IHS CHEMICAL
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Chlorinated Methanes
Chemical Economics Handbook
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30 December 2016
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Jim Glauser
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Contents
Executive summary
8
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Summary
Salient statistics
9
Methyl chloride
9
Methylene chloride
11
Chloroform
12
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Carbon tetrachloride
14
Consumption
15
Methyl chloride
15
Methylene chloride
16
Chloroform
17
Carbon tetrachloride
18
Price
18
Trade
19
Methyl chloride
19
Methylene chloride
20
Chloroform
21
Carbon tetrachloride
21
Introduction
23
Methyl chloride
24
Methylene chloride
24
Chloroform
25
Carbon tetrachloride
25
Manufacturing processes
27
Methanol hydrochlorination
27
Thermal chlorination of methane
27
Oxychlorination of methane
28
Carbon tetrachloride by chlorination of C1-C3 hydrocarbons
28
Carbon tetrachloride by chlorination of carbon disulfide
29
Methanolysis of chloromethylsilanes
29
Environmental issues
30
Methyl chloride
32
Methylene chloride
32
Chloroform
34
Carbon tetrachloride
34
Reclamation and reuse
34
Supply and demand by region
35
United States
35
Producing companies
35
Salient statistics
36
Methyl chloride
36
Methylene chloride
37
Chloroform
37
Carbon tetrachloride
38
IHS™ CHEMICAL
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© 2016 IHS
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Consumption
38
Methyl chloride
39
Chlorosilanes in silicone production
39
Cellulose ethers
40
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Quaternary ammonium
compounds
Agriculture
40
Halogenated butyl rubber
40
Other
41
Methylene
chloride
41
Contact
Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Adhesives
42
Paint removers
42
Fluorocarbons
43
Chemical processing
44
Pharmaceuticals
44
Metal cleaning
44
Aerosols
45
Foam blowing
45
Other
45
Chloroform
46
Carbon tetrachloride
47
Trade
48
Canada
48
Consumption
48
Methyl chloride
49
Methylene chloride
49
Chloroform
49
Carbon tetrachloride
49
Trade
49
Mexico
49
Producing companies
49
Consumption
49
Methyl chloride
50
Methylene chloride
50
Chloroform
50
Carbon tetrachloride
50
Trade
50
South America
51
Producing companies
51
Salient statistics
51
Methyl chloride
51
Methylene chloride
51
Chloroform
52
Carbon tetrachloride
53
Consumption
53
Trade
54
Methyl chloride
54
Methylene chloride
54
Chloroform
55
Carbon tetrachloride
55
Western Europe
55
Producing companies
55
Salient statistics
57
Methyl chloride
57
Methylene chloride
58
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
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Chloroform
58
Carbon tetrachloride
59
Consumption
59
Methyl chloride
60
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usesilicone
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Chrome, or Internet Explorer to read this file. 60
Methyl chlorosilanes
production
Cellulose ethers
60
Quaternary ammonium chlorides
60
Agriculture
61
Halogenated
butyl
rubber Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
61
Contact
Customer
Methylene chloride
61
Solvents
61
Paint stripping
62
Fluorocarbons
62
Metal degreasing
62
Aerosols
62
Chloroform
63
Carbon tetrachloride
63
Trade
64
Methyl chloride
65
Methylene chloride
66
Chloroform
67
Carbon tetrachloride
67
Central Europe
68
Producing companies
68
Salient statistics
69
Methylene chloride
69
Chloroform
69
Carbon tetrachloride
70
Consumption
70
Methyl chloride
70
Methylene chloride
71
Chloroform
71
Carbon tetrachloride
71
Trade
71
Methyl chloride
71
Methylene chloride
72
Chloroform
72
Carbon tetrachloride
73
CIS and Baltic States
73
Producing companies
73
Salient statistics
74
Methyl chloride
74
Methylene chloride
75
Chloroform
75
Carbon tetrachloride
76
Consumption
76
Methyl chloride
77
Methylene chloride
77
Chloroform
77
Carbon tetrachloride
77
Trade
78
Methyl chloride
78
Methylene chloride
78
Chloroform
79
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
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Carbon tetrachloride
79
Middle East and Africa
80
Producing companies
80
Salient statistics
80
Methyl chloridePlease use Adobe, Chrome, or Internet Explorer to read this file. 80
Methylene chloride
80
Chloroform
81
Carbon tetrachloride
81
Consumption
81
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Middle East
81
Africa
82
Trade
83
Methyl chloride
83
Methylene chloride
84
Chloroform
85
Carbon tetrachloride
86
Indian Subcontinent
86
Producing companies
86
Salient statistics
87
Methyl chloride
87
Methylene chloride
88
Chloroform
88
Carbon tetrachloride
89
Consumption
89
Methyl chloride
89
Methylene chloride
90
Chloroform
91
Carbon tetrachloride
91
Trade
92
Methyl chloride
92
Methylene chloride
92
Chloroform
93
Carbon tetrachloride
94
Northeast Asia
94
Overview
94
Producing companies
94
Salient statistics
96
Methyl chloride
96
Methylene chloride
97
Chloroform
98
Carbon tetrachloride
98
Consumption
99
Methyl chloride
99
Chlorosilanes in silicone production
100
Cellulose ethers
100
Quaternary ammonium compounds
100
Agriculture
100
Halogenated butyl rubber
101
Other
101
Methylene chloride
101
Chloroform
101
Carbon tetrachloride
102
Trade
103
Methyl chloride
103
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Methylene chloride
103
Chloroform
104
Carbon tetrachloride
105
China
105
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Producing companies
Salient statistics
106
Methyl chloride
106
Methylene chloride
106
Chloroform
107
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Carbon tetrachloride
107
Consumption
108
Methyl chloride
108
Methylene chloride
109
Chloroform
109
Carbon tetrachloride
109
Trade
110
Japan
110
Producing companies
110
Salient statistics
110
Methyl chloride
110
Methylene chloride
111
Chloroform
111
Carbon tetrachloride
112
Consumption
112
Methyl chloride
112
Methylene chloride
113
Chloroform
114
Carbon tetrachloride
114
Trade
115
South Korea
115
Producing companies
115
Salient statistics
115
Methyl chloride
115
Methylene chloride
115
Chloroform
116
Carbon tetrachloride
116
Consumption
116
Trade
117
Taiwan
117
Producing companies
117
Salient statistics
117
Methyl chloride
117
Methylene chloride
118
Chloroform
118
Carbon tetrachloride
119
Consumption
119
Trade
120
Southeast Asia
120
Producing companies
120
Salient statistics
120
Methyl chloride
120
Methylene chloride
121
Chloroform and carbon tetrachloride
121
Consumption
122
© 2016 IHS
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Methyl chloride
122
Methylene chloride
123
Chloroform
124
Carbon tetrachloride
124
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Trade
Methyl chloride
124
Methylene chloride
125
Chloroform
125
Carbon Contact
tetrachloride
126
Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Bibliography
127
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
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Executive summary
In 2016, global consumption of chlorinated methanes is over 6.0 million metric tons, with growth forecast at 2.0% per
year during 2016–21. Consumption
broken down
as nearly
millionExplorer
metric tons
methyl
chloride
Please useisAdobe,
Chrome,
or 3.1
Internet
toofread
this
file. (CH3Cl), 1.49
million metric tons of methylene chloride (CH2Cl2), 1.33 million metric tons of chloroform (CHCl3), and 111,000 metric
tons of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
The capacities of chlorinated methane plants are flexible since a variety of product mixes can usually be made in the same
Contact
Customer
Care
(customercare@ihs.com)
if equipment,
you have while
any questions.
plant. Typically,
methylene
chloride and
chloroform
are produced in the same
methyl chloride is
produced as a precursor in the production of chlorosilanes in the production of silicones. Carbon tetrachloride is produced
as a coproduct in the production of perchloroethylene (PCE).
Consumption of chlorinated methanes has been and will continue to be influenced by which fluorocarbons are produced
and whether they are consumed as a refrigerant or used as a precursor in the production of other chemicals. In particular,
chloroform is used in the production of HCFC-22, which in turn is consumed in the production of fluoropolymers and to a
lesser extent, fluoroelastomers. Similarly, methylene chloride is consumed in the production of HFC-32, and carbon
tetrachloride, since the phaseout of CFC-11 and CFC-12, is consumed for the production of HFC-245fa and HFC-365mfc.
In general, fluorocarbon consumption is dependent on its ozone-depletion potential (ODP) and global-warming potential
(GWP). The refrigeration industry has been going through many changes, and will continue to do so. Hydrofluoroolefins
(HFOs) are expected to undergo considerable growth during the next five years, particularly, HFO-1234yf and HFO1234ze. HFO-1234yf has been introduced and is being widely accepted as a low-GWP replacement for HFC-134a in mobile
air-conditioning units (MAC), and HFO-1234ze has been introduced as a blowing agent for polyurethane (PU) foams and
as a propellant for aerosol applications, potentially displacing both HFCs and other nonfluorinated propellants as a lowGWP alternative.
The use of HFC-134a (produced from PCE or TCE) in domestic refrigerators and small commercial applications is likely to
be phased out and replaced by HFO-1234yf (R-600a). Use of HFC-134a is also being replaced by HFO-1234yf in MACs, and
will continue to grow beginning in 2017. It is estimated that use of HFO-1234yf in MACs could reach 25,000–50,000
metric tons of either methyl chloride or carbon tetrachloride by 2021.
It is expected HFOs will be produced with carbon tetrachloride, although methyl chloride is an alternative feedstock.
However, at the time of publication, producers are reluctant to divulge which process will be used. Patents for both
methyl chloride and carbon tetrachloride exist. Consumption of carbon tetrachloride is expected to note the highest
growth rate of all the chloromethanes, although from a much smaller base. During 2016–21, consumption is projected to
increase at 6.1% annually; however, growth could be as high as 7.7% annually if HFO-1234yf is accepted for use in
stationary air-conditioning systems, as well as mobile air-conditioning systems.
It is also believed that the HFC-32, produced from methylene chloride, will continue to grow in developing countries, as
well as blended refrigerants containing HFC-32.
For additional information see the CEH reports on C2 Chlorinated Solvents, Fluorocarbons, and Silicones, and Specialty
Chemical Update Program reports on Construction Chemicals, Surfactants, and Synthetic Lubricants. There is also a Safe and
Sustainable report Global Solvents Report: Opportunities for Greener Solvents.
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Summary
In 2016, global consumption of chlorinated methanes is estimated at over 6.0 million metric tons, broken down as nearly
3.1 million metric tonsPlease
of methyl
chloride,
1.48
million metric
tons of methylene
use
Adobe,
Chrome,
or Internet
Explorer chloride,
to read1.33
thismillion
file. metric tons of
chloroform, and 111,000 metric tons of carbon tetrachloride. Carbon tetrachloride is typically produced on demand, so
supply and demand are balanced. Overall consumption growth is forecast at 2.0% annually in 2016–21, with 2.6% growth
for methyl chloride, 2.0% for methylene chloride, 0.6% for chloroform, and 6.1% for carbon tetrachloride, annually.
Customer
(customercare@ihs.com)
if you
any
questions.
The following Contact
pie charts present
worldCare
consumption
of chloromethanes by type
for have
2016 and
2021:
The capacities of chlorinated methanes plants are flexible since a variety of product mixes can be made in the same plant.
Typically, methylene chloride and chloroform are produced in the same equipment, while carbon tetrachloride is
primarily produced as a coproduct in the production of perchloroethylene or methanol hydrochlorination.
Salient statistics
In 2016, global production of chlorinated methanes is 6.0 million metric tons, with the largest product being methyl
chloride at nearly 3.1 million metric tons or 44% of total chlorinated methanes production. Methylene chloride
production is nearly 1.5 million metric tons or about 25%, followed by chloroform at 1.3 million metric tons or 22%.
Production of carbon tetrachloride is 111,000 metric tons or 2% of the total.
Methyl chloride
The following table presents world supply/demand for methyl chloride (CH3Cl):
© 2016 IHS
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30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
World supply/demand for methyl chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Average annual
Annual
consumption
Please use
Adobe, Chrome, or Internet Explorer to read this file.
nameplate
capacity
2015
2016
2021
Production
Imports
Exports
2016
2016
2016
growth rate,
Consumption
2015
2016
2016–21
2021
(percent)
North America
United States
Canada
648
648
648
590
0.8
612
586
587
Contact Customer
Care
(customercare@ihs.com)
if3.6
you have
any
questions.
0.0
0
0
0
0
1.8
0
1.6
1.8
1.9
1.0
0
0
0
0
2.6
neg
2.9
2.6
2.5
-1.0
648
648
648
590
5.2
3.6
616
591
591
0.0%
2
2
2
0
3
0
3.2
3.0
3.1
0.7
1,253
1,211
1,193
1,068
0.3
6.4
1,116
1,062
1,079
0.3
0
0
0
0
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0
28
28
28
20
1.6
0
22.6
21.6
24.6
2.6
Middle East
0
0
0
0
2.0
neg
1.0
2.0
2.0
0
Africa
0
0
0
0
neg
neg
0.1
neg
neg
—
151
151
151
66
0.5
neg
60
67
88
5.6
China
978
978
1578
954
neg
5.7
845
948
1,322
6.9
Other
324
324
324
265
1.0
0.3
264
266
261
-0.4
1,302
1,302
1,902
1,219
1
6
1,109
1,214
1,583
5.4%
136
136
136
123
1.8
1.0
123.4
123.8
128
0.6
3,520
3,478
4,060
3,086
16
17
3,052
3,085
3,498
2.6%
Mexico
Total North America
South America
Western Europe
Central Europe
CIS and Baltic States
Indian Subcontinent
Northeast Asia
Total Northeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Total
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, world methyl chloride consumption is nearly 3.1 million metric tons, with growth forecast at 2.6% annually
during 2016–21. Northeast Asia (led by China), Western Europe, and the United States are the leading consuming regions
in the world at 39.4%, 34.4%, and 19.0%, respectively in 2016, consistent with the production of chlorosilanes used in the
production of silicones.
The largest market for methyl chloride is the production of methyl chlorosilanes as an intermediate in the production of
silicones (it is estimated that about 85% of all methyl chloride consumption is used in the production of silicones),
followed by use in methyl cellulose production, quaternary ammonium compounds, and butyl rubber production.
The silicones market is broken down among construction/renovation applications (20%), chemical industry (16%),
health/wellness (13%), energy/electronics (11%), plastics (10%), textile (6%), pulp and paper (5%), and all other (7%). The
silicone market is growing faster in Asia and Europe than in the Americas. The Americas’ share has declined while the
Asian and Western European shares have increased during 2010–16.
While the global butyl rubber market is forecast to grow at 3.1% annually during the forecast period, primarily due to
growth for halobutyl rubber in radial tires, the use of methyl chloride is forecast to decline or remain stable. ExxonMobil
has been converting its butyl rubber operations away from methyl chloride to HFC-134a (or to much less extent HFC152a), perchloroethylene (PCE), or trichloroethylene (TCE). Historically, methyl chloride consumption was estimated at
0.036 kilogram per kilogram (kg/kg) butyl rubber produced, but the ratio has been reduced to less than 0.02 kg/kg butyl
rubber produced with system optimization. Meanwhile, HFC-134a consumption is estimated at 0.0054 kg/kg butyl
rubber produced. It is believed ExxonMobil has switched away from methyl chloride at Baytown, Texas; Kawasaki, Japan;
and Saudi Arabia, but has not made the conversion yet at Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Fawley, United Kingdom.
ExxonMobil is the largest producer of butyl rubber in the world, followed by LANXESS. Butyl rubber consumption is
mainly for tires (86%), pharmaceuticals (5%), adhesives (3%), automotive (1%), chewing gum (1%), and other uses (4%).
Western Europe is the leading producer of methyl cellulose and derivatives, while the United States is the leading
consumer. The leading use is in building products, which are growing at 2.5% annually. The next-largest market is food,
pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, which is growing at 3.5% annually.
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
The demand for herbicides in agriculture is forecast to grow, especially in developing countries that need to produce more
food, such as China, India, Bangladesh, and Africa. Some of these herbicides consume methyl chloride in their production,
including paraquat, MSMA, DSMA, CAMA, and cacodylic acid and its sodium salt.
