Computer Architecture and Operating Systems
@ School of Computer Science for Business
Management
History of Computing
Five generations of computer development
• Pre-Computing
• Electronics
• Mini
• Micro
• Network
PRE-COMPUTING
sec IV B.C. – 1930
• The count is estimated to be invented in the VI century BC
• Antikythera mechanism, a device used for recording and
predicting the movement of stars and planets, is dated to
the 1st century BC
• The Arabic numerals were introduced into Europe in the
8th and 9th century AD
• Leonardo da Vinci is supposed inventor of
the first mechanical calculator around 1500.
Evidence of Da Vinci's mechanism was found
in his drawings until 1967.
• John Napier of Scotland invented a set of
tables to allow multiplication and division
can be converted for addition and
subtraction.
• Wilhelm Schickard, a professor at the
University of Tubingen, Germany builds a
mechanical calculator in 1623 with a capacity
of 6 digits. Calculating machines worked but
never exceeded prototype stage.
Napier's three-dimensional tables
Da Vinci computer
• Blaise Pascal builds a mechanical calculator in 1642 with a capacity of
8 digits.
• Joseph-Marie Jacquard invented a loom controlled automatically
with punch cards in the early 1800s.
Calculating machine of Pascal
Jacquard loom
The first computing machine of Babbage
• built at the beginning of 1800
• special purpose computer
• used to calculate navigational
routes
Babbage difference engine
The second computing machine of Babbage
• General purpose
Use binary and Ada
Lovelace punched
cards (first
programmer)
• The pieces were not
sufficiently precise
manufactured
• Not finished
analytical engine, 1834
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Samuel Morse invented the electric telegraph
in 1837.
George Boole invents Boolean algebra in the
1840s has not been used boolean algebra than
a century later, a young student named until
Claude E. Shannon acknowledged its relevance
to the design of electronic components.
In 1857, only twenty years after the invention
of the telegraph, Sir Charles Wheatstone
introduced the use of paper tape as a medium
for preparation, storage, and transmission of
data.
Morse Code
Wheatstone's
Paper Tape
• The first typewriter was developed by three
inventors and American friends, Christopher
Latham Sholes, Carlos Glidden, and Samual W.
Soule.
• They sold their project by Remington and Sons,
who hired William K. Jenne to perfect the
prototype, resulting in the launch of the first
typewriter in 1874.
The invention of the light bulb, 1878
• Sir Joseph Wilson Swan
– English physicist
– The first public exhibition of a light bulb in 1878
• Thomas Edison
– American inventor, who worked independently of
Swan
– public exposure of a light bulb in 1879
– have a filament in a glass bulb which was
evacuated leaving a vacuum air
– heating filament producing electricity through its
generating light by incandescence
– vacuum prevents filament oxidation to occur
• Edison continued to experiment with
filament.
• In 1883 found incandescent filament flow
of electrons from a metal plate attached
to the inside of the bulb, this
phenomenon became known as the
Edison effect, not further depth
The invention of the diode (late 1800s) John
Ambrose Fleming
• English physicist
• He studied the effect of Edison
• to detect radio waves and convert them into electricity has
developed a vacuum tube of two elements known as a diode
• the flow of electrons inside the tube, moving to the negatively
charged cathode to the positively charged anode
• Today, a diode is used as a rectifier circuit
Switching vacuum tube, 1906
• American inventor Lee de Forest has
introduced a third electrode in a vacuum
tube new vacuum tube was called triode
• He was appointed a new electrode grid so
the tube can be used as an amplifier and a
switch many of the early radio transmitters
were built using triode
• Triodes revolutionized audio-visual
• Their ability to act as switches had a special
importance for binary calculations
Switches used to binary calculation
• early:
– electromechanical relays
• solenoid with mechanical contacts
• The switch closes the circuit when electric current through a coil
and generates a magnetic field
• 1940's:
– vacuum tube
• Without physical contact form that can break or soil
• Become available early 1900
• Originally used to manufacture radios
• 1950 to present
– transistors
• Bell Labs patented invention in 1948
• Inventors: John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley
• Nobel Prize 1956
Electromagnetic relay
Electromagnetic relay
The evolution of the transistor
• The first transistor was made of
various materials, including
paper and a razor blade They
were later integrated in small
ICs Later they were widely
integrated using semiconductor
materials (Very Large Scale
Integration) with millions of
transistors / chip
Integrated Circuit IC
• invented separately by 2 people in 1958
• Jack Kilby from Texas Instruments
• Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor Robert
(1958-1959) 1974
• Intel introduces the 8080 processor one of
the first microprocessors "single chip"
Widely produced integrated circuits
Schematic of a transistor
Moore's Law
• Offer a constant rate of miniaturization
technology
• Named after Intel co-founder Gordon
Moore
• Consider that the density of a chip
doubles every 18 months
Making the first computer
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microprocessors contain more transistors
(ENIAC): 19,500 vacuum tubes and relays
Intel 8088 processor (one PC): 29,000 transistors
Intel Pentium II processor 7 million transistors
Intel Pentium III Processor: 28 million transistors
Intel Pentium 4: 42 million transistors
Logically, each transistor acts as a switch
transistors are combinations to implement Boolean
operators AND, OR, NOT
The electronic age
1900-1964
• In 1926, dr. Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in
New York has filed a patent for a
transistor.
