Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
Misambo yeVaShona
Izwi rokutanga
Misambo yeVaShona ibhuku rakanyorwa richitevera urongwa hutsva
hwavemo muzvidzidzo zveMitauro yedu yemuno muZimbabwe.
Misambo zvinoreva maitiro kana mararamiro. Maitiro aya ndiwo ari
kuumba chinyorwa chino kubva kumararamiro avo kare zvichibatana
nemararamiro avari kuita mazuva ano muhupenyu hwemakore ano
eshanduko nekuwanda kwenjere.
Bhuku rino richabata misambo kana kuti mararamiro akasiyana-siyana
akadudzwa neurongwa hwechidzidzo cheMitauro yemuZimbabwe asi
rakanangana nechidzidzo cheChiShona chevana vesekondari.
Kuverenga bhuku rino kuchakubatsira kuti uve neruzivo rwemaitiro
eVaShona muupenyu hwavo hwekare nehwavava kurarama nhasi.
Zivo imweyo inobatsirawo mwana wechikoro kuti agone kupindura pepa
rake repiri zvakanaka. Chikamu chemisambo chikamu chichiri kuomera
vanhu vakawanda asi bhuku rino richaedza kuisa pachena zvose
zvingabatsira mwana kuti agone kuzosangana nemibvunzo panopera danho
rino re’O’level.
1|Page
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
5.0 MHURI
Zvinangwa




Kutsanangura kuti mhuri chii.
Kudoma nekutsanangura mhando sere dzemhuri
Kutsanangura zvakakoshera mhuri
Kutsanangura zvakakoshera umwe neumwe mumhuri
5.1 Mhuri Chii?
Iboka revanhu vane hukama hunovaunza pamwe chete.
5.2 Mhuri Muchinyakare
Chivanhu chedu chaikoshesa kuvapo kwababa, amai nevana kuti panzi pave
nemhuri. Hayaitorwa semhuri kana paishaikwa mwana saka paiyedzwa
zvakasiyana-siyana kuti pave nevana zvaigona kusanganisira kupindira kana
kupiwa chigadzamapfihwa kuti pave nevana. Vana vaikosheswa chose nekuti vaiti
hapana dzinza raikura kana paishaikwa vana.
Mukomana ainzi ndiye aitakura zita redzinza achiriendesa mberi. Saka
mwanakomana aifanirwa kuwanikwa mumhuri. Ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero
zvaiita kuti pave nemaparika.
Vanasikana vainzi ndavana mandipfumisa. Kana kwaiita nzara zvaive nyore
kuwana kune vaiva nazvo kana mwanasikana aivepo. Kuwanda kwevanasikana
kwaiva kuwandawo kwepfuma yaitarisirwa kupinda mumusha kana vana ava
vaizoroorwa.
Kuroorana kwaitaura mavambo emhuri. Mhuri yaitarisirwa kuonekwa apa
yaifanirwa kusanganisira baba, amai nevana. Hazvireve kuti dzimwe mhando
dzemhuri dzaisavepo, asi kuti chivanhu chedu hachaikoshesa dzimwe mhando
2|Page
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
dzemhuri nekuti dzaitorwa sedzakaperevedza dzisina kuzara. Ndicho chikonzero
chaiita kuti pakosheswe nyaya dzekugara nhaka kuti mhuri dzinzi dzine vabereki
vose vakakwana.
Chizvinozvino chakauya nekusandura zvinhu. Dzimwewo mhando dzemhuri dzose
dzaisakosheswa semhuri dzave kukosheswawo. Idzi dzinosanganisira dziri pazasi;
5.3 Mhando Dzemhuri
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Mhuri ina baba amai nevana
Iyi imhuri ine vabereki vose vaviri nevana vari pasi pavo vachigara
pamusha mumwe chete semhuri.
Mhuri ine vabereki chete
Iyi imhuri ine vabereki chete vasina vana nekuda kwezvikonzero.
Inogona kuve sarudzo yavo yokusaita vana sezvaveko mazuva ano kana
kuti mwana ashaikwa nekushaya mbereko kana kufirwa nevana.
Mhuri yemubereki umwe nevana
Mubereki anogona kuve umwe nevana. Izvi zvinogona kubva
mukurambana kana kuti kufirwa kana kuti inogona kuve imwe
yesarudzo dzave kutorwa nevechimanjemanje vanoona sokuti kuita
roodzi kunovhiringa mafaro avo kana kuti kunovavhiringira pfuma dzavo
dzavanenge vaita. Saka ava vanongotsvaka vokungoita navo vana asi
pasina roodzi vachigara kwavo ivowo vachigara nevana vavo.
Mhuri dzakabatana kuumba imwe
Iyi imhuri inoumbwa nemurume nemukadzi vane vana vavo kubva kune
mamwe maroodzi avaimbove. Zvino umwe neumwe anenge auya
achizvuva sanzu rake, vobatanidza mhuri dzavo kuumba mhuri imwe
chete.
Mhuri ine vana chete
Mhuri dzakadai dzawanda mazuva ano. Vana vanogona kuita mhuri vari
voga nekuda kwezvikonzero zvinosanganisira kufirwa nevabereki vosara
vave nherera kana kusiiwa voga vabereki vaenda kunoshava mhiri
sezvatandira munyika yedu yeZimbabwe.
Mhuri dzevana vanochengetwa
3|Page
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
Idzi imhuri dzevana vaye vanotorwa vochengetwa munzvimbo
dzakagadzirirwa kurerera nekukudzira vana ivavo. Mumisha iyi mune
vakuru vanoita basa rekuchengeta vana ivavo sevabereki vavo.
g)
h)
Mhuri ina baba, amai, vana uye dzimwe hama
Iyi imhuri yakati kurei inosanganisira dzimwewo hama. Iyi ndiyo mhuri
yakagara ichikosheswa kana tava kutaura zvoukama hwedu
hweChiVanhu. PaChiVanhu chedu tinokoshesa kuva nehama
dzakawanda kuti munhu ararame zvakanaka. Hama idzi dzinotarisirwa
kubatsira kana paita dambudziko rinoda vabatsiri. Hama idzi dzinobata
divi rababa vako rose neraamai vako. Saka mhuri inogona kuve nababa,
amai, vana vavo uyewo dzimwe hama kubva kumativi atataura aya.
Mhuri yebarika
Iyi imhuri ina baba nevakadzi nevana. Chivanhu chedu chinotendera kuti
murume aite vakadzi vanodarika umwe kana achizvida hake. Izvi
zvinobva zvatipa mhuri dzemhando yebarika.
5.4 Kukosha Kwemhuri
Mhuri ndidzo dzinotiumba kuti tive vanhu vakakwanira kusangana nehupenyu.
Dzinotiumba nezvinhu zvatingaisa muzvikwata zvitatu zvinoita kuti tive vanhu
vanokwanisa kugara mumhuri nekugarawo munharaunda nevamwe zvakanaka;
1) Zvinobatika
Mhuri dzedu dzakatikoshera nekuti dzinotishavira zvose zvinobatika
zvatinoda muupenyu hwedu kuti huendeke. Izvi zvinosanganisira mbatya,
zvokudya, nepekugara nezvimwe zvinobatika zvatingade.
2) Zvemagariro edu nevamwe
Mhuri dzedu dzine basa rekutiumba kuti tive vanhu vakakwanira kugara
nevamwe zvakanaka. Izvi zvinobudirira kana munhu akave nematauriro
akanaka, magariro akanaka nevamwe uyewo kugona kuzvisarudzira. Saka
4|Page
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
ibasa remhuri kutidzidzisa matauriro kuti magariro edu nevamwe ange
akanaka mumhuri kana munharaunda.
3) Zvemanzwiro
Mhuri dzedu dzinogadzirisa divi remanzwiro edu nokutiumbawo kuve
vanhu vanoyemurika. Izvi zvinobata-bata mukati medu matisingagoni
kubata kana kuona. Mukati medu kana kuti matinoti mumwoyo kana kuti
muhana medu mune chekuita nemanzwiro atinoita akasiyana-siyana
sokunzwa rudo, kunzwa kugutsikana kana kunzwa kufara. Izvi munhu
anozvinzwa kwete nenzeve asi kuti maari. Mhuri dzedu dzinobatsira
kutiumba mune izvi nezvatinoona nekudzidza kubva kuvabereki vedu sokuti
tinodzidza kuitirana rudo kubva pane zvinenge zvichiitika mumhuri medu.
5.5 Zvakakoshera Vakuru Mumhuri.
Vakuru mumhuri vanogona kuva baba naamai, vanasekuru navanambuya
kana vanatete, vanamainini, vanababamunini, babamukuru, mukoma,
hanzvadzi, tete kana vamwewo vanochengeta nekutiriritira vadiki.
 Ndivo vanobereka vana.
 Vanhu vakuru vanoriritira vadiki. Ava ndivo vanotsvagira mhuri
zvinobatika zvingadiwe kuti upenyu hwemhuri yose huyendeke
zvinosanganisira pokugara, zvipfeko nezvokudya.
 Ava vanofanirwawo kudzidzisa vadiki kuti vave negwara rakanaka
roupenyu.
 Ndivozve vanofanirwa kugadzira mitemo yezvinofanirwa
kutevedzwa pamusha kuti pagarike zvakanaka.
 Vanofanirwa kuona kuti umwe neumwe wevadiki pamusha ipapo
atevedza mitemo yavakatara.
 Kana mitemo yatyorwa vanofanirwa kuisa zvirango zvinoita kuti
vatyori vemitemo vasazoityora zvakare.
 Ndivo mucherechedzo weraramo kuvadiki vane basa rekuturira
raramirwo yehupenyu yakanaka kuvadiki vari mumhuri.
5|Page
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
5.6 Zvakakoshera Vadiki Nevamwe Vose Mumhuri
Chikwata ichi chine vanhu vanosanganisira vana mumhuri iyoyo kana
dzimwewo hama dzinouya kuzogara mumhuri dzedu.
Ava vanotarisirwa;
 Kucherechedza mitemo yakatarwa mumhuri dzavanenge vauya
kuzogara nadzo.
 Vanotarisirwawo kuita mabasa epamba anosanganisira kuchengeta
vacheche kana vabereki vavo vaenda kumabasa, kudiridza mapindu,
kugeza michovha, kutsvaira dzimba nekusuka ndiro nemamwewo
mabasa avangagone kuita kurerutsira vakuru vavanogara navo.
 Ndivo vanotakura chisveru chekuenda mberi nedzinza/ mhuri saka
vanofanirwa kudzidza mararamiro akanaka kubva kuvakuru.
5.7 Kupindura Mibvunzo
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chii chinonzi mhuri?
[1]
Doma mhando sere dzemhuri dzawadzidza [4]
Sei mhuri dzaisava nevana dzaisakosheswa semhuri?
[2]
Mhuri yakakosherei kunharaunda? [2]
Mhuri tinogona kuona mune mapoka maviri evanhu anoti revariritirwi
nerevariritiri.
Tsanangura zvakakoshera boka imwe nerimwe kumhuri. [4]
6. Tsanangura matambudziko anosangana nemhuri dzevana vanochengetwa.
[4]
7. Donongodza zvikonzero zvekuvepo kwemhuri dzine mubereki umwe. [4]
6|Page
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
8.0 NZIRA DZOKUFAMBISA MASHOKO
Zvinangwa
 Kudoma nzira nhatu huru dzekufambiswa kwemashoko.
 Kutsanangura kufambiswa kwemashoko kwanhasi nekwakare.
 Kudoma zviga zvishanu zvekucherechedza pakufamba.
kwemashoko.
 Kutsanangura kufamba kwemashoko mumagariro.
8.1 Kufambisa Mashoko
Uku kuita kuti mashoko, mazwi kana zvatinofunga zvigone kuzivikanwawo
nevamwe.
Izvi zvinogona kuitika kuburikidza nekutaura, kunyora kana
micherechedzo.
Nzira huru dzemafambisirwo emashoko
7|Page
naNick Mufutumari
kufambiswa kwemashoko
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
kutaura
kunyora
micherechedzo
Kubva pamusoro taona kuti mashoko anogona kufambiswa ne;
a) Kutaura
Uku kufambisa mazwi anonzwika atingataura anotakura pfungwa dzatiri kuda kuti
dzisvike kwadzinofanirwa kusvika. Muteereri wedu kana ari pedyo nesu zvinoita
nyore nekuti anozvinzwira tichitaura. Kana muteereri asiri pedyo zvinoreva kuti
panofanirwa kutsvagwa maendeserwo emashoko ekutaura aya kwaari nenzira
inoita kuti asvike ari ekutaura anonzwika saizvozvo. Ndipo panozoshandiswa
nhume dzinonotaura zvarehwa kana kushandiswa mawairesi, nhare kana
materevhizheni anodaidzira mazwi ari kutaurwa nemutauri panguva iyoyo.
b) Kunyora
Aya mazwi chaiwo emunhu anonyorwa papepa anotaura chaizvo zviri mupfungwa
dzemunyori. Zvinyorwa zvinoenda kumuteereri zviri mumhando dzakasiyana-siya
dzinogona kuverengeka kumutambiri wemashoko. Zvinyorwa zvinogona kuve
zvepapepa kana kuti zvinogona kuve zvinyorwambozha zvatave kuona
pamakombiyuta, panharembozha, pamaterevhizheni nepane zvimwewo
8|Page
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
zvitakuramazwi zvakasiyana siyana zvave kushandiswa nevanhu mazuva ano.
Zvinyorwa zvinogona kuve tsamba, mabhuku kana mapepanhau.
c) Micherechedzo
Uku kutaura asi pasina mazwi kwatingaite tichishandisa micherechedzo
yakasiyana- siyana ine zvainomirira zvinozivikanwa pakati pemutumiri
wemashoko nemutambiri wemashoko. Micherechedzo yatingashandise
inosanganisira kuita kwedu nemiviri kungave nechirevo, mifananidzo , zvinorira,
ruvara, moto, nezvimwewo.
8.2 Tinofambisirei Mashoko
Tinofambisa mashoko kuitira kuti;
 Tipanane pfungwa dzinoita kuti kurarama kwedu kuve nyore.
 kuti tive neukama hwakanaka nevamwe vatinopanana navo mashoko.
 kuti tigone kuchengetedza ukama hwatinanhwo nevamwe.
8.3 Zviga Zvekucherechedza Pakufambisa Mashoko
- kuti mashoko anoenda kuna ani.
- kuti mashoko anoda kufambiswa ndeemhando ipi.
- nguva yatingade kuti mashoko ange asvika.
- kunzwisisika kwemashoko nenzira iyoyo.
- kuwana kwedu mhinduro.
8.4 Nzira DzeKufambiswa Kwemashoko Mazuva Ano
Mazuva ano mashoko anofambiswa nenzira nhatu dziri pamusoro dzinoti,
kunyora, kutaura nemicherechedzo.
8.4.1 Mhando DzeKutaura Kunofambisa Mashoko Mazuva Ano.
Nguva nenguva tinofambisa mashoko nekutaura toga kuvateereri vedu. Kana
tatadza kutaura toga tinotsvaka dzimwe nzira dzakatirerukira asi dzinoita kuti
mashoko edu ekutaura afambe sedzinotevera;
8.4.1.1 Nhume
Pane nguva dzatinoona zvakakodzera kuti tifambise mashoko edu nenhume
zvichida nekuti isu toga takundika kusvitsa mazwi toga nekuda kwezvikonzero
9|Page
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
zvakasiyana-siyana. Pakadaro tinotsvaga nhume kuti dzitifambisire mashoko edu
chaiwo atinenge tataura.
Kana pachiita zvemaroodzi panotumirwa nhume dzevanyai. Vanyai vanokwanisa
kutaura navanatezvara vemukuwasha vachifambisa mazwi angave emaroodzi
kana kufambisa mazwi ekuparara kwemaroodzi kumadzitezvara.
Vanhu vatinogara navo mazuva ose tinovashandisa kuve nhume dzedu
dzinonotaura mashoko kuvanhu vakasiyana-siyana kuti hupenyu hwedu hufambe
zvakanaka. Vana, vazukuru, vanin’ina kana vakuwasha vedu kana dzimwewo
hama tinovatuma kuti vatifambisire mashoko edu nekunotaura zvatinenge
tataura. Tinozosarudza nhumwa chaiyo ingagone kufambisa mashoko anenge
aripo zvichibva nehuremu kana nekukosha kwemashoko anenge aripo.
Nhume dzakanakira kuti kana shoko rakarema dzinogadzirisa kuti dzisvitse
rinotaurika. Izvi zvinoipira kuti mazwi chaiwo anenge atumirwa anenge
atokanganisika. Pane kungokanganisa mazwi ari kufambiswa nhume dzinogona
kunonoka kusvika kana kunonoka kudzoka nemhinduro kana kudzokawo
nemhinduro yava nemamwe mazwi asina kutaurwa chaiwo zvoita kuti kunzwisisa
mashoko atumirwa kukanganisike.
8.4.1.2 Nhare
Tinokwanisa kufambisawo mashoko ekutaura nekutaura nevateereri tiri panhare.
Nhare dzinofambisa mashoko edu chaiwo kuvanhu vatinenge tichitaura navo.
