DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING
BGN 334
SITE MANAGEMENT
ASSIGNMENT 1
SITE SUPERVISION
PREPARED BY: (AP116 6E)
IBRAHIM ZUHDI BIN MUHAMMAD AMRAN
2017213468
YUSRIZAL AIZAT BIN MUHD YUSOFF
2017213508
MUHAMMAD HAFIZI BIN ROSIMAN
2017206698
KARMILA BINTI KHAIRULRIZAL
2017206918
NISA NURINA BINTI MOHD KAMAL
2017208736
NURUL SARAH BINTI MOHAMAD SINATRA
2017213432
PREPARED FOR:
TS. NORMILA AHMAD
0
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... iii
1.0
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1
1.1
Scope of study ................................................................................................................. 2
1.2
Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.3
Method of Study ............................................................................................................. 3
2.0
CASE STUDY ..................................................................................................................... 4
3.0
QUALITY MATERIALS .................................................................................................... 9
3.1
Purchase Order (PO) ..................................................................................................... 9
3.2
Delivery Order (DO) .................................................................................................... 10
3.3
Storage of Materials ..................................................................................................... 12
3.4
Methods on Improving Materials Control ................................................................. 12
4.0
QUALITY OF WORKMANSHIP .................................................................................... 13
4.1
Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QAQC) ..................................................... 13
4.2
Methodology ................................................................................................................. 13
5.0
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................. 21
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 22
i
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: List of Defects Found ..................................................................................................... 16
Table 2: Ranking of factors leading to poor workmanship........................................................... 18
Table 3: Responses obtained from Google Form of main factors leading to poor workmanship 18
Table 4: Ranking of factors leading to poor workmanship........................................................... 19
ii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Site Plan ........................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2: Site Organisation Chart ................................................................................................... 6
Figure 3: Site Layout ...................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 4: Catch Up Program (Structure) ......................................................................................... 7
Figure 5: Catch Up Program (Architectural) .................................................................................. 8
Figure 6: Cube Test ....................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 7: Slump Test ..................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 8: Methodology Flow Chart .............................................................................................. 14
Figure 9: Common poor-quality workmanship............................................................................. 14
Figure 10: Cracks on wall ............................................................................................................. 15
Figure 11: Settlement .................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 12: Bad plastering and finishing works ............................................................................. 15
Figure 13: Peeling paint on wall and dividers .............................................................................. 16
Figure 14: Chart of total defects found ......................................................................................... 17
Figure 15: Percentage of Defects .................................................................................................. 17
Figure 16: Responses obtained from Google Form of effective measure to overcome poor quality
workmanship (Source: Google Form) .......................................................................................... 19
iii
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Site supervision is the process of ensuring target (cost, time and quality) which has been
set at the planning stage. Inspection is one of the means at ensuring compliance of design and
specifications. Therefore, the inspector has the responsibility of ensuring that the structure being
built confirms to the acceptable standard and good workmanship and good quality materials. Most
of the infrastructure fails due to lack of proper and professional supervision causing loss of lives
and property. Proper inspection becomes a critical aspect of a work in order to ensure that the
works to be accomplished are done as intended, confirming to the technical documents
requirement. (Worku, 2018).
The importance to ensure the quality of materials is to utilize to their good performance to ensure
the durability. In addition, the performance will be better than other materials. Low quality
materials can crack but a construction project containing high quality materials is sure to have a
long-life expectancy. (builder, 2016). In the construction industry, the term “materials testing” can
refer to the evaluation of almost any kind of building material that impacts the project at hand.
This includes aspects of the local terrain, including soil quality and composition, as well as
potential impact on nearby structures. It also encompasses testing of concrete, steel, masonry and
woodwork elements throughout the structure. The testing process is important because it allows
inspectors and builders to identify faults before an actual stress test, where personal and
environmental safety is at risk. (atc, 2020). Building materials can range from simple brick, cement
and tiles to more intricate tools such as safety equipment and tools. However, working with good
supplier can help to get good deals at reasonable prices for the materials as well as labor charges.
