Biology: Midterm Study Guide NAME: _____________________________________________
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Unit 1: SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY
Define the following vocabulary terms.
Scientific Method: a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century,
consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and
modification of hypotheses.
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Variable: (IV vs DV): IV is the variable being tested (Cause) and DV is the the variable being observed
(Effect)
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Hypothesis: - an educated guess based on the information gathered from your research such as
through observations
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Qualitative Data: - Data in the form of words
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Quantitative Data: Data that is in numbers
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Controlled Experiment: A controlled experiment has only one variable being tested, while all other
variables are controlled so not to influence test subjects
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Observation: - Information obtained through the senses, observation
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Inference: A conclusion reached because of evidence and reasoning
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Constant: something that stays the same in an experiment
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
1. For something to be considered living it must:
___ Reproduction _____________
___Growth __________________
___Have complex chemistry ____
___Built with cells ____________
Match the eight life processes with its description.
NUTRITION
Synthesis the ability to make or produce from small to large
molecules
TRANSPORT
Regulation the ability to regulate the internal environment
Biology: Midterm Study Guide NAME: _____________________________________________
CELL RESPIRATION
Nutrition for cells to have energy to perform metabolism
EXCRETION
Excretion the ability to get rid of metabolic (cell) waste
SYNTHESIS
Growth the ability to increase in size
REGULATION
Transport to absorb or circulate substances
GROWTH
the ability to pass on genetic information
REPRODUCTION
Cell Respiration is the process by which energy is produced
from the nutrients broken down
MICROSCOPE AND LAB EQUIPMENT
1. How is a slide (wet mount) properly prepared to observe a specimen? ___Slide/Specimen Cover slip/
place down on a 45-degree angle to prevent bubbles. _______
2. How is the total power of magnification used to observe a specimen calculated? ____Multiply the
ocular lens by the objective lens being used________________
3. How has the image you see changed after increasing magnification? __It appears larger and more
detailed but less of it can be seen in the field of view (FOV) and it gets darker. ___________
Biology: Midterm Study Guide NAME: _____________________________________________
Label the parts of a microscope AND their functions.
A - ocular eye piece
B - body tube
C - nose piece
D- arm
E - objective lenses
F - diaphragm
G - course adjustment knob
H - stage
I - the adjustment knob
J - stage clips
K - lamp, light source
L - base
Unit 2: Biochemistry
Atoms and Bonds
1. Which elements does all living matter consist of? There are 6 elements that make up 96% of the mass
of living things! ___Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Sulfur___________________
2. What elements make something organic? ____Carbon and Hydrogen__________________________
3. What is the smallest part of an element? ____atom___________________________
4. What is inside of the nucleus? ___contains most of the atom’s mass and consists of Protons and
Neutrons_______
5. What particle of an atom is positively charged and determines the atomic number? ___protons____
Biology: Midterm Study Guide NAME: _____________________________________________
6. What particle of an atom is neutral and can vary in number among atoms creating different isotopes of
an element? ____Neutron_________________________________________________
7. Atomic mass = ___protons + neutrons_________________________________
8. What high-energy particle of an atom is negatively charged to balance the protons positive charge?
____Electrons____
Water
1. How does cohesion of water molecules work? - Hydrogen bonding between positively charged
hydrogen (H+) and negatively charged oxygen (O-) of another water molecule making it as if water
forms a web
2. Give an example of cohesion. Surface tension
3. How does adhesion of water molecules occur? Hydrogen bonding between positively charged
hydrogen (H+) of water and other substances molecules making water climb
4. Give an example of adhesion. Capillary action
5. Why is water considered the universal solvent of life? Because it can dissolve most other substances
6. What is the solvent in salt water? water
7. What is the solute in salt water? salt
8. Is water polar or nonpolar? polar
Macromolecules
1. What is the importance of carbohydrates? They are the primary and quickest source of energy for Cell
Activity and storage (starch)
2. What are examples of carbohydrates? Sugars, glucose, fructose, cellulose
3. What is the importance of lipids? They are major source of energy and long-term storage (glucagon)
and primary component of the Cell Membrane (phospholipid) and Insulation
4. What are examples of lipids? Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
5. What is the importance of proteins? They catalyze (supports) and speed-up chemical reactions
(enzymes) and transport molecules through and provide structural support for the Cell Membrane
6. What are examples of proteins? enzymes, hemoglobin, antibodies, collagen, and keratin
7. What are examples of nucleic acids? DNA, RNA, tRNA
8. What is the importance of nucleic acids? Stores Genetic Information and directs the synthesis
(production) of Proteins
Biology: Midterm Study Guide NAME: _____________________________________________
pH
Draw the pH scale below.
Make sure to include the following: Where H+ ions are located, where OH- ions are located, which are acids,
which are bases, draw arrows of the direction of increasing acidity, draw arrows of the direction of increasing
basicity, label where neutral is, include all the numbers on the pH scale.