Mhinduro tinobva tadziwana ipapo ipapo pasina zvokumbomirira kuti tizoiwana.
Nhare dzinogona kuve nharembozha kana nhare dzepanzvimbo. Nharembozha
ndidzo dziri kutonga mazuva ano. Idzi inhare dzatinogona kufamba nadzo kwese
kwatinoenda. Tinokwanisa kutaura nevose vangade kutaura nesu chero nguva ipi
zvayo. Dzakanakira kuti dzave nhare dzinokwanisa kuita zvinhu zvakawanda chose
sekuenda padandemutande reruzivo apo panokwanisika kutumirwa
tsambambozha kana kupinda padandaro rewhatsapp, facebook, twitter
nemamwe.
10 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
Nhare dzepanzvimbo dzinogara panzvimbo imwe dzisingatakurwe sezvatinoita
nharembozha dzatinoenda nadzo pose patinenge tiri. Dzinoshandisirwa
panzvimbo padziri ipapo. Nhare dzorudzi urwu vanhu vave kudzisema nokuti
dzinokushandira kana uri padziri chete kana wakabvapo hauchagona kutaura
nevanoda kutaura newe zvoreva kuti vanotofanirwa kukumirira kusvika
paunozowanikwa pairi. Nhare dzorudzi urwu dzakanakira kuti hadzinyanye
kudhura kushandisa pane nharembozha nekuti hatigare nadzo nguva dzose.
8.4.1.3 Wairesi neTerevhizheni
Mawairesi nematerevhizheni zvinotaurawo mazwi ari kuda kufambiswa. Mazwi
aya anonzwika kwese kunogona kubata mawairesi nematerevhizheni acho. Kana
zvadai mashoko anenge afambiswa nyore nyore. Mawairesi nematerevhizheni
anokusha mashoko emutauri kuvanhu vakawanda panguva imwe chete.
8.4.1.4 Nziyo
Tinoimba zuva nezuva kufambisa mashoko akasiyana-siyana. Pamisangano
tinoimba kufambisa zvakaringana nemisangano yedu. Tinoimbawo muzvitendero
tichifambisa mashoko akasiyana-siyana sokurumbidza unaku hwemapato edu
ezvematongerwo enyika kana ukuru hwamwari kana kurumbidza ukuru
hwemidzimu. Kuimba kwedu kutaura kunofambisa mashoko atinenge tichida kuti
anzwike munziyo dzatinoimba. Kana vari varwi vehondo vanewo nziyo
dzavanoimba vachishingisana nekuyeuchidzana pane zvavanenge vachirwira.
1.5
Mhando Dzekunyora Kunofambisa Mashoko Mazuvano.
1.5.1 Tsamba
Tinogona kunyora tsamba dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoenderana nemhando
yemashoko ari kuda kutumirwa. Idzi dzinotakura mazwi chaiwo emunyori
dzotaura dzakamumiririra. Dzinoshandawo chaizvo kufambisa mashoko angave
ebasa kana emafaro. Kana ari mashoko ebasa tsamba inenge yatovawo yebasa.
Kana zviri zvimwewo panonyorwa tsamba dzakareruka zvinopindirana nemashoko
anenge aripo.
Mazuva ano tsamba idzi dzava nemhandonyana mbiri dzinoti dzokunyora papepa
netsambambozha. Nekushanduka kuri kuita zvinhu, tsamba dzepapepa idzi dzave
11 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
kukundwa netsambambozha pakushandiswa, asi dzichiri kushandiswawo kwazvo
kufambisa mashoko. Idzi dzinosiyana netsambambozha pakuti dzinonyorwa
papepa dzotsvagirwa maendeserwo adzo kumwene wadzo izvo zvinove
zvinononoka zvichida nguva kuti dzisvike kwadzinoenda nemashoko asi
tsambambozha dzinoenda nekungobaya kabhatani dzosvika ipapo ipapo
mhinduro yobva yawanikwa nekuchimbidza zvakare.
Mabhuku anotakurawo mashoko akanyorwa. Aya tinoaverenga zuva nezuva
tichitsvaka umboo hwaanofambisa. Mabhuku anogonawo kuve anobatika
kwozotiwo mabhukumbozha atava kungoverenga panharembozha dzedu
pamakombiyuta kana pamimwewo midziyo inogona kubata masaisai anofambisa
humboo huri mumhepo.
Mapepanhau anofambisa mashoko ekunyora kwazvo. Iyi inzira inokurumidza
kumhanyisa mashoko nekuti anonyorwa zuva nezuva oparadzirwa nenyika yose.
Dandemutande rakazoti kuuya iri rava kufambisa mapepanhaumbozha anofamba
nemasaisai edandemutande semafambiro emabhukumbozha.
8.5.2 Dandemutande.
Dandemutande rinoshandiswawo zvakanyanya kwazvo mukufambiswa
kwemashoko akanyorwa. Dandemutande rinogona kubatwa pamidziyo
inokwanisa kushandisa masaisai edandemutande aya senharembozha,
makombiyuta nemamwe materevhizheni emazuva ano.
Padandemutande tinokwanisa kuenda pamatandaro anosanganisira watsapp,
twitter kana facebook kwava kunyora nekutumirana tsambambozha nevatinenge
tichitaura navo kana variwo padandaro sesu.
Tinokwanisa kutsvaka humboo hwakanyorwa hwatingade kana kunyorawo hwedu
humboo hwatingade kuti voruzhinji vazive. Zvishoma zvinoshaikwa
padandemutande. Humboo, mifananidzo yakanaka neyezvinyadzi, zvedzidzo
yakanaka neyakaipa zvose zvizere. Dandemutande harisarudzi kwete,
rinongomwaya saVaZimwaya. Zviri kumushandisi wedandemutande kusarudza
kuona zvaanoda kuona. Kana munhu asina kurongeka anoswera ave kutsvaka
zvisina nematuro ose kana zvinokanganisa sekuona mifananidzo yevanhu vasina
12 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
kupfeka kana zvekupinda muzvikwata zvevapanduki vakafanana neISIS kana
Alqaeda.
Dandemutande rinokwanisa kutakura mhando dzose dzemashoko kunyange
ekutaura kana mifananidzo.
8.6 Mhando Dzemicherechedzo inofambisa mashoko mazuva ano.
8.6.1 Zvinonzwika
Tine zvinorira zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kushandiswa semicherechedzo
yokutumira mashoko akasiyana-siyana anopindirana nezviridzwa zvacho.
Muzvikoro kana ukanzwa dare kana hwamanda yarira unobva waziva kuti yava
nguva yekuita zvakasiyana nezvawanga uchiita. Mabhero ari pamichovha
anotumirawo chenjedzo yengozi. Mipururu inogona kutaura kufara pane zviri
kuitika kana kutakura shoko rekurudziro kana pane ari kuita zvinhu
zvinoyemurika.
8.6.2 Zvinoonekwa
Ruvara micherechedzo inoshandiswawo kutumira mashoko. Kana wakaona
ruvara rutsvuku pachigaba chakavharwa usina kuverenga unobva waziva kuti
mune mushonga unoda kuchenjererwa nekuti une ngozi kune vari kuzoushandisa.
Kana paine ruvara rwezerere tinobva taziva kuti mune mushonga usina ngozi
yakanyanya kuvanhu. Kana muri mumugwagwa, ruvara rwezerere rwunotaura
kuti mushandisi womugwagwa anogona kufamba zvake kana zvakanaka kuti
adaro. Mwenje mutsvuku unotaura kuti timire kufamba nekuti kuita izvozvo
kunenge kuri kuzviisa mungozi.
Zvikwangwari zvinoshandiswawo kufambisa mashoko. Mumigwagwa mune
zvikwangwari zvakasiyana-siyana zvinofambisa mashoko kuvatyairi.
Mifananidzo inofambisawo mashoko pakati pevanhu. Mufananidzo unoiswa kuti
utaure zvaunotaura kuvaoni.
13 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
Tinoishandisawo miviri yedu kuita mifananidzo inofambisa mashoko pakati
pevanhu. Kana munhu asingagone kutaura nemuromo wake anoshandisa muviri
wake sezvinotevera;
a)
Kutaura nzvanyira nemicherechedzo
b)
kuverenga uwandu nemicherechedzo.
14 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
Mimwewo micherechedzo yakaita sokufinyamisa uso inotaura pachena kuti
munhu anenge asiri kuwirirana nezvinenge zvichiitika. Kusimudza maoko
kunogona kutumira shoko rekubvuma kukundwa kana kuti munhu anenge
achimisa zvinenge zvichiitika. Kutsinya ruziso kunogona kutumira shoko
retsindidzo.
8.7 Kufambiswa Kwemashoko Muchinyakare.
Izvi zvokufambisa mashoko hazvina kutanga nhasi uno. Kare kare kwazvo
madzitateguru edu aifambisawo mashoko pakati pavo. Vaishandisawo nzira
dzaipindirana nekuti shoko raienda kuna ani, rudzi rweshoko uye vaikoshesawo
nguva yekufamba kwemashoko izvo zvaiita kuti vashandise nzira dzaikodzera
kufambisawo mashoko nekukurumidza munguva yavo.
Nzira huru dzavaishandisa kufambisa mashoko imbiri chete. Vaitumira mashoko
nekutaura kana kuti nemicherechedzo yaipindirana nezvaitaurwa panguva iyoyo
nekuti vaisagona kunyora zvinoverengwa sezvatavekuita mazuva ano. Kunyora
kwaigonekwa kwaive kwekutara mifananidzo. Nzira mbiri idzi dzinewo
nziranyana dzadzo sezvinotevera
KUFAMBISWA
KWEMASHOKO
KARE
kutaura
a) kudaidzira
b) Guhwa
c) nhume
micherechedzo
a) zvainzwika
b) zvaionekwa
15 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
8.7.1 Mhando dzekutaura kwaifambisa mashoko kare.
a) Kudaidzira inzira yaishandiswa chose kusvitsa mashoko kuvanhu makare kare.
Munhu aigona kudaidzira shoko renhimbe kumba kwake kana kushandisa nhume
yaigona kudaidzira ichiparidzira shoko raidiwa kuti vanhu vazive nekuchimbidza
pachimana chevagarisani. Kana munhu aiwirwa nedambudziko aigona kudaidzira
kuti vanhu vauye kuzomubatsira. Apa paida kushamarara kwazvo nezwi raienda
kure kuti vanhu vakunzwe. Munhu aikwira pakakwirira sepachuru kana mumuti
zvokuti zvaidaidzirwa zvainzwika kure. Paigona kudaidzirwa mashoko erufu kana
ehondo kana egokera kumuzinda kana kudare ramambo.
b) Guhwa inzira yaifambisa mashoko kare ichiri kushanda kunyangwe nanhasi.
Vanhu vanongotaurirana muhugarisani hwavo pamusoro pezviitiko zvakakosha
zvinenge zviripo. Kana paine zvinenge zvichidiwa kuti zviitwe nevanhu vose
unozoona kuti vanhu vanobuda vose vachinozviita nekuda kweshoko rakafamba
muvanhu riri guhwa.
c) Nhume dzakasiyana-siyana dzaishandiswawo kufambisa mashoko. Vanyayi
kana vana sadombo vaigona kuve masahwira kana vana sekuru kana vazukuru.
Vaiva vanhu vaifanirwa kugona kufambisa mashoko emaroodzi. Vaiva
vakarerukira vanatezvara kana vaida kureva pfuma kumukuwasha. Kanawo
mukuwasha aida kudzosera mukadzi pakurambana aishandisa munyayi. Shoko
rerufu kumadzitezvara rwemwana wavo raifambiswa nemunyayi kana mumwe
wevakuru vemumusha.
Vana tete vaishandawo basa rekufambisa mashoko evazukuru vavo pakuroorwa
nekuroora. Vaitakura mashoko evazukurusikana ose airema kuti vazvitaurire
kuvabereki vavo.
Varanda vaiwanikwa muhondo dzavairwa vaishandiswawo senhume dzamambo
dzainotaura zvaidiwa namambo sokuunganidza vanhu kudare ramambo.
Shoko rekufa kwamambo raifambiswawo nemakurukota ake kana machinda ake
aifamba achitaurira vanhu vaiva nechekuita nekuvigwa kwamambo. Rufu
rwamambo rwainge rwakasiyana nerwemunhuwo zvake. Vanhuwo zvavo
16 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
havaiziviswa izvi zvaitika. Vaitozoziviswa mambo atoradzikwa kare kuninga kana
bako rairadzikwa madzimambo.
Vana, vazukuru, vakuwasha kana vanin’ina vaifambisawo mashoko epamusha
evakuru senhume.
8.7.2 Mhando Dzemicherechedzo yaifambisa mashoko kare
Vakuru vedu vaishandisawo micherechedzo kufambisa mashoko. Iyi yaive
yezvinhu zvaigona kunzwika kana kuonekwa zvofambisa shoko razvaimirira
panguva iyoyo.
a) Zvainzwika
Maririro engoma aigona kushandiswa kufambisa shoko rerufu. Ngoma yairidzirwa
rufu rwedungamunhu yedandi. Ngoma iyi yairidzwa kutaridza kuti kwaita rufu
rwemunhuwo zvake. Ngoma iyi yaisiyana neyairidzirwawo rufu rwamambo
yechima. Ngoma yechima iyi yairidzwa zvakare kufambisa shoko rekugadzwa
kwamambo. Maridzirwo acho ndiwo aitaura chiitiko chaiveko panguva iyoyo
zvokuti vanhu vaiuya vachiziva zvaitaurwa nengoma yairira. Panguva yekuburitsa
chitunha mumba kuti chiendeswe kumarinda pairidzwa ngoma zvakasiyana
zvokuti shoko raifamba rakakwana kana ngoma yairidzwa saizvozvo.
Mipururu yaishandiswawo zvakare kufambisa mashoko ekurudziro muhondo
kana somucherechedzo wokufarira kufamba zvakanaka kwezvinhu. Mipururu
yairidzwa zvakare pamasvikiro kufambisa shoko rekutenderana nekusvika
kwemudzimu kana kuukurudzira kusvika.
Mhere yaifambisa shoko rerufu kana kusagadzikana kwezvinhu. Vanhu
vaikurumidza kumhanya kwavainzwa mhere.
Miridzo/ Mheterwa yaishandiswawo kutumura mashoko pakati pevanhu.
Vakomana kumombe vaibva vazivana paive neumwe mumasango mavaifudzira
mombe kuburikidza nemheterwa dzavairidzirana. Kana vari varwi vairidza miridzo
vachikurudzirana pakurwa kwavo.
17 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
Kuridza tyava yaivewo nzira yekutaura pakati pevafudzi vemombe. Zvaitumirawo
shoko kuvanhu vaive kumamisha kuti vafudzi ava vaifudzira mombe dzavo papi.
b) Zvaionekwa
Moto neutsi zvaigona kuunganidza vanhu kana kudaidza vanhu kumuzinda
wamambo. Waibatidzwa vouita kuti uite hutsi hwaisimuka kuenda mudenga kuti
huonekwe kunyangwe kure kwaizononoka kusvika shoko kana dai paizotumwa
nhume neshoko. Nenguva isipi vanhu vaibva vaungana vachitevera chiratidzo
cheutsi ichi.
Kusunga huswa kana kwaigona kushandiswawo kutaridza gwara raive ratorwa
nevanhu mumasango mavaivhima. Kana paive nevaida kutevera vavhimi ava
zvaivaitira nyore kana vaizotevera mucherechedzo uyu
Mifananidzo yaishandiswawo kutumira mashoko. Mifananidzo yacho imwe
ichiripo nanhasi pamatombo nemumapako. Iyi yaifambisa mashoko emararamiro
evanhu panguva iyoyo. Yaitaridza kuti basa raifanirwa kusiyana zvichibva nekuti
munhurume here kana munhukadzi. Yaitaura kuti vanhukadzi vaive vekutsvaka
michero nezvimwe. Varume vanotaridzwa kuti vaive vokuvhima. Zvombo
zvavaitarisirwa kushandisa uye mhuka dzaivhimwa munzvimbo idzodzo zvaibuda
zvose. Kune vaizouya munzvimbo iyoyo vamwe vatama vaibva vaziva mhuka
dzainyanya kuvhimwa nevamwe uyu magariro avaiita. Saka yaisangova
mifananidzo chete panguva yavo, asi kuti yaitaura mararamiro aifanirwa kuitwa.
Kana nanhasi mifananidzo yavo ichiri kufambisa mashoko emararamiro evanhu
vedu kare.
Kufambisa miviri kwaishandiswawo kutumira mashoko kare. Kusimudza ruoko
kwaitaura kuti vanhu vamire kana kuregedza zvanga zvichiitwa. Munhu aisagona
kutaura aitaura nevamwe achishandisawo maoko ake nemuviri wake sezvirikowo
mazuva ano.
18 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
8.8 Kufamba Kwemashoko Mumagariro
8.8.1 Mumhuri
Tava kuziva nzira dzokufambisa mashoko mazuva ano uye dzaishandiswa kare.