(chan, 2011). Site supervision also to be carried out as required by legislation, regulation, guidance,
standards, inspection requirements and requirements of the provision and the service. The purpose
is to monitor tasks and workload, solve problems, support workers in dealing with complex
situations and moral and ethical dilemmas and to promote staff development. (Council, n.d.).
The aim of this study is to determine the quality of materials and quality of workmanship within
site supervision of a construction site.
1
1.1
Scope of study
This study focusses on the site supervision work as it was conducted to understand the process
of ensuring targets (cost, time and quality) which has been set at the planning stage according to
Worldwide Holdings Bhd's specifications. This study mainly focuses on the inspection to ensure
safety of lives and durability of structure at “Cadangan Membina Dan Menyiapkan 147 Unit
Rumah Teres Dua Tingkat (20’x55’) Jenis ‘A’ (87 Unit), (20’x55’) Jenis ‘B’ (60 Unit) Dan Satu
Unit Pencawang Elektrik Di Atas Sebahagian PT 28594, Mukim Ijok, Daerah Kuala Selangor,
Selangor Darul Ehsan (Phase 1)”.
In addition, this study pursues to describe all related process required to be applied on the site
supervision. This stage includes all the progress activities associated with
i.
Ensuring that the structures or works being executed are constructed according to design,
specification, appropriate legal and social practice.
ii.
Ensuring compliance with technical requirements, government regulations and accepted
levels of workmanship.
1.2
Objectives
Based on the scope of study, following are the objectives of this study:
i.
To ensure the quality of materials, the standard operating procedure for purchase order
and delivery order and how the quality and quantity materials are checked when it
arrived.
ii.
To ensure the quality of workmanship and the standard operating procedure for
supervision of labours, inspection and non-conformance items to ensure the quality.
2
1.3
Method of Study
The research of case study on site supervision has been carried out by using several methods
in gaining more information.
i.
Observation
Observation method is the most frequent method use as it has been done throughout the whole
practical training directly by daily site visit for the whole period. The information collected are
based on all the activities occurred at site construction with guidance by site supervisors. All the
information is collected using mobile device by taking photos and recording videos of site
activities such as work progress, equipment and machineries used in any process.
ii.
Interview
Interview method also plays a big role as it has been carried out by having interview sessions
with Site Supervisor both from Main Contractor, Worldwide Holdings Bhd and KITACON Sdn
Bhd. Many information and new knowledge on construction were gained from the interview.
iii.
Book
Book also have been one of the sources of information as books are made as a reference to
understand better about substructure works and other construction works related to building scope.
Books additionally demonstrates the correlation of how theory are not quite the same as what really
occur on construction site.
iv.
Internet
There are many internet websites that have been referred to as a secondary source in gaining
more information about frame structure and method of concrete and installation works. Internet
have been a great helper in achieving more knowledge related to construction of superstructure in
context of articles and visuals.
v.
Research
Based on all drawings provided, there are many informations achieve by doing studies on
structural plans and drawings of related process of construction. Architectural drawings also help
a lot to foresee on the outcome of all the construction process related to the case study.
3
2.0
CASE STUDY
The study was carried out at a site located at Mukim Ijok, Daerah Kuala Selangor, Selangor
Darul Ehsan. The site is carry out a project titled CADANGAN MEMBINA DAN
MENYIAPKAN 147 UNIT RUMAH TERES DUA TINGKAT (20’x65’) JENIS ‘A’ (87 UNIT),
(20'x65') JENIS 'B' (60 UNIT) DAN SATU UNIT PENCAWANG ELEKTRIK DI ATAS
SEBAHAGIAN PT 28594, MUKIM IJOK, DAERAH KUALA SELANGOR, SELANGOR
DARUL EHSAN (PHASE 1). (refer Figure 1.0)
Site area
Figure 1: Site Plan
The total project cost is RM29,700,000.00 with a performance bond value, RM1,485,000.00
that will be expired on 9th September 2020. The total sum insured of this project for CAR Insurance
Policy is RM32,967,000.00, expired on 9th June 2020 with a period maintenance of 24 months.