1. Of the following examples, list whether they are an acid, a base, or neutral. And if they are strong or
weak!!!
a. pH 4: __acidic_________________
b. pH 9: __weak base_________________
c. pH 2: ___strong acidic________________
d. pH 6: ___weak acidic________________
e. pH 1: __strong acidic________________
f. pH 7: __neutral_________________
g. pH 14: __strong base______________
2. What is a buffer? __ Control of pH is important: most body regions function only within a specific pH,
and control is accomplished with buffers made by the body -Buffers keep a Neutral pH (pH 7)
Enzymes
1. What macromolecule group do enzymes belong to? __proteins__________________
2. Do enzymes slow down or speed up chemical reactions? ____speed up and chemical reaction _____
3. Draw and label: an enzyme, substrate, and an enzyme-substrate complex. Also, label where you would
find the active site.
Biology: Midterm Study Guide NAME: _____________________________________________
4. How does temperature effect enzyme activity? High temperature can destroy enzymes, therefore
decreasing enzyme activity
5. How does pH effect enzyme activity? Enzymes work best at Ph between 6-8. Changing the Ph can
destroy enzymes, therefore decreasing enzyme activity
Unit 3: Cells
History of Cells
1. What is the cell theory?
a. ___ That all living things are made of cells.
b. ___ That cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things ________________
c. ____ New cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cell Organelles: Match the organelles to their functions
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
Cilia
Plastid
Cytoplasm
Flagella
Cell Wall
Nuclear Membrane
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Chloroplast
Ribosome
Vacuole
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Cell Membrane
Cillia____ Hair like projections that aid with motion
__Cytoplasm__ Jelly-like fluid that surrounds cell
__Lysosome__ Cleans up waste in cell, digestion
Flagella____ Long tail like structure for movement
_Plastid___ Small structure that stores food
_Nucleolus___ Small body in nucleus, makes ribosomes
Chloroplast____ Converts energy through photosynthesis
Cell wall____ Rigid, porous outer layer of the plant cell
_Nucleus___ Directs cell’s activities, contains DNA
Golgi Apparatus__ Packages and ships
Mitochondria Energy is created for the cell, powerhouse
_Nuclear membrane_ Surrounds and protects the nucleus
_ Ribosome ___ Transports proteins around the cell
Cell Membrane__ Controls what enters/exits cell
_Endoplasmic reticulum___ Synthesizes proteins
_Vacuole___ Stores water
Biology: Midterm Study Guide NAME: _____________________________________________
1. How does the cell membrane function to help a cell maintain homeostasis? __The cell membrane
functions include protecting ___ the cell, _allowing molecules to enter and exit the cell, and it allows
cell to cell communication_________________________________
2. How do molecules enter and exit the cell? ___They enter through the phi4ospholipids by-layer pores
(openings) small polar and hydrophobic molecules can pass such as: __ O2, CO2, and H2O __________
3. How are the phospholipids uniquely positioned to allow hydrophobic molecules through? ___ Because
phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail, so the hydrophobic molecules pass
along with molecules soluble in lipids. ______________________________
4. What is the difference between hydrophobic heads and hydrophilic tails? __________________ _
Hydrophobic heads are non-polar and doesn’t let water through and hydrophilic tails is polar and
likes water, so it lets it through _________________________________
5. How do the large molecules enter and exit the cell? ____ Large polar and ion molecules use the
transport proteins that serve as a pathway ________________________________
6. How do cells communicate with one another? ___ Carbohydrates are the receptors on the cell
membrane surface that allow cell to cell communication _____________________________________
Cell Transport
1. What are the two types of cell transport? _______ passive and active transport _________________
2. How do molecules move by passive transport? ____ molecules move from high concentration to low
concentration without energy by using their natural kinetic energy and go with the concentration gradient _
3. How do molecules move by active transport? __ molecules move from low concentration to high
concentration with energy (ATP) and against the concentration with the concentration gradient _
4. Which type of transport requires energy (ATP)? ____active transport___________________
5. What are the different forms of passive transport? ___ simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion _
6. What type of passive transport moves from high to low concentration without energy and without aid?
___ simple diffusion _______________________
7. What type of passive transport moves from high to low concentration without energy, but contains
larger molecules so they need an aid (transport protein) to help them pass? __ facilitated diffusion _
8. Is osmosis passive or active transport? Why? __ Osmosis is passive because the water molecules move
from an area of high to low concentration without energy _
9. List whether the following pictures are hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic and show which way the
water is moving by adding arrows to the pictures below.