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Methylene chloride
The following table presents world supply/demand for methylene chloride (CH2Cl2):
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Customer
Care
(customercare@ihs.com)
World supply/demand
methylene
chloride
if you have any questions.
(thousands of metric tons)
Average annual
Annual
consumption
nameplate
growth rate,
capacity
Production
Imports
Exports
2015
2016
2021
2016
2016
2016
Consumption
2015
2016–21
2016
2021
(percent)
North America
United States
187
187
187
148
9.1
58.6
98
99
105
1.3
Canada
0
0
0
0
3.2
neg
3.0
3.2
3.3
0.6
Mexico
0
0
0
0
11.1
neg
12
11
11
0.1
187
187
187
148
23.4
58.6
114
113
119
1.1%
Total North America
South America
0
0
0
0
31.1
neg
30.5
31.1
32.7
1.0
312
237
212
196
0.6
69.3
152.1
127.3
129.5
0.3
2
2
2
2
6.3
0.5
7.8
7.8
8.1
0.8
25
25
25
20
4.3
8.7
10.1
15.6
17.3
2.1
Middle East
0
0
0
0
42.2
0.3
41.9
41.9
42.2
0.1
Africa
0
0
0
0
21.4
0.4
21.4
21.0
18.0
-3.0
94
94
94
80
88.6
0.3
163.1
168.3
172.7
0.5
China
1,015
1,115
1,315
930
0.1
110.1
817
820
947
2.9
Other
160
160
160
111
26.8
47.2
81
91
95
0.9
1,175
1,275
1,475
1,041
26.9
157.3
899
911
1,042
2.7%
Western Europe
Central Europe
CIS and Baltic States
Indian Subcontinent
Northeast Asia
Total Northeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Total
0
0
0
0
55.3
5.3
46.4
50.0
55.2
2.0
1,795
1,820
1,995
1,487
300
301
1,486
1,486
1,637
2.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, world consumption of methylene chloride is estimated at 1.48 million metric tons, with growth forecast at 2.0%
annually during 2016–21. Northeast Asia, led by China, is by far the leading consumer of methylene chloride 61.3% of the
total, with growth forecast at 2.7% annually during 2016–21. The other leading consuming regions are the Indian
Subcontinent (led by India), Western Europe, and the United States at 11.3%, 8.6%, and 6.6%, respectively in 2016.
The leading application for methylene chloride is as a solvent, although usage in the production of HFC-32 has been
growing. Methylene chloride is also used as an auxiliary foam blowing agent in the production of low-density and soft
polyurethane foams, which are mainly used for furniture, transportation, bedding, and carpet applications. (This is not
considered a solvent application for the purposes of this report.) In addition, small but growing amounts of methylene
chloride are used as a feedstock for hydrofluorocarbon-32 (HFC-32), which is used as a substitute for HCFC-22 in certain
refrigeration applications.
Methylene chloride–based paint strippers usually contain 60–80% methylene chloride, along with methanol,
surfactants/emulsifiers, and alkaline and/or acid activators. In North America, methylene chloride–based strippers
continue to dominate the professional furniture refinishing industry, since they are the most effective in stripping
multiple coats of paint in the least amount of time. The OSHA PEL of 25 ppm requires businesses to install ventilation and
monitoring equipment, and provide personnel training. In early 2008, the US EPA promulgated a “generally available
control technology” (GACT) standard for emissions of methylene chloride from area source paint stripping operations for
operations that use more than one metric ton of methylene chloride annually. In Europe, sales of methylene chloride to
the general public ceased in July 2010. After 2012, use has been restricted to professionals where member countries
© 2016 IHS
11
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
establish training requirements. Methylene chloride–based strippers are still being used by European automobile
manufacturers and furniture restorers.
For many years, there has been considerable debate over the toxicity of methylene chloride. In the United States, OSHA
Pleaseasuse
Adobe,human
Chrome,
or Internet
toinread
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considers methylene chloride
a “potential
carcinogen.”
After Explorer
some debate
the 1990s,
OSHA lowered the 8hour permissible exposure level for methylene chloride to 25 ppm. In California, containers of paint strippers containing
methylene chloride must carry a strong warning about the risk of cancer, as required by Proposition 65, the California
State law that requires strict labeling of containers of toxic materials.
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
The European Union classifies methylene chloride as a Category 3 carcinogen, the lowest of all cancer categories. This
classification has remained unchanged under the new EU Chemicals Regulation REACH program, which was confirmed
within the substance registration that ends in 2010. In Europe, methylene chloride is classified as an R40 substance,
“limited evidence of carcinogenic effects.” The Solvents Emissions Directive (SED) requires all users of at least one metric
ton of methylene chloride per year to limit emissions to 3 ppm or less. In certain regions of Western Europe, sales of
products containing more than 0.1% methylene chloride or any other suspected toxic agent to the general public is
prohibited.
Methylene chloride is used as a processing solvent in a variety of pharmaceutical applications, including use as a reaction
medium, extraction solvent, and as a carrier solvent for polymeric barrier coatings applied to pharmaceutical tablets. In
these applications, no residual methylene chloride is left on the final product, or in minor amounts. The US FDA has
approved the use of methylene chloride as a processing solvent in pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutical processing is the
largest market for methylene chloride in Europe, accounting for more than 50% of virgin consumption. However, most
solvent is reclaimed for reuse. The recycled methylene chloride is usually sold for paint stripping or metal cleaning since it
cannot be reused from pharmaceutical applications due to stringent purity restrictions.
Methylene chloride is also used as a solvent in the interfacial polymerization of bisphenol A and phosgene to produce
polycarbonate resins and in the purification of bisphenol A. Methylene chloride is used for both vapor degreasing and in
cold cleaning formulations. It has the lowest boiling point of the solvents commonly used in vapor degreasing (e.g., PCE
and TCE) and can be used when the temperature requirement for higher boiling point solvents might damage the part
being cleaned. Methylene chloride is also used to dissolve triacetate flake and other ingredients prior to fiber spinning.
Global production of HFC-32 has been growing steadily. In 2016, there is an estimated 180,000 metric tons of HFC-32
capacity, split among China (150,000 metric tons), the United States (20,000 metric tons), and Western Europe and India
(5,000 metric tons each). Demand increased rapidly as many countries converted away from HCFC-22 refrigerants to
R410a as a result of the Montreal Protocol.
Chloroform
The following table presents world supply/demand for chloroform (CHCl3):
© 2016 IHS
12
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
World supply/demand for chloroform
(thousands of metric tons)
Average annual
Annual
consumption
Please use
Adobe, Chrome, or Internet Explorer to read this file.
nameplate
capacity
2015
2016
2021
Production
Imports
Exports
2016
2016
2016
growth rate,
Consumption
2015
2016
2016–21
2021
(percent)
North America
United States
Canada
201
201
201
195
0.1
182
158
161
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(customercare@ihs.com)
if37.5
you have
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questions.
0.4
0
0
0
0
0.1
neg
neg
0.1
0.1
1.0
0
0
0
0
7.3
neg
8.0
7.3
4.3
-10.0
201
201
201
195
7.5
37.5
189.9
165.0
165.4
-1.0%
0
0
0
0
6.5
neg
7.7
6.5
5.0
-5.1
306
254
236
120
5.4
0.8
117
125
128
0.5
2
2
2
2
0.7
0.1
3.0
2.6
2.6
0
80
80
80
63
0.2
9.3
58
54
56
0.9
Middle East
0
0
0
0
0.1
neg
0.1
0.1
0.1
0
Africa
0
0
0
0
0.1
neg
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
109
109
174
118
18.7
0.2
127
137
156
2.7
China
788
788
888
743
19.4
1.0
747
761
781
0.5
Other
118
118
118
95
6.6
21.8
85
80
73
-1.7
906
906
1,006
838
26
22.8
833
841
855
0.3%
0
0
0
0
0.5
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.8
1,604
1,552
1,699
1,336
66
71
1,336
1,331
1,368
0.6%
Mexico
Total North America
South America
Western Europe
Central Europe
CIS and Baltic States
Indian Subcontinent
Northeast Asia
Total Northeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Total
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, world consumption of chloroform is estimated at 1.33 million metric tons, with growth forecast at 0.6% annually
during 2016–21, led by an above-average growth rate in the Indian Subcontinent of 2.7%. In 2016, the leading consuming
regions are Northeast Asia (led by China), the United States, the Indian Subcontinent (led by India), and Western Europe
at 63.2%, 11.8%, 10.3%, and 9.4%, respectively.
The primary application for chloroform is the production of HCFC-22 (R-22), which is used as a refrigerant and an
intermediate in the production of the fluoropolymer PTFE, FEP and others.
Global production of HCFC-22 (R-22) is estimated at 880,000 metric tons in 2016, consuming more than 1.3 million
metric tons of chloroform. Although HCFC-22 consumption has declined in developed countries since 2010 and is
beginning to decline in developing countries, use of chloroform to make PTFE and derivatives in developed countries is
expected to offset the decline for refrigerant use.
As of 2010, HCFC-22 (R-22) producers had to comply with the US EPA’s HCFC consumption and production limits of the
Montreal Protocol. The question is whether consumers will voluntarily switch to the more expensive HFC blend–based
equipment unless absolutely forced to. There currently is no ban on selling R-22–based AC/refrigerant equipment. Only
equipment manufactured after 2010 cannot be filled with virgin R-22. If AC/refrigerant producers stockpile equipment,
they can continue to purchase R-22 for the first fill, which may drive demand forward, within EPA limits, for virgin R-22 or
for reclaimed R-22 (of which there is very little today). The greatest share of consumption is the service demand for
existing equipment.
Similarly, EC Regulation 2037/2000 stipulates the phased restriction on the use, placing on the market, production, and
importation of virgin HCFCs, with the deadlines for final elimination set at:
• 31 December 2009 for the placing on the market, use, and importation of HCFCs. Many uses (and imports) of HCFCs
(e.g., in aerosols, as refrigerants, or as solvents) were, with a few exceptions, banned from the date on which the
Regulation entered into force.
• 1 January 2015 for all HCFCs, including recovered substances
© 2016 IHS
13
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
• 31 December 2025 for the production of HCFCs
The Regulation prevented the use of R-22 refrigerant for servicing installed equipment after 31 December 2009, meaning
that all equipment operating with R-22 will need to be replaced or retrofitted to use a non-ozone-depleting substance.
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Carbon tetrachloride
The following table presents world supply/demand for carbon tetrachloride (CCl4):
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
World supply/demand for carbon tetrachloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Average annual
Annual
consumption
nameplate
growth rate,
capacity
Production
Imports
Exports
Consumption
2016–21
2015
2016
2021
2016
2016
2016
2015
2016
2021
(percent)
North America
United States
41
41
41
36
neg
0.2
34.8
35.8
45.7
5.0
Canada
0
0
0
0
0.1
0
neg
neg
neg
—
Mexico
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
41
41
41
36
neg
0.2
35
36
46
5.0%
Total North America
South America
Western Europe
Central Europe
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
70
58
50
32
0
1.7
34.1
30.3
40.7
6.1
4
4
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
26
26
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
Middle East
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
Africa
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
21
23
23
22
1.6
0
20.0
23.6
28.6
4.0
China
82
82
82
15
0
0
15.0
15.0
25.3
11.0
Other
9
9
9
6
0.3
0
5.5
6.3
8.6
6.3
91
91
91
21
0.3
0
21
21
34
9.7%
CIS and Baltic States
Indian Subcontinent
Northeast Asia
Total Northeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
253
243
235
111
1.9
1.9
122
111
149
6.1%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, world consumption of carbon tetrachloride is estimated at 111,000 metric tons, with growth forecast at 6.1%
annually during 2016–21. However, if HFO-1234yf is used in stationary air-conditioning applications, in addition to mobile
air-conditioning applications, consumption could reach as high as 161,000 metric tons, equal to a growth rate of 7.7%
annually during 2016–21. In 2016, the leading consuming regions are the United States, Western Europe, the Indian
Subcontinent (led by India), and Northeast Asia (led by China) at 32.3%, 27.3%, 21.3%, and 19.2%, respectively.
Consumption is led by Western Europe and the United States for the production of HFC-245fa and HFC-365mfc. Carbon
tetrachloride is one of the preferred technologies for the production of HFC-245fa and HFC-365mfc, and the probable
technology for future HFO-1234yf (ez) production.
The production of HFC-245fa and HFO-1234yf utilizes F240 from vinyl chloride and carbon tetrachloride; the other route
for HFO-1234yf (ez) uses methyl chloride. HFC-365mfc can be produced from carbon tetrachloride and 2-chloropropene
to form 1,1,1,3,3-pentachlorobutane, and then reacted with HF to produce 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane. Estimated
consumption is 1.04 tons of carbon tetrachloride per 1.0 ton of HFC-365mfc produced.
These products are replacing CFCs and HCFCs in foam blowing applications. Another application is the production of DV
acid chloride in the production of certain permethrin pyrethroids by the Sagami process, primarily in Asian countries, but
consumption is believed to be negligible.
© 2016 IHS
14
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Consumption
The following table presents the world consumption of chloromethanes by region in 2016:
Please
use Adobe,
Chrome, or
World consumption of
chloromethanes
by region—2016
Internet Explorer to read this file.
(thousands of metric tons)
Average annual
growth rate,
Methyl
Methylene
Carbon
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chloride
chloride
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Total
2016–21
(percent)
North America
United States
586.3
98.5
157.6
35.8
878.2
Canada
1.8
3.2
0.1
0
5.1
0.7
Mexico
2.6
11.1
7.3
0
21.0
-3.1
591
113
165
36
904
0.4%
3.0
31.1
6.5
0
40.6
0
1,061.9
127.3
124.6
30.3
1,344.1
0.5
Total North America
South America
Western Europe
Central Europe
CIS and Baltic States
Middle East
Africa
Indian Subcontinent
0.5
0.2
7.8
2.6
0
10.6
0.6
21.6
15.6
53.9
0
91.1
1.5
2.0
41.9
0.1
0
44.0
0.1
0
21.0
0.1
0
21.2
-3.1
66.5
168.3
136.5
23.6
394.9
2.4
Northeast Asia
1,214.0
910.6
841.2
21.3
2,987.1
3.3
Southeast Asia
123.8
50.0
0.4
0
174.2
1.0
Total
3,084
1,486
1,331
111
6,012
2.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
Northeast Asia, led by China, is the largest consuming region for chloromethanes, accounting for nearly half of total
consumption in 2016, followed by Western Europe at 22.4% and the United States at 14.6%. Northeast Asian consumption
is forecast to grow at 3.3% annually, while Western Europe and the United States are forecast to grow at 0.5% annually
during 2016–21. Carbon tetrachloride is forecast to grow the fastest, although from a much smaller base.
Northeast Asia, led by China is the largest consuming country for methyl chloride, methylene chloride, and chloroform. In
2016, the relative shares of the top consuming regions by product are:
• Methyl chloride: Northeast Asia (39.4%), Western Europe (34.4%), and the United States (19.0%).
• Methylene chloride: Northeast Asia (61.3%), Indian Subcontinent (11.3%), Western Europe (8.6%), and the United
States (6.6%).
• Chloroform: Northeast Asia (63.2%), the United States (11.8%), and Western Europe (9.4%).
• Carbon tetrachloride: The United States (32.3%), Western Europe (27.3%), Indian Subcontinent (21.3%), and
Northeast Asia (19.2%).