The sum insured for Workmen Compensation Policy is RM4,380,000.00 expired on 9th June 2020.
The date of the site possession was on 10th December 2018. The project’s date of completion is on
4
9th June 2020 while for the mockup units were completed on 9th June 2019. This project contract
period is 18 months with Defects of Liability for 24 months.
The project studied involves few professional boards or consultants in constructing this project.
These project team are well known in Selangor. As the client for this project was handled by
Worldwide Property Management Sdn Bhd also known as Worldwide Holdings Sdn Bhd, the
architect from Arqhitectnia, structural engineer from SK Engineers Sdn Bhd, civil engineer from
Perunding JPT Sdn Bhd, M&E Engineer from Mega Jati Consult Sdn Bhd, M&E Engineer for
infrastructure works from KWA Consult Sdn Bhd, quantity surveyor from Juruukur Bahan
Pertama Sdn Bhd and main contractor from Kitacon Sdn Bhd.
There are also few companies involve as subcontractors which are Daya Dekorasi Sdn Bhd as
mason, Tee Bon Giap as carpenter, Y.T Meen Construction as barbender, Atomic Engineering and
Electrical Sdn Bhd for electrical works, NCY Piping for plumber services and works, Multiplus
Design Sdn Bhd as tiler, Petoskey Sdn Bhd for waterproofing works, Omphalos Pest Services Sdn
Bhd as anti- termite supplier, Pembinaan Tugas Positif Sdn Bhd for sewerage and drainage works,
Bukit Jementah Sdn Bhd for plaster ceiling works, Goh Ah Lek Plastering Sdn Bhd for plastering
work, Metro Kerb Sdn Bhd for road kerb works, Syarikat Pembinaan dan Perniagaan Son Tat for
road tiler works and lastly B-Ver Construction Sdn Bhd for concreting works.
Figure 2 shows a site organizational chart that leads by a General Manager, Mr Kwo Hwa
Sung along with the Project Manager, Mr Kua Han Loong with the help of Site Agent, En Nik
Mohamad. As for the site safety and health are handled by a Safety and Health Officer, En
Muhammad Asral and Safety and Health Supervisor, En Nagaraj. The building works are well
taken care by Site Supervisor, En Muhd Nuralimin and Site Engineer, Muhammad Akmal Afiq.
5
Figure 2: Site Organisation Chart
Figure 3: Site Layout
6
Figure 3 above shows a Site Layout that includes all the temporary buildings. As shown
in the legend of the site layout, there are several temporary buildings are listed out such as guard
hours, emergency assembly point, Kitacon Sdn Bhd site office, Clerk of Work Office, meeting
room, blocks, toilet, generator room, store room, diesel and sw room, carpentering and barbender
yard and signages. These temporary building helps the team to work efficiently on the site and
for the safety of the workers.
Figure 4: Catch Up Program (Structure)
7
Figure 5: Catch Up Program (Architectural)
Figure 4 and Figure 5 shows a catch-up program for structure and architectural works that is
stated in a fortnightly progress report for period 18th of March 2020 to 31st of March 2020. Based
on the table list in the figure, Block 8 and Block 2 are completed in structure works while Block
1,3,4,5 and 6 are completed in architectural works. There are several works are delayed due to
the national issue such as Covid-19, but the manager insists and strongly convinced to the client
to manage the delayed works with the EOT given.
8
3.0
QUALITY MATERIALS
Material management in construction are one of those important things that should be concerned
with as it is approximately 60% of the cost of building construction in any project. There are
quite a lot of important things that must be considered such as material order, procedures of
purchasing material, delivery remarks, summary of material received, check list or material
report if any unwanted thing happened.
Mainly, there are two types of material order which is centralization and decentralization.
Centralization is when all the material management incriminate by head office and also site
office while decentralization is when all the building materials manage by site office, where
material order directly made from site office to supplier.
On purchasing material, a procedure should be followed to make sure everything is in order. The
procedure includes inventory quotations, preparing comparative statements, negotiation, placing
orders and receiving deliveries. Basically, purchase order and delivery order will be used in
making sure of the materials bought are arrived completely.
