18o8l20o
PSiniva
Muchani Cal Metallu rqy
Cah
3110312 1o3
lxaninatton
Mlalur g
Dtfine
Ca)
is the
t
ty
Ovttiti
s ltowing
the
auo
o
mal
Can
tho
he
the amount
3 fo
o
inditation
OProtuyid
COnd
on
Can absorhd
bcinq anpiitd.
load
Qny
O-
Sve to ad
mattrial
thal a
nq
oj
Ahn
bforfattuse
Drdiction o
amoOnt
aiu
apPedLith ou
Oth
latior
Fo Stress Cal Cu
Show
Can
bLalking. J
Ltocinq üptration, inditatinq the
defosmation
hich
al
dtind
be
doe to
mattsi at
o
ractuv
tith ool
Spti m n elonqatc
he
o
propty
eharngu
iD
to the
heat
rat mn(s
mtal
ftongation:
and
o
edottion o
Ao Ay
aro q
Ao
C
1oughnu
abso eng
nd
occational
The toughnu oo
10
th
materiat is the
Platht fanq
S heste
aHorinqis Particula
Th abitity to wrthta
Yit ld streu tithout
du able in fartt Su th a vtiq
about
th
ncand
9tar, thain
ca Coupling
nut i
Cen bt xprey\td a
hi
ahility to
(rane
So Su
hookt.
1o0qh.
ii) Cecp
Dro
h
Contan
q
called
is
Stest
desom ation oC maltrial
ressivt
amattiiat,
Cuu O
O n a cntiie
Specimn h i Ch
tempt a ture
and
t n i s dltumincd a
Faligs*
Ciu
exttntiorn) o
tht
by
is
mttol
a
Ct)
Lo)
pefi tive
Sub tt{td to
to
LOw
J
o
lurU, bcau
o
atur
Ocur
att
a
Sinqt
o
Conditions
-ati gue a
Conidrabtt
amount
STU
The abiity o
C
and
dtoimcd tlauticalty
Calltd
uii
ltn(
ntt.
Nquirtd
LIhi h
to
uni axial
a maltia to
to u
Str
is
h
tcnio
thematerial
n
is
U
abtob nerg
itiho
mL OT
Siraio
hStaio
Juiin ct is giuen b
tuin
Ihis iS UUalL
Yiud Stet
o
Catttd
a
Comprtive loadinq
on
undtr
Ccoin9
toiluru
o. load
dnamic
( aostratun
o
YLquired
that
cation
appti
spetim
ve\enicd
Lhn
han
Con1 ant
al
aunction o t i m
u
is
tUYU
Cre
iaPied
load
a Contt ani
i s m a i n taned
Strain
th
to dttcrmin t h i n ginct
Cce
d
a
hn
Unloadtd i's
modu tui
o
Xntrqy t u n i t volume
om 7uo Sirc fo the
ng91 Pv
,
.
% o . So
nit volume l
and. modotovo
E
3
6)
and
Liitt advantagus
xpiain Koctvel Hatd nus te
dis advantagu
Ko
n
ation
dn
Un
i s qnrally
(3)
(3
Small
(u
lo ad,
Contani
der
a Ccepttd dut
a
Abiity
tul utitiu the
hardnt
ce ulttl
al
meaU
a
deth o
0
hadness.
to
fetdom som Pexsonat t0
to dis hguiih Smalthardns
diercn
oindntation
Si7t
tt
Principal oth kocrttuu
Potion
Ihe
th
is
h
majo
t.qand
o
lero
a
u
fo the
indnto
nce
oif
abiishid
apitd o
is
lo ad
DOnd
dutl ti m
called
to be tcuitd,to
a.YCa
o
load
thi minor
APply
100
Sotatt
1 h m e a o i load
a
zu
the
tauing
Ttltautd
is
Snciitd time peui od
mino
lo ad
appiitd
Ih diat Containt
ng
diuisi on 3u ttscnMi
'T20
ntiation o0002 m
a
kocc
loo diui Siont, Cath
wtt
hardns
uLpveStn tt io di
A,R.
num
bu
rn
(HN)
ScattA.
dpendinq on typu
indnts and major loodt
Scalt'
Andnt
ale
Y" SAtet bat
13cat
13ale in dntu, 12 o
Ovtd.