Mumapoka evanhu akasiyana-siyana munofambiswa mashoko mukurarama
kwavo. Kare taisangotaura zvataida kuvabereki kwete, kana paiva nedare
remusha, pachiitwa mashoko emusha hapaingotaurwa kwete, taipanana mukana
tichisumana kubva kumudiki tichitevedza gwara roukuru hwedu kusvika
kumukuru wedzinza aivepo. Zvainonoka hazvo pakufamba kwemashoko asi
zvaibatanidza munhu wose zvokuti hapana aizoti aisaziva nyaya iyoyo kana
pakawana zvaizoda kuti zvigadziriswe.
Kana paiva nezvimwe zvaifanirwa kuti zvizivikanwe nevadiki mumhuri kubva
kuvakuru, mashoko aigona kutangira kuvakuru odzoka negwara rohukuru hwavo
vachisumana kusvika kumudiki wemhuri aiva pamashoko ipapo. Vana vaitsvaka
vanhu vaivarerukira kuti vasvitse nyaya dzavo kuvabereki vavo. Kana vari vasikana
vaigona kuenda kuna tete kana mbuya vaishanda senhume dzavo kuvakwidzira
nyaya dzavo kuvabereki kana kuvakuru vemusha. Vakomana vaiendawo kune
madzisekuru nekumadzimbuya vavo kana kuna tete nyaya dzavo dzofambiswa
negwara. Izvi zvichiri kuitika kunyangwe nanhasi. Nyaya dzemaroodzi hadzitaurwe
kuvabereki nemwana wega asi kuti anototsvaka nhume yaanopa basa iri yakaita
satete, mbuya kana sekuru. Mazuvano tava kushandisawo nzira dzaveko
mazuvano kufambisa mashoko pakati pedu mumhuri. Tava kushandisa
mbozhanhare kutaura nevemhuri dzedu kana kutumira matsamba emhando
dzatsanangurwa pamusoro.
Tinofambisirei mashoko mumhuri?
Zvinotevera zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakakoshera kufambiswa kwemashoko mumhuri;
 Kuti mhuri ive nekuwirirana pasave nemakakatanwa pakati pevabereki,
vana kana pakati pevana nevabereki.
 Kuti hukama mumhuri hukure nekusimbaradzwa.
 Kuti vabereki vagone kupa vana gwara rakanaka remararamiro.
 Kuti mitemo inofanirwa kutevedzwa ive pachena kumunhu wose mumhuri.
19 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
 Kuti mhuri ive negwara retariro yehupenyu hwakanaka.
 Kuti vana vagone kuita sarudzo yegwara rekutora remararamiro rinenge
richiyanikwa pachena zvido netarisiro yemhuri.
8.8.2 Muzvinamato
Kana muri muzvinamato zvedu kazhinji vanhu tinoenda kunopiwa mashoko.
Vateveri vezvinamato vanonogara pasi voparidzirwa shoko riripo kubva kuvakuru
vezvinamato. Kana kuri kuChiVanhu masvikiro ndiwo atinoteerera zvaanotaura
nekuti tinotenda kuti ndiwo anotaura namusikavanhu kuburikidza nemidzimu iri
pavari. Kana vanhu vaine zvavanoda kuna musikavanhu, vanopira kuvadzimu vavo
kuti vavasvitsire kuvakuru vari pamusoro pavo kusvika zvasvika kuna mwari.
Tsika dzedu dzinoti kana tiine zvatinoda tinozvikumbira kana kuzvisvitsa kuvakuru
tichitevedza gwara reukuru hwedu kupira zvichemo zvedu. Hatingonoti kuvakuru
dyo-o, kwete, nyaya inotofamba negwara reukuru hwedu ichikwidza kuvakuru.
Izvi zvaiitirwa kubatanidza vanhu vose. Nanhasi kana tikada kuita zvemidzimu
ndiwo mafambiro emashoko avo kuna mwari wavo. Mhinduro dzavo dzinouya
kuburikidza nemasvikiro avo ayo anovaudza zvinodiwa kuitwa kuti hupenyu
hwavo husave nemadzudzo.
KuSvondo tinoteerera zvinotaurwa namufundisi. Mashoko kazhinji anobva
kuvakuru achienda kuvadiki mumagungano iwaya. Vanhu kana vachinamata
vanokwidza zvichemo zvavo kuna Mwari. Hapana zvokuti panoda umwe kuti
mashoko azoturwa. Umwe neumwe anotenda kuti mhinduro yake kubva kumusiki
inouya pane zvaanenge achikumbira kumusiki.
Tinofambisirei mashoko muzvinamato?
Zvimwe zvezvatinokoshesera kufamba kwemashoko muzvinamato
zvinosanganisira zvinotevera;
 Kuti vanhu vanzwisise zvinamato zvedu vasakakavare nezvitendo
zvezvinamato zvedu.
 Kuti vanhu vave nechinangwa chimwe chete muchinamato chavo.
20 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
 Kuti vamwe vanhu vatevere zvinamato izvi.
8.8.3 Munharaunda
Munharaunda mashoko anogona kufambiswa nemisangano, tsamba,
tsambambozha, nhume, mawairesi, materevhizheni, nziyo nezvimwewo
zvinogona kufambisa shoko zvakanaka.
Mafambiro akanaka emashoko anotarisirwa ndeekuenda kwemashoko nekudzoka
kwemashoko. Takangoona kufamba kwemashoko kwangova kwedivi rimwe
panenge patova nedambudziko munharaunda imomo. Vakuru vanofanirwa
kutaura neruzhinji munharaunda, vagari vemunharaunda vanofanirwawo kuwana
mukana wokukwidza mashoko kuvakuru vemo pane zvavanotarisira kuitirwa
imomo. Kana vari vanhu vari kungoendesa zvichemo zvavo pasina mhinduro dziri
kudzoka zvinoreva kukundikana kwehutungamiri hwedunhu. Kana ari
mutungamiri chete ari kungotaura nevanhu pasinawo zviri kuzobva kuvanhu
zvichienda kumutungamiri zvinogona kureva kusagutsikana kworuzhinji
nohutungamiri zvokuti vave kuona zvisisina kukodzera kuendesa zvichemo zvavo
kuhutungamiri.
Tinofambisirei mashoko munharaunda kana munyika?
 Kufamba kwemashoko munharaunda kunofambisa umboo hwakakosha
hwakasiyana-siyana kubudiriro yenharaunda.
 Kunoita kuti vanhu vave neruzivo rwenharaunda yavo uye vanzwe kuida.
 Kana paine kufamba kwemashoko munharaunda kana munyika
makakatanwa anoitawo mashoma nekuti vanhu vanenge vachiziva zviri
kuitika munharaunda kana nyika yavo.
 Kufamba kwemashoko munharaunda kunobvisawo humbimbindoga
hunononotsa budiriro yenharaunda
8.9 Kupindura Mibvunzo
1. Ndedzipi nzira nhatu huru dzekufambiswa kwemashoko?
2. Nhare dzakanakirei semichina yekufambisa nayo mashoko?
3. Doma micherechedzo yaishandiswa kare mina kufambisa mashoko.
Zvino chitsanangura mashoko aifambiswa nemicherechedzo iyi.
[1]
[2]
[4]
21 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
4. Tsanangura micherechedzo miviri ingashandiswa mazuva ano kufambisa
mashoko.
[4]
5. Tsanangura zvikonzero zvina zvekufambisa mashoko mumhuri.
[4]
6. Kunyora kwakanakirei senzira yekufambisa nayo mashoko pane kutaura. [4]
7. Tsanangura zvinhu zviviri zvakanakira uyewo zviviri zvakaipira zvinotevera
semichina yokufambisa mashoko mazuva ano.
i) Mawairesi
ii) materevhizheni. [10]
10.0 MISAMBO YEKUTAURA
Zvinangwa
 Kutsanangura kuti misambo yekutaura chii.
 Kudoma nekutsanangura zviga zvitanhatu zvinoita kuti musambo
ubudirire.
 Kudoma mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemisambo yekutaura.
 Kutsanangura mashandisirwo emusambo umwe neumwe.
 Kushandisa misambo yekutaura yakakodzera pane zvoupenyu.
22 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
10.1 Misambo Yekutaura Chii?
Misambo yekutaura matauriro akakodzera pakati pemutauri nevateereri vake.
Chiitiko chimwe nechimwe chine matauriro akakodzera anofanirwa kuitwa
pachiri. Kana takatadza kushandisa musambo wakakodzera kutura mashoko edu,
pfungwa dzatinenge tichida kuti dzisvike pamusoro pechiitiko ichocho
dzinokanganisika. Saka budiriro yemusambo inouya kana takagona;
 Kucherechedza vanhu vatiri kuda kushandisira musambo watasarudza
panguva iyoyo. Tinofanirwa kuziva kuti vanhu vatiri kutaura navo
ndivanaani. Dzimwe nguva patinotadza kutaura zvakanaka nevanhu
vanotarisira kuti titaure navo nemisambo inoumba ukama hwatinahwo
navo unonzwa votibvunza kuti, ‘Uri kuziva here munhu wauri kutaura
naye?’ Mubvunzo uyu unotaura kuti tinenge tichishandisa musambo usiri
iwo kuvanhu vasiri ivo vanofanirwa kushandisirwa musambo iwoyo.
 Kucherechedza nzvimbo yatiri kushandisira musambo watasarudza.
Zvakakoshawo kuti tizive nzvimbo yatiri kuti tigone kuita sarudzo
yemusambo wakakodzera. Kana tiri pamusha patezvara tinofanirwa kuziva
kuti musambo wakakodzera wokushandisa nguva zhinji ndewechinyarikani
kunze kwokunge mava panzvimbo yenyu sevaramu.
 Kushandisa mazwi anopindirana nemusambo watiri kushandisa.
Wakashandisa mazwi emusambo wechisekedzani chechisahwira kuna
tezvara kunyangwe wagadzirisa uso kana kutaura zvakanaka zvinengei,
munoburana nekuti mazwi anoshanda mumisambo iyi akatosiyana
zvachose. Tezvara vanobva vaona sokuti vashorwa nemukuwasha.
Panotogona kuzoita nyaya yekuripa tezvara ivavo kuti zvinake.
 Kushandisa izwi rinokodzera kuburitsa musambo wedu zvakanaka
kumuteereri. Musikana kana achitaura nemukomana waanodanana naye
kana waanoda zvinogona kubudiswa nezwi rake kumumwe wake. Izwi
rinogadziriswa kuti ritapire kuteerera riine kuyemedzeka mukati
kunowanikwa muchivhevhano. Kana munhu atsamwa, tinonzwa nezwi
rake kuti matauriro acho ave emunhu atsamwa.
23 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
 Kushandisa muviri wedu zvakakodzera patinenge tichitaura kuti
zvatinotaura zvipindirane nekutaridzika kwouso kana miviri yedu. Kana
chiri chinyarikani hachingabudirire kana ndakataura ndichiratidza kuti ndiri
kuda kuseka. Kana zvadai chinyarikani chinopera vanhu vabatana pahuro.
 Kupfeka zvipfeko zvakakodzera. Zvipfeko zvakakodzera zvinoita kuti
musambo unyatsozadziswa. Musambo wechinyarikani haunyatsobudirira
kana takada kuushandisa tisina kupfeka zvakakodzera. Kana chiri
chinyarikani chechiroora, muroora ane mapfekero okuti vanhu vakamuona
vanobva vaziva kuti uyu muroora nemapfekero ake.
Cherechedzo yezviga izvi inoita kuti tigone kubudirira mumusambo watinenge
tichishandisa. Saka zvakakosha kuti tizive zviga izvi zvakanangana nemisambo
yose ichakurukurwa pazasi.
10.2 Mhando Dzemisambo Yekutaura
Misambo yekutaura yatinoshandisa mumutauro wedu yakawanda zvikuru.
Chikamu chino chichazama kubata misambo yakawanda kuti tizive mhando
dzakasiyana-siyana dzemisambo yekutaura iyi. Misambo yekutaura iyi inogona
kuonekwa iri muzvikwata zvikuru zvinoti;
1) musambo wekusekedzana,
2) musambo wekunyarana,
3) musambo wekugunun’una,
4) musambo wekupopota,
5) musambo wekuganza,
6) musambo wekudemba,
7) musambo wekukumbira,
8) musambo wekushorana,
9) musambo wekubata maoko,
10) musambo wepadare,
11) musambo wekukakavadzana,
12) musambo wekutuma,
13) musambo wepabasa,
14) musambo wekunamata.
24 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
Tine misambo miviri mikuru inoti, wekusekedzana nemusambo wekunyarana ine
mhandonyana dzinotevera;
Musambo wekusekedzana
Musambo wekunyarana
Musambo wekusekedzana pachishamwari
Musambo wekunyarana pavana.
Musambo wekunyarana pavana nevabereki.
Musambo wekusekedzana pachisahwira
Musambo wekusekedzana pachiramu
Musambo wekusekedzana pachizukuru
Musambo wekusekedzana pachipwere
Musambo wekusekedzana pachivhevhano
Musambo wekunyarana pachinamato
Musambo wekunyarana pachikuwasha
nevakarabwa
Musambo wekunyarana pachitorwa
Musambo wekunyarana pachikurungai
Musambo wekunyarana pachiroora
Mhandonyana dzemisambo idzi dzinosiyanisa hudzamu hwekusekedzana kana
hudzamu hwekunyarana zvichibva nekuti ndavanaani vari kushandisa musambo
iwoyo sokuti; musambo wekusekedzana pachiramu unosiyana pahudzamu
nemusambo wekusekedzana pachisahwira kunyangwe misambo iyi iri yemhando
imwe.
Hudzamu hwekusekedzana hwakasiyana-siyana huri pakati pevanhu vane ukama
hwekusekedzana uhu ndihwo hunoita kuti tive nemhandonyana idzi. Saka
zvakakosha kuti tizive mhandonyana dzemisambo miviri iyi nemisambo mukuru iri
kubva nemhandonyana imwe neimwe semapirwo adzichaitwa pazasi.
10.2.1
Musambo Wekusekedzana
10.2.1.1 Musambo wekusekedzana pachiShamwari
Uyu musambo wakareruka kune vanoushandisa Unowanzoshanda pakati
peshamwari dzine ukama hwekusekedzana kwakasununguka pakati padzo.
Kusekedzana kwavo kuri munyaya dzavanogona kutaura dzorudzi nerudzi pasina
chinotyisa pakati pavo.
Kushandiswa kwemazwi mumusambo uyu kwakareruka. Shamwari mbiri idzi
hadzinetseke zvakanyanya pasarudzo yemazwi nekuti chishamwari
chinovabvumira kutaura zvavanoda. Vanogona zvavo kunemerana kana kutamba
25 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
zvavo vachiita sovotukana kana kushorana pasina anorwadzwa nazvo pakati pavo.
Zvinonyadzisa kumimwe misambo hazvinyadzise kumusambo uyu nekuti vane
ushamwari mukusekedzana hunovatendera kutaura zvakasununguka.
Hapana chinorema mumusambo uyu. Tinogona kana kutarisa shamwari dzedu
mumaziso kana kubatana maoko kana mapindikiti tichifamba tichitaura nyaya.
Tinogona kuuya pedyo pedyo neshamwari dzedu tichitaurirana munzeve
nekurovana maoko.
Mumusambo uyu vanhu vanopfeka zvavanoda paushamwari hwavo.
10.2.1.2 Musambo wekusekedzana pachisahwira
Musambo uyu unobva paukama hweusahwira hunosunganidzwa nenyaya
yekuvigana kwemhuri mbiri. Mhuri inoviga vokwenyu kana kwaita rufu imhuri
yemadzisahwira enyu. Kana kwavo kwaitawo rufu munokokwa mopiwa zvirango
zvousahwira nokuviga mufi.
Musambo wavo unovabvumira kutaura kana zvinyadzi kana kutuka madzisahwira
avo vachirova bembera pane zvinenge zviripo zvechokwadi. Vanogona kutotaura
vachituka munhu anenge achikonzera matambudziko mumhuri vachitaura
mabasa ake pazere vanhu vachitamba usahwira hwavo. Hapana anotsamwira
sahwira zvokuzotadza kutaura naye zvakare nekuti ndizvo zvinoumba musambo
uyu.
Sahwira anotenderwa kana kubata huku mumusha pasina anotsamwiswa nazvo
nekuti ishamwari yedzinza rose. Anopiwa nyama yemombe inenge yaurairwa
zvirango mumusha. Panosiiwa hunda yasahwira iyo yaanotakura kumusha kwake.
Hapana anofanirwa kugunguzika nekuti kana zvava kwenyu zvirango zvousahwira
munoitawo zvamunoda.
Madzisahwira anopfeka zvaanoda. Hapana chinoremera sahwira pazvipfeko. Kana
pari parufu pehama yenyu yaive pfambi, sahwira anogona kuuya akapfeka
mapfekero aiita sahwira wake mufi. Anogona kuridza mumhanzi otanga kutamba
zvokuti kana pane vanyarikani vanotarisa pasi. Vanhu vanozoguma vave
26 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
kunakidzwa nazvo vombokanganwa nhamo inenge iripo. Hapana munhu anogona
kurambidza sahwira kuita zvaanoda.
10.2.1.3 Musambo wekusekedzana pachiramu
Musambo wekusekedzana paChiramu unoshandiswa navanamainini
navababamukuru kana vanababamunini navanamaiguru vavo.
