ENERGY HARVESTING FROM RAINFALL
A Project
Submitted to the Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering in partial fullfilment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Petroleum and Mining
Engineering.
By
Md. Amin- Al- Anas
Roll No: 160832
Registration No: 1608283
Session: 2016-2017
Supervisor
DR. MD. AMINUL ISLAM
Assistant Professor
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering
Jashore University of Science and Technology,
Jashore -7408, Bangladesh
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering
Jashore University of Science and Technology,
Jashore -7408, Bangladesh
29 December, 2021
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, JUST
CERTIFICATION
It is my pleasure to certify that the dissertation entitled " ENERGY HARVESTING FROM
RAINFALL" is submitted by Md. Amin- Al- Anas to the Faculty of Engineering & Technology,
Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore -7408, Bangladesh for the partial
fulfilment of requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Petroleum and Mining
Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh.
The results submitted in this project are entirely the candidate's own investigation and no part of
the results has been accepted for any degree, nor is it being concurrently submitted for any
degree.
Supervisor
----------------------------------------DR. MD. AMINUL ISLAM
Assistant Professor
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering
Jashore University of Science and Technology,
Jashore -7408, Bangladesh
Department of Petroleum and Mining Engineering, JUST
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project has been completed entirely by myself and has not been
previously submitted to any other degree or qualification in any University/Institute. To the best
of my and belief, the project contains no materials previously published or written by another
person expect where due references is made in this project itself.
--------------------------------------Md. Amin- Al- Anas
Roll No: 160832
Registration No: 1608283
Session: 2016-2017
Chapter-1
Introduction
Backgroud
As a means of generating electricity under sunlight, photovoltaics are considered a promising
technology due to their green, cost-effectiveness and zero-emissions characteristics [1-5].
Nevertheless, the weather-dependence has greatly limited their application to rainy days and
rain-rich regions. In Southeast Asian and South American regions, more than thirty percent of
the time is devoted to rainy days. Today, renewable energy sources square measure wide
promoted worldwide. Among renewable energy sources, cell use has been deeply
investigated for a large sort of analysis areas, from hand-held devices to family appliances.
thanks to the combined heat-power generation possibility, fuel cells square measure the
foremost promising supply of energy for residential use, typically in addition to alternative
renewable sources as electrical phenomenon arrays. In recent years, along with a speedily
growing interest in renewable energy sources and their reliable operating, a lot of attention
has been given to the chance of generating energy while not the utilization of typical thermal
power or nuclear plants, so as to satisfy additionally the growing demand for energy in
developing countries. A discussion that it's undertaken relates to convert, by suggests that of
electricity plates, the K.E. possessed by the drops of fresh water into electricity. The
electricity electrical device are often thought-about as a charge generator or a voltage
generator. When the piezoelectric film is subjected to a pressure, inside charges area unit
generated that produce to an electrical field. The electrodes that area unit situated getting
ready to the surface, are affected by this field and accumulate on their faces a quantity of
charge proportional to pressure.
1
Objective of the study:
⦁
Literature survey for the energy harvesting from rainfall
⦁
Find out the possible mechanism
⦁
To give a concluding remarks
2
CHAPTER 2
Literature rivew
Piezoelectric Material
Piezoelectric materials can be classified according to two criteria: crystalline and ceramic.
Piezoelectric materials can be man-made or occur in nature. The most important natural
piezoelectric materials: quartz, topaz, sucrose, Rochelle salt, tourmaline group minerals, lead
titanate, berlinite. The piezoelectric properties are attributed to the lattice structure of these
elements. There are also other biological materials that exhibit piezoelectric properties. Bone,
silk, wood, DNA, dentin, tendons and viral proteins are some of the biological materials that
exhibit piezoelectric properties. Piezoelectric materials can also be made synthetically, for
example synthetic crystals such as langasite, lithium tantalite, lithium niobate, and gallium
orthophosphate. To have piezoelectric properties, crystals must be non-ferroelectric and
polycrystalline.
