Language Usage BASIS ENTRY TEST 目录 4 3 2 1 形容词，副词与 比较级/最高级 首字母大写 名词及单复数 句子类型与标点符号 1 句子类型与 标点符号 Sentence Type & Punctuation There are 4 types of sentences. What are they? • • • • Declarative sentence = a statement Imperative sentence = a command Interrogative sentence = question Exclamatory sentence = ！ And there are only three punctuation marks with which to end a sentence: Period . Question mark ? Exclamation point ! Using different types of sentences and punctuation, students can vary the tone of their writing assignments and express a variety of thoughts and emotions. A declarative sentence/statement simply tells about something. It always ends with a period. 陈述句 *句子结构完整 Examples of this sentence type: “I want to be a good writer.” (makes a statement) “My friend is a really good writer.” (expresses an opinion) An imperative sentence tells you what to do. It usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. 祈使句 *祈使句经常会出现没有主语的情况 Examples of this sentence type: “Please sit down.” “I need you to sit down now!” An interrogative sentence asks you a question. This type of sentence often begins with who, what, where, when, why, how, or do, and it ends with a question mark. 疑问句 Examples of this sentence type: “When are you going to turn in your writing assignment?” “Do you know what the weather will be tomorrow?” An exclamatory sentence shows strong emotion such as surprise, happiness and anger, and ends with an exclamation point. 感叹句 Examples of this sentence type: “It is too dangerous to climb that mountain!” “I got an A on my book report!” Practice They sent a dog into space! Are whales mammals like we are? Please close the curtains all the way. Oops, I forgot my keys! Throw the baseball to Pam. The students learned about ocean tides. Who is coming for dinner? The cars drive through the tunnel. Watch out for that hole in the ground! 2 名词及单复数 Nouns & Their Plural Forms A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Some nouns name people, like daughter, passenger, and firefighter. Some nouns name places, like forest, zoo, and island. Some nouns name things, like canoe, lion, and hammer. Nouns like month or question name things you can't touch or see. Some nouns name ideas, like courage, wisdom, and happiness. A common noun names a general type of person, place, thing, or idea. A common noun is not capitalized, except when it is the first word in a sentence. 普通名词 A proper noun names a specific person, place, or thing. A proper noun is always capitalized. 专有名词 不规则变形 Irregular plurals for Elementary learners man – men woman – women person – people child – children foot – feet policeman – policemen postman – postmen housewife – housewives tooth – teeth mouse – mice knife – knives goldfish – goldfish 不规则变形 3 首字母大写 Capitalization 1. Capitalize the names of people and pets. Laura Sparky 2. Capitalize a title of respect if it is used with a name or as a name. Do not capitalize a title of respect if it is used as a common noun. President Nixon Dr. Chen a president the doctor 3. Capitalize the names of months, days of the week, and holidays, including words like Day and Eve. January Monday New Year's Eve 4. Capitalize languages, nationalities, and proper adjectives. Arabic Canadian Italian food 5. Capitalize the names of places: Cities, states, countries, and continents London North Dakota Mexico Africa Places built by people, such as buildings, bridges, streets, and monuments Linden High School Golden Gate Bridge Washington Monument Geographical features, such as bodies of water, mountains, deserts, and forests Nile River Mount Everest 6. Do not capitalize a word like the or of, unless it is the first word of the sentence. the Declaration of Independence the Soviet Union 最常见！ 也最重要的！ 4 形容词与副词 Adjectives & Adverbs An adjective is a word that tells you about a noun. • Some adjectives answer the question what kind? The small baby smiled. She carried heavy books. • Some adjectives answer the question how many? One baby smiled. She carried some books. • An adverb is a word that tells you more about a verb. It tells you how, when, or where. Some adverbs tell you how. These adverbs usually end in -ly. How does she run? She runs quickly. Some adverbs tell you when. When does he leave? He leaves soon. Some adverbs tell you where. Where do they play? They play outside. Comparative adjectives compare two people, places, or things. They end in -er. He is taller than his sister. Superlative adjectives compare more than two people, places, or things. They end in -est. He is the tallest person in his class. 形容词的比较级和最高级构成 构成方法 大多数直接在词尾 加-er或-est 原级 比较级 最高级 fast long tall cheap faster longer taller cheaper fastest longest tallest cheapest 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级 以字母e结尾 的形容词,加 -r或-st nice large late fine nicer larger later finer nicest largest latest finest 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级 双写辅音字母,再加er或-est big hot thin a slim bigger hotter thinner slimmer biggest hottest thinnest slimmest 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级 以辅音字母+y结尾的 双音节词,先改y为i,再 加-er或-est easy happy heavy pretty easier happier heavier prettier easiest happiest heaviest prettiest 构成方法 多音节词在 前面加 more或 most 原级 比较级 最高级 beautiful more beautiful most beautiful important more important most important dangerous more dangerous most dangerous interesting more interesting most interesting 不规则变法 good / well better best bad / badly worse worst many/ much more most little less least farther farthest further furthest older/elder oldest/eldest far old Bridget is taller than Alice. Bridget is the tallest of the four teachers. 两者之间比较 三者或三者以上比较 • ___________用比较级，_______________用最高级。 than 比较对象 • 比较级后面经常+_________+_________。 the • 最高级前面经常要加_______。一般会有一个比较范围， of in 数量经常用_______、不同属性经常用_______连接。 Max is the tallest in our class.