Methyl chloride
The following table presents world consumption of methyl chloride by application in 2016:
© 2016 IHS
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30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
World consumption of methyl chloride by application—2016
(thousands of metric tons)
Quaternary
Methyl
Methyl
ammonium
Agricultural
Butyl
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file.
cellulose
compounds
Other
Total
North America
United States
523.1
27.7
20.2
3.4
5
6.9
586.3
Canada
0
0
0
0
1.8
0
1.8
Mexico
0
2
0
0.6
0
0
2.6
523.1
29.7
20.2
4
6.8
6.9
590.7
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Total North America
South America
Western Europe
Central Europe
0
0
3
0
0
0
3
948.9
58.5
23.4
1.1
4.7
25.3
1,061.9
0
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.2
16.1
1
0
0
4.5
0
21.6
Middle East
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
Africa
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Indian Subcontinent
0
0
65.9
0
0.6
0
66.5
Northeast Asia
1,016.0
154.4
16.5
20
7.1
0
1,214.0
Southeast Asia
113.9
0
3
0
2.2
4.7
123.8
2,618.0
243.6
132.0
25.1
25.9
39.1
3,083.7
CIS and Baltic States
Total
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, world consumption of methyl chloride is nearly 3.1 million metric tons. Production of methyl chlorosilanes
accounts for 2.62 million metric tons or 84.9% of total consumption in 2016. Production of methyl cellulose is second at
nearly 244,000 metric tons or 7.9%, followed by production of quaternary ammonium compounds at 132,000 metric tons
or 4.3%. Agricultural chemicals, primarily the production of the quaternary ammonium compounds paraquat and
MSMA/DSMA used as herbicides, account for 25,100 metric tons or 0.8%. Use as a butyl rubber solvent consumes about
25,900 metric tons, or 0.8%.
In 2016, the leading consuming region is Northeast Asia (led by China) at 1.2 million metric tons or 39.4% of the total.
Western Europe and the United States are the next-largest consuming regions at 34.4% and 19.0%, respectively, in 2016.
A potential growth application is use methyl chloride (and/or chloroform) in the production of HFO-1234yf as a
replacement of HFC-134a in mobile air-conditioning systems. Consumption for this use could be 25,000 to 50,000 metric
tons by 2021, but the split is dependent on which raw material used and the charge per vehicle. Quoted usage is noted at
about 0.5–1.0 kilogram per vehicle.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents world consumption of methylene chloride by application in 2016:
© 2016 IHS
16
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
World consumption of methylene chloride by application—2016
(thousands of metric tons)
Paint
Pharma-
Chemical
Metal
Foam
Adhesives
removers
ceuticals
processing
cleaning
blowing
Aerosols
HFC-32
Other
Total
98.5
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North America
United States
37.0
11.1
3.0
3.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
37.9
3.0
Canada
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.3
1.0
0.2
0,1
0
0.1
3.2
Mexico
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.3
5.7
0.2
0.1
2.1
0.2
11.1
3.3
112.8
38.6
12.7(customercare@ihs.com)
3.8
4.1
7.7
1.4
1.2
40
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Total North America
South America
7.5
5.5
5.7
3.0
7.7
0.8
0.6
0.0
0.3
31.1
Western Europe
14.0
13.4
67.0
7.2
8.7
0.5
6.7
9.8
0
127.3
Central Europe
2.0
0.7
2.5
2.5
0.1
0
0
0
0
7.8
CIS and Baltic States
2.0
5.0
1.0
1.0
5.0
0.6
0.5
0
0.5
15.6
Middle East
5.0
5.0
3.0
3.0
15.0
5.0
5.0
0
0.9
41.9
Africa
2.0
3.0
1.0
1.0
10.0
2.0
2.0
0
0.1
21.0
18.0
6.4
79.4
6.2
33.6
6.4
5.8
8.5
4.0
168.3
Northeast Asia
176.7
98.3
265.0
44.2
100.0
55.4
44.2
107.8
19.0
910.6
Southeast Asia
7.0
4.7
9.5
7.0
7.0
4.6
4.6
0
5.6
50.0
272.8
154.7
437.9
79.2
194.8
76.7
70.6
166.1
33.7
1,486.4
Indian Subcontinent
Total
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, world consumption of methylene chloride is 1.48 million metric tons. Use as a solvent is the leading application,
particularly in closed industrial systems such as the production of pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, polymers, and as an
extraction solvent. Pharmaceuticals and chemical processing combined account for 517,000 metric tons or 34.8% of total
consumption, with pharmaceutical production accounting for 29.5% of the total.
Adhesives, metal cleaning, HFC-32 production, and use as a paint remover are the next-largest applications, accounting
for 18.4%, 13.1%, 11.2%, and 10.4%, respectively, in 2016. Foam blowing and aerosol uses account for an additional 5.2%
and 4.7%, respectively.
Northeast Asia (led by China) is the leading consuming region at 911,000 metric tons or 61.3%, followed by the Indian
Subcontinent, Western Europe, and the United States at 11.3%, 8.6%, and 6.6%, respectively, in 2016.
Chloroform
The following table presents world consumption of chloroform by application in 2016:
World consumption of chloroform by application—2016
(thousands of metric tons)
HCFC-22
Other
Total
North America
United States
152.6
5
157.6
Canada
0
0.1
0.1
Mexico
7.2
0.1
7.3
159.8
5.2
165
Total North America
South America
Western Europe
Central Europe
6.4
0.1
6.5
120.4
4.2
124.6
2.5
0.1
2.6
53.4
0.5
53.9
Middle East
0
0.1
0.1
Africa
0
0.1
0.1
Indian Subcontinent
133.8
2.7
136.5
Northeast Asia
833.0
8.2
841.2
Southeast Asia
0
0.4
0.4
1,309.3
21.6
1,330.9
CIS and Baltic States
Total
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
© 2016 IHS
17
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
In 2016, world consumption of chloroform is 1.33 million metric tons, with growth forecast at 0.6% annually during 2016–
21. The leading application for chloroform is the production of HCFC-22, accounting for 1.31 million metric tons or 98.4%
of total consumption. HCFC-22 is used both as a refrigerant and production of the fluoropolymers PTFE, FEP, PFA/MFA,
and ETFE. Although legislation has impacted the use of HCFC-22 as a refrigerant, the resulting declines have been
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balanced by increasingPlease
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fluoroelastomers.
Carbon tetrachloride
The following Contact
table presents
world consumption
of carbon tetrachloride by application
in 2016:
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any questions.
World consumption of carbon tetrachloride by application—2016
(thousands of metric tons)
CFC-12 CFC-11
HFC-
HFC-
HFO-
245fa
365mfc
1234yf
Other
Total
North America
United States
0
0
33.8
0
0
2.0
35.8
Canada
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mexico
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total North America
0
0
33.8
0
0
2.0
35.8
South America
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Western Europe
0
0
0
25.3
0
5
30.3
Central Europe
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
CIS and Baltic States
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Middle East
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Africa
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Indian Subcontinent
0
0
23.6
0
0
0
23.6
Northeast Asia
0
0
21.3
0
0
0
21.3
Southeast Asia
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
0
0
78.7
25.3
0
7.0
111.0
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
Carbon tetrachloride is the least-consumed chloromethane, at 111,000 metric tons in 2016. Four regions account for the
vast majority of consumption. The United States, Western Europe, the Indian Subcontinent, and Northeast Asia account
for 32.3%, 27.3%, 21.3%, and 19.2%, respectively, in 2016.
The production of hydrofluorocarbons HFC-245fa and HFC-365mfc account for 70.9% and 22.8% of total carbon
tetrachloride consumption in 2016. There is some production of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the world, but it is negligible. There
is no production of HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze using carbon tetrachloride. It is currently being produced from
chloroform, via TFE and HFP, but is expected to be produced using carbon tetrachloride in all regions of the world; carbon
tetrachloride consumption in this application is projected to exceed 40,000 metric tons by 2021. Patents exist for use of
methyl chloride as well, but it is believed carbon tetrachloride is the process chosen. If the methyl chloride process is used,
then less carbon tetrachloride will be consumed than currently projected.
Price
The following table presents unit values for chloromethane imports into the United States, Western Europe, China, and
India in recent years:
© 2016 IHS
18
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
World unit import values for chloromethanes
(dollars per metric ton)
Methyl chloride
United
Methylene chloride
Western
United
Western
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China
India
States
Europe
States
China
India
2010
1,328
995
11,333
1,297
644
1,105
731
789
2011
na
614
10,751
1,402
829
3,590
719
894
2012
1,065
962
6,687
1,293
697
1,016
457
504
2013
6,799
3,234
10,449
1,862
560
1,387
811
438
1,018
280
10,534
3,869
462
2,495
1,195
598
2015
1,215
897
7,761
737
409
2,732
469
564
2016
1,153
703
8,285
902
385
1,651
6,230
415
2010
456
6,396
611
586
na
na
na
na
2011
436
14,162
812
968
99
na
na
na
2012
277
1,251
427
477
218
na
na
na
2013
223
5,581
236
331
158
na
na
na
2014
303
1,111
344
412
na
na
na
150
2015
295
3,595
336
442
na
210
na
na
2016
673
569
219
289
269
na
na
152
2014
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Chloroform
Carbon tetrachloride
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
Trade
In 2016, total world chloromethane trade is around 390,000 metric tons, or around 6.5% of production. The only
substantially traded materials are methylene chloride and chloroform at 20.2% and 5.2%, respectively, of production in
2016. Carbon tetrachloride is the least-traded chloromethane. Methyl chloride is a flammable gas and is generally
transported regionally in isotainers.
Methyl chloride
In 2016, world trade in methyl chloride is about 17 million metric tons, corresponding to less than 1% of global production.
The following table presents world methyl chloride imports by region:
World imports of methyl chloride by region
(metric tons)
CIS/
United
South
Western
Central
Baltic
Middle
Indian
North-
South-
Sub-
east
east
States
Canada
Mexico
America
Europe
Europe
States
East
Africa
continent
Asia
43
2,663
2,962
2,847
1,087
266
3
2,960
1037
435
1,802
1,491 17,596
2011
0
2,965
3,055
2,726
331
324
107
1,546
307
215
1,881
1,641 15,098
2012
17
1,929
2,881
2,770
30
223
461
1,953
56
73
2,334
918 13,645
2013
0
1,591
3,015
2,890
34
185
617
1,739
118
105
2,360
672 13,326
2014
288
2,151
3,162
2,592
10
226
1,120
1,579
30
128
752
1,004 13,042
2015
733
1,414
2,851
3,181
48
241
1,669
1,981
32
507
891
1,457 15,005
2016
828
1,827
2,628
2,970
284
256
1,629
2,010
40
456
987
1,788 15,703
2010
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
Asia
Total
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, the leading importing regions/countries of methyl chloride are South America, Southeast Asia, Mexico, and
Canada, although the Middle East, the CIS and Baltic States, and Northeast Asia are also large importing regions.
The following table presents world methyl chloride exports by region:
© 2016 IHS
19
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
World exports of methyl chloride by region
(metric tons)
CIS/
United
States
South
Western
Central
Baltic
Middle
Indian
North-
South-
Sub-
east
east
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this file.
Canada
Mexico
America
Europe
States
East Africa
Asia
Asia
Total
2010
6,703
5
195
17
3,857
606
31
8
23
54
2,257
1,032 14,788
2011
6,331
0
18
0
2,473
104
75
1
51
125
2,519
726 12,423
2012
4,847
0
1
0
2,543
101
6
2
53
24
3,129
384 11,090
2013
4,626
0
19
0
4,125
140
21
2
65
22
4,072
1,151 14,243
1,083 13,912
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
2014
5,136
0
18
8
4,176
116
10
24
10
109
3,222
2015
3,408
0
0
0
4,829
127
18
5
8
52
5,718
831 14,996
2016
3,555
0
36
0
6,386
132
3
5
8
42
6,032
1,032 17,231
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
The leading regions/countries of origin for methyl chloride exports are Western Europe, Northeast Asia (led by China),
and the United States at 37.1%, 35.0%, and 20.6%, respectively, in 2016.
Methylene chloride
In 2016, total world trade of methyl chloride is about 300,000 metric tons, corresponding to about 20% of methylene
chloride production. The following table presents world methylene chloride imports by region:
World imports of methylene chloride by region
(metric tons)
CIS/
United
South
Western
Central
Baltic
Middle
Indian
North-
South-
Sub-
east
east
States
Canada
Mexico
America
Europe
Europe
States
East
Africa
continent
Asia
Asia
Total
2010
8,041
3,272
11,216
32,566
165
6,533
3,880
36,392
58,716
73,977
25,802
49,960
310,520
2011
11,850
2,906
11,809
37,154
160
6,579
3,419
39,362
21,295
64,456
27,436
49,416
275,842
2012
9,804
3,362
11,549
35,374
228
5,978
5,628
38,208
23,664
44,245
28,842
48,145
255,027
2013
12,201
3,115
11,826
34,801
520
6,125
11,434
39,066
23,775
53,181
25,562
46,160
267,766
2014
12,751
2,699
12,333
27,125
383
5,898
5,820
40,070
27,135
54,918
25,755
49,882
264,769
2015
14,132
3,064
12,354
30,490
436
6,368
3,602
47,688
21,947
96,594
24,579
51,661
312,915
2016
9,095
3,223
11,058
31,130
582
6,302
4,369
42,160
21,440
88,579
26,946
55,310
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
300,194
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, the leading regions of destination for methylene chloride imports are the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia,
the Middle East, South America, and Northeast Asia at 29.5%, 18.4%, 14.0%, 10.4%, and 9.0%, respectively.
The following table presents world methylene chloride exports by region:
World exports of methylene chloride by region
(metric tons)
CIS/
United
South
Western
Central
Baltic
Middle
Indian
North-
South-
Sub-
east
east
States
Canada
Mexico
America
Europe
Europe
States
East
Africa
continent
Asia
Asia
Total
2010
87,644
196
208
251
69,764
1,066
27,061
4,220
1,349
887
58,676
7,147
258,469
2011
81,874
227
47
597
72,828
789
25,006
6,038
650
2,177
80,323
4,664
275,220
2012
51,222
89
22
111
72,002
852
24,325
9,518
636
8,000
77,031
5,483
249,291
2013
50,335
24
26
50
73,787
976
24,388
3,079
651
3,085
77,434
4,885
238,720
2014
60,303
8
16
23
54,526
474
19,033
955
605
630
83,294
7,238
227,105
2015
49,700
89
12
47
55,271
597
8,537
1,104
530
938
156,102
5,319
278,246
2016
58,600
38
8
3
69,292
508
8,716
254
436
298
157,270
5,323
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
300,746
© 2016 IHS
20
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Northeast Asia (led by China), Western Europe, and the United States are the leading origins for methylene chloride
exports at 52.3%, 23.0%, and 19.5%, respectively, in 2016.
Chloroform
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In 2016, total world trade of chloroform reached about 70,000 metric tons, corresponding to about 5% of chloroform
production. The following table presents world chloroform imports by region:
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Customer
Care
World imports
of chloroform
by region
(customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
(metric tons)
CIS/
United
South
Western
Central
Baltic
Middle
Indian
North-
South-
Sub-
east
east
States
Canada
Mexico
America
Europe
Europe
States
East
Africa
continent
Asia
Asia
Total
2010
7,490
28
18,950
10,200
101
442
199
343
178
30,292
109,325
775
178,323
2011
23,111
51
18,902
12,813
75
467
5,559
200
246
17,025
89,413
345
168,207
2012
21,508
71
12,328
13,093
1,372
464
4,105
205
184
10,401
89,777
359
153,867
2013
26,304
64
11,178
10,326
123
599
231
262
185
8,352
64,816
474
122,914
2014
21,383
63
13,807
8,704
1,184
582
208
511
153
19,171
49,466
511
115,743
2015
14,679
49
8,045
7,634
148
1,098
258
213
200
23,948
20,718
387
77,377
2016
87
87
7,326
6,519
5,376
711
181
152
74
18,744
25,979
496
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
65,732
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, the leading regions/countries of destination for chloroform imports are Northeast Asia (led by China), the Indian
Subcontinent, and Mexico at 39.5%, 28.5%, and 11.1%, respectively.
The following table presents world chloroform exports by region:
World exports of chloroform by region
(metric tons)
CIS/
United
South
Western
Central
Baltic
Middle
Indian
North-
South-
Sub-
east
east
States
Canada
Mexico
America
Europe
Europe
States
East
Africa
continent
Asia
Asia
Total
2010
74,819
4
26
9
20,431
606
10,682
286
4
205
25,062
64
132,198
2011
74,902
7
19
11
25,444
103
1,916
248
1
547
35,155
69
138,422
2012
49,667
1
28
7
12,356
101
1,798
46
1
210
36,848
73
101,136
2013
34,897
2
24
5
10,348
140
11,958
242
2
1,218
25,781
88
84,705
2014
49,919
5
25
9
4,146
116
11,424
69
4
99
25,234
92
91,142
2015
30,791
8
22
8
2,811
127
5,084
149
2
65
26,221
99
65,387
2016
37,475
10
24
2
784
132
9,334
45
2
150
22,756
86
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
70,800
© 2016 IHS
The leading regions/countries of origin for chloroform exports are the United States and Northeast Asia (led by China) at
52.9% and 32.1%, respectively, in 2016.