3.1
Purchase Order (PO)
A purchase order is the official confirmation of an order. It is a document sent from a purchaser
which in the contractor to a vendor that authorised a purchase. The information included in a
purchase order may be vary but generally it includes the name of the contractor’s company and
the goods of the services such as materials, price, a mailing address, payment information,
invoice address and a purchase order number. Usually, person in charge for ordering materials
for construction is quantity surveyor as they know better about materials stated in bill of
quantities. There are a few steps in purchase order process. Purchase order process usually
includes everything from identifying the need for a good or service to payment. Below are the
stages of making a purchase order
1. Send request letter of material to supplier
Contractor need to find any supplier that meet their material requirement and ask for
quotation on material needed. Usually request letter are sent via email. The request letter
should include the specification of the materials and details of the project such as project
9
name and location. If it is necessary, bill of quantities should be included together with
the material request for supplier could refer to it more specifically.
2. Quotation Analysis
Once the suppliers responded to the request, they will send a quotation that contained all
the material’s prices they can supply. Contractor will review all quotations and pay close
attention to qualities, prices, total amount due and terms of conditions stated by the
supplier to choose the best supplier that meets all the specification needed.
3. Placing Order
After quotation is approved, contractor will place the order and invoice are sent to the
contractor for the payment to be made, early or on delivery depends on the supplier
demand. Once the confirmation has been made, supplier will send the purchase order to
the contractor for record as it is vital for the contractor to file the purchase order for audit
purpose.
4. Receive Items at Construction Site
Supplier will deliver the materials to the construction site that are mention in Purchase
Order before. The carrier of the supplier will give a Delivery Order (DO) to the
representative of the contractor at site.
3.2
Delivery Order (DO)
Delivery Order is a document that issued by the receiver, shipper or carrier to deliver the
materials to another party. In construction, supplier will give the DO to the representative of the
contractor on site. Basically, DO usually contains the specification of delivered material, site
location and other details that should be filled by contractor such as testing of the material
quality and quantity of the item delivered on site as explain below:
1. Location
Contractor should provide the location of construction site to the currier to ease the
supplier on delivering materials on site. Also, it is contractor’s responsibility to provide
mean access for the vehicle that bring materials on site to unload.
2. Checking
Once the materials are placed on site, site supervisor need to check the quality
specification and quantity of the materials by referring to the DO. Typically, material that
10
should be checked its quality is ready mix concrete whereas slump test and cube test must
be prosecutes on site.
Figure 6: Cube Test
Figure 7: Slump Test
11
3.3
Storage of Materials
Storage of material consists of more than one operation which involves protection against
deterioration, identification for future references, issues of material for used on site, loading for
transfer to construction areas and general movement of goods. Usually, storage under proper
condition includes stacking the materials in racks and frame, retaining them in bin or boxes and
protecting from impact damages.
3.4
Methods on Improving Materials Control
Problem regarding material handling on site could be reduce by following some methods on
controlling the materials which is firstly to practice a proper storage and protection facilities on
site which include on how the material should be keep for them not to be cracked or others. Next
is to have delivery control on site that means, all the material ordered should not be delivered on
the same time for there are still spaces to keep the materials on place. Third, site should be in
tidiness so there will be an easy access for the material to be upheld on site. Lastly, a site security
must be installed on site to make sure of the security of materials and other things on site in case
if there is any bad thing happened on site without any awareness from the contractor itself.
12
4.0
QUALITY OF WORKMANSHIP
Quality workmanship is a comprehensive approach to bolster the durability, serviceability
and safety aspects of the construction. Workmanship with higher standards is a positive and
humanistic approach to productive management designed to bring together all levels of workforce
and experience in an organization for setting standards of excellence and achieving better
outcomes. With the evolving competitive market scenario, quality workmanship prepares the
employees and workmen to meet the challenges of the changing time and conditions.
Quality control studies were carried out by World Wide Property Management Sdn Bhd. The
development of Kuala Selangor was done by Kitacon Sdn. Bhd. including the housing project of
Daunan Worldwide @ Alam Perdana Residences that consist of two different types of houses and
divided into 10 blocks in total.