Mumusambo uyu munotaurwa zvakasununguka varamu vachifara. Vanogona
kutaura vachinemerana zvavo kana kutamba vanababamukuru vachishevedzana
navanamainini sovadiwa vavo kana vanamaiguruwo vachidana vanababamunini
sevarume vavo. Nyaya dzokutadza kubika kana dzokutadza kusarudza vasikana
kwavanababamunini kana kunonoka kuroora kwavanababamunini kana
dzokutadza kuita zvakanaka dzinotaurwa pasina chinogumbura. Chokwadi ichi
chinotaurwa mukusekedzana uku varamu vachidzidzisana. Hadzisi nyaya
dzinotsamwisa nekuti pane kusekedzana kunovatendera kusvika padanho iroro.
Vanotenderwawo zvavo kubatana kana maoko asi paine cherechedzo yekuita
kusingazokanganisa muridzi wemukadzi kana muridzi wemurume.
Zvinopfekwa zvinofanirwawo kuve kucherechedza kuti vanenge vachitambwa
navo chisekedzani ichi varume kana kuti vakadzi vevanhu.
10.2.1.4 Musambo wekusekedzana pachizukuru
Musambo uyu unoshandiswa pakati pemadzimbuya vanasekuru nevazukuru vavo.
Vanatetewo vanosekedzana pachizukuru nevana vehanzvadzi dzavo.
Kusekedzana kwemhando iyi kwakarerukira kuti kune donzvo rekuraira vazukuru
kuti vagone kuzoita hupenyu hwakanaka vaine hunhu husingazoshoresa vanatete
naivo vanasekuru navanaambuya. Mumusambo uyu, vazukuru vakasununguka
kutaura zvavanoda kumadzimbuya avo ivowo vachitaurawo navo vazukuru
vachitamba zvavo navo. Panogona kushoranwa kana kusekanwa asi donzvo riri
rokudzidzisa vazukuru hupenyu. Vazukuru vanofanirwa kuyeuka kuti vanogona
kushandisa musambo uyu une kusekedzana zvawo asi vasingakanganwe kuti
vavanotamba navo musambo uyu vanhu vakuru kwavari vanodawo
kuremekedzwa.
27 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
Musambo uyu unotendera kupfeka zvakasununguka asi zvinotaridza kuti vazukuru
vane zvavari kudzidza zvounhu hwakanaka kumadzisekuru nemadzimbuya avo.
10.2.1.5 Musambo wekusekedzana pachipwere
Uyu musambo unoshandiswa nevana vadiki pakati pavo kana pakati pevadiki
nevakuru.
Kana vadiki vatinetsa tinovashandisira musambo uyu kuti vanyarare. Umu
munowanikwa kurezva kana kunyengedzwa kwepwere dzatinonyaradza
nezviwitsi zvisipo zvakatodyiwa kare. Idzo pwere pachezvadzo dzakasununguka
kutaura zvadzinoda asi kunetsana hakusi kwenhamo nekuti zvido zvadzo
zvinongoshanduka-shanduka zvichienderana nenguva.
10.2.1.6 Musambo wekusekedzana pachivhevhano
Musambo uyu unowanzoshanda panyaya dzorudo. Patinotaurirana zvokudanana
nevadiwa vedu panoshanda musambo uyu. Panoshandiswa musambo uyu pane
ushamwari hwakakomba chose kana kuti panenge paine hurongwa hwoukama
hwakadaro.
Kana pakaita rudo pakati pomukomana nemusikana unovaona nematauriro avo
nekufadzana dzimwe dzenguva nemanyepo. Unogona kunzwa vachikwidzana
ndege dzemashanga zvichinzi, ‘Ukandida ndichakutora ndoenda newe kunyika iri
kure tonogara ikoko tichifara zvedu.’ Kana riri izwi rinopfaviswa muchisekedzani
chechivhevhano mazwi achinyatsosarudzwa anotapira anoita kuti masaisai erudo
afambe pakati pevari mumusambo uyu.
Maitiro avo azere nekuyemerana, kuita sekunge pane kakunyara-nyara. Vanogona
kufamba vakabatana zvavo maoko mapindikiti kana kufamba vakabatana
muzviuno. Ava vanogona kutarisana zvavo mumaziso kana kunyemwererana
zvechivhevhano.
Panoitwa sarudzo yezvipfeko inonyatsogara munhu zvokuti anobva anokwanisa
kutora mwoyo yevaangade chivhevhano navo. Haungopfeke zvose zvose nekuti
vaunenge wakatarisira kuti vatosvorwe mwoyo newe vanogona kusazokutarisa
nekuti unenge usingatore mwoyo.
28 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
10.2.2
naNick Mufutumari
Musambo Wekunyarana
10.2.2.1 Musambo wekunyarana pavana
Musambo uyu unowanikwa pakati pevana voga sehanzvadzi nehanzvadzi kana
pakati pemukoma nemunin’ina.
Kunyarana kwavo kwakareruka zvokuti kunonovatendera kufara vachitaura vose.
Kana vari vakomana voga kana vasikana voga vanogona kurerukirwa
zvakanyanya asi paine cherechedzo yekuti vana vemhuri imwe asi umwe ari
mukuru.
Kana vava hanzvadzi nehanzvadzi pane kunyarana kwakareruka zvishoma pane
kwemukoma nemunin’ina. Musambo umwechete unoshanda asi une udzamu
hunosiyana nekuti vana vapi vari kushandisa musambo uyu.
Maitiro avo nemiviri yavo anofanirwawo kucherechedza chinyarikani chiri pakati
pavo.
Mapfekero evanhu ava mumusambo uyu akareruka asi anofanirwa kuve akatsiga
zvinopindirana netsika nemagariro epamusha.
10.2.2.2 Musambo wekunyarana pavana nevabereki
Kana takangotaura sematauriro atinoita neshamwari dzedu nevabereki vedu
panova nekusawirirana. Musambo unoshanda pakati pevana nevabereki une
ruremekedzo rwakadzama kukunda rwematauriro evabereki kuvana vavo.
Mapfekero evanhu ava anofanirwa kucherechedza kuremekedzana nekunyarana
uku. Vana vanofanirwa kupfeka zvakatsiga pane vabereki vavo
zvisingavakanganise meso. Zvipfeko zvinongwerevera nezvinosiya miviri pachena
hazvikodzere pane vabereki. Vaberekiwo havatarisirwe kupfeka zvisina
kukodzera pane vana vavo.
10.2.2.3 Musambo wekunyarana pachinamato
Uyu musambo wekunyarana watinoshandisa muzvinamato zvedu zvakasiyanasiyana. Muzvinamato muzere vatorwa avo vanofanirwa kuve nekunyarana
29 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
kwakasangana nekukudzana pakati pevanamati kuti chinamato chigone
kubudirira. Munamati anofanirwa kunyara vamwe vanamati kuti pasave
nezvinokanganisa chinamato. Kana pakasava nekunyarana pakati pevanamati,
kutevedza zvitendo zvechinamati kunonetsa nekuti vanhu vanenge vasina
chinovamisa kuita zvavanoda izvo zvinozokanganisa chinamato.
Chinamato chine mapfekero anotarisirwa kuti kunyarana kurambe kuripo. Vanhu
vanofanirwa kupfeka zvinoita kuti pakati pavo parambe paine ruremekedzo
rwemitemo inosunga chinamato. Mune zvimwe zvinamato vanhu vanofanirwa
kugara vakapfeka zvirefu zvinovhara miviri yavo kuti vanhu vasaone
zvinozovakanganisa chinamato chavo. Kana kuri kugara pagungano rechinamato
vamwe vanamati vanogara vakapatsurana vakadzi kwavo varume kwavo
kusimbaradza musambo wekunyana pachinamato.
10.2.2.4 Musambo wekunyarana pavakuwasha nevakarabwa
Uyu musambo unoshandiswa pakati pevakuwasha nevabereki vomudzimai.
Chinyarikani mumusambo uyu chinosiyana zvichibva nekuti ndiambuya here kana
kuti nditezvara vaanotaura navo.
Chinyarikani chakanyanya pakati pemukuwasha naambuya vake kupfuura pakati
pemukuwasha natezvara. Ambuya havatariswe kumeso kana kubatwa maoko.
Kana kuri kukwazisana, vanokwazisana vari parefu neparefu vachiuchirana
kusimbaradza ruremekedzo rwuri pakati pavo. Havagari muimba imwe chete kana
kusvika pedyo nepedyo.
Kana zviri zvipfeko, vanopfeka zvakatsiga. Ambuya vanotarisirwa kupfeka
zvakatsiga zvisingatosvore maziso emukuwasha. Iye mukuwasha anofanirwa
kupfekawo zvakatsiga pana ambuya vake zvinotaridza kuti anovaremekedza.
10.2.2.5 Musambo wekunyarana pachitorwa
Tinotaura nevanhu vakawanda chose zuva nezuva. Vanhu ava vanogona kunge
vari vatinoziva asi tisina ukama navo, tichivaziva nokuda kwebasa kana zvimwewo
zvingasanganisa vanhu. Vatorwa vanhu vatisingazive navo zvachose vatinenge
tasanganawo navo kekutanga panguva iyoyo.
30 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
Ava tinotaura navo nemusambo wekunyarana pachitorwa une kunyarana mukati.
Kunyarana kuri apa kuzere ruremekedzo rwatinofanirwa kupanana
tichicherechedza kusazivana kwedu zvisinei kuti munhu akaita sei.
Musambo uyu unoshanda zvakanyanya patinotanga kutaura nemutorwa
watinenge tichitaura naye. Kana takaramba totaura nemutorwa uyu mhando
yemusambo inoshanduka ichitevedza ukama hunenge hwava pakati pevatorwa
ava. Mutorwa haarambi ari mutorwa kwete, hukama hunoumbika zvichibva
nezvamunenge mokoshesa zvinenge zvava kukuunzai pamwe chete.
Musambo uyu haunyanye kutarisa mapfekero evanhu vari mumusambo uyu sezvo
vanenge vangosangana. Mapfekero anozotanga kuve nechekuita kana tava kuda
kuve nechekuita nevatorwa ava zvokuti musambo unenge wava kutoshanduka.
10.2.2.6 Musambo wekunyarana pachikurungai
Musambo uyu unoshandiswa pakati pevabereki vevana vakaroorana. Ava vane
hukama hwavo hunobva mumatauriro avo hune kunyarana kwakawandira
mukukudzana kwevabereki vane vana vari muwanano. Ava vanoedza kuve
nemaitiro anoita kuti vamwe vavo vasasare vaine kushamisika nemaitiro avo.
Vanogona kutaura zvakasununguka asi paine kunyarana kwakasangana
nekukudzana ikoko.
Zvinotarisirwa kupfekwa zvinofanirwa kuva zvisingashorese muroorwi
kwaakaroorwa kana muroori kwatezvara vake.
10.2.2.7 Musambo wekunyarana pachiroora
Uyu musambo unoshanda pakati pevaroora nevabereki vemurume nehama
dzavo.
Mumusambo uyu mune kuzvininipisa zvikuru kwevaroora kuti vagonzi vakarairwa
kana kuti vane unhu. Varoora vanozvityora nguva dzose kana vachitaura nehama
dzevarume vavo kunyanya vanatezvara navamwene vavo. Havafanirwe
kungotaura vasina kucherechedza zvavanenge vachitaura nekuti zvinoshoresa ivo
sevaroora uyewo kwavakabva. Kunyangwe vangade kudzinga imbwa chaiyo
31 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
yepamusha, muroora anofanirwa kushandisa mazwi asingakanganise varidzi
vemusha.
Mapfekero avo anofanirwa kutaridza kuti vakaroorwa uyewo kuti vari pamusha
pevanyarikani. Zvipfeko zvavanopfeka zvinofanirwa kuve zvirefu zvinofukidza
muviri wose. Vanotogona kumonera mucheka unotsvaira pasi unozivikanwa
nokuti zambiya, mumusoro vakasunga dhuku.
Muroora haatarise vatezvara kumeso kana kusvika pedyo navo. Anofanirwa
kutaridza kuvanyara nekufambira kure navo kana kugara kure navo. Kana
muroora achikwazisana navatezvara kana vamwene anofanirwa kutyora muzura
kana kupfunda tsiva kutaridza kuti anozvininipisa mumusha wevaridzi uyu. Kana
kuri kugara muroora anogara akapfunya chisero. Kana ave kupa vatezvara
zvokudya anopfugama pasi. Kana ave kutaura navatezvara, muroora anofanirwa
kutaura akatarisa pasi kwete kutarisa vatezvara. Zvose zvinoitwa nemuroora
mumusha maakaroorwa zvinofanirwa kutaridza kuti akabva kune vanhu.
10.2.3 Musambo wekugunun’una
Musambo uyu musambo unoshandiswa patinoratidza nemazwi kuti zvataitirwa
hazvina kutifadza kana kuti kana takanganisirwa. Kugunun’una hakusi kupopota
kwete, asi kuti kubudisa pachena kusafara kwedu nezvatakaitirwa, saka budiriro
yemusambo wekugunun’una inovepo kana takacherechedza kuti ukama
hwatinahwo nevanhu vatinenge tichigunun’unira ndihwo hunoita kuti tisiyanise
mhando yemazwi ekugunun’una atinoshandisa. Kana iri shamwari yangu,
ndinogona kugunun’una nemazwi akareruka muushamwari hwedu asi anotaridza
pachena kuti zvakaitika hazvina kundifadza. Kana pari pabasa, ndinogona
kugunun’unira vakuru vebasa nemazwi ane remekedzo asi achitaridza pachena
kuti handina kufara pane zvakaitika.
Mapfekero edu kana tichigunun’una ngaaenderane neukama hwatinahwo
nemunhu watiri kugunun’unira.
Kana tichigunun’una uso hwedu hunofanirwa kutaridza kudzama
kwekugunun’una kwedu kuti muteereri anzwe nekuona kudzama kwezviri
kugunun’unwa.
32 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
Kana paine zvawakaitirwa zvisina kukufadza unogona kutaura uchiti;
‘Ndine urombo nezvakaitika asi ini handina kufara nezvakaitika…’
Basa
 /Ronganai mumapoka madiki muite mutambo umo muchashandisa
mutauro wakakodzera kutaridza kuti chiitiko chakaitika mumwe haana
kufara nacho. Fungai chiitiko chamungade kutaura nezvacho
mumutambo wenyu.
10.2.4 Musambo wekupopota
Musambo uyu tinoushandisa kana tichida kuita ruzha pamusoro pekutadzirwa
kwedu tiine chinangwa chokutyisa muteereri angave nechekuita nenyaya iripo.
Mumusambo uyu munotaurwa nezwi riri pamusoro zvikuru zvokuti vanhu
vasineyi nenyaya iyi vanobva vaziva nyaya yose iripo kunyangwe iri nyaya
isingaite. Vanoshandisa musambo uyu munotorwa mazwi anopindirana
nekusimba kwebopoto rinenge riripo. Kana rakanyanyisa kudzama mazwi
anoshandapo ndeekurwadzisana chete.
Musambo uyu unoonekwa nekuvhiza maoko kunongedzera kana kunongedzerana
kana kufinyamisa uso.
10.2.5 Musambo wekuganza
Uyu musambo wekutaridza kuti iwe ndiwe munhu ari pamusoro-soro pavanhu
vose, uya munhu anganzi akaoma pane vamwe vose. Musambo uyu
tinoushandisa kana tichida kuzviisa padanho repamusoro-soro. Izvi tinozviita
tichishandisa mazwi nekuita kunotaridza izvi.
Vanoshandisa musambo uyu vanogona kutotsvaga zvipfeko zvinotaridza kuti vari
pamusoro pevamwe vose zvechokwadi zvokuti ivo vacho vari kuganzirwa
vanotendeseka nekuganza kwake. Musambo uyu unoonekwawo nekufambisa
muviri kune kuzvida nekuzvikudza mukati.
10.2.6 Musambo wekudemba
Musambo wekudemba unoshanda kana pava nedambudziko kana kuchema.
Mutauri anenge achitaura achichema ngwavaira kana tsaona inenge yasanganwa
33 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
nayo. Anodemba anotaura nezwi rine kunzwisa tsitsi mukati, munhu achiita kunge
ari kuda kuchema kana kutotaura achichema nhamo inenge yamuwira.
10.2.7 Musambo wekushorana.
Musambo wekushorana musambo wekutarisirana pasi. Mumusambo uyu vanhu
vanotsvaka mazwi nekuita kunotaridza kuti kuita nekufunga kwemumwe
kwakashoreka. Muviri unofambiswa zvokusvora ari kutaurwa naye. Munhu
anogona kunongedza munhu neruoko achiruzunza zvokushora ari kutaurwa naye.
10.2.8 Musambo wekukakavadzana
Uyu musambo unoshandiswa kana paita kusawirirana pakati pevanhu. Panoitwa
sarudzo yemazwi ekukakavara zvinoenderana neudzamu hwemakakatanwa
anenge aripo.
Kana vanhu vachikakavadzana vanogona kuonekwa nekukwidzirana mazwi,
kuzunza maoko, kunongedzerana kusvipirana kumeso kana kufinyamisa kumeso.