Carbon tetrachloride
In 2016, the total world trade of carbon tetrachloride is about 1,900 metric tons. Most of the trade originates in Western
Europe and is destined for India or Japan. A small quantity originates in the United States.
The following table presents world carbon tetrachloride imports by region:
© 2016 IHS
21
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
World imports of carbon tetrachloride by region
(metric tons)
CIS/
United
States
South
Western
Central
Baltic
Middle
Indian
North-
South-
Sub-
east
east
Asia
Asia Total
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Canada
Mexico
America
Europe
States
East Africa
continent
2010
0
49
0
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
500
0
553
2011
21
67
0
331
123
1
0
3
17
0
969
0
1532
2012
2,355
69
0
0
1
0
0
0
38
0
664
0 3,127
2013
223
62
0
79
1
0
0
0
0
0
444
0
809
0
35
0
1
1
36
0
5
19
944
326
0
1367
2015
0
57
0
12
1,106
0
0
0
8
7
463
0
1653
2016
33
48
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
1,610
270
0 1,969
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
2014
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, the leading destination for carbon tetrachloride imports is India at 81.8%, followed by Northeast Asia at 13.7%.
The following table presents world carbon tetrachloride exports by region:
World exports of carbon tetrachloride by region
(metric tons)
CIS/
United
South
Western
Central
Baltic
Middle
Indian
North-
South-
Sub-
east
east
States
Canada
Mexico
America
Europe
Europe
States
East
Africa
continent
Asia
Asia
2010
171
0
0
0
356
0
0
0
26
0
0
0
553
2011
991
0
0
0
541
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1532
2012
129
0
0
0
2,991
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
3127
2013
223
0
0
0
580
0
2
0
0
4
0
0
809
2014
133
5
0
0
1,227
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
1367
2015
237
0
0
0
545
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
784
2016
173
0
0
0
1,707
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1,880
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
Total
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, carbon tetrachloride exports are from Western Europe (90.8%) and the United States (9.2%). With the exception
of an occasional negligible quantity coming from another country, only Western Europe and the United States are
exporting countries.
© 2016 IHS
22
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Introduction
This report covers the four chlorinated methanes: methyl chloride (CH3Cl), methylene chloride (CH2Cl2;
dichloromethane), chloroform
(CHCl
tetrachloride
(CCl4).
3), and carbon
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The chlorinated methanes are chiefly used as precursors—methyl chloride for silicones and other materials, methylene
chloride for its solvent properties, chloroform for hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22), and carbon tetrachloride for
chlorofluorocarbon-11 and -12 (CFC-11 and CFC-12). As CFCs are being phased out, use of carbon tetrachloride for the
Contact
Care
(customercare@ihs.com)
if you have any
questions.
alternatives—HFCs
suchCustomer
as HFC-245fa
and HFC-365mfc,
and possibly HFO-1234yf/ze—is
growing.
The following table summarizes the typical properties for each of the four chlorinated methanes. While methyl chloride is
a colorless gas, the others are all colorless liquids.
Typical physical properties for chlorinated methanes
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Chloroform
Carbon
tetrachloride
Property
(CH3Cl)
(CH2Cl2)
(CHCl3)
(CCl4)
Chemical property
Colorless gas
Colorless liquid
Colorless liquid
Colorless liquid
Flammability
Highly flammable
Flammable
Nonflammable
Nonflammable
Molecular weight
50.49
84.93
119.38
153.82
Melting point
-97.4°C
-96.7°C
-63°C
-23°C
Boiling point
-24.2°C
39.6°C
61°C
76°C
Density
2.306 g/ml at 0°C
1.325 g/ml at 25°C
1.492 g/ml at 25°C
1.594 g/ml at 25°C
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
The following table summarizes the typical applications for each of the four chlorinated methanes:
Typical applications for chlorinated methanes
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Chloroform
Carbon
tetrachloride
(CH3Cl)
(CH2Cl2)
(CHCl3)
(CCl4)
Methyl chlorosilanes
Adhesives
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22
HFC-245fa
Methyl cellulose
Paint removers
for fluoropolymers
Chloroflurocarbon-12
Quaternary ammonium
compounds
Fluorocarbons
for refrigerants
Chloroflurocarbon-11
Agricultural chemicals
Chemical processing
Butyl rubber
Pharmaceuticals
Metal cleaning
Aerosols
Foam blowing
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
The following diagram presents chlorinated methanes supply and demand disposition by end-use segments:
© 2016 IHS
23
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Supply and demand chain for chlorinated methanes
Methanol
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Hydrogen Chloride
Methyl Chloride
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Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Chlorination
Methylene Chloride
Methyl Chlorosilanes
Adhesives
Methyl Cellulose
Paint Removers
Ammonium Compounds
HFC-32
Agricultural Chemicals
Pharmaceuticals
Other
Chloroform
HFC-22
Other
Carbon Tetrachloride
HFC-245fa and
-365mfc
CFC-11 and -12
Other
The following sections summarize the industry status of chlorinated methanes in major consuming regions.
Methyl chloride
Methyl chloride is used entirely as a feedstock for silicones, methyl cellulose,quaternary ammonium compounds,
agricultural chemicals, butyl rubber, and other derivatives. Silica is reacted with methyl chloride to produce methyl
chlorosilanes, which are used to produce silicones. Production of silicones accounts for the vast majority of the global
consumption of methyl chloride.
Methylene chloride
Methylene chloride was used almost entirely for emissive uses, such as paint strippers, metal cleaning, adhesives, foam
blowing, and as a process solvent, but is becoming more widely used in the production of HFC-32. Consumption of
methylene chloride is expected to increase globally. Use as a solvent will remain stagnant, but consumption for
fluorocarbons will increase.
© 2016 IHS
24
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Chloroform
Chloroform is used principally as a precursor for hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22), where it is used as a refrigerant
mainly for residential air conditioners and commercial refrigeration, and in the production of fluoropolymers such as
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polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE),use
fluorinated
(FEP),Explorer
and others.to
Production
HCFC-22 accounts for
95-96% of total world consumption of chloroform. The remaining 4–5% is used in all other applications, led by use as a
reagent in organic synthesis, in particular pharmaceutical applications. Since 2010, demand for HCFC-22 as a refrigerant
has declined, while use in fluoropolymers has been increasing.
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Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride production and consumption have not been phased out as predicted by the elimination of the
production and consumption of the ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons CFC-11 and -12. Instead, consumption of carbon
tetrachloride has increased as a precursor to HFC-245fa and HFC-365mfc. However, use in the production of HFC-245fa
and HFC-365mfc is expected to decline with increased production of fluoroolefins, namely HFO-1234yf.
Motor vehicle manufacturers and suppliers in Europe, Japan, and the United States have endorsed HFO-1234yf as the
refrigerant-of-choice to replace HFC-134a in mobile air-conditioning (MAC) units. HFO-1234yf (and HFC-152a) are listed
under the US EPA’s Significant New Alternatives Program (SNAP) as acceptable replacements in MACs, and the EPA has
announced plans to remove HFC-134a from the list of acceptable replacements. As a result, the use of carbon tetrachloride
is projected to increase, while the use of HFC-134a (TCE or PCE) is projected to decline. Growth rates will be dependent
on how well these new fluorocarbons are accepted.
The global use of CFCs to manufacture MDIs (metered-dose inhalers) for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) in 2010 is estimated at 1,666 metric tons, with consumption forecast to decline to less than 300 metric
tons in 2015. This equates to an estimated consumption of carbon tetrachloride of 2,000 metric tons in 2010, declining to
less than 300 metric tons in 2016. Asthma typically occurs during childhood and adolescence, while COPD occurs from
smoking tobacco as an adult.
In 2010, the leading consumers of CFCs in MDI manufacture were China at 528 metric tons, the United States at 358
metric tons, Egypt at 227 metric tons, and Russia at 212 metric tons. In 2011, only China and Russia were large consumers
of CFCs, at 741 metric tons and 212 metric tons, respectively. Russia continued to consume 212 metric tons in 2012, but
none after that. The only country still using CFCs for MDI manufacture is China.
Carbon tetrachloride, CFCs, and HCFCs can be used as feedstocks by being fed directly into the process as a raw material
stream, as production as an intermediate in the synthesis of another product, or as a by-product during manufacture of
other desired products. Common feedstock applications include, but are not limited to the following:
• Conversion of HCFC-21 (CFM) in the synthesis of HCFC-225, which finds application as a solvent.
• Conversion of CFC-113 (PCE or TCE) to chlorotrifluoroethylene, which is then polymerized to produce
polychlorotrifluroethylene, a barrier resin used in moisture-resistant packaging.
• Conversion of CFC-113 and CFC 113a (PCE or TCE) to HFC-134a and HFC-125. This is a high volume use.
• Conversion of HCFC-22 (CFM) to tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). TFE forms the building block of many fluoropolymers both
by homopolymerization and copolymerization.
• Conversion of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) as a feedstock in the production of HCFC-141b and HCFC-142b. This can
continue until 2040 at high volume for emissive applications.
• Conversion of HCFC-142b (TCA) to vinylidene fluoride, which is then polymerized to the specialty elastomers
polyvinylidene fluoride or copolymer. The feedstock use of HCFC-142b is not subject to phaseout and is likely to
continue long-term.
© 2016 IHS
25
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
• Conversion of carbon tetrachloride to CFC-11 and CFC-12, etc. Phaseout of CFC production is now limited to only a few
essential uses, e.g., limited amounts of propellant production for metered dose inhalers (MDI). As a result, the volume
of carbon tetrachloride required for this application will be dramatically reduced further, from an already low figure.
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• Conversion of carbon
tetrachloride
to chlorocarbons,
in turn, are
used as feedstock
in thefile.
production of HFC245fa and other fluorochemicals.
• Reaction of carbon tetrachloride with 2-chloropropene to eventually lead to the production of HFC-365mfc.
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
• Carbon tetrachloride is used in reaction with vinylidene chloride for preparation of HFC-236fa, with production
volumes of around 450 metric tons annually.
• Conversion of HCFC-123, HFC-123a, and HFC-133a in the production of pharmaceuticals, which is a long-term use not
subject to phaseout.
• Conversion of HFC-123 (PCE or TCE) in the production of HFC-125. While this usually occurs as an intermediate, it is
possible that this could be done using HFC-123 as the starting material. HFC-124 can also be used as a feedstock to
prepare HFC-125.
• Halon-1301 in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and pesticides (Fipronil).
• Carbon tetrachloride in the synthesis of synthetic pyrethroids.
In the United States, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) proposed a regulation that would include the phaseout of
HFC-134a from heavy equipment since 2010 and from cars starting in 2017.
© 2016 IHS
26
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Manufacturing processes
Most chlorinated methanes are produced by the reaction of methanol and hydrogen chloride, but a small quantity is
produced by thermal chlorination
of Adobe,
methane.Chrome,
(For additional
information
on manufacturing
processes
Please use
or Internet
Explorer
to read this
file. and economics,
please refer to the IHS Chemical Process Economics Program reports listed in the Bibliography.) Chloromethanes may
also be produced by the oxychlorination of methane, but this process is not used commercially. Carbon tetrachloride
(CCl4) is also produced as a coproduct with perchloroethylene from C1–C3 waste chlorocarbons. An older process using
carbon disulfide as a feedstock has become obsolete because of unfavorable process economics and environmental
considerations.Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Methanol hydrochlorination
The methanol hydrochlorination process takes place in two phases. First, gaseous hydrogen chloride is bubbled through
methanol to produce methyl chloride; second, the gaseous methyl chloride is reacted with chlorine to produce the heavier
chlorinated methanes, as shown below:
CH 3 OH
+
methyl
alcohol
CH 3 Cl
+
methyl
chloride
CH 2 Cl 2
+
methylene
chloride
CHCl 3
chloroform
+
HCl
CH 3 Cl
hydrogen
chloride
methyl
chloride
+
water
Cl2
CH 2 Cl 2
chlorine
methylene
chloride
Cl2
CHCl 3
chlorine
chloroform
Cl2
CCl 4
chlorine
H2 O
+
HCl
hydrogen
chloride
+
HCl
hydrogen
chloride
+
HCl
carbon
hydrogen
tetrachloride chloride
Methanol hydrochlorination is carried out either in a liquid phase (pressure of 0.1–1 MPa [million Pascals] and
temperature of about 100°C) or a gaseous phase (0.5 MPa and around 300°C). The liquid-phase process, favored in the
United States, eliminates the need for converting aqueous hydrogen chloride to a gaseous phase, but requires larger-scale
reactors. The process yields are 93–95% of theoretical based on methanol.
In another vessel, the methyl chloride is reacted with appropriate amounts of chlorine at high temperatures (400–500°C)
to produce the more highly chlorinated methanes.
Thermal chlorination of methane
The chlorination of methane to methyl chloride is a thermal, noncatalytic process. Methane is chlorinated at high
temperatures (475°C) in a single reactor to form a mixture of methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform and very
small amounts of carbon tetrachloride. Typical yields are 85% of theoretical for methane feed to product mix and 97%
based on chlorine feed. The relative amounts of the mixture components can be changed by varying the reaction
conditions and by recycling the lighter chloromethanes and converting them to heavier chloromethanes. Hydrogen
chloride is removed during the purification process and can be used captively or sold on the merchant market. The
reactions involved in the chlorination of methane are as follows:
© 2016 IHS
27
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
CH 4
+
Cl2
methane
CH 3 Cl
methyl
chloride
CH 2 Cl 2
chlorine
Please
+
chloroform
+
HCl
methyl
hydrogen
chloride
chloride
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or Internet
Explorer to read this file.
CH 2 Cl 2
Cl2
+
HCl
methylene
hydrogen if you have any questions.
Contact
Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com)
chlorine
chloride
chloride
Cl2
CHCl 3
chlorine
chloroform
Cl2
CCl 4
+
methylene
chloride
CHCl 3
CH 3 Cl
+
+
HCl
hydrogen
chloride
+
HCl
carbon
hydrogen
tetrachloride chloride
chlorine
The methanol hydrochlorination process is usually favored over the thermal chlorination of methane since transport and
storage of the feedstock (methanol vs. methane) is easier. As a result, methanol hydro-chlorination has increased in
importance in recent years. The thermal chlorination of methane was last used in the United States by Vulcan in one of its
plants, before it converted to methanol feedstock in 1990. Three plants in Europe and two plants in Japan are still operated
using methane as feedstock.
Oxychlorination of methane
The production of chloromethanes by oxychlorination of methane is a two-stage, thermocatalytic chlorination in which
methane is passed through a cupric chloride melt at 400–450°C to form methyl chloride. Methyl chloride is further
reacted with a chlorinating agent to form the heavier chloromethanes. Cuprous chloride, a by-product of the initial stage,
is reacted back to cupric chloride with hydrogen chloride in a separate stage. This process does not produce hydrogen
chloride as a by-product. There are no known commercial facilities currently producing chloromethanes using the
oxychlorination process.
Carbon tetrachloride by chlorination of C1-C3 hydrocarbons
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) may be recovered as a coproduct with perchloroethylene when C1-C3 hydrocarbons or partially
chlorinated hydrocarbons or their mixtures are chlorinated at high temperatures, either with or without a catalyst. This
process represents the largest commercial source for carbon tetrachloride. Using ethylene dichloride as a feedstock, for
example, the main reaction may be represented as follows:
3 CICH2 CH 2 Cl
+
ethylene dichloride
mol wt:
99.0
11 Cl2
2 CCl2 =CCl 2
+
2 CCl4
+
12 HCl
carbon
perchloroethylene tetrachloride
165.8
153.8
The product distribution between carbon tetrachloride and perchloroethylene can be varied depending on the feedstock
used. For example, when using ethylene dichloride or propylene dichloride, output ranges from about 50% to 85%
perchloroethylene. This process is quite economical and enables the upgrading of chlorinated hydrocarbon wastes from
other operations.
