec.europa.eu. European Union.
Retrieved 1 July 2021.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
27/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
105. "2018 National Wetland Plant List" (https://wetland-plants.usace.army.mil/nwpl_static/data/DOC/lis
ts_2018/National/National_2018v1.pdf) (PDF). wetland-plants.usace.army.mil. Hanover, New
Hampshire: US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center, Cold
Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (published 18 May 2020). 2018. p. 176. Retrieved
7 January 2021.
106. Freyman, W.A. (2021). "Universal FQA: Compare species coefficients" (https://universalfqa.org/co
mpare_coefficients/). www.universalfqa.org. Chicago: Openlands. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
"Enter search term Symphyotrichum lateriflorum."
107. Rothrock, P.E. (June 2004). Floristic quality assessment in Indiana: the concept, use, and
development of coefficients of conservatism. Final report for ARN A305-4-53, EPA Wetland
Program Development Grant CD975586-01 (https://secure.in.gov/dnr/naturepreserve/files/np-FQ
A_in_Indiana_Report.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Indianapolis: Indiana Department of Natural Resources
(INDNR). p. 96. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
108. Metzler, K.; Ring, R.; Faber-Langendoen, D. (2018). "Database of coefficients of conservatism for
Omernik Level 3 Ecoregion 84" (https://universalfqa.org/view_database/136/).
www.universalfqa.org. Chicago: Openlands. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
109. The Northern Great Plains Floristic Quality Assessment Panel (2017). "Dakotas, 2017 [updated
from Coefficients of conservatism for the vascular flora of the Dakotas and adjacent grasslands;
U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Information and Technology Report
USGS/BRD/ITR-2001-0001]" (https://universalfqa.org/view_database/81/). www.universalfqa.org.
Chicago: Openlands. Retrieved 20 January 2021. "Updated the nomenclature by comparing to
ITIS on the 2001 list and removed duplicates."
110. Robinson, G.S.; Ackery, P.R.; Kitching, I.J.; Beccaloni, G.W.; Hernández, L.M. (2010).
"Leuconycta diphteroides host Aster lateriflorus – Nearctic" (https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/d
ata/hostplants/search/detail.dsml?PK_MainID=64347). www.nhm.ac.uk. Natural History Museum,
London. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
111. Robinson, G.S.; Ackery, P.R.; Kitching, I.J.; Beccaloni, G.W.; Hernández, L.M. (2010).
"Leuconycta diphteroides host Aster lateriflorus – USA" (https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/
hostplants/search/detail.dsml?PK_MainID=64348). www.nhm.ac.uk. Natural History Museum,
London. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
112. Robinson, G.S.; Ackery, P.R.; Kitching, I.J.; Beccaloni, G.W.; Hernández, L.M. (2010). "Phyciodes
tharos host Aster lateriflorus – USA" (https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants/search/d
etail.dsml?PK_MainID=87741). www.nhm.ac.uk. Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved
1 June 2021.
113. Robinson, G.S.; Ackery, P.R.; Kitching, I.J.; Beccaloni, G.W.; Hernández, L.M. (2010). "Charidryas
harrisii host Aster lateriflorus – USA" (https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants/search/d
etail.dsml?PK_MainID=81019). www.nhm.ac.uk. Natural History Museum, London. Retrieved
1 June 2021.
114. De Prins, J.; De Prins, W. (2016). "Acrocercops astericola (Frey & Boll, 1873)" (http://www.gracilla
riidae.net/species_by_code/ACROASTE). www.gracillariidae.net. Brussels: Belgian Biodiversity
Platform. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210101044405/http://www.gracillariidae.net/spe
cies/show/774) from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
115. Hall, S.P.; Sullivan, J.B.; Backstrom, P.; Petranka, J.W.; Howard, T. (2020). "Astrotischeria
astericola (Braun, 1972) – Moths of North Carolina" (https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/moths/view.ph
p?MONA_number=157.00). www.ncparks.gov. Raleigh: North Carolina Biodiversity Project and
North Carolina State Parks. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
28/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
116. Robinson, G.S.; Ackery, P.R.; Kitching, I.J.; Beccaloni, G.W.; Hernández, L.M. (2010).
"Coleophora dextrella host Aster lateriflorus – Canada" (https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/h
ostplants/search/detail.dsml?PK_MainID=5696). www.nhm.ac.uk. Natural History Museum,
London. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
117. Robinson, G.S.; Ackery, P.R.; Kitching, I.J.; Beccaloni, G.W.; Hernández, L.M. (2010).
"Coleophora dextrella host Aster lateriflorus – Nearctic" (https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/
hostplants/search/detail.dsml?PK_MainID=5697). www.nhm.ac.uk. Natural History Museum,
London. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
118. Aniśko, T. (2008). When Perennials Bloom: an Almanac for Planning and Planting (https://archive.
org/details/isbn_9780881928877/page/430/mode/2up). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, Inc.
ISBN 978-0-88192-887-7. Retrieved 5 June 2021 – via Internet Archive.
119. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum 'Bleke Bet' " (https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/340
694/i-Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-i-Bleke-Bet/Details). www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal
Horticultural Society. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210114121631if_/https://www.r
hs.org.uk/Plants/340694/i-Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-i-Bleke-Bet/Details) from the original on
16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
120. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum 'Bucks Fizz' " (https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/34
0695/i-Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-i-Buck-s-Fizz/Details). www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal
Horticultural Society. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210103084435/https://www.rh
s.org.uk/Plants/340695/i-Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-i-Buck-s-Fizz/Details) from the original on 3
January 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
121. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum 'Cassiope' " (https://www.rhs.or
g.uk/Plants/340793/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-var-lateriflorum-Cassiope/Details).
www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal Horticultural Society. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0210103082248/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/340793/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-var-laterifloru
m-Cassiope/Details) from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
122. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum 'Chaevis Callsope' " (https://www.rhs.org.uk/Pla
nts/340780/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Chaevis-Callsope/Details). www.rhs.org.uk. London:
Royal Horticultural Society. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210101030933if_/https://
www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/340780/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Chaevis-Callsope/Details) from the
original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2021.
123. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum 'Chloe' " (https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/340781/
Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Chloe/Details). www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal Horticultural Society.
n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210103084002/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/34078
1/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Chloe/Details) from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved
3 January 2021.
124. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum 'Coombe Fishacre' " (https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/340478/
Symphyotrichum-Coombe-Fishacre/Details). www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal Horticultural Society.
n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210103080430/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/34047
8/Symphyotrichum-Coombe-Fishacre/Details) from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved
3 January 2021.
125. Antošová, T. (19 November 2017). "Symphyotrichum lateriflorum 'Coombe Fishacre' " (https://ww
w.perenniculum.cz/trvalky/symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-coombe-fishacre/). www.perenniculum.cz
(in Czech). Czech Republic. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210108093918/https://www.
perenniculum.cz/trvalky/symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-coombe-fishacre/) from the original on 8
January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
29/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
126. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum 'Daisy Bush' " (https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/34
0696/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Daisy-Bush/Details). www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal
Horticultural Society. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210103083502/https://www.rh
s.org.uk/Plants/340696/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Daisy-Bush/Details) from the original on 3
January 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
127. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum 'Datschi' " (https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/34069
7/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Datschi/Details). www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal Horticultural
Society. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210103081114/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plant
s/340697/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Datschi/Details) from the original on 3 January 2021.
Retrieved 3 January 2021.
128. Chittenden, F.J.; Wilks, W., eds. (6 June 1921). "Perennial Asters (Michaelmas Daisies) at Wisley,
1920" (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45783045/). Journal of the Royal Horticultural
Society. London: Printed by Spottiswoode, Ballantyne & Co. LTD. 46 (new series): 370–381.
Retrieved 13 January 2021 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
129. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum 'Delight' " (https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/34078
2/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Delight/Details). www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal Horticultural
Society. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210103083152/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plant
s/340782/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Delight/Details) from the original on 3 January 2021.
Retrieved 3 January 2021.
130. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum 'Golden Rain' " (https://www.rh
s.org.uk/Plants/340794/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-var-lateriflorum-Golden-Rain/Details).
www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal Horticultural Society. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0210103080822/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/340794/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-var-laterifloru
m-Golden-Rain/Details) from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
131. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum 'Jan' " (https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/340699/Sy
mphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Jan/Details). www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal Horticultural Society. n.d.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210103083307/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/340699/Sy
mphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Jan/Details) from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 3 January
2021.
132. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum 'Lady in Black' " (https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/
340700/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Lady-in-Black/Details). www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal
Horticultural Society. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210103081249/https://www.rh
s.org.uk/Plants/340700/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Lady-in-Black/Details) from the original on 3
January 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
133. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum 'Lovely' " (https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/34078
3/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Lovely/Details). www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal Horticultural
Society. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210103081731/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plant
s/340783/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Lovely/Details) from the original on 3 January 2021.
Retrieved 3 January 2021.
134. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum 'Orphir' " (https://www.rhs.org.u
k/Plants/340795/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-var-lateriflorum-Orphir/Details). www.rhs.org.uk.
London: Royal Horticultural Society. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210103082528/
https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/340795/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-var-lateriflorum-Orphir/Details)
from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
135. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum 'Prince' " (https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/340701/
Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Prince/Details). www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal Horticultural
Society. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210103081856/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plant
s/340701/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Prince/Details) from the original on 3 January 2021.
Retrieved 3 January 2021.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
30/31
1/4/22, 5:38 PM
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum - Wikipedia
136. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum 'Prince Charming' " (https://ww
w.rhs.org.uk/Plants/340796/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-var-lateriflorum-Prince-Charming/Detail
s). www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal Horticultural Society. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20210103082015/https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/340796/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-var-laterifl
orum-Prince-Charming/Details) from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
137. "RHS Plant Finder – Symphyotrichum lateriflorum 'Rubrifolius' " (https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/340
784/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Rubrifolius/Details). www.rhs.org.uk. London: Royal
Horticultural Society. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210103082817/https://www.rh
s.org.uk/Plants/340784/Symphyotrichum-lateriflorum-Rubrifolius/Details) from the original on 3
January 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
138. "Aster lateriflorus 'Valentin' " (https://tuinseizoen.com/aster-lateriflorus-valentin/).
www.tuinseizoen.com [Garden Season] (in Dutch). Breda, Netherlands: VIPMEDIA Publishing &
Services. n.d. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200803112527/https://tuinseizoen.com/ast
er-lateriflorus-valentin/) from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
External links
Calico American-aster (https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/symphyotrichum/lateriflorum/)
at GoBotany (Native Plant Trust)
Calico Aster (http://illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/calico_aster.htm) at Illinois Wildflowers
Calico Aster (https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/flower/calico-aster) at Minnesota Wildflowers
Calico Aster (http://ontariowildflowers.com/main/species.php?id=6) at Ontario Wildflowers
Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SYLA4) at
Ladybird Johnson Wildflower Center (wildflower.org)
Astereae Lab (https://uwaterloo.ca/astereae-lab/) at University of Waterloo
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum&oldid=1063162708"
This page was last edited on 1 January 2022, at 16:31 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphyotrichum_lateriflorum
31/31