Lo
ad rq4
dramod
SCale
60
LTO
HP
Con
Advantaq er:
)No speimn Pparati on it iqutvd
Seposatio0, grindinq
eLnd tm be dding)
S
dicttly e ad abl,no 04itol evawatton
Volu
Harntt
quircd mLaUCmun
quick
shott &tu
cycte )
and (os 4cetivc po tt1s
th
Non. dutro chive t t i n g
u)
diaqonatt).
tu
SPCumun
bt
can
ULdto dthupuv posc\
Ois ad van tg
futinq
i s not all ay Fhh mof acturoatt haidnas
euen aSliq h
tr0 CausA Stqni vicannt
metho d
eYO
mustbe
toation
1h ta
)
ness
hard
Cal cul attd
in
Compt ttty he o
C
Coniaminafon
t-{cth
hth increcLiinq har dnu1
u
us blw
2
Untnoun
ha
Th io dnici
3)
materi
on
4he tu 1 31udltt
bcomu d i icott to distio
ol.
iui L1th
ers hatd nuu
Yict
aboui
Discost
(a)
and
h
he
indinier
o pp osi
Tht Vi
load
dv ani a g
er
lmi tation
Vi Ccer hard ncs
a
a
tt
cCert
Jalt
o
th
a
in Cludtd
dquar
th
ta
S.
1S,00
cun
th pytamid o 136
(VHa) iS
b
pyramid
bal
ongle belto
hardn tis nombt
diuided
VM
Ltith
teat U16
SurC
Can be h
dend ca
the
otod totalton
laintd al
Sam
locd leuvet.
p sin (
VFIN 2 P sinlo/,)
VHN:
.8S
SP
2
Pisthe af plitd
lhut.
load
kq.
i t h avecoq ltngth o
is h
angt incto ded blu 8pposit CLCC
of th
d amond
Viccers hasdnet tat u
Cg.
appitd fo
DrovdA
beCaut
a
t
o.qiuen
daqo nat, mm
the
36
load anging hom -12o
10 to 1S
dettime d
a
airty sidt acttptanct o
Drovi du
CA
Sttond
s e a r c h alor
Con tinoou SCalt o
hardnus.
load.
Perct Square in deniati0n madt by
a
diamond pt
amid
indenBtr
Rocu shion indtnation, toumud a a
Mesult o S i n ing in o t h
Barret Shapeon dentaton
meial.
ound in
Cod llo Ctd mtaty
Advanaqu
t h i s me thocd
om
So-) o
Can he otd
had, a
the
wih
any
an d
roetduu Cove
all
matcias,
tntie hovd atn
nangu
Aa
duhuttiu
Mon
3)
fy Pe oindnicr
nc
isOny
nu
lossi b
is
finq
Disadvan taqu
shoutd
o 4 h : Spetimn
Sotat quality
2
Pro
2)
the
3)
hy
ces
bttw
(b)DiJ4rnhatt
un
evaluation.
indtnt
ptital
Dted
B it{ractur
Plattic
deomation
StoLDropaq
is
actor
fhe
ith
tactu ro
no
Platte defomat
2 Su CCe
o{ 4he fra(.
Oc
3)
l
the
tis char atderi2ed
4
is inn elautic
isin Plattic Condition
-ormation o
The
Cup
t cndncy o
by fhe
and
Con
dottile
ation
and
6thr
)
delet io
th matCyiat
Condition.
is Charattev i z d by sParaion
JiaS)
iS nctca led Dy dislo
Ctu
GCUn whun
4
mattri-34
Cry fal
shininqand
is
tot
btaincd
Cpptar ant
en
Vt
On al all
brout in
dytt
at
lttoI
Craact
al
btaincd
ur-Le
)
Matcui
and
of
n
atio
)
otc r
atturu
bri Htt attur
dottite and
Duttitt ratturt
MattTiat
30 60 Sccand
Sctand
ittalken
talce
Sto
Jlather
is
bqood.
onomal to tenite Shhess
Ihe
ttn dencq o
bHtattoy
i n cLaLd by delaing temn
Yatu v
and incouinq t h
mtal
h
is
ondl
ara
6)
a
rcduttion
o th
in
Sp
Cios -Sectil 6)
tumn.