Vamwe vanorova zvinhu zvinenge zviri pedyo navo. Vamwe vanogona kutosvika
pakurovana chaiko kutaridza kuti pane makakatanwa ari pakati pavo..
10.2.9 Musambo wekubata maoko
Kana kwafiwa tinoenda kunobata maoko. Kubata maoko kunyaradzana nevafirwa.
Parufu panoshandiswa musambo wekubata maoko. Mumusambo uyu vanhu vane
mazwi avanotaura anotaridza kuti vari kubata maoko. Vanewo zvinhu
zvavanogona kuita zvinozadzisa musambo wekubata maoko.
Tinobata maoko sei?
Kana takasvika pafiwa tinokwazisa vashaikirwa nevose vanenge vauya
kuzokuta hama dzomufi. Tinotaura navo kana tavakwazisa tichiratidza
kubatikana kusuwiswa kwedu nechiitiko cherufu ichi tichiti;
‘Tine urombo nekushaikirwa nehama’, Kana
‘Nenhamo dzatiwira.’ Kana
‘Nedzoi nedzekuparadzika’
34 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
Mashoko aya kana mamwewo zvichienderana nekwatinobva anogona kuteverwa
nehurukuro yekunyaradza vafirwa.
Pakubata maoko tinofanirwawo kuita zvinotaridza kuti tiri kurwadziwa nechiitiko
ichi zvinoita kuti kubata maoko kuzadziswe. Tinogona kuratidza kuti zvaitika izvi
zvatirwadzawo nekutaura mazwi ekurwadziwa kana kumbochema zvisinei kuti
unoda kuchema here kana kuti kwete nekuzunza musoro kana kubatanidza
maoko kana kurova maoko uye tichitaridza kusiririswa pauso hwedu pakutaura
nehama dzemufi kana mamwewo maitiro anoratidza kurwadziwa zvikuru
nezvaitika izvi. Tinogonawo kuita mabasa eparufu anosanganisira kunochera guva
remushakabvu nezvimwewo.
Zvipfeko zvinofanirwa kupindirana nechiitiko ichi. Vamwe vanobva vapfeka
zvipfeko zveruvara rutema runoratidza kusuwiswa nechiitiko ichi. Madzimai
anopfeka zvipfeko zvirefu vakamonera micheka yemazambiya nemadhuku.
Basa
 Ronganai mumapoka mugadzire mitambo midiki umo muchashandisa
musambo wakakodzera kubata maoko.
10.2.10 Musambo wekukumbira
Uyu musambo watinoshandisa kana tiine zvatinoda kuti tiwane kubva kune
mumwe munhu. Tinogona kukumbira kubatsirwa kana kukumbira mari kana
kukumbira kuti tipiwe chose chose chatingade. Munhu anokumbira
anofanirwa kuzvirereka oenda pasi petsoka dzemunhu waari kukumbira kuti
zvaari kuda zvimufambire. Kuzvininipisa kwacho kunogona kusiyana zvako
hudzamu hwako nekuti munhu ari kutaurwa naye ndiyani panguva iyoyo.
Kana kuri kukumbira ruregerero taona kuti takanganganisa tinofanirwa kugona
kuona kutadza kwedu tokumbira ruregerero tichishandisa musambo
wekukumbira uyu. Uyu musambo une kuzvirereka mukati zvokuti zvinova
pachena kune atadzirwa kuti munhu anzwisisa kutadza kwake.
Mienzaniso yekukumbira ruregerero;
35 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
‘Ndine urombo nezvandakaita…ndinokumbirawo kuregererwa kutadza
kwangu..’
‘Shamwari ndakagara pasi ndakaongorora zvandakataura ndakaona kuti
zvakaipa chose. Ndizere nenyadzi nhasi uno ndichikumbirawo kuti
undiregererewo. Handichazozviiti zvakare..’
Basa
Ngatironganei mumapoka tiumbe mitambo yakasiyana-siyana umo
tichataridza mashandiro emusambo wekukumbira uyu. Mitambo yedu ngaibve
muzviitiko zvakasiyana-siyana muupenyu.
10.2.11 Musambo wepadare
Padare panoshandiswa musambo wepadare uyu. Mumusambo wepadare
tinofanirwa kuzvininipisa pavanhu vari padare tichivaratidza kuti tiri pasi
petsoka dzedare rinenge richititonga. Kana tichida kupa pfungwa dzedu padare
tinotaura kuburikidza nemukuru anenge aripo zvichienderana nekuti idare
rakaita sei. Panogona kuva namambo kana riri dare redunhu rose, kana kuti
rinogona kuva dare diki remusha rina sachigaro kana sabhuku. Kana ari matare
enyika kune mamajisitiriti, majaji nevamwewo vatongi vakuru. Ava vakuru
vanofanirwa kuremekedzwa chose mumusambo uyu kunyangwe ivo vakuru
vedare vasingatikudze nekuti tinenge tiri pasi peutongi hwavo. Kana tiri
padare hatingotaura tisina kupiwa mukana kana kutaura ivo kana vachitaura.
Unofanirwa kutaridza kuti unoremekedza dare nekuita kusingashore dare.
Ukashandisa musambo usiriwo padare kana kuita zvisingadiwe padare
sokudaira nharembozha yako, kutaurawo zvako neumwe munhu mudare,
kudya zvako mudare kana kuuya wakapfeka nguwo dzisina hunhu unonzi
watarisira dare pasi. Izvi zvine mutongo wazvo zvoga zvichienderana nedare
racho.
Kana tichitaura padare tinotanga nekukudza vadare sokuti;
‘Pamusoroi changamire, munyori, makurukota, nemi mose makateerera….’
Kana,
36 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
‘Pamusoroi sachigaro, munyori nemi mose matikuta….ini ndasimuka kuti….’
Izvi zvinotaurwa tichiuchira maoko kana ari matare echivanhu. Hatiuchire
zvedu kana tiri kumatare enyika asi mazwi ari pamusoro ekukudza vadare
anofanirwa kutaurwa kuti musambo wedare ubudirire.
10.2.12 Musambo wekutuma
Uyu musambo tinoushandisa kana tichida kuti munhu aite zvatinenge tichida.
Unoshandiswa paya patinenge tisingatarisire mhinduro asi kuti patinotarisira kuti
munhu aite zvatinenge tataura. Musambo uyu unoshanda nemazwi ekutuma. Izwi
racho rinofanirwa kuratidza kuti zviri kutaurwa zvinofanirwa kuitwa sokuti;
Kana tichituma munhu mudiki kana watisingaremekedzi kana mumwe chete
tinogona kuti; Famba nekukurumidza. kana tava kutumawo vanoremekedzwa
kana vakawanda tinoti; fambai nekukurumidza.
10.2.13 Musambo wepabasa
Uyu musambo watinoshandisa kana pane zvebasa zviripo. Musambo uyu
unofanirwa kunge uzere rukudzo pakati pevakuru vebasa nevanotsvaka basa kana
vashandi. Zvipfeko mumusambo uyu zvinofanirwa kunge zvakatsiga zviri zvipfeko
zvinokodzera kutsvaka basa nazvo kana zvinokodzera pabasa riri kushandwa.
10.2.14 Musambo wekunamata
Uyu musambo watinoshandisa kana tichitaura nenyikadzimu. Musambo uyu
tinopira zvichemo zvedu uye kugunun’una nekurumbidza venyikadzimu. Kana
tichishandisa musambo uyu tinowanzoshandisa mazwi ekukudza vadzimu vedu
kana mwari wedu. Maitiro edu nemapfekero edu anosiyana zvichibva nekuti
tinonamata tiri kupi.
Basa
Itai mitambo yakasiyana-siyana pane zviri pazasi muchashandisa misambo
yakakodzera.
i) Munyayi ari kuramba mukadzi.
ii) Mukomana ari kuda musikana.
iii) Mwana ari kuda kutenga muchitoro chako.
iv) Kubata maoko pafiwa.
37 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
10.3 Kupindura Mibvunzo
1. Tsanangura kuti musambo wekutaura chii. [1]
2. Ndeipi misambo inoshandiswa kana tichitaura mune zvinotevera.
i)
Kana uchida kugara pachigaro chakagarwa nemumwe.
ii)
Kutaura kutadzirwa kwako.
i)
Kana uchida musikana
ii)
Parufu
iii)
Vanhu vaviri vasiri kuwirirana.
iv)
Kana uchipa nhoroondo yezvakaitika padare.
v)
Kana uchitaura uchitarisira zvataurwa neumwe pasi.
vi)
Kana ukataura uchizviisa padanho repamusoro-soro.
vii) Kana uchitsvaga basa.
viii) Kana muroora ari pamusha patezvara. [10]
3. Nyora hurukuro diki inoburitsa vanhu vari kushandisa musambo
wekusekedzana pachizukuru.
Doma zviga zvitanhatu zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti musambo uri
kushandiswa unzi wabudirira.
[6]
1. Kugona kushandisa musambo wakakodzera kwakakosherei? [2]
2. Sarudza misambo mitatu yawakanzwisisa ugotsanangura zvinhu zvitatu
pazvitanhatu zvawakadzidza zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti musambo
unzi wabudirira. [10]
11.0 MAKAKATANWA
Zvinangwa





Kutsanangura kuti makakatanwa chii.
Kudoma nekutsanangura mhando dzemakakatanwa
Kudoma nekutsanangura honzero dzemakakatanwa
Kudoma nekutsanangura matanho ekupedza makakatanwa
Kutsanangura zvingaitwa nevakuru munharaunda kupedza
makakatanwa.
38 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
11.1 Makakatanwa Chii?
Makakatanwa kusagadzikana kwezvinhu mumunhu kana pakati pevanhu.
Anogona kuzivikanwa nezita rokuti mapishapisha. Kusawirirana kunowanikwa
muupenyu hwatinorarama nekuti vanhu tine mafungiro, maitiro uyewo zvido
zvakasiyana. Saka zvakakosha kuti tizive kuti makakatanwa anodiwawo zvakare
kunyangwe akaipa kuti zvisina kunaka zvitwasuke hukama hufambe zvakanaka.
Anounza vanhu pamwe kuti vagadzirise matambudziko anenge aunza
makakatanwa pakati pavo. Kana vanhu vakagona kugadzirisa makakatanwa avo
hukama hwavo hunoenda padanho riri pamusoro pane paahwanga huri
pakutanga.
11.2 Mhando Dzemakakatanwa.
Makakatanwa ari mumhando mbiri huru. Anogona kuve edungamunhu kana kuti
pakati pevanhu. Mhando mbiri dzemakakatanwa idzi dzinowanikwa
mumakakatanwa anonyuka mumapoka evanhu akasiyana-siyana anosanganisira
mumhuri, mumisha matigere, mumabasa, muzvikoro, mumapoka
ezvematongerwo enyika nemamwewo atingafunge ane vanhu.
11.2.1 Makakatanwa edungamunhu.
Aya makakatanwa anoitika mumunhu. Pane patinotadza kuita sarudzo pakati
pezvinhu zvinenge zviripo nekuda kwezvikonzero. Makakatanwa aya anenge ari
mauri sedungamunhu. Unogona kuita makakatanwa mauri pasarudzo yekuita
chidzidzo X chaunogona kana kuita Y chaunogona zvakare nekuti uri kunzi utore
chimwe chete asi iwe uchiona zvose zvakakukoshera.
11.2.2 Makakatanwa pakati pevanhu
Aya makakatanwa anowanikwa pakati pevanhu. Aya anogona kuwanikwa
pavanhu vaviri kana vakawanda. Mumapoka ari munharaunda hamushaikwe
makakatanwa aya anokonzerwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana.
11.3 Honzero Dzemakakatanwa.
Makakatanwa anogona kukonzerwa nezvinhu zvakawanda chose. Mienzaniso
yehonzero dzemakakatanwa ndiyo inotevera;
a) Simba
39 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
Nyaya yekuda kuva nesimba ndiyo imwe honzeri yemakakatanwa akawanda pasi
pano. Mumhuri chaimo baba vanogona kuita makakatanwa nemwana
nechikonzero chekuti anenge azvipa simba risiri rake. Ngatifungidzire kugumbuka
kungaite baba vako vakazowana iwe wabvumidza hanzvadzi yako kuenda
kumutambo webhavhadhe reshamwari yake. Apa unenge wazvipa simba risiri
rako, munonetsana pakadai.
Idzo hondo dzatinonzwa mazuva ose munyika kana pakati penyika inyaya
yesimba. Nhasi uno pane hondo yemazwi neyekugadzira zvombo zvinoparadza
voruzhinji pakati peAmerica neNorth Korea nechikonzero chekuti nyika imwe
neimwe inoda kunzi ine simba.
b) Kusafamba zvakanaka kwemashoko
Kusafamba zvakanaka kwemashoko kunoita kuti makakatanwa atange. Shoko
rinogona kufamba risiro vanhu votokakatana. Rinogona kusanzwisisika vanhu
votokakatana.
c) Ruvengo/ Godo
Ruvengo kana godo rinounza kusawirirana kana rimwe divi rakazviona kuti
haridiwe
d) Kusaremekedzana
Kusawirirana kunogona kutanga kana pakava nekusaremekedzana pakati
pevanhu. Vanhu vanofanirwa kuremekedzana zvisinei kuti munhu akaita sei.
Vakuru vakati, ‘Gudo guru peta muswe vadiki vagokuremekedza’. Vakuru vakanga
vaona kuti kana pakasava nekuremekedzana saizvozvo, makakatanwa anotanga.
e) Kutora divi pane zviri kuitika
Kutora divi kunoita kuti makakatanwa atange. Kutora divi pashamwari mbiri dzine
maonero akasiyana usingapewo pfungwa dzimwe mukana kunogona kuita kuti
makakatanwa atange kana kukura.
f) Kurwira pfuma
40 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
Pfuma inokonzera kuti pave nemakakatanwa pavanhu. Mukoma wako anogona
kutadza kuwirirana newe nekuti watadza kubata nharembozha yake zvakanaka.
Pfuma yasiiwa nevabereki igona kuve honzero yemakakatanwa mumhuri nekuti
haina kugoverwa zvakanaka.
g) Kuita mikana isina kuenzana
Ichi chimwe chezvikonzero zvemakakatanwa. Munhu wose anofanirwa kuwana
mikana yakaenzana neyevamwe. Kana pakaita sokuti pava nevamwe vane mikana
yakadarika yevamwe panoita makakatanwa. Mumhuri vana vanotarisisa chose
kuti zvaitirwa umwe vachazviitirwawo here. Kana muri muchidzidzo murairidzi
anogona kukonzera makakatanwa muvana kana akapa vamwe mukana
wokutaura kukunda vamwe. Saka vanhu vanofanirwa kuwana mikana yakaenzana
kuti pasave nemakakatanwa.
h) Kusiyana kwezvitendero
Zvitendero zvakasiyana zvinogona kuita kuti pave nemakakatanwa. Vanhu
vezvitendero zvakasiyana semaChristians nemaIslam havana muonera pamwe
wakanyatsonaka pasi pano nekuda kwekusiyana kwezvavanotenda. Izvi zvinoita
kuti dzimwe nguva pave nekurwisana. KuNigeria kunotomboita hondo
dzemhando iyi pakati pevatendi ava.
i) Guhwa
Guhwa ndeimwe honzero yemakakatanwa pakati pevanhu. Makakatanwa
mazhinji kwazvo anokonzerwa nezvinotaurwa nevanhu pamusoro pevamwe
zvinovanyangadza. Mashoko anotaurwa nemunhu wetatu anogona kuita kuti
vanhu vapesane vatadze kuwirirana zvichibva nekuti anenge asvitswa
kumuteereri akaita sei.
j) kuzvitutumadza/ kuzvikudza
41 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
kuzvitutumadza imwe honzero yemakakatanwa. Munhu ukava nemweya
wokuzvitutumadza unonetsana nevamwe vanenge vasingakoshese mafungiro
ako.
11.4 Gadziriro Yekupedza Makakatanwa
Tisati tasvika pakusarudza nzira yokugadzirisa nayo makakatanwa anenge amuka,
zvakakosha kuti tizvipe nguva yekugadzikana tisangomhanya zvakare nekuti
makakatanwa acho anotogona kuwedzera iwe uine chinangwa chekuti apere.
Tinofanirwa kuzvipa nguva yekumbofunga zvakadzama pamusoro pezvakaitika.
Garai pasi panzvimbo yamunosarudza yamunotaura zvakasununguka pasina
vanhu vakawanda vanozopinda panyaya yenyu vasina kudaidzwa, kwava
kutaura muchipana mikana yokutsanangura divi roumwe neumwe
muchiteererana kwete kungoda kunzwiwa iwe woga. Kana pangave nepanoda
kujekeswa pananai nguva yokubvunza mibvunzo kuti zvose zvijeke kuti
zvakafamba sei. Zvipei nguva yokufunga nzira chaiyo ingapedze gakatanwa
ramunaro pakati penyu. Kana maiwana mukaishandisa itai ongororo kuti muone
kuti yakakushandirai mose here nzira iyi kuitira kuti mose musare makagutsikana
makakatanwa apera.