3
PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCERS AND RAINDROP
Piezoelectricity may be a property gift in several materials: the generation of an electrical
charge in sure non-conducting materials, like quartz crystals and ceramics, once they area
unit subjected to mechanical stress (such as pressure or vibration) is understood as direct
piezoelectricity, whereas the generation of vibrations in such materials once they area unit
subjected to an electrical field is that the inverse impact. the power of electricity materials to
convert electricity into mechanical and contrariwise depends on their crystalline structure. the
required condition happens as a result of the piezoelectricity is that the absence of a middle of
symmetry within the crystal, that is accountable for charge separation between positive and
negative ions and also the formation of the Weiss domains, that is teams of dipoles with
parallel orientation. Applying an electrical field to an electricity material, the Weiss domains
area unit aligned in proportion to the sphere. Consequently, the scale of the fabric
modification, by increasing or decreasing if the direction of the Weiss domains is that the
same as or opposite to the electrical field to explain in simple terms, a stress (tensile or
compressive) applied to a piezocrystal can alter the separation between the positive and
electric charge sites in every elementary cell resulting in a internet polarization at the crystal
surface. The impact is much linear, i.e. the polarization varies directly with the applied stress,
and direction dependent, in order that compressive and tensile stresses can generate electrical
fields and therefore voltages of opposite polarity. it's on the far side the scope of this study
offer an thorough going description of the development and of the changes that are developed
to optimize the electrical performance and mechanical specifications, attention-grabbing
discussion are often found in. In this study the energy harvester consists of a electricity film
on an epoxy cantilever sandwiched between electrodes that square measure accustomed
collect the generated power. A water drop falls on the structure and it creates an impulsive
force that brings the inner lattice structure of the electricity component to deform, inflicting
the loss of simmetry, and thus to the generation of little dipoles, that international result is an
impulsive voltage on electrodes. The development of rain energy harvesters by utilizing
energy conversion technologies is therefore extremely important to supplement photovoltaics.
For converting rain energy into electricity, Wang and coworkers have devised triboelectric
nanogenerators based on complicated electromechanical conversion principles. These nanogenerators can be used to harvest rain energy according to their systematic research [6-9].
While Viola and co-workers successfully converted the kinetic energy possessed by the drops
of rainwater into electrical energy by means of piezoelectric, and performed an experimental
comparison between different rainfall harvesting structures, subjected to the stresses due to
4
raindrops: the cantilever, the bridge and the floating circle [10, 11]. Helseth and Wen
discussed multiple ways to harvest raindrop energy with piezoelectric and triboelectric
transducers, and they evaluated the energy potential due to rain parameters. [12]. Real
rainwater contains a lot of salts that can split into positive ions (Na+ , H+ , Mg2+ , etc) and
negative ions (Cl- , NO3 - , SO4 2- , etc), therefore, Tang's achievements was the
development of electro-kinetic generators to harvest rain energy. Upon contact with an
electron-enriched graphene oxide mono-electrode, raindrops spread out on the surface,
forming electric double-layer (EDL) pseudo-capacitors at the electronic/droplet interface and
completing the charging process. Therefore, the raindrops shrink rapidly, and the monoelectrode discharges the pseudo-capacitor, releasing electrons. Through repeatedly chargingdischarging processes, current and voltage signals are produced under the dropping of
rainwater [13-17]. This work provides new opportunities of harvesting rain energy, while the
limited number of conjugated electrons in GO film has been a significant burden for further
enhancing electrical signals. In order to increase the electron concentration and therefore
electrical signals, well-designed graphene nanosheets are incorporated into reduced graphene
oxide to prepare graphene doped reduced graphene oxide (G/rGO) composite films using
flexible titanium (Ti) foil as a substrate. When applied as flexible monoelectrodes, the
dependences of current and voltage on G/rGO ratio, cation concentration and injection
velocity are carefully studied, yielding an optimized current of hundreds of nanoamps and
voltage of hundreds of microvolts.
5
We report here a category of self-powered flexible monoelectrodes made from cost-effective
graphene/reduced graphene oxide (G/rGO) composite films to harvest rain energy. Periodic
current and voltage signals are recorded under persistent rain stimuli to evaluate the rain-toelectricity efficiency. The mechanism behind rain energy harvest is charging/discharging
cycles of electron|cation electrical double-layer (EDL) pseudocapacitances at G/rGOraindrop interfaces. An average current of hundreds of nanoamps and voltage of hundreds of
microvolts are achieved by optimizing monoelectrodes.
All-weather solar cells are promising in solving the energy crisis. A flexible solar cell is
presented that is triggered by combining an electron-enriched graphene electrode with a dyesensitized solar cell. The new solar cell can be excited by incident light on sunny days and
sraindrops on rainy days, yielding an optimal solar-to-electric conversion efficiency of 6.53%
under AM 1.5 irradiation and current over microamps as well as a voltage of hundreds of
microvolts by simulated raindrops. The formation of p-electron j cation electrical doublelayer pseudocapacitors at graphene/raindrop interface is contributable to current and voltage
outputs at switchable charging–discharging process. The new concept can guide the design of
advanced all-weather solar cells.