© 2016 IHS
28
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Carbon tetrachloride can be made in chlorinated methanes production (CMP) by finishing (completing chlorination), and
made on-purpose in a PerTet plant for feedstock such as HFC-245fa or 365mfc. The unfinished “fatal” carbon
tetrachloride from a chlorinated methanes plant can also be recycled into other chlorocarbons, such as PCE. There are six
potential sources of carbon tetrachloride in the United States, four from CMP and two from PerTet production. The
Please
use Adobe,
Chrome,
Internet
Explorer
readorthis
file. carbon tetrachloride
minimum “fatal” carbon
tetrachloride
from CMP
is 10% ofor
CFM
production,
whileto
as little
as much
can be produced from a PerTet plant.
Carbon tetrachloride by chlorination of carbon disulfide
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
The chlorination of carbon disulfide to carbon tetrachloride is a long-established process that was the sole source of
production of carbon tetrachloride until the 1950s, when chlorination of methane and chlorinolysis of hydrocarbons were
introduced as significant competing production methods. However, because of rapidly declining carbon tetrachloride
markets in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan and the availability of lower-cost coproduct carbon tetrachloride,
this carbon disulfide route has become obsolete and plants using this process have been shut down in the United States
(e.g., Akzo at Le Moyne, Alabama) as well as in Europe and Japan.
CS2
+
carbon
disulfide
CS2
chlorine
+
carbon
disulfide
catalyst
3 Cl2
S2 Cl 2
sulfur
chloride
2S
2 Cl 2
3 S2
sulfur
chloride
sulfur
+
CCl4
carbon
tetrachloride
+
CCl4
carbon
tetrachloride
The carbon disulfide chlorination forms no hydrocarbon coproducts or by-products and no hydrogen chloride effluent.
Sulfur, however, must be recovered, purified and conserved by recycling to an integrated carbon disulfide facility in order
to obtain favorable economics. The reactions involved in the chlorination of carbon disulfide are as follows:
The overall yield from carbon disulfide to CTC is about 90% of theoretical based on carbon disulfide.
Methanolysis of chloromethylsilanes
Chloromethylsilanes can be reacted with methanol to yield methyl silanes and methyl chloride. The methyl silanes are
processed into silicone fluids, resins, or elastomers. Methyl chloride is reacted with silicone to form more
chloromethylsilanes:
CH 3
Cl
CH 3
Si
Cl
+ CH 3 OH
Cl
chloromethylsilane
HO
Si
O
+ CH 3 Cl
silicone
intermediate
methyl
chloride
CH 3
methanol
This process may be used commercially by silicone producers. Alternatively, the chloromethylsilane can be hydrolyzed to
form hydrogen chloride, which is then reacted with methanol in the conventional methanol hydrochlorination process to
produce methyl chloride for recycle.
© 2016 IHS
29
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Environmental issues
Worldwide government regulations in developed countries have had a significant impact on the demand and use of
chlorinated solvents inPlease
the pastuse
quarter
century.
Chlorinated
methanesExplorer
have been to
somewhat
lessfile.
affected than other
Adobe,
Chrome,
or Internet
read this
types of chlorinated products (e.g., chlorinated ethanes), since they are used to a large extent as intermediates. Excluding
methylene chloride, workers and the general public are usually not exposed to chlorinated methanes.
In 2007, parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer agreed to speed up the phaseout of
Contact
Customer
Caremeant
(customercare@ihs.com)
if you
havebut
any
questions.
hydrofluorocarbons
(HCFCs).
HCFCs were
to replace chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs),
have
been identified as a
greenhouse gas (GHG). The accelerated phaseout requires developed nations to phaseout HCFC by 2020, from 2040 in the
original treaty.
The new agreement freezes production of HCFCs at 2013 levels. In addition, developed countries have reduced production
and consumption to 75% (2010) and 90% by 2015, with the final phaseout in 2020. Developing countries have agreed to
cut production and consumption by 10% in 2015, by 35% by 2020, and 67.5% by 2025, with final phaseout in 2030. A small
amount, 2.5%, will be allowed in developing countries during the 2030–40 period for “servicing” purposes. However, this
is for use in nonfeedstock applications.
At the 19th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol in September 2007, the Parties agreed to a more aggressive
phasedown of HCFCs in both developing and developed countries. The following table shows the US schedule for phasing
out its production and consumption of HCFCs in accordance with the terms of the Protocol. The third and fourth columns
of the table show how the United States is meeting the international obligations described in the first two columns.
Comparison of the Montreal Protocol and the US phaseout schedule
Percent of
reduction
Implementation
in consumption
of HCFC phase-out
Year to be
using the cap
Year to be
through the
implemented
as a baseline
implemented
Clean Air Act regulations
Montreal Protocol
United States
2004
35
2003
No production and no importing of HCFC-141b
2010
75
2010
No production and no importing of HCFC-142b and HCFC22, except for use in equipment manufactured before 1
January 2010 (no production or importing for new equipment that uses these compounds).
2015
90
2015
No production and no importing of any HCFCs, except for
use as refrigerants in equipment before 1 January 2020.
2020
99.5
2020
No production and no importing of HCFC-142b and HCFC22.
2030
100
2025
No production and no importing of any HCFCs.
Source: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
© 2016 IHS
In 2016 in Kigali, Rwanda, nearly 200 countries adopted an ambitious and far-reaching solution to the global warming
crisis. The countries agreed to a phase down in the production and consumption of HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) after eight
years of prolonged negotiations. The agreement will avoid more than 70 billion metric tons of CO2 equivalent HFC
emissions. The Kigali Amendment will cap and phase down HFC consumption starting in 2019, with developed countries
taking action first. Most developing countries, including China (by far the largest HFC producer and consumer),
committed to freezing HFC consumption in 2024. Another schedule has been agreed to by India, Kuwait, Pakistan, and
Saudi Arabia.
The refrigerant market has proceeded through four generations of materials. Generation 1, beginning in mid-1700s
revolved around using the evaporation of volatile chemicals. Generation 2 began in the 1930s when chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs) began to be used in household and small-scale refrigeration. CFC and HCFC
refrigerants were chemically stable, nontoxic, and nonflammable. However, CFCs have a high ozone-depletion potential
(ODP); HCFCs had a lower ODP. Generation 3 began in the 1970s, after CFCs were linked to stratospheric ozone
destruction. The international accord, Montreal Protocol, called for phased elimination of the CFCs and the HCFC
© 2016 IHS
30
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
transition products, which in turn were replaced by hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). While relatively nonflammable and
chemically stable, they are potent greenhouse gases, but have zero ODP. Generation 4, commercialized within the last 10
years, present an era of hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs). They have better performance and are more energy efficient than the
refrigerants they replace, while having no impact on the ozone layer (zero ODP) and have an extremely low global
Please use Adobe, Chrome, or Internet Explorer to read this file.
warming potential (GWP).
During 1993 to 1 January 2015, the Kyoto Protocol favored hydrocarbon refrigerants, and in particular isobutane, which
allowed combination refrigerator/freezer applications. Isobutane also met the Kyoto Protocol goal to reduce global
warming as it has
a lowerCustomer
GWP than HFC-134a.
By 1 January 2015, all new refrigerators
in the
European
Union were
Contact
Care (customercare@ihs.com)
if you have
any
questions.
required to not have fluorocarbon refrigerants and instead most have isobutane.
On 15 October 2016, United Nations Environment Program signed into effect the Kigali (Rwanda) HFC Phasedown
Amendment, where countries agree to curb powerful greenhouse gases in the largest climate breakthrough since Paris.
On 26 September 2016, the United States implemented the SNAP, Final Rule 21, as part of Section 612 of the Clean Air Act
(CAA). Various HFCs and blends were banned effective 1 January 2023 for new cold storage warehouses. New retail food
refrigeration and dispensing equipment were banned effective 1 January 2021. Finally, domestic home refrigeration were
banned from using HFC-134a effective 1 January 2021. Rigid foam blowing of polyurethane (PU) high-pressure twocomponent HFC spray foam fluorocarbons were banned as of 1 January 2020, except for military or space and
aeronautics–related applications. Low-pressure rigid PU two-component HFC spray foam is banned effective 1 January
2021, except for military or space and aeronautic–related applications. Foam blowing rigid PU one-component foam
sealants HFCs are banned effective 1 January 2020.
Potential refrigeration alternatives to fluorocarbons approved by the US EPA on 2 March 2016 include:
• Ethane, for very low temperature refrigeration and nonmechanical heat transfer
• Isobutane, in retail food refrigeration, which includes stand-alone commercial refrigerators and freezers and in vending
machines
• Propane, in household refrigerators, freezers, or combination refrigerators and freezers, in vending machines, and in
room air-conditioning units)
• Hydrocarbon blend R-441A (a blend of ethane, propane, isobutene, and n-butane) in retail food refrigeration (standalone commercial refrigerators and freezers and vending machines), and in room air-conditioning units.
Commercial refrigeration is projected to phase out R-404A (HFC-125, HFC-143a, HFC-134a) blend and HFC-134a and be
replaced by HFO-1234yf, HFC-32 (has low GWP), and blends, or hydrocarbons/hydrocarbon blends.
Household refrigeration, retail food refrigeration, and vending machines are projected to phase out HFC-134a and be
replaced by HFO-1234yf or hydrocarbons/hydrocarbon blends.
Aerosol propellants are projected to phase out HFC-134a and HFC-125 and be replaced by HFO-1233zd and HFO-1234ze or
hydrocarbons.
Plastic foam blowing is projected to phase out HFC-134a, HFC-245fa, and HFC-365mfc and be replaced by HFO-1233zd,
HFO-1234ze, HFO-1336mzz or hydrocarbons.
Mobile air conditioning is projected to replace HFC-134a with HFO-1234yf or CO2/other. It is estimated that HFC-134a
usage in original equipment light vehicle-refrigeration will peak at around 140 million vehicles during 2016–18, declining
to 125 million vehicles in 2021 and 90 million vehicles in 2025. Meanwhile, HFO-1234yf is forecast to grow from around 3
million vehicles in 2014 to around 10 million vehicles in 2016 and 20 million vehicles in 2018, growing 50 million vehicles
in 2021 and 95 million vehicles in 2025, according to IHS Automotive. Assuming 0.5–1.0 kg per vehicle, this equates to
25,000–50,000 metric tons of HFO-1234yf in usage by 2021.
© 2016 IHS
31
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Refrigerant consumption could be further disrupted in the medium term, as the German government has voted to ban
new gasoline- or diesel-powered vehicles from EU roads starting in 2030. It is too early to know whether this will be
adopted.
Please
use
Adobe,
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or Internet
read this
file.
The above legislation will
have an
impact
on the
HFC refrigerant
supplyExplorer
chain. Theto
following
table
presents the impact on
consumption of chloromethanes and chloroethanes:
Impact of HFC refrigerant phaseouts on use of chloromethanes and chloroethanes
Contact
Customer Care
(customercare@ihs.com)
if youTrichlorohave any questions.
Carbon
Methylene
PerchloroTrichlorotetrachloride
chloride
ethylene
ethane
ethylene
(CCl4)
(CH2Cl2)
(CCl2CCl2)
(CH3CCl3)
(CCl2CHCl)
Raw material
HFCs 245fa. 365mfc and HFC-32
HFOs
HFC-125 and HFC-134a
HFC-134a
HFC-134a
Impact
HFCs down; HFOs up
Increase
Decrease
Decrease
Decrease
Reason
Phaseout all HFC uses,
but growth for HFO production (site specific)
Growth; extended use as Phase outs for nearly all
lowest GWP among
uses
HFCs
Phase outs for nearly all
uses
Phase outs for nearly all
uses
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
For carbon tetrachloride the phase out HFC-245fa and HFC-365mfc will be offset by a large degree by the production of
HFO-1234yf, HFO-1234ez and others in the United States, China, India, and Japan. Methylene chloride consumption in
the production of HFC-32 is projected to grow as it has the lowest GWP among the HFCs. The consumption of the
chloroethanes—perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and trichloroethane—are all forecast to decline with the phase out
of HFC-125 and HFC-134a for nearly all applications.
The discussion below summarizes the major environmental legislation affecting each chlorinated methane.
Methyl chloride
Methyl chloride is one of the more toxic chlorinated organic compounds and prolonged exposure is of serious concern
since it gives no adequate warning of its presence. The signs and symptoms of intoxication may not develop for several
hours after exposure and may become progressively worse for several days before improvements begin or death occurs.
Repeated exposure to low concentrations damages the central nervous system and less frequently the liver, kidneys, bone
marrow and cardiovascular system. Massive inhalation has produced myocardial damage. Daily exposure of 500 parts per
million (ppm) is extremely dangerous. The US Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible
exposure limit (PEL) and the American Congress of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value
(TLV) are both 50 ppm.
Methyl chloride is used exclusively as an intermediate feedstock for other chemicals, so concerns over prolonged exposure
are relatively minor.
Methylene chloride
In 2007, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established annual facility-wide limits for facilities that operate
halogenated solvent cleaners (vapor degreasers) using methylene chloride, perchloroethylene or trichloroethylene. The
EPA rules revises the original 1994 national emissions standard for degreasers to limit emissions of these solvents from
new and existing batch and in-line machines. The new rule requires that facilities in all but four sectors meet the
following limits: methylene chloride (60,000 kilograms), trichloroethylene (14,100 kilograms), and perchloroethylene
(4,800 kilograms). The chemical-specific limits are based on the EPA’s current assessment of the relative toxicity of the
three chlorinated solvents. The final rule exempts from the facility-wide limits three industry sectors-aerospace
manufacture, narrow tubing manufacture, and facilities that use continuous web-cleaning machines. The new rule
establishes higher limits for federal facilities involved in the maintenance of military vehicles, at 100,000 kilograms for
methylene chloride, 23,500 kilograms for trichloroethylene, and 8,000 kilograms for perchloroethylene.
© 2016 IHS
32
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
The EPA estimates that only 7% of the 1,900 facilities operating degreasers nationwide will be required to reduce
emissions as a result of the new rule.
Methylene chloride is irritating to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract and is a central nervous system depressant and
use
Adobe, Chrome,
or Internet
Explorer
read
this
file. for a number of
causes narcosis at highPlease
levels. The
carcinogenic
effects of methylene
chloride
haveto
been
under
debate
years. Several animal studies have shown that inhalation of methylene chloride vapor causes liver and lung cancer in
certain species of mice, but not in rats or hamsters. Several epidemiological studies on worker exposure have not indicated
any carcinogenic risk associated with occupational exposure to methylene chloride. In 1993, the National Cancer Institute
found an association
between
brain cancer
exposure to methylene chloride
and it
is classified
by the National
Contact
Customer
Careand
(customercare@ihs.com)
if you
have
any questions.
Toxicology Program as a “reasonably anticipated carcinogen.” However, in 1996, the European Centre for Ecology and
Toxicology ruled out earlier research that linked cancer in mice to humans, claiming that a mouse’s metabolic path is
different from that of a human. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) considers methylene chloride as
“possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).” OSHA considers methylene chloride as a potential human carcinogen,
while the American Conference of Governmental Hygenists (ACGIH) classifies methylene chloride in Category A3
(“animal carcinogen”). In Western Europe, the European Union classifies methylene chloride as a Category 3 carcinogen,
the lowest of all cancer categories. The chemical has to be labeled as “Harmful” with the risk phrase R40 (“limited
evidence of a carcinogenic effect”).
On 17 September 2007, the US EPA issued proposed air toxics standards for smaller emitting surfaces, called area sources,
in three sectors, one including methylene chloride, that involve paint stripping and surface coating operations. The
proposed standards apply to paint stripping operations that use methylene chloride containing paint stripping
formulations in an attempt to target methylene chloride evaporative losses.
On 15 February 2008, the European Commission proposed restricting the sale and use of paint strippers containing
methylene chloride to the general public and professional users in general. However, it will likely allow professionals to
use methylene chloride if properly trained and licensed.
In 1971, OSHA established an occupational permissible exposure limit (PEL) for methylene chloride of 500 parts per
million for an eight-hour time-weighted average. After some debate in the 1990s, OSHA lowered the PEL to 25 ppm in
1998 based on mouse carcinogenic data. In Europe, the United Kingdom, Germany and the Netherlands have set their
PELs at 100 ppm, while France and Italy use 50 ppm.