11.5 Nzira dzatingatore kupedza kana kudzivirira makakatanwa
Idzi dzinosanganisira dzinotevera;
11.5.1 Kunzvenga makakatanwa.
Zviri nyore chose kudzivirira makakatanwa pane kuzoedza kugadzirisa
makakatanwa. Nzira yekunzvenga makakatanwa inzira yakanaka yokupunyuka
makakatanwa. Tinofanirwa kugona kucherechedza kuita kunogona kutiwisira
mumakakatanwa isu tosiya gwara iroro kana kurega kutaura nezvazvo kana
kungosiya zvingaunza makakatanwa zvakadaro dzimwe nguva kana kuzvitora
sezvinhu zvisina basa.
Zvakanakira kunzvenga makakatanwa
- Kunzvenga makakatanwa hakukupinze mumakakatanwa wakatarisa
uchitoziva zvako.
42 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
- Kunzvenga makakatanwa kunokupa mukana wokuita zvinhu zvakakosha
pane kuzvipinza mumakakatanwa.
- Hauzopinda munyaya dzausingagone kupedza.
- Kunokupa mukana wokugadzirira kupinda mumakakatanwa acho kana
ungade kupindamo
Zvakaipira kunzvenga makakatanwa
- Unoita munhu akashoreka anonzvenga makakatanwa.
- Unogona kutadza kuwirirana nevanotarisira kuti ugadzirise makakatanwa
iwe waanzvenga.
- Kunzvenga makakatanwa hakugadzirise dambudziko rinenge riripo.
11.5.2 Kubvuma kukurirwa
Iyi inzira yokupedza makakatanwa nokubvuma kukurirwa pamakakatanwa asi
chinangwa chiri chekuti makakatanwa apere chete. Kana pakashaya anoderera
pavakakatani makakatanwa haaperi.
Zvakanakira nzira iyi
- Makakatanwa anokurumidza kupera nekuti kudhonzedzana kunenge
kwapera.
- Kunyangwe pangange pasina kugutsikana kune abvuma kukurirwa, nzira iyi
inoita kuti pambove nerunyararo pachitsvagwa kuti dambudziko riri kuunza
makakatanwa rogadziriswa sei.
Zvakaipira nzira iyi
- Iyi inzira inosiya vanhu vasinganyatsowirirana nekuti umwe anenge
angobvuma kukurirwa kuti zvipere chete asi asina kukurirwa zvomene.
- Mapato ose anogona kusagutsikana kunyangwe bato rakurira
mumakakanwa acho nekuti zvinogona kunge zviri pachena kuti kubvuma
kunenge kwaitwa kunenge kwakananga nekungopedza makakatanwa.
43 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
- Pfungwa dzinokurira mumakakatanwa apa dzinogona kunge dzisina kunaka
nekuti rimwe divi pamakakatanwa rinenge rangobvuma kukurirwa.
- Kubvuma kukurirwa kunopa pfungwa dzisidzo dzekuti divi rakurira
nemutowo uyu rinogona kuzvitutumadza pasina.
11.5.3 Kugadzirisa dambudziko riripo
Iyi inzira yokugadzirisa nayo makakatanwa inovavarira kusiya vanhu vose
vari mumakakatanwa vachifara iwo makakatanwa acho apera.
Panotsvagwa nzira chaiyo ingapedza kukakatana inofadza munhu wose
nekuti inenge yabata zvido zvavo vose vakakatani.
-
Zvakanakira nzira iyi
Iyi inzira inogadzirisa dambudziko chairo riripo.
Vose vari mumakakatanwa vanosara vachifara zvido zvavo zvagadziriswa.
Iyi inzira inosimbaradza rudo, kuwirirana uye ukama pakati pevakakatani.
Kushandisa nzira iyi kunoita kuti munhu apiwe pembedzo yekugona
kupedza kana kugadzirisa makakatanwa.
Zvakaipira nzira iyi
- Inzira inoda kuti vari mumakakatanwa vange vachida kugadziriswa kuti
zvifambe.
- Nzira iyi inoda nguva refu kuti pave nekufadza mativi ose ari
mumakakatanwa.
11.5.4 Kumanikidzira zvinhu
Iyi inzira yokuita zvido zvako chete pakupedza makakatanwa. Hazvina basa
kuti zvido zvako zvinenge zvichirambwa nerimwe divi here. Izvi zvinoitwa
paine chikonzero chekugadzirisa zvinhu nekukurumidza. Izvi
zvinowanzoitwa kana waona kuti hapana nguva yekuswerovhiya nekuti
44 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
dambudziko rinogona kunge riripo rinenge richigona kupinza vanhu
munjodzi kana pakasakurumidzirwa.
Zvakanakira nzira iyi
- Inogadzirisa zvinhu nenguva pfupi.
- Inoita kuti agadzirisa makakatanwa azvirove dundundu nekukurira.
Zvayakaipira
- Inzira inokwanisa kuti ukama hubva hwangoshata zvachose.
- Inogona kuita kuti makakatanwa arege kupera asi kuti akure.
- Inzira yakaoma yekupedza nayo makakatanwa nekuti panogona
kunetsanwa zvikuru.
11.5.5 Kuteerera nokupawo mafungiro evamwe mukana.
Iyi inzira yokunyatsoteerera pfungwa dzevamwe nekudzipawo mukana
usati wakoshesa mafungiro ako.
Zvayakanakira
- Pane nguva kana mukana wokuongorora nekugadzirisa makakatanwa
nepfungwa dzakakodzera.
- Inzira ine mukana wenguva yokugona kuona zvakakosha nezvisina kuti
makakatanwa apere.
Zvayakaipira
- Inoda kuichenjerera nekuti vanhu vanogona kutora mukana wenguva iripo
kukuitira zvausingade nekuti vanenge vane nguva yacho.
- Inzira inokanganisa kugona kugadzirisa makakatanwa nekuti dzimwe nguva
zvinopiwa mukana zvinenge zvisiri zvinhu kwazvo.
- Inzira inopedza nguva.
45 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
11.6 Zvingaitwa Nevakuru Vemunharaunda Kupedza Makakatanwa
 Vakuru munharaunda vanofanirwa kuve mucherechedzo wekuita
kwakanaka munharaunda. Zvavanoita nezvavanotaura hazvifanirwe
kukonzera makakatanwa.
 Vanofanirwa kuunza vanhu vavo pamwe chete nekuita zvirongwa
zvinoita kuti kutanga kwemakakatanwa kuite kushoma
munharaunda sokuita misangano yekukurukura pamusoro
pezvinetso zvevanhu vovagadzirisa zvisati zvaenderera.
 Pavanouya sevayananisi, havafanirwe kutora divi kuti vagone
kugadzirisa makakatanwa.
 Vanofanirwa kuona kuti hupfumi hwemunharaunda huri kubatsira
vagari venharaunda dzavo uye huri kuunza budiriro mumatunhu avo
nekuti kusafamba zvakanaka kwepfuma kunokonzera makakatanwa.
 Vanofanirwa kuita hurongwa hwekupedza urombo mumatunhu avo
kuti pasaita makakatanwa pakati pevarombo nevapfumi.
11.7 Kupindura Mibvunzo
1. Tsanangura kuti makakatanwa chii. [1]
2. Doma mhando mbiri huru dzemakakatanwa. [2]
3. Sarudza nzira imwe yekugadzirisa nayo makakatanwa ugoitsanangura
zvizere kubva kumashandiro ayo, zvayakanakira uye zvayakaipira.
[6]
4. Makakatanwa anganzi akanakirei?
[2]
5. Doma honzero dzemakakatanwa nomwe. [3]
6. a) Doma vakuru vaviri vemunharaunda.
[1]
b) Tsanangura zvinhu zviviri zvingaitwa nevakuru ava pakupedza
makakatanwa munharaunda. [4]
46 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
7. Tsanangura zvinhu zvitatu zvingakonzera makakatanwa munyika. [3]
12.0 MITUPO NEZVIDAWO
Zvinangwa
 Kutsanangura mazwi anoti mutupo, chidawo, chierwa
 Kutsanangura mavambo emitupo
47 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
 Kutsanangura zvakaita kuti pave nezvidawo zvakawanda pamutupo
umwe.
 Kudoma zvidawo zvemitupo yakasiyana-siyana
12.1 Mutupo
Iri izita rinopiwa vanhu vedzinza rimwe chete.
Sokuti; Vemutupo weTembo, vanhu vedzinza rimwe chete rinoera mbizi.
12.2 Chidawo
Iri izita rinozivikanwa naro madzinzanyana mumutupo umwe neumwe.
VanaTembo vanogona kuzivikanwa nezvidawo kana kuti madzinzanyana anoti,
Mazvimbakupa, Mubaiwa, Mudyanevana kana Wakapiwa. Aya madzinza
akazonyuka mumutupo weTembo vanhu vave kuzvisiyanisa nekuda
kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Kana mutupo uchitaurwa nezvawo munhu
anotaura mutupo wake neChidawo chake rinove dzinzanyana mudzinza guru
sokuti; Tembo Mazvimbakupa, Tembo Mudyanevana kana kuti Tembo Wakapiwa.
Chidawo chinoedza kudzora dzinza kuriita diki kubva kuguru sezvataona padzinza
retembo. Zvidawo zvataona zvakasiyana-siyana izvo zvinodzora ukuru hwedzinza
revanhu veTembo vachipinda muzvikwata zvidiki zvemadzinza mamwewo asi ose
achibva muTembo yakare.
12.3 Chierwa
Imhuka, nhengo yemuviri yemhuka kana chipuka chamunosungirwa kusadya
muchichieresa somucherechedzo weukama hwevedzinza renyu.
Chierwa chevedzinza rekwaTembo imhuka inonzi mbizi.
12.4 Mavambo Emitupo
Vakuru vedu vakaona zvakakodzera kuti vanhu vazivikanwe kuburikidza nemitupo
kuti zvive nyore kusiyanisa vanhu vane ukama nevasina.
Izvi zvakaita kuti nyaya yekuroorana ive yakatungamirwa nemitupo iyo inotsaura
vane ukama ichisiya vatorwa vanogona kuroorana. Kuuya kwemitupo kwakavewo
48 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
kuchengetedzwa kwemhuka dzakave micherechedzo yeukama hwevanhu. Mitupo
yakaita kuti vanhu vagone kuchengetedza mhuka dzavo nekuti kuita madiro
nemhuka dzose dzose kwakabva kwapedzwa nemitupo iyi yairaira kuti mitupo
yaisadyiwa. VeTembo vose vanoera mbizi havadye mbizi. Vakaiona vanoedza
nepose pavanogona kuti ichengetedzeke nekuti mutupo wavo. VeShavawo
vanokoshesa mhofu, havafanirwe kudya mhofu kana zvakadii. Ndizvo zvimwe
chete nemadzinza akawanda emitupo yemhuka dzakasiyana-siyana. Kudya
mutupo kwaityisa nokuti zvainzi ukadya mutupo waigona kubva mazino ose kana
kuita minyama yakaoma kwazvo. Saka mitupo yakaita kuti mhuka dzakawanda
dzigone kuramba dzichiwanikwa kusvika makore ano anhasi.
12.5 Mitupo Yakasiyana-siyana
Zvikonzero zvaikamura vanhu vaive neukama zvakazoenda zvichiwanda. Uku
ndiko kwakavawo kuwanda kwezvidawo nemitupo vanhu vave kuedza
kuzvikamura kubva kumitupo yakatanga. Izvi zvaiitika nenyaya dzekutadza
kuwirirana umwe okamuka muchidawo chavo ozvipa chake nemhuri yake kana
kuita mutupo mutsva kuri kuedza kukamuka kubva kudzinza rakatanga. Uku ndiko
kwakava kuwanda kwemitupo nekuwandawo kwezvidawo zvemitupo yakasiyanasiyana.
Nyaya dzekuroorana dzaiita kuti vanhu vachekane ukama popedzisira pave
nemutupo kana chidawo chitsva kuri kuitira vaida kuroorana kuti vaenderere
mberi.
Nyaya yekuda simba yakaitawo kuti vanhu vatange mitupo yavo. Kana munhu
aitanga dzinza kana dzinzanyana rake aibva ava nesimba nedzinza iroro
zvokutogona kuve mambo wedzinza iroro.
Kunzvenga kutadza kwemadzitateguru kwakaitawo kuti vanhu vade kuva
nemitupo mitsva isina zvipomerwa zvemadzinza avo chaiwo.
Izvi zvimwe zvezvikonzero zvaiita kuti pave nemitupo nezvidawo zvakawanda
vanhu vachiedza kuzvitsaura kubva kumadzidza eruzhinji rwekwavo. Imi tsvagai
zvimwe zvikonzero zvamungawane.
49 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
12.6 Mienzaniso Yemitupo Nezvidawo Zvayo Zvakasiyana-siyana.
Mitupo iri munyika ino yakawanda zvokudarika makumi maviri. Imwe yemitupo iyi
inosanganisira; Tembo, Moyo, Shumba, Shava, Gusho, Soko, Gumbo, Gushungo,
Humba, Nzou nemimwe yatichaona pazasi.
12.6.1 Mutupo weTembo nemapazi awo
Uyu mutupo wakabva payemuro yerunako rwemhuka inonzi mbizi. Mutupo
weTembo une zvidawo nezvierwa zvinotevera;
Mutupo
Tembo
Tembo
Tembo
Tembo
Tembo
Tembo
Chidawo
Mazvimbakupa
Mubaiwa
Mudyanevana
Wakapiwa
Samaita
Karimudeve
Chierwa
Mbizi
Mbizi
Mbizi
Mbizi
Mbizi
Mbudzi
12.6.2 Mutupo weShava nemapazi awo
Mutupo uyu wakabva payemuro yemhuka inonzi mhofu. Mutupo uyu une
zvidawo zvinotevera;
Mutupo
Chidawo
Chierwa
Shava
Shava
Shava
Shava
Shava
Gonde
Mazarura
Matemai
Mhofu yomukono
Mufakose
Mhofu
Mhofu
Mhofu
Mhofu
Mhofu
50 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
Shava
Shava
Shava
Shava
Shava
Shava
Shava
naNick Mufutumari
Mupamombe
Museyamwa
Mutenhesanwa
Mwendamberi
Nematombo
Zuruvi
Simboti
Mhofu
Mhofu
Mhofu
Mhofu
Mhofu
Mhofu
Mhofu
12.6.3 Mutupo weMoyo nemapazi awo
Vanoera mutupo uyu vanoera mwoyo wemhuka ipi neipi zvayo asi vanodya imwe
nyama yose kunze kwemwoyo chete. Mutupo uyu une zvidawo zvinotevera;
Mutupo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Chidawo
Akatakwa
Bvumavaranda
Chikonamombe
Chirandu
Mateere
Moyondizvo
Mukondiwa
Mushoriwa
Muzukuru
Nematombo
Sayi
Sinyoro
Sithole/Khumbula
Wadyegora
Wakapiwa
Yavajena
Zariro
Kaduku
Chierwa
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
Mwoyo
12.6.4 Mutupo weNzou nemapazi awo
Mutupo
Nzou
Nzou
Nzou
Chidawo
Mukotami
Nyamasvisva
Samanyanga
Chierwa
Nzou
Nzou
Nzou
51 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
Nzou
Nzou
naNick Mufutumari
Mbano
Matemavi
Nzou
Nzou
12.7.5 Mutupo weShumba nemapazi awo
Mutupo
Shumba
Shumba
Shumba
Shumba
Shumba
Shumba
Shumba
Shumba
Shumba
Chidawo
Gurundoro
Jichidza
Mhazi
Mhazipwere
Murambwi
Nechinanga
Nyamuzihwa
Sipambi
Chimbwa
Chierwa
Shumba
Shumba
Shumba
Shumba
Shumba
Shumba
Shumba
Shumba
Shumba
12.6.6 Mutupo weSoko nemapazi awo
Mutupo
Soko
Soko
Soko
Soko
Soko
Soko
Soko
Soko
Soko
Soko
Soko
Chidawo
Vhudzijena
Chirongo
Wafawanaka
Murehwa
Mbire
Jena
Kumene
Murehwa
Mukanya
Nehumba
Nyadawa
Chierwa
Tsoko/ gudo
Tsoko/ gudo
Tsoko/ gudo
Tsoko/ gudo
Tsoko/ gudo
Tsoko/ gudo
Tsoko/ gudo
Tsoko/ gudo
Tsoko/ gudo
Tsoko/ gudo
Tsoko/ gudo
Chidawo
Chiunga
Humba
Nyaguru
Mahombarume
Chierwa
Nguruve
Nguruve
Nguruve
Hungwe
12.7.7 Mitupo mimwewo
Mutupo
Makombe
Shiri
52 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
Gumbo
Gwai
Mheta/ Dhliwayo
Tsiwo
Gusho
Dziva
Nhewa
Nhari
Shonga
Musoni
naNick Mufutumari
Maokomavi
Simbirori
Zenda
Marunga
Madyirapazhe
Mukuruvambwa
Gumbi
Chuma
Svova
Gushungo
Chikonamombe
Hove
Muyambo
Save
Dziriro
Simboti
Unendoro
Nyati
Mhizha, mambeva
Chiwambo
Maremba
Hungwe
Hungwe
Hungwe
Hungwe
Gumbo
Hwai
Hwai
Hwai
Shato
Sikarudzi yechidzimai
Mhara
Hove
Hove
Hove
Hove
Ingwe
Nhuka
Nyati
Mbeva
Mbeva
Mbeva
12.7 Mabasa Emitupo
 Mitupo inoita kuti vedzinza rimwe vazivane. Kana munhu
wakasangana nemunhu ane mutupo wakafanana newako kunyangwe
uri kunzvimbo ipi zvinobva zvava pachena kuti muri vanhu vedzinza
rimwe.