Ihc
i
no- Ch anq
CoSStction al
io
the
Ca)
Ca
nal
and
phinomun a
Yitld point
4int
cxptain i i t h b a
Setch
alo
tlattic
cali 2td
to
plaH
4h StiC
Poin
in
Low
Coru.
th
t
Yittd
CoAh
m
yitd
a
hau
in
inq
-omtlastic to ias
a
equ V alent
hal i
dut
athr than
Covt
tianti tion
radvat
KA mitalt
hhauio
tie
Siain
ro
uhi ch
de efoim atio.,
fro
t1Cntition
httro qenou ty Po
Sho
Stl,
bon
Many mtdauParti colaty to w-Car
havc
oind
a
lo ad elonqaion di
upp9itd point
fam
etonqaio
Lowtr yittd Doint
Lude
and
ton qotion
Ihe load
Stad ty
ceouu
abooi
ttuata
dn
Sud
Suddn
Valo
in
thn
and
l o ad,
tovder Yi td PointJ4
OCcu
Lou
lowY
Calte
s
d
Yitld poin
Yic ld
a
risu
Shalo9, and drops
ppioximatc
wi th
othr
st
Contant
iain
drop
is the load at hich Sud den
point
the Conrdant
o ad
in the
Cuw
i
Calld
poinf
Yitd Poind elonqction'
OCtU
elautic
Some
Yittd
f
tb
h
tlonq afion which tat
Conttcn load is catle d
p1ate
Yietd poind longation
lal
tloo t1 law
mostme{all, aA
fo
no
to
Dal
nowo
IRSNelation s h i i s
Sthain
Hookt
D
sai ty o
Clati
call
wt
bi
an
Pub
b
liot
thal
tto Lo
hau
lincar
a
definition 0an ttatH
Cb Poue law
tha
t
lhD
StLs, t h
1h
Stroin
thu
cn
Sthe
acco ding
Lm
to
vitl
n0
Loith
Sati
s ia
ibelo
s fics th
ow
the
law Sta
tcn sit
Vittd
2lanti cally
th
fn p
d
owr
6
Ce
SthCs
db
inar
may
4ottowin 9aph ma
s 1 h e fnti le Yietd
E ni
not
hehavu
hich clalion
clalio ship.
hi
the Powtr la
maBti al bhav
blw
loLo
h
th st
&quation J u 1 e n t t
1elation
dou
f
mattriat.
lou tital l ,
prend
Od
to
Yitdiog has o c ort d, th Ho owin
A
behau
Stt-Sfiain
thai
Hon thi .
onat
lo ad- dotmation
motceial
am attiio
Lxampie O
S e s s Sfrc n
aph
att
o1ti
rop
o u t tu
ar
To Pov tio
it
aLI.
h
q u i r a thad
aw
Shootd
Ship
lation
d
Str css
dou
Sp ccimun
thu
On
Hoo (A
a
cqn tn tuStattd
mOv
appii td
being
is
that
load
the
the locud
a
defor ma h'on i
the
limil
tlau ti
the
Cxceed
lonq
modi{ted mo dolu
and.
m
is thu
xonnt|
TrUShain (u1u
and
Ce ro She
Stuain
In nq intetinq She
u
C
da
a
mta
dimntiont
(
otled
the
duinq
aca
o
Staqe
dtto
ia +CoSion
(ourte
tn
th
mation
betomu
the
allt. ot
lo ad
ih 6iqinal
T
doo
DeC
Cro tecfionat
al this
to
Confinu
d
Tgi t
and frUL
h
-
fam
Stre
Tp vestnt
Sharo
&ain Covv,
Coehcd tor ectinq
ngineei n
Mak
Stres.hain Cur v
O
Stratn
which
rap dty
h e below di oqg
Z0Oering
CUTUU
th
o t h tat.13 tau
e
the Comarision o
and
Cablc
un
shecimn is deotauing
the
on
I o dutht Mc a
that
On tiouool din
tntirtlg
Chan g
nd hat dimnSiont
Spttimun,
he
o
1S bastd
i
becowt
9e
deomation Chavacieistic
th
u
indication
no
duu
(osde
load
XTator