The US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) requires that manufacturers of methylene chloride–based products
attach warning labels stating that the solvent’s vapor has been found to cause cancer in certain laboratory animals and
specifying precautions to be taken during use by customers. In California, containers of paint strippers containing
methylene chloride must carry a strong warning about the risk of cancer, as required by Proposition 65, the state’s law
that requires strict labeling of containers of toxic materials.
Methylene chloride, along with about 180 other compounds, is considered to be a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) under the
1990 Clean Air Act amendments. In 2000, the EPA required major users of these compounds (those emitting at least 10
tons per year of methylene chloride or a total of 25 tons per year of methylene chloride and other toxic air pollutants) to
install maximum available control technology (MACT) to limit emissions. In California, the South Coast Air Quality
Management District (SCAQMD) levies a fee of $0.06 per pound of methylene chloride on users that emit more than 2
tons per year. The California Air Resources Board (CARB) prohibited the production of automobile consumer products
containing methylene chloride after June 2001 and the sale of such products after 2002.
In Canada, methylene chloride is designated as “toxic” under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, but this
classification is currently under review.
In Japan, manufacturers and users of methylene chloride were required to voluntarily reduce emissions in 1998 by 20–
30% from the levels of 1995. Based on the results of these efforts, the Environment Agency and METI may strengthen
restrictions. In addition, any company that pollutes waterways with methylene chloride is made responsible for the
cleanup.
© 2016 IHS
33
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Chloroform
Chloroform is used mainly as a chemical precursor; thus, environmental and occupational concerns are minimal. At one
time, it was used as an anesthetic and in the formulation of cough syrups, toothpaste and other consumer products, but
Please
use
Adobe, effects
Chrome,
or Internet
to read
thisis file.
these uses were restricted
as the
compound’s
on health
became Explorer
known. When
a person
exposed to chloroform
vapors repeatedly, injury to the liver can occur. Adverse effects have been observed in the kidneys of laboratory animals,
but evidence of effects on human kidneys is sparse. In 1976, doses of chloroform high enough to cause liver toxicity were
observed to cause cancer in mice.
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved chloroform for use as an indirect food additive (i.e., a
component of articles that may come in contact with food).
In Europe, the EU directive 96/55/EC, issued in September 1997, introduced plans intended to tighten the use of certain
chlorinated solvents, including chloroform and carbon tetrachloride. The commission proposed to ban their use in
“diffusive applications” such as surface cleaning and fabric cleaning, but would still permit their use in medicinal and
cosmetic products as well as in laboratory research.
In Japan, chloroform has been classified since 1987 to be a “designated substance” by the Chemical Substances Control
Law and was also designated as a substance for which manufacturers and users must voluntarily control its emission based
on the Air Pollution Control Law amendment of 1996.
Carbon tetrachloride
As with methyl chloride and chloroform, carbon tetrachloride has historically been used mostly as a precursor. Its main
derivatives are chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11) and -12 (CFC-12). Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are known to be ozonedepleting substances and, except for “essential” applications and export to certain specified countries, these products
were banned in the United States in 1996 and in Europe in 1995. Furthermore, carbon tetrachloride itself is also an ozonedepleting compound and has been phased out for emissive use. Except for production in or imports to Article 5 developing
countries, worldwide production and consumption of carbon tetrachloride, CFC-11 and CFC-12 are now essentially zero.
Production of carbon tetrachloride in Article 5 developing countries was allowed until 2010, although this date has been
revised.
More details on the phaseout are available in the CEH Fluorocarbons and C2 Chlorinated Solvents reports.
The US EPA has reviewed numerous studies and considers carbon tetrachloride to be a probable human carcinogen. The
compound has been banned from consumer use for a number of years. A maximum concentration of 5 parts per billion of
carbon tetrachloride is permitted in drinking water.
Reclamation and reuse
No refrigerants in the United States can now be vented; all must be captured and recycled. Recycled fluorocarbons in the
marketplace have a dampening effect on demand for virgin fluorocarbons and fluorocarbon-based or not-in-kind chemical
or technology alternatives.
There is no recycling of fluorocarbons in the foam market, although better manufacturing and conservation practices
reduce the amount of fluorocarbons released by the foam industry. (Roughly 75–85% of the HCFC blowing agents are
trapped within the cells of the finished product.)
Various fluorocarbons are recycled on site at production facilities or at a point of use or are collected, transported and
reclaimed off-site at specialized facilities.
Europe reclamation of eight HFCs, PFC-14, and SF6 for the period 2007–14 (last year available) has typically been in the
400–500 metric ton range, declining to 177 metric tons in 2009. Destruction of reportable gases has been increasing from
56 metric tons in 2007 to 887 metric tons in 2014.
Future demand for chlorinated methanes will be equally dampened.
© 2016 IHS
34
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Supply and demand by region
United States
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Producing companies
The United States is the only producer of chlorinated methanes in North America. The following table presents US
producers of chloromethanes:
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
US producers of chloromethanes—2016
Average annual capacity
(thousands of metric tons)
Total
Plant
CH2Cl2,
CH3Cla
CH2Cl2
CHCl3
CCl4
CHCl3b
Carrollton, KY
285
-
-
-
-
Midland, MI
125
-
-
-
-
Momentive PM
Waterford, NY
110
-
-
-
-
Olin
Freeport, TX
54
91
45
-
136
Company
location
Dow Corning
Plaquemine, LA
Oxy
-
-
-
8
Geismar, LA
45
36
70
20
106
Wichita, KS
29
60
86
13
146
-
Remarks
Dow currently owns 100%.
Acquired from Vulcan Materials in 2005. CCl4 is produced in the company’s
perchloroethylene unit.
Process and raw materials
Methanol and HCl
648
-
-
-
Methane and chlorine
-
-
-
-
-
Thermal chlorination (MeCl)
-
187
201
13
388
From perchloroethylene
-
-
-
28
-
Other/unknown
-
-
-
-
-
648
187
201
41
388
Total
a. Does not include capacity used as a precursor for other chlorinated methanes.
b. The capacities for methylene chloride and chloroform are more correctly reported as a single value, as flexibility exists in the production of these chemicals. The total capacity is reported here.
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
Capacities are flexible because generally more than one chlorinated hydrocarbon is produced in the same unit. Capacity
data for methyl chloride excludes methyl chloride that is converted into other chlorinated methanes. Values for total
methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) and chloroform (CHCl3) are also shown because of the flexibility.
The following is a summary of changes in chlorinated methanes capacity in the United States during 2010–16:
• In 2016, Dow Chemical acquired 100% of the Dow Corning 50:50 joint venture. The name remains as Dow Corning.
• In 2015, Olin acquired Dow Chemicals chlor-alkali and vinyls business unit, although Dow still owns 50.5% of the
company.
• In October 2010, the new Momentive Specialty Chemicals Inc. (formerly Hexion Specialty Chemicals Inc.) was formed
through the combination of Momentive Performance Materials Inc. and Hexion Specialty Chemicals Inc. In April 2011,
Momentive established a joint-venture company with Zhejiang Xinan Chemical Industry Group Co., Ltd. at Jiande,
China. Zhejiang Xinan owns 51% and Momentive 49% of the company. The new company, Zhejiang Xinan Momentive
Performance Materials Co., Ltd., began production in fourth-quarter 2010 and has a production capacity of 50,000
metric tons of siloxane (60,000 metric tons methyl chloride). Capacity tripled to 150,000 metric tons of siloxane
(180,000 metric tons methyl chloride) in 2013.
© 2016 IHS
35
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
• In May 2010, Dow Chemical (now Ollin) idled indefinitely its 195,000 metric ton methylene chloride/chloroform unit at
Plaquemine, Louisiana. The 79,000 metric tons of methyl chloride capacity at Plaquemine were not affected at the time,
but the plant was later closed in the second half of 2013. Plaquemine still has the capability to produce
perchloroethylene and carbon tetrachloride. The Freeport, Texas plant’s 91,000 metric tons of methylene
Chrome,
Explorer
tomethyl
read this
file.capacity. The Stade,
chloride/chloroformPlease
capacityuse
wereAdobe,
not affected,
nor wasoritsInternet
54,000 metric
tons of
chloride
Germany plant’s 100,000 metric tons of methylene chloride/chloroform capacity remains stable.
• Dow Corning increased its methyl chloride capacity to its Carrollton, Kentucky location (including Midland, Michigan)
from 372,000
to 410,000
metric tons
in 2010.
Contact
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Care
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Related to the use of chlorinated methanes is the fact that Honeywell will complete construction of a $300 million HFO1234yf hydrofluoro-olefins plant at Geismar, Louisiana in the first quarter of 2017. Honeywell, through agreements, will
also produce HFO-1234yf at Juhua Corporation in China, Navin Fluorine International Ltd. in India, and Asahi Glass in
Japan. Juhua is currently producing while Navin and Asahi are projected to come on line later in 2016. Although there are
multiple patents, production of HFO-1234yf may include consumption of methyl chloride or carbon tetrachloride, and
likely dependent on availability of either chemical at the specific site.
In a related topic, OxyChem announced a $145 million expansion at its Geismar, Louisiana plant for a new refrigerant
precursor. The plant is scheduled for completion by late 2017. Although reports do not mention which precursor will be
produced, OxyChem has multiple patents relating to the synthesis of 1,1,2,3-tetrachloropropene, a precursor to the nextgeneration refrigerant developed by Honeywell and Chemours, HFO-1234yf. OxyChem’s patents disclose three different
routes to the production of 1,1,2,3-tetrachloropropene: from 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane; from 1,1,1,3tetrachloropropane and chlorine; and from carbon tetrachloride, ethylene, and chlorine.
Chemours is building a $230 million HFO-1234yf plant at its Corpus Christi, Ingleside, Texas facility. The plant is forecast
to be completed in the third quarter of 2018. They have already obtained their air quality permit.
Salient statistics
Methyl chloride
The following table presents US methyl chloride supply/demand:
US supply/demand methyl chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
696
96
665
neg
6.7
656.9
2011
727
83
600
0
6.3
593.7
2012
727
82
594
neg
4.8
589.1
2013
727
83
600
0
4.6
595.1
2014
648
94
611
0.3
5.1
606.0
2015
648
95
615
0.7
3.4
611.5
2016
648
91
590
0.8
3.6
586.3
2021
648
91
591
1.0
5.0
587.0
-1.9%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-1.2%
—
-2.0%
—
-9.8%
2016–21
0.0%
—
0.0%
4.6%
6.8%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.0%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, US methyl chloride consumption is 586,300 metric tons with consumption forecast as stable during 2016–21,
following a 1.9% annual decline during 2010–16.
© 2016 IHS
36
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
There are no chlorinated methane producers in Canada or Mexico, so this table reflects the capacity and production of
methyl chloride in North America.
Methylene chloride
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The following table presents US methylene chloride supply/demand:
US supply/demand methylene chloride
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Actual
2010
187
87
2011
187
82
2012
187
2013
Imports
Exports
consumption
162
8.0
87.6
82.4
154
11.9
81.9
84.0
68
127
9.8
51.2
85.6
187
70
130
12.2
50.3
91.9
2014
187
75
140
12.8
60.3
92.5
2015
187
72
134
14.1
49.7
98.4
2016
187
79
148
9.1
58.6
98.5
2021
187
87
162
8.0
65.0
105.0
3.0%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
—
-1.5%
2.2%
-6.5%
2016–21
0.0%
—
1.8%
-2.5%
2.1%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
1.3%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, US methylene chloride consumption is 98,500 metric tons, with growth forecast at 1.3% annually during 2016–
21, following growth at 3.0% annually during 2010–16.
Since there are no methylene chloride producers in Canada or Mexico, this table reflects the capacity and production of
methylene chloride in North America.
Chloroform
The following table presents US chloroform supply/demand:
US supply/demand chloroform
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Actual
2010
193
98
2011
201
96
2012
201
2013
Imports
Exports
consumption
190
7.5
74.8
122.7
192
23.1
74.9
140.2
97
195
21.5
49.9
166.6
201
95
191
26.3
34.9
182.4
2014
201
92
185
21.4
49.9
156.5
2015
201
99
198
14.7
30.8
181.9
2016
201
97
195
0.1
37.5
157.6
2021
201
89
178
1.0
18.0
161.0
4.3%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.7%
—
0.4%
-51.3%
-10.9%
2016–21
0.0%
—
-1.8%
58.5%
-13.7%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.4%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, US chloroform consumption is 157,600 metric tons, with growth forecast at 0.4% annually during 2016–21,
following growth at 4.3% annually during 2010–16.
© 2016 IHS
37
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Since there are no chloroform producers in Canada or Mexico, this table reflects the capacity and production of
chloroform in North America.
Carbon tetrachloridePlease
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The following table presents US carbon tetrachloride supply/demand:
US supply/demand carbon tetrachloride
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Actual
2010
138
26
2011
41
93
2012
41
2013
Imports
Exports
consumption
36
0
0.2
35.8
38
neg
1.0
37.0
93
38
2.4
0.1
40.3
41
88
36
0.2
0.2
36.0
2014
41
83
34
0
0.1
33.9
2015
41
86
35
0
0.2
34.8
2016
41
87
36
neg
0.2
35.8
2021
41
111
46
-
-
45.7
0.0%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
—
-0.2%
—
0.0%
2016–21
0.0%
—
5.2%
—
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
5.0%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, US carbon tetrachloride consumption is 35.8 thousand metric tons, with growth forecast at 5.0% annually during
2016–21, following stable consumption during 2010–16. However, the growth rate may be much higher for the production
of HFO-1234yf if it is accepted for use in both mobile and stationary air-conditioning systems.
Since there are no carbon tetrachloride producers in Canada or Mexico, this table reflects the capacity and production of
chloroform in North America.
Consumption
The following table presents US consumption of chloromethanes:
US consumption of chloromethanes
(thousands of metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Carbon
(CH3Cl)
(CH2Cl2)
(CHCl3)
(CCl4)
Total
2010
656.9
82.4
122.7
35.8
897.8
2011
593.7
84.0
140.2
37.0
854.9
2012
589.1
85.6
166.6
40.3
881.6
2013
595.1
91.9
182.4
36.0
905.4
2014
606.0
92.5
156.5
33.9
888.9
2015
611.5
98.4
181.9
34.8
926.6
2016
586.3
98.5
157.6
35.8
878.2
2021
587.0
105.0
161.0
45.7
898.7
-0.4%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-1.9%
3.0%
4.3%
0.0%
2016–21
0.0%
1.3%
0.4%
5.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
0.5%
© 2016 IHS
38
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
In 2016, the United States consumed 878,200 metric tons of chloromethanes, with growth forecast at 0.5% annually
during 2016–21, following a decline of 0.4% annually during 2010–16. Methyl chloride is the leading consumed
chloromethane at 586,300 metric tons or 66.8% in 2016. It is not forecast to show any growth during the next five years,
having declined by 1.9% annually during 2010–16, largely due to vast overcapacity and production in China.
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Methyl chloride
The following table presents US methyl chloride consumption by application:
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
US consumption of methyl chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Quaternary
Methyl
Methyl
ammonium
Agricultural
Butyl
chlorosilanes cellulose
compounds
chemicals
rubber
Other
Total
2010
591.6
25.1
18.6
8.0
6.4
7.2
656.9
2011
529.0
25.2
18.8
7.0
6.5
7.2
593.7
2012
525.4
25.3
19.0
6.0
6.3
7.1
589.1
2013
533.5
25.9
19.2
4.0
5.4
7.1
595.1
2014
543.2
26.5
19.6
3.8
5.9
7.0
606.0
2015
548.6
27.1
20.0
3.6
5.2
7.0
611.5
2016
523.1
27.7
20.2
3.4
5.0
6.9
586.3
2021
522.0
30.6
21.2
2.5
4.0
6.7
587.0
-1.9%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-2.0%
1.7%
1.4%
-13.3%
-4.1%
-0.7%
2016–21
0.0%
2.0%
1.0%
-6.0%
-4.3%
-0.6%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.0%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, US consumption of methyl chloride is at 586,300 metric tons (out of 591,000 metric tons for North America),
with growth forecast as stable during 2016–21.