 Mitupo inoshanda segwara ratinogona kushandisa kuronda
matsimba emadzinza evanhu vemhuri imwe kudzokera makare
kare. Zviri nyore kuronda hukama hwevanhu pakugadzwa
kwamambo nekuda kwemitupo iyi.
 Mitupo inoita kuti vanhu vachengetedze zvisikwa zvinosanganisira
shiri, mhuka nezvipuka zvesango zvinoereswa nevanhu vasingazvidye
sezvierwa zvavo.
53 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
 Inoita kuti vanhu vedzinza rimwe vasaroorane. ChiVanhu chedu
hachitendere vanhu kuroorana kana vari vemutupo umwe chete
nekuti zvinonzi muri hama nehama. Dai vanhu vakaramba
vachiroorana vemhuri imwe inga dai ukama hwedu huri
masanganiswa huchinetsa kuhubatanidza nekuhutsanangura.
 Inoita kuti vanhu vave nezvakanaka zvavanoda kuzivikanwa nazvo
sedzinza zvavanotora kubva kumaitiro ezvierwa zvemitupo yavo
sokuti ungwaru nerukudzo hune tsoko. Izvi ndizvo zvakasakisa kuti
pave nenhetembo dzemadzinza.
 Mitupo inoshanda senhungamidzo yekukudzana nayo. Tinogona
kukwazisa munhu kana kumukudza nemutupo wake. Munhu wose
anonzwa kuremekedzwa kwazvo kana akachingamidzwa nemutupo
wake.
 Mutupo unonzi unoshandiswawo nevaya vanodeketera pamusoro
pedu kunyikadzimu. Unonzi ndiwo unoita kuti vagone kuwana simba
pamusoro pedu.
 Mitupo yakava nzira yekupaza ukama hwaiva nevanhu ava kuti
vagone kuroorana. Kana takatarisa makare kare, vanhu vaiva
vashoma saka hukama hwaive nevanhu hwaisava kure.
12.8 Kupindura Mibvunzo
1. Tsanangura mashoko anotevera.
Mutupo,
Chidawo,
54 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
1.
2.
3.
4.
naNick Mufutumari
Chierwa.
[3]
Nyora zvidawo zvitatu zvakasiyana zvemutupo weShumba.
[3]
Ndezvipi zvinhu zviviri zviviri zvaungafunga kuti ndizvo zvakachiviwa
nemadzinza akasarudza zvierwa zvinotevera kuti ive mitupo yavo?
i) shumba [2]
ii) mbizi
[2]
Tsanangura zvinhu zvishanu zvakakoshera mitupo. [5]
Vanhu vane mitupo inotevera vanoera chii?
a) Gwai
b) Mheta
c) Dziva
d) shuri
13.0 MIDZIMU
Zvinangwa




Kutsanangura kuti mudzimu chii.
Kudoma mhando mbiri dzemidzimu
Kutsanangura mauyiro emudzimu pamunhu.
Kudoma mabasa emidzimu muvanhu.
55 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
13.1 Mudzimu Chii?
Mudzimu mweya womunhu mukuru akafa unodzoka kana kuti unodzorwa
kuvapenyu kuti ugovachengeta uchivapa gwara remararamiro akanaka.
13.2 Mhando Dzemidzimu
Pane mhando mbiri dzemidzimu dzinoti;
a) Midzimu yedzinza.
Midzimu yedzinza ine chekuita nemadzinza edu atinobva. Midzimu yemumusha
inonangana nekubatsira vedzinza raiye mushakabvu vane hukama hwepedyo
hwevabereki vamwe vari vemutupo umwe.
b) Midzimu yenyika.
Kunewo midzimu yenyika, iyi ine chekuita neruchengetedzo rwenyika yose. Iyi
hapana anogona kuiita yavo nekuti hainangane nemunhu umwe kana dzinza
rimwe nekuti midzimu yenyika yose. Ndiyo iya yatinozonzwa yonzi mhondoro.
Mhondoro mudzimu wemunhu akafa ari mambo. Mweya wemunhu akadaro kana
wodzoka semudzimu haunangane nekuchengetedza vekwake sezvinoitwa
nemidzimu yemadzinza, asi kuti unoita mudzimu wenyika yose nekuti ndiro raiva
basa rake rokutarira nyika yose. Kare umambo hwaisangogarwa chete, ainge
apiwa umambo nemhondoro aizogadzirwa nemushonga wainzi pipi kana kuti
tsenga waizoita kuti kana afa mweya wake uzogona kumuka uchiita mudzimu
wenyika.
13.3 Munhu Ane Mudzimu
Munhu ane mudzimu anozivikanwa sehomwe, svikiro kana gombwe. Anonzi
ihomwe nekuti anenge achitorwa sehomwe inochengeta mudzimu wedzinza.
Anogonawo kunzi svikiro achitorwawo senzvimbo inosvikira mudzimu kuvanhu.
13.4 Kuuya Kwemudzimu
Tinotenda pachivanhu chedu kuti munhu haafiririre kwete, zvinonzi mweya wake
unorarama nekusingapere. Mweya iwowo ndiwo unozodzorwa mumusha kana
patambwa guva remufi kuti uzochengetedza mhuri yemufi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti
mudzimu waidzorwa mumusha waiva womufi ainge asiya mhuri. Ainge asina
mhuri aibva avigwa neguri kana gonzo. Izvi zvaiitirwa kuti hapana chaaizodzokera
nekuti kunze kwainge kusina mwana wake waanofanirwa kutanga kuchengetedza
56 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
kuti azochengetawo vamwe. Aifa nekuzvisungirirawo mweya wake waisafanirwa
kuzodzoka semudzimu nekuti rufu rwemunhu uyu rwainge rwakashoreka rwusiri
rwemudzimu saka mudzimu wakadaro waisagona kuchengeta vapenyu.
Mudzimu waigona kuuya nenzira mbiri. Waigona kuuya nekudzoswa mumusha
nebira raitotambwa paine chinangwa chekudzosa mudzimu kuti uuye pahomwe
yainge yasarudzwa nevedzinza kana kuti akanongedzwa kugata kuti ndiye
aifanirwa kuzosvikirwa nemudzimu iwowo.
Mudzimu waigona kuuya wega. Kana mudzimu wainge wada kuuya munhu
aionekwa nekuita kwakasiyana nekwemazuva ose. Munhu aigona kungorwararwara zvisina tsarukano kana kungoita hunhu hwakasiyana nehwaizivikanwa
pamunhu iyeye zvokuti zvaipa vanhu mibvunzo. Kana zvadai vakuru vaienda
kugata kun’anga uko vainoudzwa zvaive pamwana. Ikoko ndiko kwavaibva
vabvunza zvaidiwa kuti zviitwe kuti mudzimu usvike zvakanaka kana zvaiva
zvekuuya kwemudzimu. Bira raizoitwa rekuunza mudzimu mumusha.
13.5 Ndiani Anogona Kuita Mudzimu?
Mudzimu unogona kuenda pamwana mudiki angave musikana kana mukomana.
Unogona kuenda pavakuru chaivo semurume kana mukadzi kana pangave
pachembere kana paharahwa chaiyo zvichibva nekuti munhu iyeyo anenge
asarudzwa chete kuva munhu akakodzera kugarwa nemudzimu iwowo.
13.6 kupira Midzimu
Kupira midzimu kutaura nemidzimu. Kutaura nemidzimu uku kunoitwa kana
munhu akadawo zvake kutaura nevadzimu vake achivapira zvichemo zvake. Ndipo
paye pamunoona mukuru aenda pangave pachikuva mumba yokubikira kana kuti
pasi pemuti unonzi munhondo ava kuombera nhondo kumadzitateguru ake
achipira zvichemo zvake. Kupira uku kunogona kuitwa pabira rinotoitwa paine
chinangwa ichi. Kazhinji kana pakaitwa zvemutambo uyu zvinoreva kuti panenge
paine chikuru chavange vachida kubatsirwa nacho nemadzitateguru avo.
Panobikwa doro vanhu vonwa doro iri voimba nekutamba ngoma kana mbira.
Vanogona kudeketera kuvadzimu vanodeketera nemitupo yavo kuvadzimu
vachikumbira zvavanenge vachida kana kutenda pane zvavanenge vagonerwa
nemidzimu iyi.
57 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
13.7 Mabasa Emidzimu
Midzimu yaiva yakakosha kwazvo muhupenyu hwevanhu, yaiita mabasa
aisanganisira anotevera;
13.7.1 Basa remidzimu yemadzinza
 Kubatanidza vanhu nenyikadzimu yavaisaziva.
 Yaisvitsa zvichemo kuna nyadenga nekupa vanhu mhinduro yaibva kuna
nyadenga pane zvavaishuvira.
 Yaipa chenjedzo pane zvaiitika mumusha.
 Ndiyo yaikomborera vanhu kuti vawane zvavaida sepfuma kana mukadzi
kwaye kana kubaya mhuka kana vaenda kunovhima.
 Ndiyo yairwira vanhu mumatambudziko nekuvachengetedza.
 Yaipa zvitarafu kune vaiita hunhu husina kunaka.
 Yaiita kuti mhuri dzive nerunyararo
13.7.2 Basa remidzimu yenyika
 Nyika yaichengetedzwa nemidzimu yenyika.
 Midzimu yenyika ndiyo yainokumbira mvura kuna musikavanhu.
 Yaichenesa kana kuchenura nzvimbo dzinenge dzichiitika masaramusi
aitadzisa vanhu kugara zvakanaka.
 Yaichenura vaye vaiita zvimina sokuita makunakuna.
 Yaiona nezvekugadzwa kwemadzimambo. Mambo aisava wedzinza rimwe
saka midzimu yenyika ndiyo yaiona kuti ainge akakodzera kuita mambo
ndiani.
 Yaipawo zvitarafu kuvanhu vaitadzira nyika.
13.8 Kupindura Mibvunzo
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tsanangura kuti mudzimu chii.
Doma mhando nhatu dzemidzimu.
Ndeapi mazita matatu anogona kupiwa munhu ane mudzimu?
Tsanangura zvinhu zvina;
a) zvaive zvakanakira midzimu yemadzinza
[2]
[3]
[3]
[4]
58 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
b) zvina zvakare zvaive zvakanakira midzimu yenyika.
5. Sei vanhu vasisakoshesa midzimu yavo mazuva ano?
naNick Mufutumari
[4]
[4]
14.0 N’ANGA
Zvinangwa






Kutsanangura kuti n’anga chii.
Kudoma nekutsanangura mhando nhatu dzen’anga
Kutsanangura mabasa en’anga
Kutsanangura basa ranechombo wen’anga
Kutsanangura mawanirwo esimba reun’anga.
Kutsanangura zvipeto zvepan’anga.
59 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
14.1 N’anga Chii?
N’anga munhu anoshopera matambudziko angava nemunhu nekupa rubatsiro
rwakakodzera sekushopera ane urwere nekumurapa kana kushopera honzero
yengwavaira ingave mumusha nekupa rubatsiro rwekuti zvingapedzwe sei.
N’anga dzine mashave kana midzimu inodzibatsira pabasa iri. N’anga dzinorapa
kana shavi kana mudzimu wapotera. Kana mudzimu iwowo kana shave iroro
rakakanganiswa hun’anga hunobva hwaparara. Dzinoshandisawo hakata kuti
dzitsanangure matambudziko ehurwere anenge aripo.
14.2 Hakata
Midziyo inoshandiswa nen’anga kuti dzitaure nevadzimu pane zvingade kuti
zvizivikanwe nemunhu anenge aine dambudziko. Dzinosiyana-siyana nekuti
n’anga inoshandisa chii. Anogona kuve mabhonzo, matombo, zvimiti
zvakagadzirwa kubva pamutohwe kana makoko etwuhozhwa twudiki kana
zvimwewo. Pahakata idzi pane dzinomirira mashave echikadzi dzinonzi
Nhokwara nedzimwewo dzinonzi Kwami dzinomirira mashave echikadzi zvakare.
Dzinomirira mashave echirume imhando mbiriwo zvakare dzinonzi
Chitokwadzima kana kuti Chirume. Hakata dzinopotserwa pasi n’anga
yotsanangura kuti kurongana kwadzo pasi kunorevei kuhurongwa
hwedambudziko rine munhu. Kana n’anga yoda kuudza munhu magadzirisirwo
angaitwa dambudziko rinenge richimudzudza, inogona kushandisa hakata idzi
zvakare kuti iudzwe nevari kumhepo kuti chii chinodiwa.
14.3 Nechombo /Makumbi.
N’anga dzinorapa dzichibatsirwawo nemunhu anonzi nechombo kana kuti
makumbi. Uyu ndiye mubatsiri wen’anga pabasa rayo uyo anogona kuva
muzukuru, mwana, murume kana mudzimai wen’anga. Mabasa anechombo
kana makumbi anosanganisira;




Kuomberera mudzimu wen’anga kuti usvike kana wodiwa pabasa.
Kutsanangurira murwere zvinenge zvichitaurwa nen’anga.
Kuchengeta hakata.
Kuchera mishonga.
60 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
 Kubata mishonga nemakona pakurapa.
 Kubata miripo yen’anga.
 Ndiye anoziva midziyo inodiwa panguva yakakodzera sehakata.
Inoshandiswa nen’anga pakurapa.
14.4 Mawanirwo Esimba Roun’anga
Hwedzinza
Un’anga hwerudzi urwu chipo chinouya kubva kumadzitateguru en’anga.
Hunogona kutambidzanwa mumhuri imomo huchibva pane umwe hwoenda pane
umwe senhaka.
Hwekutenga.
Humwe hunoitwa zvokutengwa kubva kune vane simba racho. Uhwu ndihwo
hwakatekeshera nenyika huzere nevanhu vamwe vanonyepa. Hunogona kubva
musimba rezvikwambo kana nyanga kana hwave hun’anga hwekutenga.
Hwenjuzu
Vamwe vanowana hun’anga hwenjuzu hunonzi hunobva pasi pemvura. Kazhinji
vanhu vane hun’anga hwerudzi urwu vanoti ivo vanenge vakabatwa nenjuzu
vakaendwa navo pasi pemvura apo vanonogara vopiwa chipo ichi vozodzoka vave
zvitopota zven’anga.
14.5 Ndiani Anogona Kuve N’anga
Hun’anga hunoitwa nevakadzi kana varume. Ava vanofanirwa kuve vanhu
vanogona kubatsira vanhu vachishandisa mashave avo ehurapi panguva
yakakodzera. Vanhu ava vanofanirwa kugona kuita mashura kana achidiwa uye
kuva vanhu vane hun’anga hunotendwa munharaunda.
14.6 Miripo Yen’anga (Zvipeto)
N’anga dzairipisawo vaya vanenge vaenda kwadziri vachida kubatsirwa. Ava
vaibvisa zvipeto zvakasiyana-siyana sekurehwa kwazvo nen’anga. Zvimwe zvacho
ndizvo zvinotevera;
61 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
Muripo
Badza
Mhandamidzi
Tsvukamukanwa
Huku
Musharo
Bikiro
naNick Mufutumari
Tsananguro
Muripo wekuti muone n’anga
Muripo webasa rekutsvaka mishonga
Muripo wekunwa kana kukweva ropa pakurapa
Muripo unogona kupiwa n’anga kuti itange basa
Muripo unopetera zvose zvaitwa nen’anga
Muripo wefodya kun’anga yaiunzwa nemurwere.
14.7 Mabasa En’anga






Kushopera kuti dambudziko reurwere riri kukonzerwa nei.
Kurapa urwere.
Kuuka mweya ungagona kutsanangura chimiro chedambudziko.
Kubvisa zvipotswa zvinoiswa nevaroi mumunhu.
Kubvisa mamhepo.
Kuronga matare nemudzimu wemunhu ane dambudziko kuti anzwe
zvinodiwa nemidzimu yake kuti abve mushangwa iyoyo.
 Kuuchika vaya vanenge vashaya mbereko.
 Kushereketera munhu kuti aite rushambwa sokupinga mhararano kuti
munhu akafamba nepo awane zvinomuwana.
14.8 Kupindura Mibvunzo
1. Tsanangura kuti n’anga chii.
2. Ndeapi mazita maviri anogona kudaidzwa nawo mubatsiri wen’anga?
3. Doma mabasa mashanu aiitwa;
a) ne’anga.
b) nanechombo
4. Tsanangura nzira nhatu dzemawanirwo esimba reun’anga.
5. Chii chinonzi hakata.
6. a) Zvipeto zvii.
62 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
b) Tsanangura zvipeto zvinotevera.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Mhandamidzi
Tsvukamukanwa
Huku
Badza
15.0 ZVIERAERA ZVEVASHONA
Zvinangwa
 Kutsangura kuti zviera zvii.