4.1
Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QAQC)
In a project or a process of the making of a product, quality is always a priority. In a building
construction or infrastructure, the quality is also the main interest of the investor or owners of the
properties. There is some methodology used to determine the quality of the product. In the process
of making a product, there are Quality Assurance (QA) – a tool or documentation used to plan a
corrective method or plan to avoid defects and Quality Control (QC) – process or activity to ensure
that the product meets the QA standards.
However, each housing project must be inspected and ensured that all finishing work complies
with the quality specification by inspection team that called as Quality Control Committee (QCC).
The team involved and combined with technical staff and non-technical staff with the cooperation
of the contractor. The main purpose of this inspection is to identify visible defects encountered at
the site to summarize every quality finishes issue. Objectives of QCC are:
•
•
•
4.2
To carry out inspection and checking for all quality-related procedures for each unit of
the house.
To evaluate the quality and workmanship of each unit's houses.
To identify common defects spotted during the inspection and to prevent repeated defects
to occur on the following ongoing projects.
Methodology
The methodology adopted in order to maintain the quality of workmanship is shown in the
following figure:
13
Site Inspection
Identification of Defects
Data Collection & Analysis
Discussions
Conclusion & Recommendation
Figure 8: Methodology Flow Chart
1. Site Inspection
Considering numerous case studies relating to residential construction projects, the defects occur
due to the workmanship in construction projects are found. The case studies were considered using
the percentile of found defects, which provides a basis for analysis. The site was surveyed
completely, and the defects were photographed and documented.
2. Identification of Defects
Cracks on
wall
Peeling
paint
Poor
Workmanship
Settlement
Plastering
and
finishing
Figure 9: Common poor-quality workmanship
14
Cracks on wall
Figure 10: Cracks on wall
Settlement
Figure 11: Settlement
Plastering and Finishing Issues
Figure 12: Bad plastering and finishing works
15
Peeling Paint
Figure 13: Peeling paint on wall and dividers
3. Data Collections and Analysis
Types of Defects
Total Defects Found
Percentage (%)
Cracks on wall
139
19.58
Settlement
108
15.22
Plastering and finishing
101
14.23
Peeling paint
96
13.53
Dampness on wall
52
7.33
Mold growth and fungal on external wall
52
7.33
Distortion and cracking on floor
41
5.78
Broken floor tiles
38
5.36
Discoloration
30
4.23
Faulty sanitary installation
21
2.96
Leakage
17
2.40
Faulty electrical fittings
15
2.12
710
100
Total
Table 1: List of Defects Found
16
Total Defects
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Total Defects
Figure 14: Chart of total defects found
Faulty sanitary Leakage, 2.4
installation, 2.96
Faulty electrical
fittings, 2.12
Discoloration, 4.23
Broken floor
tiles, 5.36
Distortion and
cracking on floor,
5.78
Cracks on wall,
19.58
Mold growth and
fungal on external
wall, 7.33
Dampness on wall,
7.33
Settlement, 15.22
Plastering
and
Peeling paint, finishing,
13.53
14.23
Figure 15: Percentage of Defects
17
4. Discussion
A survey has been done by 16 respondents regarding the factors contribute to poor workmanship
and effective measure to overcome poor quality of workmanship by Google Form.
Contributing Factors to Poor Workmanship
Factors Contribute to Poor
Workmanship
No. of Responds
Percentage (%)
Rank
Poor project management
9
56.3
2
Lack of skills and experiences
12
75.0
1
Lack of communication
6
37.5
3
Inappropriate construction
equipment
2
12.5
6
Poor weather condition
3
18.8
5
Unsuitable materials used due to
restricted budget
4
25.0
4
Table 2: Ranking of factors leading to poor workmanship
Table 3: Responses obtained from Google Form of main factors leading to poor workmanship
(Source: Google Form)
18
Table above indicates the ranking of factors contributed to poor workmanship. From this data, it
was found that lack of skills and experiences was the most important factor contributing to poor
workmanship. Naturally, laborers cannot perform their work well if they do not have any
experience or expertise in a certain field. Poor project management, as well as may be due to
insufficient supervision on site, ranked second highest. Lack of communication also may be one
of the factors of that leads to poor workmanship. However, inappropriate construction equipment
was rated as the factor having the least effect on poor workmanship.