The largest application is the production of methyl chlorosilanes, used as an intermediate in the production of silicones. In
2016, methyl chloride consumption in the production of methyl chlorosilanes accounted for 89.2% of total methyl
chloride consumption, followed by methyl cellulose ethers (4.7%), quaternary ammonium compounds (3.4%), butyl
rubber (0.9%), herbicides (0.6%), and all other (1.2%).
Chlorosilanes in silicone production
Consumption of methyl chloride in the production of methyl chlorosilanes in the production of silicones is its largest
application, accounting for an estimated 523,100 metric tons or 89.2% of total consumption in 2016. Consumption is
forecast as stable during 2016–21. Decline in consumption in basic silicones is matched by growth is specialty silicones.
The two major US silicone producers—Dow Corning and Momentive Performance Materials—produce methyl chloride
on-site by reacting methanol and hydrochloric acid. There are nearly a dozen other silicone producers that produce from
purchased methyl chlorosilanes (hydrosylates) or intermediates, or imports.
In 2016, silicone fluids will remain the largest segment, while silicone gels will grow the fastest, based on the renewed
growth of the electronics sector. Elastomers are the second-largest segment, followed by resins. For additional
information, see the CEH Silicones report.
An estimated 0.90 kilogram of methyl chloride is required for every kilogram of dimethyl chlorosilanes produced and 1.55
kilograms of methyl chloride for every kilogram of silicone produced. This can vary depending on mix, but is a relatively
safe estimate of methyl chloride consumption.
© 2016 IHS
39
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Cellulose ethers
In 2016, methyl chloride consumption in the production of methyl cellulose ethers is 27,700 metric tons, with growth
forecast at 2.0% annually during 2016–21. Nominal consumption is 1.02 kilograms methyl chloride per kilogram of methyl
cellulose ether produced.
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Methyl chloride is consumed as a raw material in the production of methyl cellulose ethers by Dow Chemical. Products
include methyl cellulose (MC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and hydroxybutyl methylcellulose (HBMC). The
largest use is for building products such as drywall joint cement formulations, cement plaster, stucco, tile mortars, and
Contact
Customer
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grouts. Other major
applications
are asCare
thickeners
and binders in pharmaceuticals
toiletries
as binders,
emulsifiers, stabilizers, and thickeners in food products. They are also consumed as thickeners in latex paints and are used
in organic paint removers. HPMC is used in the suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride. Other uses for MC and
derivatives include heavy-duty detergents, cleaners, and ceramics.
Dow increased methocel methylcellulose (MC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) capacity by 20,000 metric
tons in the United States at Midland, Michigan, and Plaquemine, Louisiana in 2007, and at Stade, Germany in early 2006.
Stade’s capacity was increased by 3,000 metric tons to an undisclosed capacity.
For additional information, see the CEH Cellulose Ethers and Synthetic Water-Soluble Polymers reports.
Quaternary ammonium compounds
The third-largest market for methyl chloride is in the production of certain quaternary ammonium compounds. In 2016,
demand for methyl chloride is 20,200 metric tons, with growth forecast at 1.0% annually during 2016–21.
Methyl chloride is consumed in the manufacture of hydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride (used in fabric
softeners) and in the manufacture of organo-modified clays that are used primarily in drilling mud to improve the lubricity
and viscosity of the system. Beginning around 2010, use of organo-modified clays began to increase with increased use of
horizontal drilling and shale oil development in the United States.
Agriculture
Methyl chloride is a raw material in the production of several herbicides, including paraquat, monosodium
methanearsonate (MSMA), disodium methanearsonate (DSMA), cacodylic acid, amine methanearsonate (AMA), and
calcium acid methanearsonate (CAMA). Annual consumption of these herbicides generally fluctuates with cotton
plantings, and to a lesser extent use on golf courses, sod farms, and highway right-of-ways. There is only one known
producer of MSMA products, Drexel Chemical at Tunica, Mississippi. There is no production of paraquat in the United
States.
In 2016, demand for methyl chloride in the production of several herbicides has declined to an estimated 3,400 metric
tons, down from 8,000 metric tons in 2010, with consumption estimated to decline at 6.0% annually during 2016–21.
Most of this decline occurred after 31 December 2013, due to legislation. The US EPA stated all uses for MSMA, SMA,
CAMA, and cacodylic acid (all organic arsenical herbicides) are ineligible for reregistration. The main concern is the
possibility of organic arsenic herbicides entering the soil and, ultimately, drinking water. MSMA arsenic levels have also
raised concerns for cancer risks.
On 27 March 2013, the US EPA confirmed that the sale, distribution, and use of MSMA products labeled for golf courses,
sod farms, and highway right-of-ways will continue. Also, use on cotton is allowed, except in Florida where it is limited to
certain counties.
Halogenated butyl rubber
In 2016, demand for methyl chloride in the production of butyl elastomer is estimated at 5,000 metric tons, with
consumption forecast to decline at 4.3% annually during 2016–21, although from a small base. Methyl chloride is used as a
© 2016 IHS
40
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
solvent in the production of butyl elastomer. ExxonMobil Chemical is the sole US producer of butyl rubber. Around 80% of
all butyl rubber is halobutyl rubber, with bromobutyl rubber accounting for 80% and chlorobutyl rubber for 20%.
Because of its impermeability to air, butyl rubber is used in inner tubes and inner liners for tires. It is also noted for high
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electrical resistivity and
excellent
ozone, oxidation,
weathering,
water,
and heat. Butyl
elastomers are also consumed in automotive mechanical goods, caulks and sealants, and pharmaceutical uses.
For additional information, see the CEH Butyl Rubber report.
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Other
In 2016, consumption of methyl chloride in all other applications is estimated at 6,900 metric tons, with consumption
forecast to decline at 0.6% annually during 2016–21. Small-volume uses for methyl chloride include consumption as a raw
material for pharmaceuticals; in the production of triptane (or 2,2,3-trimethylbutane), an antiknock additive for aviation
fuel; in the production of polysulfone resins; and Tinuvin® 144, a hindered amine light stabilizer.
Prior to 1985, methyl chloride was used to produce tetramethyl lead (TML), a component in antiknock mixes for leaded
motor gasoline. However, TML is no longer produced in the United States because of a mandatory lead phasedown for
motor gasoline.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents US methylene chloride consumption by application:
US consumption of methylene chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Paint
Pharma-
Chemicals
Metal
Foam
Adhesives
removers
ceuticals
processing
cleaning
blowing
Aerosols
HFC-32
Other
Total
2010
31.0
16.0
5.0
5.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
15.0
4.4
82.4
2011
32.0
15.6
4.5
4.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
18.0
3.4
84.0
2012
33.0
12.3
4.0
4.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
23.0
3.3
85.6
2013
34.0
12.0
4.0
4.0
1.5
2.0
1.5
29.7
3.2
91.9
2014
35.0
11.7
3.5
4.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
31.2
3.1
92.5
2015
36.0
11.4
3.5
3.5
1.0
1.5
1.0
37.5
3.0
98.4
2016
37.0
11.1
3.0
3.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
37.9
3.0
98.5
2021
42.0
10.0
2.5
3.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
41.5
3.0
105.1
3.0%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
3.0%
-5.9%
-8.2%
-5.8%
-10.9%
-10.9%
-10.9%
16.7%
-6.2%
2016–21
2.6%
-2.1%
-3.6%
-3.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.8%
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
1.3%
© 2016 IHS
Unlike the other chloromethanes, methylene chloride historically had no major market as a chemical intermediate, but
was valued chiefly as a strong solvent. Recently, however, consumption has increased as an intermediate in the production
of HFC-32 and is forecast to continue growing, but at a much slower rate.
In 2016, US methylene chloride consumption is 98,500 metric tons, with growth forecast at 1.3% annually during 2016–
21, following growth at 3.0% annually during 2010–16. In 2016, the two leading applications are the production of HFC-32
and adhesives at 38.5% and 37.6%, respectively. Adhesives are forecast to grow at 2.6% and HFC-32 at 1.8% annually during
2016–21. Use as a paint remover, pharmaceutical solvent, and chemical processing solvent are all forecast to decline during
the forecast period.
Since methylene chloride does not contribute to the formation of smog in the lower atmosphere, it is not classified as a
volatile organic compound (VOC), or a source of smog by the US EPA or under most state or local regulations. However, as
a chlorinated solvent, it is under EPA review.
© 2016 IHS
41
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
In its traditional applications, consumption of methylene chloride has declined in recent years and is expected to continue
this decline. Because of environmental and occupational concerns, users of methylene chloride in these applications will
continue to be under strong pressure to limit use, restrict emissions, maximize recycling, and reduce worker exposure.
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In end uses such as aerosols
anduse
metal
cleaning,
use of methylene
chloride
has increased
as athis
replacement
for 1,1,1trichloroethane (also known as methyl chloroform). In the longer term, however, consumption of methylene chloride will
decline because of toxicity concerns. Use in the aerospace, wood finishing, and urethane foam industries has declined
significantly since the OSHA permissible exposure limits (PELs) on methylene chloride emissions became enforced in
December 1998.
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Adhesives
In 2016, consumption of methylene chloride in the production of adhesives is 37,000 metric tons and this will be one of
the major growth areas, forecast to increase at 2.6% annually during 2016–21, following growth at 3.0% annually during
2010–16.
Methylene chloride has replaced 1,1,1-trichloroethane in nonflammable adhesive formulations for industrial applications,
including fabrication of upholstery foam. Methylene chloride provides adhesive formulations with strong, instant
bonding characteristics under temperature and humidity extremes. In foam applications, the use of methylene chloride
eliminates the possibility of hard seams and permits ready compliance with flammability requirements for upholstered
furniture.
Paint removers
Historically, the second-largest application for methylene chloride was as the principal active ingredient in organic-based
paint removers. However, in recent years paint remover use has been declining and has fallen to third place In 2016,
demand for methylene chloride in the production of paint removers is 11,100 metric tons, with a decline forecast at 2.1%
annually during 2016–21, following a decline of 5.9% annually during 2010–16.
Methylene chloride–based paint strippers usually consist of 60–80% methylene chloride, along with methanol,
surfactants/emulsifiers, and alkaline and/or acid activators. Important properties include:
• There is little mechanical work to remove the coating. Methylene chloride penetrates rapidly into a coating, causing it to
swell and lift off the substrate, making it very easy to remove.
• They are fast-acting.
• They are effective at ambient temperatures on a wide variety of substrates and coatings.
• They are relatively low in cost.
• They are nonflammable and have little, if any, photochemical reactivity.
Historically, about 5,000–7,000 metric tons of methylene chloride were used per year in the aircraft industry, where each
aircraft is stripped and repainted about every four to eight years. However, most commercial and military airlines are now
blasted with wheat starch or with plastic granules in steam. This system mechanically removes the paint without
damaging the surface beneath and reduces the need for chemical paint strippers. There is still some use of methylene
chloride strippers for small commercial jets, where much lower quantities of paint stripper are required. Total
consumption is estimated at 1,000 metric tons annually, with no growth forecast.
Methylene chloride–based strippers continue to dominate the professional furniture refinishing industry, since they are
the most effective in stripping multiple coats of dried paint in a short time. The OSHA revised PEL of 25 ppm imposed
some equipment costs on operators (e.g., fans, monitoring equipment, and personnel training), especially in small
businesses. (See the Environmental issues section for more details on methylene chloride regulations.) The consumer
do-it-yourself (DIY) market still remains largely served by methylene chloride–based strippers because of their efficiency.
© 2016 IHS
42
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
The Consumer Products Safety Commission (CPSC) requires that all methylene chloride–based strippers carry warning
labels regarding potential toxicity. Industry notes that use is strictly voluntary and presumably very sporadic, so the
average consumer is exposed to methylene chloride for a very condensed period of time.
Pleasealternative
use Adobe,
ordate,
Internet
Explorer
to read isthis
file. and versatile as
Formulators are investigating
paintChrome,
strippers; to
however,
no replacement
as effective
methylene chloride. Some of the available replacements are based on other chemicals, such as the following:
• N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP). NMP is a highly polar, slowly evaporating water-miscible solvent, with high flash point,
and low toxicity.
However,
it is also Care
being examined
for health risks. It can if
beyou
usedhave
on most
metals,
glass, and ceramics
Contact
Customer
(customercare@ihs.com)
any
questions.
to remove light to heavy oils, greases, and waxes. Although NMP is classified as a VOC and NMP-based strippers are more
expensive than methylene chloride–based strippers, it is becoming popular among semiconductor and automotive
manufacturers. NMP works as quickly as methylene chloride to strip alkyd paints, but is slower than methylene chloride
on epoxies and polyurethanes. One major advantage NMP has over methylene chloride is its ability to selectively strip
graffiti from a polyurethane-painted surface: NMP quickly attacks the alkyd spray paint and can be washed off before it
destroys the polyurethane coating.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzyl alcohol). These strippers are very slow compared with methylene chloride–
based strippers, but can be used with a thickening agent by original-equipment manufacturers (OEMs) to strip overspray
from coating application equipment since the coatings generally are thin and uncured, making them fairly easy to strip.
In addition, in the consumer market, strippers that are based on methanol, toluene, acetone, and, in some cases, an
alkali have been available for a number of years. However, these products have the disadvantages of being flammable
and photochemically reactive (i.e., contributing to urban smog).
• Dimethyl esters of dibasic acids (such as adipic, glutaric, and succinic acids). Dimethyl esters are a coproduct
stream from adipic acid manufacture. The ester-based strippers typically take much longer to function than methylene
chloride strippers and contain relatively high levels of water, which can damage wood. In general, consumers have
reacted negatively to these relatively slow-acting products. In 2004, INVISTA launched a water-based paint remover
formulation containing dibasic esters.
• Caustic soda with chelating and surface-active agents. These materials have to be heated to about 93°C to be
effective. They are most useful when stripping coatings based on alkyds or nitrocellulosics and have been used in
industry for a number of years.
• Mixed or semiaqueous strippers. These contain nonchlorinated solvents and water in roughly equal proportions.
These products are claimed to have the capability of stripping very tough finishes such as the epoxies and polyurethanes
used on aircraft. However, they are more expensive than the methylene chloride–based materials and take longer to
work.
Numerous other nonchemical paint strippers are being used or are currently under development. They include heat guns,
burn-off ovens, abrasives, and high pressure washes, but all have disadvantages.
Fluorocarbons
In 2016, consumption of methylene chloride in the production of HFC-32 is 37,900 metric tons, and forecast to grow at
1.8% annually during 2016–21, following rapid growth of 16.7% annually during 2010–16. Much of this growth is occurring
because of the phaseout of HCFC-22 in 2010 in emissive applications, and greater use of HFC-32 in refrigerant blends.
Arkema is the sole US producer of HFC-32, having built the largest HFC-32 production plant in the world at Calvert City,
Kentucky, which was brought onstream in March 2007 with a capacity of 25,000 metric tons. Arkema also produces HFC32 at Zaramillo, Spain. Honeywell, which had begun small-scale commercial production of HFC-32 at Baton Rouge,
Louisiana in 1996, no longer produces HFC-32 in the United States.
Theoretically, 1.65 kilograms of methylene chloride are consumed per kilogram of HFC-32. The main use of HFC-32 is in
blends with other HFCs (mainly HFC-125 and -134a) as replacements for HCFC-22 in refrigeration applications.
© 2016 IHS
43
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
For additional information, see the CEH Fluorocarbons report.
Chemical processing
use Adobe,
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Explorer including
to read this
file.
In 2016, consumptionPlease
of methylene
chloride in
chemical processing
applications,
the production
of
polycarbonate resins, is 3,500 metric tons, with no growth forecast during 2016–21. Consumption of methylene chloride
is being threatened by new technology that does not use phosgene or methylene chloride, and by health agencies’
concerns about exposure to the bisphenol A in polycarbonate resins that are used in the production of baby bottles and
other applications.
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Methylene chloride is used as a solvent in the interfacial polymerization process of bisphenol A and phosgene to produce
polycarbonate resin and in the purification of bisphenol A by SABIC Innovative Plastics (formerly General Electric) in
Mount Vernon, Indiana. Several other proprietary processes utilize methylene chloride.