 Kutsanangura zvainzi zvaiitika kana watyora zvierwa.
 Kutsanangura zvakanakira zvierwa muhupenyu.
15.1 Zvieraera
Iyi mitemo yaicherechedzwa mumagariro eVaShona iine chinangwa chekuti
vanhu vagare zvakanaka. Haisi mitemo yakanyorwa kwete asi kuti yaidzidziswa
63 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
munhu kuti aitevere kubva paudiki hwake nevakuru. Zvieraera zvinogona
kuonekwa zviri muzvikwata zvitatu zvinotevera;
b)
mashura
a)
zvierasiri
c) zviera
ZVIERAERA
15.1.1
Zvierasiri
Zvierasiri ndezvemitemo yekurambidza kuita kwaisadiwa mukugara kwevanhu
nekuvatyisa. Vaizoita kuita kwairambwa vainzi vaizopesana nemidzimu. Kupesana
nemidzimu kwaireva rushavashava kana rushambwa rwainzi rwaizouya
kumuparanzvongo sechitarafu. Izvi zvaisava chokwadi, chokwadi chaivepo chaive
chokuti kana waityora zvierasiri wainge uchitsaudzira gwara remararamiro izvo
zvaizogona kuti upinde munjodzi kana kuti utadze kugarisana nevamwe
zvakanaka wakanganisa nyaya yehutsanana yaikosheswa kana kuti waita unhu
kana tsika dzaisadiwa.
Chikwata chemitemo iyi chaive chakanangana nokuti;
64 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
i)
ii)
iii)
naNick Mufutumari
Vanhu vachengetedze utsanana.
Vachengetedzewo tsika nemagariro akanaka.
Vanhu vasapinde munjodzi.
Mienzaniso;
15.1.1.1 Zvierasiri Zvoutsanana
i) Zvaierawo kugara paduri kana kugara paguyo. Zvainzi waizofirwa nevakadzi
vose kana waizoroora. Murango uyu watyisa varume. Hapana aizoda zvakare
kufirwa nemukadzi osara ava mugota zvakare. Izvi zvaiitirwa kuti pave
nekuchengetedza utsanana pamidziyo yaigadziriswa zvokudya.
ii) Zvaiera kudyira muhari. Zvainzi munhu aizoita mahobi kana aizodyira muhari.
Izvi zvaiitirwa utsanana nekuti hari ndidzo dzaibikirwa saka zvaisava nehutsanana
kuti munhu adyire imomo.
iii) Zvaiera kuchera mvura nehari yaive nematsito. Zvainzi zvaizokonzera kuti
tsime ripwe vanhu voshaya mvura. Chierasiri ichi chaiitirwa kuti vanhu
vachengetedze matsime aicherwa mvura neruzhinji akachena kuitira kuti
utachiwana hunokonzera zvirwere husapararira.
iv) Kugara murusero kwaiera nokuti kwainzi kwaikonzera kuti munhu ave muroyi.
Muroyi munhu akashoreka zvikuru muChivanhu chedu nekuti anonzi anoita
mabasa akashata zvikuru anosanganisira kurwarisa, kukonzera rufu uye kudya
nyama yevanhu, saka hapana aida kuva muroyi. Chierasiri ichi chaive chakaisirwa
kuti vanhu vachengetedze utsanana mumidziyo yakaita seiyi nekuti yaiisirwa
zvokudya.
v) Zvaiera kuwetera mumvura nekuti zvainzi waizotadza kuzvara. Chierasiri ichi
chaive chiripo kuti vanhu vachengetedze utsanana patsime raicherwa mvura
neruzhinji nokuti zviri nyore kuti urwere hupararire nemvura.
vi) Kupfira mate parufu kwainzi kwaiera nokuti kwainzi kwaikonzera kuti hama
yako kana kuti iwe ufewo. Chaivepo ndechekuti vanhu vaida kuchengetedza
utsanana. Parufu panenge paine vanhu vakawanda zvokuti urwere
hunokurumidza kupararira kana pakasaitwa zveutsanana.
65 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
15.1.1.2 Zvierasiri zvekudzivirira njodzi
a) Zvaiera kugara papfihwa kana padanda riri pamoto. Zvainzi waizouraya
mukadzi wako. Hapana aida kuuraya munhu nekuti kuita uku chinhu chinotyisa
kwazvo muVaShona. Tinotya ngozi nekuti tinotenda kuti mweya wemunhu haufe
saka unozouya kuzorwisa nekuparadza dzinza remunhu anenge auraya. Saka
chierasiri ichi chaibva chazochengetedzwa chose nekuti vanhu vaitya zvekusorera
mhuri ngozi yaigona kupedza rudzi rwose. Kana munhu aizotyora chierasiri ichi
achinogara papfihwa aigona kugara pfihwa raitsva akatsva. Kareko zvipfeko zvedu
zvaive zvisina kuita sezvanhasi. Vadiki vaitongogara vakashama vasina kana
chavainge vakapfeka. Kana paiwana mudiki ainogara papfihwa raitsva akashama
kudaro aigona kutsva zvikuru kwazvo saka vakuru vaidzivirira njodzi dzakadai.
Zvaiitirwazve kuti zvaizove nyore kutsenhura zvirongo zvaive pamoto. Izvi
zvaigona kuita kuti vaigona kunge vari kumoto vatsve.
b) Kugara mumugwagwa kwainzi kwaiunza ngwavaira yemamota. Chirwere
chemamota chirwere chinorwadza zvikuru. Mota rimwe chete rinotoita kuti
umbopinda mugudza. Kangani kuzoita chirwere chemamota? Saka hapana
aizotyora chierasiri ichi nekutya mamota. Kana paizoita ny’any’a dzaityora
chierwasiri ichi dzaizviisa mungozi yekutsikwa nevanhu kana mhuka
mumugwagwa imomo zvinove zvaidzivirirwa apa. Chierasiri ichi chaivepowo kuti
vanhu vasakanganise kushandiswa kwemigwagwa.
c) Kufamba nenhendeshure kwaiereswa. Zvainzi kuita izvi kwaiita kuti musana
waamai udambuke. Kutya kudambura musana waamai kwaizoita kuti zvekufamba
nenhendeshure zvisaitwe nekuti munhu aizosara asina muriritiri. Chierasiri ichi
chainge chiripo kuti munhu asapinda munjodzi yekukuvara adonha nekufamba
achienda kwaasina kutarisa.
d) Kudya nebanga kwaiereswawo. Kunonzi kwaiita kuti munhu aite mazino
akatarangana. Kuita mazino akatarangana kwaizoita kuti chimiro chako
chikanganisike saka munhu aizongoona kungorega kudya nebanga kwakanaka.
Chierasiri ichi chaiitirwa kuti munhu asazvicheke nebanga. Zvaiitirwawo nyaya
dzeutsanana saka chierasiri chaishanda mabasa maviri. Zvaionekwa sezvisina
utsanana kuti munhu adye nebanga raichekeswa zvokudya zvemhuri yose.
66 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
e) Zvaiera kusona nguwo wakadzipfeka. Zvainzi kana wakasona nguwo
wakadzipfeka waizvisonerera nhamo. Nhamo yakagara iri chinhu chisina
anoyemura. Munhu wose anoda kugara upenyu husiri hwokutamburira saka
kutya nhamo kwaiita kuti asazozvibaya netsono.
f) Kuchinjika huni muchoto kwainzi kwaierawo. Zvainzi zvaizokanganisa mukadzi
kubara. Vakadzi ndivo vainyanyokuhwa moto saka nyaya yekuchinjika huni
hayaizoitwa nekutya kutadza kubara. Chierasiri ichi chaive chiripo kuti pakukuhwa
moto vanhu vasarongere huni mumoto zvaigona kuti vamwe vadonhedzwe
nehuni. Sezvo vaizodonhera pedyo nemoto zvaizogona kuitika kuti munhu
aizogona kubva atsva nemoto.
g) Zvaiera kurova mapfihwa nekuti zvainzi kwaiita makore. Hapana aida
mamiriro ekunze akadaro nekuti zvipfeko zvaive kare zvaisiya muviri panze, saka
kutonhorwa kwaisava kwenhamo. Vanhu vaiona zvakakodzera kutevedza
chierasiri ichi kuti vasazomuka mangwana acho kunze kuine makore. Chierasiri
ichi chaive chokuvhara njodzi dzaigona kuitika pamoto waigona kudauka wopisa
imba kana vanhu. Vanhu vaigona kutsva zvakare nezvaibikwa pamoto zvarasika
mushure mekurohwa kwepfihwa.
15.1.1.3 Zvierasiri zvekudzivirira tsika dzakaipa nekuita kwakaipa
a) Zvaiera kutevedzera urema hwewakaremara. Zvainzi waiitawo chirema kana
kubara mwana chirema. Hapana anoda kuremara kana kuita mwana chirema saka
chierasiri ichi chaitocherechedzwa nekutya izvozvo. Chaivepo yaiva nyaya yokuti
vanhu vadzidze kuti hurema hunouya pamunhu asingade saka vanhu vaifanirwa
kubata zvirema sevanhu vakangofananawo nevamwe.
b) Kudongorera munhu asina kupfeka kwaierawo. Zvainzi munhu aiita zvakadaro
aiita shohwera. Shohwera twumamota twudiki twunomera paganda rinovhara
maziso. Utwu twunoti kurwadza nekukanganisa kuona. Kuita shohwera kwaibva
kwazonyadzisa zvikuru sei pava nefungidziro iyoyo yekuti munhu akadongorera
munhu aive asina kupfeka, zvaibva zvatapudza unhu hwako. Chierasiri ichi
chainge chiripo kuvhara nyaya dzekubatwa chibharo kwevakadzi idzo dzaigona
kuuya nekuda kwekudongorerwa vasina kupfeka nevarume
67 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
c) Kuita makunakuna kwaiera. Zvainzi zvaitadzisa mvura kunaya kana kuti
vaparanzvongo vaizobandwa neshumba. Ndiani angade kunzi ndiye atadzisa
mvura kunaya muruwa rwose kana kufa achidyiwa neshumba. Izvi zvaiita kuti
vanhu varemekedze hama dzavo kana dzava nyaya dzepabonde.
d) Mazai ainzi aiera kudyiwa nevadiki. Vadiki vainzi vaiita buka kana vaizodya
mazai. Chierasiri ichi chaive nebasa rekuti pasaite makakatanwa pakati pevadiki
nevakuru pamusoro pekudya uku kunonaka. Vadiki vaibva vazorega kudya mazai
nekutya kuita buka.
e) Kuridza muridzo usiku kwainzi kwaiera nekuti zvainzi munhu aiita izvozvo
aishevedza varoyi. Hapana aida kuti muroyi auye kwaari nekuti varoyi vaiva
nesimba ravaiva naro rokuti vaigona kukonzera kuti munhu atadze kurarama
zvakanaka. Chierasiri ichi chaive chakaitirwa kuti vanhu vasaite ruzha nguva
yokuzorora yemauro nekuti ruzha rwemauro rwunoenda kure rwuchikanganisa
vanhu vanenge vozorora zvavo.
f) Kudya uchifamba kwainzi kwaiera nokuti kwaiita kuti munhu aiite muromo
murefu. Vanhu vaibva vakoshesa chierasiri ichi nokuti vaitya kuzoita muromo
wakadaro. Chierasiri ichi chaive nebasa rekuti munhu aite tsika dzakanaka
pakudya. Hausi hunhu hwakanaka kudya uchifamba.
15.1.1.4 Kutyora Zvierasiri
Kupikisa kana kutyora zvierasiri kwaireva kupinda mumatambudziko akasiyanasiyana aigona kuuya kumuparanzvongo kana kune vamwewo vanhu zvavo
sekukuvara kana kukanganisa vamwewo vanhu zvavo. Zvechitarafu chainzi
chaizobva kuvadzimu kwaiva kusimbisa zvierasiri kuti zvisatyorwa, hapana aida
kutadzira midzimu yake saka kutyora chierasiri chaisava chinhu chaidiwa naani
kana naani zvake.
Zvengozi yaiuya kana patyorwa chierasiri hazvaitaurwa. Chaitaurwa nezvacho
chaityisa kuvanhu vedu chitarafu chainzi chaizouya kubva kuvadzimu chokutyora
chierasiri.
68 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
15.2 Zviera
Kwaivawo nemitemo yaisungirwa kutevedzerwa nekukosheswa mukurarama.
Zviera zvaisiyana nezvierasiri pakuti kana waityora mitemo iyoyo wainge washora
midzimu saka waisangana nechitarafu chokuita zvaisatenderwa
chematambudziko aikukanganisa raramo yako aibva kuvadzimu.
 Zvaiera kutaura zvisina maturo musango waigona kubva watetereka
nesango.
 Munhu aisafanirwa kukanuka kuita kwemhuka kwakasiyana-siyana
kana muri mumasango anoera nekuti waigona kuenda zvachose
nesango.
 Michero yaisafanirwa kungokururwa kana kushorwa ichinzi
yaisanaka. Waigona kurasika zvokusaziva kuti kwabviwa ndokupi
nekuda kwehunhu hwakadaro.
 Zvaiera kuchema kana munhu atorwa nenjuzu. Kana atorwa nenjuzu
ainzi aizodzorwa kana zvaainge atorerwa zvapera. Kana hama
dzemunhu ainge atorwa dzaichema dzichifunga kuti awira mumvura
munhu uyu aibva azodzoswa asi afa kare. Kana vakazvibata
vakanobvunzira zvaidiwa kuitwa vakazviita, aizodzoka ave
nemudzimu wenjuzu ave n’anga huru kwazvo.
 Kupinda mapako kana ninga dzinovigwa madzishe kunonzi kunoera.
Kuita uku kunogona kuita kuti utadze kudzoka warasika mubako kana
ninga iyoyo.
 Kushanda musi wechisi kwaiyerawo. Zvainzi kushanda musi wechisi
kwaiita kuti usangane nemurango wakaomarara waibva kuvadzimu
waigona kurwadzisa iwe muparanzvongo dzimwe nguva nevedzinza
rako.
15.3 Mashura.
Mashura zviitiko zvaiera kuonekwa zvichiitika kana kunzwikwa kwazvo. Kana
zvaiitika, vanhu vaibva vaziva zvaireva zviitiko zvakadaro nekuti zviitiko izvi
69 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
hazvaingoitika asi kuti zvaive nezvimwe zvazvaishura kana kuti zvazvaidudzira
zvaigona kunge zvakanaka kana zvakaipa kuhupenyu hwevanhu.
Muenzaniso;
Kana dai munhu aiita nharo dzekushanda musi wechisi uyo wainzi waiera, aigona kusangana
nemashura aitaridza kuti zvaaiita zvainge zviri kunze kwemitemo yemararamiro edu. Munhu
iyeye aizogona kusangana nemashura akaita sokuona mhuka dzichiita zvimwe zvinhu
zvisizvo. Kuona zviitiko zvakadaro kwaive kusangana neshura raidudzira ngwavaira
yaizosangana namuparanzvongo mukurarama kwake.
Mashura aya anga akanakira kuti aitungamira pamararamiro eVaShona achivapa
gwara. Pose pavaiona mashura vaibva vava netarisiro yezvaizoitika muupenyu
hwavo zvaigona kunge zvakanaka kana kuti zvakashata sezvinotevera;
Mashura akanaka
 Kuona nyoka yetsukukuviri muzhizha kunonzi kunoshura kunaya kwemvura.
 Kuona masvosve akatakura misengwa yawo kunoshura kuita rombo
rakanaka. Kana vavhimi vaisangana neshura iri vaibva vaziva zvazvaireva.
 Kuona shiri dzinonzi masvuuramurove kunoshura kunaya kwemvura.
 Kupinda kwenyuchi imwe chete mumba kunoshura kuuya kwehweni
pamusha.
 Kuvava kwemukati meruoko kwaishurawo rombo rakanaka rekuwana kana
kupiwa zvinhu.
Mashura akaipa
 Zvaiera kuona nyoka yetsanganyoka. Yainzi yaishura matambudziko
aisanganisira rufu, kurwarirwa kana kunetsana.
 Kunzwa imbwa dzichichema zvokuungudza zvisiri zvokuhukura kunoshura
rufu mumusha kana mumana.
70 | P a g e
Misambo yeVaShona ‘O’ Level
naNick Mufutumari
 Kupinda kwechindororo mumba mune utenda kunoshura dambudziko
rekukura kweutenda kana rufu.
 Kudarika kwenyuchi dzakawanda nepamusha kunoshura ngwavaira kana
dambudziko pamusha.
 Kudarikirwa pamberi penyu negudo kana tsoko inombomira pakati
pomugwagwa ichikutarisai imi muri parwendo kunoshura kusangana
nedambudziko parwendo rwamunenge muinarwo.
 Kurova kwehana kunoshurawo kuuya kwedambudziko guru.
15.4 Kupindura Mibvunzo
1. Doma mhando nhatu dzezvieraera zveVaShona. [3]
2. Tsanangura mabasa matatu ezvierasiri muhupenyu hwevanhu vatema.
3. Jekesa musiyano pakati pezviera nezvierasiri. [2]
4. Mashura akakosherei muupenyu hwevatema? [2]
[3]
71 | P a g e