Therefore, there has been widespread utilization of graphene as a robust absorbent for PbII
ions and organic dye removal from aqueous solution,[18,19] in which graphene can combine
with heavy metal ions and organic dyes through Lewis acid–base interactions. Inspired by
6
this, we would like to realize electricity generation by dropping raindrops on graphene film,
because rain is a gigantic salt reservoir full of positively and negatively charged ions. The
positively charged ions such as Na+, Ca 2+, and NH4+ in raindrops can be adsorbed onto
graphene surface by Lewis acid–base interactions to drive electron migration when dropping
raindrops onto graphene surface, creating electrical p-electron j cation double-layer
pseudocapacitors for current and potential output.[20] Our focus is placed on detecting
current and potential signals by dropping rain droplets onto reduced graphene oxide (rGO)
surface.
Rain-responsive electrodes for energy harvest
The growing interest in global environmental pollution continues to expand the search for
inexpensive approaches to processing heavy metal ions. Of these different types of heavy
metal ions, the Cr(VI) ion is considered one of the most toxic and has been shown to be
carcinogenic. Cr(VI) ions are widely used in pigment and refractory industries, as well as in
some contaminated industries such as steelmaking, metal plating, military purposes and
leather tanning [21,22]. The massive release of Cr(VI) ions from industrial waste and
wastewater seriously threatens human health and the environment. To date, several
techniques have been developed for the reduction/removal of Cr(VI) ions in aqueous
solutions, such as adsorption, precipitation, ion exchange, membrane processes, and chemical
coagulation [23-28]. Of these methods, adsorption is one of the simplest, most effective and
cost-effective. However, conventional adsorbents often exhibit limited adsorption capacity
because the surface area is not large enough. Therefore, there is a need for new adsorbents
that still exhibit high Cr(VI) removal capacity. Suitable conducting polymers have been
extensively studied over the past 40 years for potential applications in nanoelectronic devices,
energy conversion and storage devices, sensors, catalysts, electrochromic devices, actuators,
and biomedicine [29-33]. Among the conductive polymers, polypyrrole (PPy) has been
studied most widely due to its ease of synthesis and interesting electronic and redox
properties [34-37]. In addition to the explored applications mentioned above, PPy, like other
conductive polymers, has also shown good promise for the adsorption of positively charged
nitrogen atoms in polymer chains. Rajehwar et al. It was demonstrated for the first time that
PPy films can be used for the recovery and removal of Cr(VI) ions from wastewater, and the
use of PPy materials working with heavy metal ions has been intensively studied [38]. As we
all know, one of the most important factors affecting adsorption efficiency is the surface area
or porosity of the adsorption medium. Therefore, in order to increase the adsorption
efficiency, it is very necessary to obtain a polypropylene having a nanostructure with a large
surface area.
Raindrops can rapidly decay on the graphene surface, releasing electrons into the graphene
and discharging pseudocapacitors. The charging and discharging process can signal current
and voltage when rainwater falls. So far, related reports have received considerable attention
as they broaden their knowledge of advanced all-weather solar cells. However, this strategy is
not applicable to high-efficiency Fluorine Doped Tin Oxide (FTO) glass substrate solar cells
7
due to its fragile and non-cohesive nature, so a prerequisite for high-efficiency all-weather
solar cells is to investigate the possibility of building them. Solar cell architecture FTO
backing on solid glass. Moreover, the structure of these solar cells is still complex for
practical applications. In the present study, single-layer graphene is integrated into a solar cell
to create a dual-function solar cell that realizes photovoltaic conversion according to the
electrical signal of raindrops falling with the influence of solar radiation, which has a
maximum photoelectric conversion efficiency of 7.69%. Irradiated with AM1.5. In the form
of a current of 0.66 μA/raindrop and a voltage of 61.8 μV/drop by simulated raindrops. Due
to the optical losses of monolayer graphene, the solar cell architecture has been optimized to
provide a solar cell efficiency of 9.14%, a current of a few microamps per raindrop, and a
voltage of tens of microvolts per raindrop.
A cell that is activated by the sun and rain
This concept of converting natural energy into electricity has inspired the development of
sophisticated functional devices to overcome the problem of classic photovoltaics failing
after a few sunny days. To improve rain response, more research is being done on graphene
customized coating, platinum alloy electrodes, and polymer electrodes. In this paper, we
show how to gather rain energy using a novel class of electronenriched electrodes made of
conductive polypyrrole (PPy), PPygraphene complex, and PPy-graphene/PtCo. Due to the
presence of a significant conjugated structure in the linear molecular chain, PPy is a typical
electron-enriched conductive polymer with high conductivity, good electrocatalytic activity,
and film-forming ability.