• Konrad Zuse, a German engineer,
completes first general purpose
programmable computer in 1941.
• Colossus, a British computer used for
code-breaking, is operational by the
end of 1943.
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
and Computer Analyze), developed by
Research Lab in Maryland and the
University of Pennsylvania built was
completed in 1945.
ENIAC
Electrical Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), 1940
• One of the first
computers
• UPenn
Development
• Room size 10x15m
• 18,000 vacuum
tubes
• 1500 relay
• weighed 30 tons
• Designers
– John Mauchly
– J. Presper Eckert
• UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
is built in 1951 and can hold 12,000 digits.
• ENIAC inventors John Mauchly and J.
Presper Eckert proposed building EDVAC
in August 1944, and design work for the
EDVAC commenced before the ENIAC was
fully operational. The project implements
a number of important architectural and
logical improvements conceived during
the ENIAC construction and includes a
high-speed serial memory.
• Like the ENIAC, EDVAC was built ballistic
purpose of the US Army Research
Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Ground
of the University of Pennsylvania.
EDVAC
MINI AGE
(1959-1970)
• Mini age was started by developing integrated
circuit in 1959 by Texas Instruments and Fairchild
Semiconductor.
• Ivan Sutherland demonstrated a program called
Sketchpad (sketch with a enlighted pen) on a
mainframe TX-2 at MIT Lincoln Labs in 1962.
• In 1965, a chip that cost $ 1,000 in 1959 cost less
than $ 10.
• Doug Engelbart demonstrates a word processor in 1968.
• Also in 1968, Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce founded a
company called Intel.
• Xerox Palo Alto Research Center creates (Xerox PARC) in
1969.
• Fairchild Semiconductor introduces a memory chip 256-bit
RAM 1970.
• At the end of 1970 Intel introduces a 1K RAM chip and
4004, a 4-bit microprocessor. Two years later, comes 8008,
the 8-bit processor.
Doug
Engelbart
MICRO AGE
1971-1989
• Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded tra-O-Data in 1971
to sell computers
• Gary Kildall writes PL / M, the first high-level
programming language for the Intel
microprocessor.
• Intel introduces the 8008, the first 8-bit
microprocessor in April 1972..
Bill Gates
Steve Jobs
• Jonathan A. Titus designs the Mark-8 and
presented in July 1974
• In January 1975 MITS Altair 8800 Popular
Electronics completed, it is considered the first
computer "personal".
• Paul Allen and Bill Gates develop BASIC for the
Altair 8800 and founded Microsoft
The
prototype
Mark-8
• By 1980 Apple has captured 50% of the
personal computer market.
• Apple Apple II sold in 1977 for $ 1,195
including 16K RAM but no monitor.
• Software Arts develops the first
spreadsheet program, VisiCalc in spring
1979. 500 copies per month are delivered
in 1979 with a sales increase to 12,000 per
month in 1981.
• By 1980 Apple grabbed 50% market share
in personal computers.
Apple II - 1977
• In 1980 Microsoft is approached by IBM to develop
BASIC for its personal computer project. IBM PC is
released in August 1981.
• Apple Macintosh provides a simple graphical
interface, using 8-MHz, 32-bit Motorola 68000
CPU and a built-in 9-inch B / W screen and starts
in 1984.
• Microsoft Windows 1.0 is released in November,
1985. Microsoft sales value in 1989 reached $ 1
billion.
IBM PC - 1981
Age of Computer Networks (Late 50s - present)
• Timesharing, the concept to link a large number of
users from a single computer through remote terminals
is developed at MIT in the late 50s and early 60s.
• Paul Baran develops the concept of distributed
networks with packet switching.
• ARPANET is on-line in 1969.
• Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn develop the basic ideas of the
Internet in 1973.
• In 1974, BBN launches first public packet switched network
Telenet
• University of North Carolina and Duke University
established a connection USENET in 1979.
• TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet
Protocol) is set as the standard for ARPANET in 1982.
• The number of hosts were more than 10,000 in 1987, two
years later, the number of hosts exceeds 100,000.
• Tem Berners-Lee developed the World Wide Web.
• CERN launches first Web server in 1991. By 1992, the
number of network hosts exceeds 1,000,000.
• World Wide Web is appreciated with a growth rate of 341
634% traffic service in the third year - 1993.