_____ hypertonic __________
____ hypotonic _________ ____ isotonic __________
10. Why don't plant cells burst from osmosis? ____ because they have a cell wall ______________
Biology: Midterm Study Guide NAME: _____________________________________________
11. What are the different types of active transport for the movement of large molecules? ____
endocytosis-molecules move in the cell and Exocytosis- molecules move out of the cell __
Surface Area and Volume
1. Which organism is better able to maintain homeostasis, an organism with one large cell or an organism
with several smaller cells? Why? ___ the smaller and more abundant cells can maintain homeostasis
because there is more of them to work together at maintaining cell homeostasis __________________
2. Why is it best that cells divide rather than grow in size? __ if cells grow in size would be less cells to work
together to maintain homeostasis and the larger cells are less efficient at transporting molecules ____
Unit 4: Cell Metabolism/Cell Energy
Photosynthesis
1. What is photosynthesis? _ The process by plants using energy from the sun to create chemical energy. _
2. Which organisms perform photosynthesis and how are they classified (named)? ____ Plants are
considered autotrophs. __
3. What are the reactants and products for photosynthesis and the chemical equation? _____
Reactants—carbon dioxide and water. Products—glucose and oxygen.
6H2O+6C02>>>>C6H12 O6 +6 O2
4. What are the two reactions for photosynthesis and where does each occur?
1. _ Light Dependent reactants _______ in the ____Stroma_______________
2. _Light independent reactants ______ in the ____ Thylakoid _______________
5. Why is chloroplast green? __________ Reflects green, absorbs all other colors ___
Cellular Respiration:
1. What is cellular respiration? __ Turns food energy into usable energy for the cell __
2. Which organisms perform cellular respiration and how are they classified (named)? _ Plants
(autotrophs) and animals(heterotrophs). ___________
3. Where does cellular respiration occur in a plant/animal cell for both aerobic and anaerobic
respiration? ___ Aerobic>> mitochondria, Anaerobic>>cytoplasm ____________________
4. What are the two types of anaerobic (fermentation) respiration? __ Lactic acid fermentation and
alcoholic fermentation ______
5. What are the three stages of cellular respiration, which stages are anaerobic and aerobic, where do
they occur, how many ATP do they make?
1. _______ Glycolysis (anaerobic) _______________________________________
2. _______ Krebs Cycle (aerobic) ______________________________________
3. _______ ETC (aerobic) _________________________________________
Biology: Midterm Study Guide NAME: _____________________________________________
The Cell Cycle
1. What is a series of events that cells go through as
they grow and divide?
A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a
cell as it grows and divides. A cell spends most of its
time in what is called interphase, and during this time
it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for
cell division. The cell then leaves interphase,
undergoes mitosis, and completes its division.
2. List the stages of the cell cycle in order.
Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis
3. What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?
Interphase
4. What stages of the cell cycle belong to interphase?
G1 (growth and normal metabolic roles), S (DNA replication), G2 (Growth and preparation for mitosis)
5. What stage of the cell cycle does the cell initially start to grow?
Interphase - G1
6. What stage of the cell cycle does the cell replicate DNA?
Interphase - S Phase
Mitosis
1. List the stages of mitosis in order.
•
_____Prophase________________________
•
_____Metaphase________________________
•
_____Anaphase________________________
•
_____Telophase________________________
2. What stage of the cell cycle (mitosis) does cell division occur (actually become two)?
___Telophase____________
3. What is the difference between interphase and mitosis? ___ interphase is the longest phase of the cell
cycle in which cell grows and replicates its DNA while mitosis is a short phase of the cell cycle in which cell
nucleus turns into two nuclei that bear identical genome as the original nucleus to produce two new cells _
4. What is the end result of mitosis? Are the cells diploid or haploid? _Two daughter cells with the same
number of chromosomes ___________________________
Put the phases images in the order that they occur, 1-4. Then, label them with the name of the phase.
Biology: Midterm Study Guide NAME: _____________________________________________
___2_____
_____4_______
___1 ______
_____3______
_Metaphase_
_Telophase___
_Prophase__
__Anaphase___
Meiosis
List the stages of Meiosis:
Meiosis I:
• _____Prophase I____________
• _____Metaphase I___________
• _____Anaphase I_________
• ____Telophase I___________
Meiosis II:
• ____ Prophase II_____________
• ____Metaphase II_____________
• ____Anaphase II____________
• ____Telophase II _____________
_____________________________
1. How many stages of Meiosis are there? ________8______________________________
2. At the end of Meiosis I, how many cells are made? _____2_______________________
3. Are the cells at the end of Meiosis I diploid or haploid? ___diploid_____________________
4. At the end of Meiosis II, how many cells are made? ____4_______________________
5. Are the cells at the end of Meiosis II diploid or haploid? ___haploid____________________
6. Why is there crossing over in sex cells? ____ Crossing over is a process that happens between
homologous chromosomes in order to increase genetic diversity. _
7. What phase does crossing over occur? ___Prophase I ________________
8. Why is it important that cells sort independently? ____it leads to genetic recombination and variation
amongst offspring____________