Possible Measures to Minimize the Problem
Effective Measure to Overcome
Poor Quality Workmanship
No. of Responds
Percentage (%)
Rank
Strict supervision
9
56.3
2
Training and education of labors
10
62.5
1
Proper communication among
parties involved
5
31.3
4
Suitable construction management
4
25.0
5
Appropriate manpower management
7
43.8
3
Table 4: Ranking of factors leading to poor workmanship
Figure 16: Responses obtained from Google Form of effective measure to overcome poor quality
workmanship (Source: Google Form)
19
There were several possible measures that can be implemented in order to overcome the issue of
poor-quality workmanship. The highest-ranking measure that can be used to overcome poor
workmanship is training and education of labors. Many respondents agreed that appropriate
training and enough experience is necessary to increase the capability of construction site workers.
Strict supervision was ranked the second highest. Daily supervision should be carried out by the
contractors or subcontractors so that workmanship problems can be identified, and a remedy can
be executed immediately. Other possible measures that can be implemented are suitable
construction management, appropriate manpower management and assuring proper
communication among parties involved in construction.
5. Conclusion and Recommendation
Based on reviews of previous research and analysis of the results, the quality of workmanship can
be determined. The types of defects which commonly occur in this project due to poor
workmanship were identified, with cracks on walls ranking as the most common defect.
Furthermore, there were six factors listed which contribute to poor workmanship. These factors
include poor project management, lack of skills and experiences, lack of communication,
inappropriate construction equipment, poor weather condition and unsuitable materials used due
to restricted budget. From the data collected through the surveys, lack of skills and experiences
was ranked as the most significant factor contributing to poor workmanship. In order to overcome
this problem, several measures were suggested based on reviews of past research, in which strict
supervision was ranked as the most effective measure based on the respondents’ responses. Apart
from that, some recommendations were given by the respondents to minimize the problems of
building defects due to poor workmanship. These include strict supervision, training and education
of labors, proper communication among parties involved, suitable construction management and
appropriate manpower management.
20
5.0
CONCLUSION
In a nutshell, quality of materials and quality of workmanship determined throughout this study.
On ensuring quality of material, a procedure should be followed to make sure everything is in
order while quality of workmanship offers bolster the aspects of the construction. Moreover, the
Contractor must have a robust quality in site supervision as it is critical to the overall success of a
construction project. An effective program and inspections create a process for clarifying standards
and requirements, established means and methods for managing the process, defines
responsibilities and accountabilities, and adds another avenue to more effectively manage the
supply chain, while it reduces misunderstanding and ensure the quality of materials and
workmanship. It will also effectively facilitate and manages the collection of data, identifies
performance discrepancies and nonconforming work, and substantially increases efficiency by
reducing defects and improving the working relationship with the design team and the project
owner. With consistency of all parties involved and efficiency in site supervision, the contractor’s
project delivery will enhance, increases productivity, eliminates or reduces waste, and ultimately
improves profitability.
21
REFERENCES
Websites
1.
atc, a.
(2020, march
15).
AN
atlas
company.
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atlas
atc:
https://atcgroupservices.com/
2.
builder, h. (2016, january 20). heritage building services . Retrieved from heritage builder
ltd: http://www.heritagebuilderslimited.co.uk/
3.
chan, g. (2011, july 7). importance of building materials. Retrieved from ezine article:
https://ezinearticles.com/?Importance-Of-Building-Materials&id=6406573
4.
Council,
S.
S.
(n.d.).
Supervision.
Retrieved
from
Step
Into
Leadership:
http://www.stepintoleadership.info/supervision.html
5.
Worku, G. (2018, march 21). slide share. Retrieved from construction site supervison
aalecture
one:
https://www.slideshare.net/GebeyehuWorku2/construction-site-
supervision-aalecture-one
22