8
Chapter-3
Survey of the process
We present here experimental realization of physical proof-concept rain-response electrodes
from polypyrrole (PPy), PPy-graphene and PPy-graphene/PtCo for rain energy harvest. By
obeying charging/discharging mechanism of cation (rain)/electron (electrode) electrical
double-layer (EDL) pseudocapacitances at rainwater/electrode interfaces, periodical current
and voltage signals are produced under the stimulation of simulated rain droplets. The energy
conversion device made from PPy-graphene/PtCo achieves a maximized peak current of 4.91
mA/ droplet, a peak voltage of 320.62 mV/droplet, yielding a power of 1161.38 pW/droplet.
ncy.
Following this principle, a special conductive graphene coating is also applied to the robust
DSSC architecture using a simple printing method, giving an efficiency of 9.8% and
increasing the current and voltage signals.13 Using the same method, a platinum alloy is also
applied to the solar cell You can. Works in the rain. 14 arises from the deflection of the
platinum reactor electrons in the transition metal because of the high electronegativity of the
platinum species. However, due to the high cost of platinum alloy films, other cost-effective
energy-saving materials should be investigated. Moreover, the remaining problem with these
rainfall-capable PV systems is that they cannot produce electricity in the dark without rain.
To address the aforementioned problems, we present here the fabrication of a hybrid solar
cell composed of a rain plug electrode of a nanostructured polyaniline derivative (PANi) and
a fluorescent photoanode . Delocalized π-electrons 15,16 , can combine with rainwater
cations to form EDLs at the interface. A green-emitting photoanode, on the other hand,
absorbs unabsorbed flux in the visible to infrared range during the day and emits a
monochromatic green fluorescence that lasts for hours to hundreds of hours while partially or
completely covering the night time. In the present work, the emphasis is on how to
implement a three-function hybrid solar light according to an advanced phase-to-phase design
and what its dark characteristics are. To address this problem, we present a physical proof of
concept for a hybrid solar cell by applying a PV cell that uses polyaniline and its derivatives
to harvest energy from the sun and rain. A polyaniline graphene/PtCo solar cell, optimized
through interphase engineering studies, provides a luminous efficiency of 9.09% when
illuminated with an air mass of 1.5, up to 25.58% in the dark, and current and voltage when
exposed to real rain. provides . This work will allow scientists to study advanced solar cells
9
for all weather conditions for innovative rising solar cells. Hybrid solar cells are therefore
based on electron-rich PANi and are designed to collect energy from the sun and rain. By
modifying the solar cell interface with PANigraphene/PtCo, the photoelectric conversion
efficiency can be increased to 8.60% by AM1.5 irradiation, and the electrical signal caused
by rainwater is also improved by increasing the electron density. Additional interfacial
studies were performed by incorporating LPP green light-emitting phosphors to improve
solar cell efficiency and nighttime energy production, resulting in luminous efficiency of
9.09% in the dark and up to 25.58% efficiency.
10
Chapter-4
Result and Discussion
The results demonstrate there are high dependence of electrical signals on the electron
concentration of electrodes as well as the concentration, ionic radius and charges of cations in
rainwater. Furthermore, the as-developed rain-energy conversion devices have reasonable
long-term stability in response of simulated rainwater or real rain in Qingdao. This work is
still far from optimization, but the high electrical signals and improved stability make rainenergy conversion devices promising to harvest waste rain energy.
Rain is very responsive on polypyrrole-graphene/PtCo electrodes for energy harvest. The
raindrops can shrink rapidly on graphene surface, releasing the electrons to graphene and
discharging the pseudocapacitor. The charging-discharging processes can yield current and
voltage signals under dropping of raindwater. Till now, the corresponding report has attracted
considerable attentions because it extends our knowledge of advanced all-weather solar cells.
However, this strategy is not applicable for high-efficiency solar cells with fluorine doped tin
oxide (FTO) glass substrate because of its frangible and uncohesive nature, therefore
a prerequisite for high-efficiency all-weather solar cells is to explore an avenue of building
this solar cell architecture on rigid FTO glass substrate. Moreover, the architectures of these
solar cells are still challenging for their practical applications.
11
In the current work, a bifunctional solar cell realizing photoelectric conversion under sun
irradiation along with electric signals by dropping raindrops is created by integrating a
monolayer graphene with a solar cell, yielding a maximal photoelectric conversion efficiency
of 7.69% under AM1.5 irradiation as well as a current of 0.66 µA/raindrop and a voltage of
61.8 µV/raindrop by simulated raindrops. Due to the optical loss across the monolayer
graphene, the solar cell architecture is optimized, yielding a solar cell efficiency of 9.14% as
well as a current of a few microamps/raindrop and a voltage of tens of microvolts/raindrop.
12
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