Pharmaceuticals
In 2016, consumption of methylene chloride for pharmaceutical applications is 3,000 metric tons, with consumption
forecast to decline at 3.6% annually during 2016–21, following a decline of 8.2% annually during 2010–16. Methylene
chloride is used as a processing solvent in a variety of pharmaceutical applications, including use as a reaction medium,
extraction solvent, and as a carrier solvent for polymeric barrier coatings applied to pharmaceutical tablets. In these
applications, essentially no residual methylene chloride is left on the final product. Although methylene chloride was
approved in many applications by the FDA some time ago, much of the production of pharmaceuticals has moved to China
and India.
Metal cleaning
In 2016, consumption of methylene chloride in metal cleaning applications is about 1,000 metric tons, with consumption
forecast to remain stable during 2016–21, following a decline of 10.9% annually during 2010–16. Methylene chloride is
used both for vapor degreasing and in cold cleaning formulations. Methylene chloride has the lowest boiling point of the
solvents used in vapor degreasing (i.e., trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene) and can be used when the temperatures
required for higher-boiling-point solvents might damage the part being cleaned. It is also an aggressive solvent to many
fats, oils, greases, polymers, waxes, tars, lacquers and natural and synthetic rubber. However, its low boiling point,
relatively low vapor density (it is only three times heavier than air, while other solvents are 4.5–6.5 times heavier), and
rapid evaporation rate are distinct disadvantages considering the impending OSHA regulations of 25 ppm permissible
exposure limit (PEL).
During the early 1990s, some customers switched to nonsolvent forms of cleaning (principally aqueous cleaners) because
of environmental and occupational concerns. However, because of the phaseout of CFC-113 and 1,1,1-trichloroethane
(1,1,1-TCA), methylene chloride use increased again during the mid-1990s as a replacement for these ozone-depleting
solvents. Some of this increase was negated by the OSHA regulations that took effect in December 1998. For further
information, see the CEH C2 Chlorinated Solvents report.
A competitive material to methylene chloride in metal cleaning applications is n-propyl bromide (NPB). NPB is a
brominated solvent which has been marketed since the mid-1990s as a substitute for non-ozone-depleting chlorinated
solvents (PCE and TCE) and ODPs (HCFCs, MC and CFC-113). Its physical and chemical properties are similar to methyl
chloroform (TCA). NPB is not federally regulated as a HAP; nor is subject to regulation under SARA 313 or the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). However, NPB is a controversial substitute because of its ODP value and possible
health and safety concerns. It was approved in 2007 under the US EPA’s SNAP (Significant New Alternative Policy)
program for use in industrial solvent cleaning applications. It is believed that most NPB is currently being used as a solvent
for spray adhesives and some for metal cleaning in vapor degreasers, primarily as a replacement for chlorinated solvents
such as TCA. However, NPB was not approved for use in industrial aerosols and adhesives. Total global consumption of NPB
is 10,000 metric tons, with growth forecast at 2.0% annually during 2016–21.
© 2016 IHS
44
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Aerosols
In 2016, consumption of methylene chloride in aerosols is about 1,000 metric tons, with consumption forecast as stable
during 2016–21, following a 10.9% annual decline during 2010–16. Currently, it is only used in paint removers and selected
other products and most
formulators
are trying
to eliminate
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Although methylene chloride is not a propellant itself, it can contribute to aerosol package homogeneity through its good
solvency; reduce the flammability of hydrocarbon propellants, such as isobutane and isopentane that are used as
replacements for chlorofluorocarbons; and contribute to the net weight requirements of spray cans (as a result of its high
Contact
Customer
Carelabeling
(customercare@ihs.com)
if you
have anybegan
questions.
density). However,
as a result
of the CPSC
requirements, most aerosol
manufacturers
to eliminate
methylene chloride from their formulations in the mid-1980s.
Foam blowing
In 2016, consumption of methylene chloride in foam blowing applications is about 1,000 metric tons, with no change
forecast during 2016–21, following a 10.9% annual decline during 2010–16. Methylene chloride has been replaced by HFC245fa and HFC-365 mfc (both produced with carbon tetrachloride) and other chemicals. Methylene chloride is used as an
auxiliary blowing agent in the production of low-density and soft polyurethane foams. The auxiliary blowing agent
supplements the main blowing agent (in this case, carbon dioxide produced by the reaction of water with isocyanates).
These foams are used mainly in the furniture, transportation, bedding, and carpet industries.
Methylene chloride had been the primary substitute for CFC-11 as a flexible polyurethane foam blowing agent, but now
competes with supplemental carbon dioxide, acetone, and HFC-134a in this application. HFC-245fa and HFC-365mfc
(both produced with CTC) are becoming more popular in rigid foam applications, e.g., freezers. As such, consumption of
methylene chloride will decline in these applications.
In 1990, the EPA proposed an ambient air standard for the flexible foam industry. The final ruling was issued in December
1996, with compliance since 2000. Under the ruling, the EPA requires the following of most manufacturers of PU foam:
• Cut the use of methylene chloride as an auxiliary blowing agent
• Eliminate the use of methylene chloride as a mix-head flush
• Eliminate adhesives and mold-release agents based on hazardous air pollutants (including methylene chloride)
In addition, to comply with OSHA PEL regulations, manufacturers must reduce emissions of methylene chloride and
toluene diisocyanate. Overall, compliance required foam fabricators to reduce methylene chloride use to 70% in 2004
from 1996 levels. Several new technologies are emerging to replace the use of methylene chloride in PU foam. Most of
these involve new foaming process equipment that uses carbon dioxide without the need for an auxiliary blowing agent.
However, no completely acceptable substitute for methylene chloride for the production of supersoft foams has been
found.
Other
Methylene chloride is used to dissolve triacetate flake and other ingredients prior to fiber spinning. Other uses are as a
welding solvent for plastic parts; as a splicer for photographic film; as a formulating solvent for pesticides; in proprietary
industrial cleaners; as a cleanup solvent for a variety of applications, including polyurethane foam equipment and for tools
and molds used in the manufacture of fiberglass-reinforced polyester products; as a mold-release agent; for shrink-fitting
of elastomeric materials; and as a laboratory reagent. Methylene chloride is also used as a solvent for traffic paints and
other coatings where fast solvent evaporation is important. The ink industry uses methylene chloride in formulations and
as a cleaning solvent. In 2016, demand is 3,000 metric tons for all other applications, with no growth forecast during
2016–21, following a decline of 6.2% annually during 2010–16. Methylene chloride is no longer used to decaffeinate coffee;
however, minor amounts of methylene chloride are used to process hops and oleoresinous spices.
© 2016 IHS
45
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Chloroform
The following table presents US chloroform consumption by application:
Please use
US consumption of chloroform
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(thousands of metric tons)
HCFC-22
Other
Total
117.7
5.0
122.7
135.2
5.0
140.2
2013
177.4
5.0
182.4
2014
151.5
5.0
156.5
2015
176.9
5.0
181.9
2016
152.6
5.0
157.6
2021
156.0
5.0
161.0
4.3%
2010
2011
2012
Contact Customer
Care
(customercare@ihs.com)
if you have any questions.
161.6
5.0
166.6
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
4.4%
0.0%
2016–21
0.4%
0.0%
0.4%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, US chloroform demand is estimated at 157,600 metric tons, with growth forecast at 0.4% annually during 2016–
21, following growth of 4.3% annually during 2010–16. In 2016, use in the production of HCFC-22, a precursor for
fluorocarbons and fluoropolymers, accounted for an estimated 96.8% of total consumption. The leading application is use
of HCFC-22 in fluoropolymers is the production of PTFE, and to a lesser extent FEP, PFA/MFA, ETFE, and THA. It is
estimated that 2.7 kg of chloroform are required for the production of PTFE. This segment is being driven by growth for
chemical-resistant surfaces in the wire and cable, chemical processing, and semiconductor industries. It is estimated 3.23
kg of chloroform are required for the production of FEP. Unlike consumption as a refrigerant, which is forecast to decline
at 17.5% annually during the forecast period, consumption of HCFC-22 for the production of fluoropolymers is forecast to
grow at 1.8% annually during 2016–21.
The final US HCFC Allocation Rule impacting the amount of virgin R-22 (HCFC-22) refrigerant that can be produced went
into effect 1 January 2015. This is the last set of R-22 annual allowances for the 2015–19 time frame before reaching zero in
2020. The following table presents the decline in US allocated HCFC-22 production and chloroform consumption during
2013–21:
US allocation rule for HCFC-22 production
(metric tons)
HCFC-22
Chloroform
production
consumption
2013
28,123
42,466
2014
23,133
34,931
2015
9,979
15,068
2016
8,165
12,329
2017
5,897
8,904
2018
4,082
6,164
2019
1,814
2,739
2020
0
0
2021
0
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, US consumption of chloroform had declined to 12,300 metric tons from 42,500 metric tons in 2013, with final
consumption declining to 2,700 metric tons in 2019, prior to zero beginning in 2020.
Production and consumption of HCFCs has been subject to a phaseout schedule since 2003. HCFC-22 is banned for use in
all new equipment manufactured after 1 January 2010. Beginning in 2020, no production or importing of HCFC-22 is
© 2016 IHS
46
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
allowed, and in 2030, no production or importing of any HCFCs will be permitted. The calculations assume 1.55 kilograms
of chloroform per kilogram of HCFC-22 produced, and 2.77 kilograms of chloroform per kilogram of PTFE produced.
Chloroform is also used as a laboratory reagent, as an extraction solvent for pharmaceuticals. It had also been used by the
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tobacco industry to prevent
theuse
mildewing
of seedlings,
is currently
negligible.
See the CEH Fluorocarbons and Fluoropolymers reports for further information.
Contact
Carbon tetrachloride
Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
The following table presents US carbon tetrachloride consumption by application:
US consumption of carbon tetrachloride
(thousands of metric tons)
CFC-12
CFC-11
HFC-245fa
HFO-1234yf
Other
Total
2010
3
1
28.8
0
3.0
35.8
2011
2
1
31.0
0
3.0
37.0
2012
1
1
35.3
0
3.0
40.3
2013
0
0
33.0
0
3.0
36.0
2014
0
0
30.9
0
3.0
33.9
2015
0
0
31.8
0
3.0
34.8
2016
0
0
33.8
0
2.0
35.8
2021
0
0
33.8
11.9
0
45.7
0.0%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
—
—
2.7%
—
-7.8%
2016–21
—
—
0.0%
—
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
5.0%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, US consumption of carbon tetrachloride is estimated at 35,800 metric tons, with growth forecast at 5.0%
annually during 2016–21. In recent years, essentially all the carbon tetrachloride has been consumed by HFC-245fa
production. Honeywell is the sole US producer of HFC-245fa. However, it is forecast that HFO-1234yf will be produced in
the United States using carbon tetrachloride, although there is a possibility it could be produced from methyl chloride.
Patents exist for the production of HFO-1234yf from both chloromethanes.
Consumption for the production of CFC-11/12 has been negligible and is expected to remain that way. Carbon
tetrachloride had been exported to Western Europe for the production of HFC-365mfc, and to India for the production of
synthetic pyrethroids, but this has been declining and has been negligible in recent years.
Consumption of carbon tetrachloride for CFC-11 production requires about 1.14 kilograms per kilogram of product; for
CFC-12, 1.29 kilograms per kilogram of product; and for HFC-245fa, 1.51 kilograms per kilogram of product.
A limited amount of carbon tetrachloride is produced “involuntarily,” that is, as a by-product of other chlorinated
hydrocarbon production. Approximately 0.005 kilogram of CTC is produced per kilogram of vinyl chloride and 0.10
kilogram per kilogram of methylene chloride. This material is still being produced despite the phaseout and requires
proper destruction or disposal. Most of this is being incinerated or converted into other chlorine chemistries.
Because of their ozone-depleting potential, CFCs are now banned for emissive uses in most developed countries, except
for “essential uses.” Essential uses are defined as those where there are no viable alternatives, which is now mainly
aerosols for medical metered-dose inhaler (MDI) use. The majority of use for MDI applications is outside the United
States. Furthermore, CTC itself is also an ozone depleter and has also been phased out for emissive use. Consumption as a
grain fumigant ceased around 1984. Use of CFC-based propellants for metered dose inhalers has been discontinued as of
2013. Much of this has been replaced by the perchloroethylene-/trichloroethylene-based HFCs, primarily HFC-134a,
HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa.
© 2016 IHS
47
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Trade
The United States exported nearly 100,000 metric tons of chloromethanes in 2016, primarily methylene chloride and
chloroform; and imported 10,000 metric tons, primarily methylene chloride.
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The rates of duty for imported chloromethanes are as follows:
US general rates of import duties for
chloromethanes—2016
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Methyl chloride
5.5% ad valorem
Methylene chloride
3.7% ad valorem
Chloroform
5.5% ad valorem
Carbon tetrachloride
2.3% ad valorem
Source: Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States 2016, US International Trade Commission.
© 2016 IHS
Methyl chloride accounts for 3,600 metric tons of exports in 2016, with Mexico and Canada being the only destinations.
Methylene chloride accounts for 58,600 metric tons of exports, with Mexico, India, South Korea, Brazil, Singapore,
Turkey, and Canada being the leading destinations. Imports in 2016 are 9,100 metric tons, with Western Europe being the
main supplier.
Chloroform accounts for 37,500 metric tons of exports, with India, Mexico, Germany, China, Argentina, and Japan being
the leading destinations. Imports are only 100 metric tons, with Western Europe being the only supplier.
Canada
Canada has no producers of chlorinated methanes; all domestic consumption is supplied by imports. Most of these
imports originate in the United States, with lesser amounts coming from Western Europe and Asia.
Consumption
The following table presents Canadian consumption of chloromethanes:
Canadian consumption of chloromethanes
(metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Carbon
(CH3Cl)
(CH2Cl2)
(CHCl3)
(CCl4)
Total
2010
2,658
3,076
24
49
5,807
2011
2,965
2,679
44
67
5,755
2012
1,993
3,273
70
69
5,405
2013
1,594
3,091
62
62
4,809
2014
2,161
2,691
58
30
4,940
2015
1,615
2,975
41
57
4,688
2016
1,827
3,185
77
48
5,137
2021
1,920
3,282
81
48
5,331
-2.0%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-6.1%
0.6%
21.5%
-0.3%
2016–21
1.0%
0.6%
1.0%
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.7%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Canada consumed over 5,100 metric tons of chlorinated methanes, with methylene chloride and methyl chloride
accounting for 62.0% and 35.6% respectively. Overall growth is forecast at 0.7% annually during 2016–21, following a
© 2016 IHS
48
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
decline of 2.0% annually during 2010–16. Methyl chloride is forecast to note the highest growth rate at 1.0% annually
during 2016–21.
Methyl chloride
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In 2016, Canadian consumption of methyl chloride is estimated at 1,827 metric tons, with growth forecast at 1.0%
annually during 2016–21. All consumption is based upon imports, mostly from the United States. Most of the methyl
chloride consumed in used by LANXESS at Sarnia, Ontario in the production of halogentated butyl rubber products. A
small amount is
consumed
in quarternary
salt production. LANXESS
lasthave
expanded
rubber production
Contact
Customer
Careammonium
(customercare@ihs.com)
if you
any butyl
questions.
capacity at Sarnia to 150,000 metric tons in 2008. On 1 April 2016, Saudi Aramco and LANXESS formed a 50/50 joint
venture for production of rubber products, and named it Arlanxeo.
Methylene chloride
In 2016, Canadian consumption of methylene chloride is 3,185 metric tons, with growth forecast at 0.6% annually during
2016–21. The United States is the major supplier of methylene chloride.
Most methylene chloride is consumed as a paint strippers and varnish remover. t is also used to a limited degree as a
solvent in the production of pharmaceuticals and film coatings, and as an extraction medium in the food industry for
extraction of spices, caffeine from coffee, and hops. Other minor uses include metal degreasing, electronics
manufacturing, in adhesives manufacture, and plastics processing.
Since 2000, the Canadian government has required users of methylene chloride to report all usage, except consumption
for aerosols, paint stripping, and laboratory use. Groups associated with the Canadian Environmental Protection Act
(CEPA) classify methylene chloride as toxic and recommend that prevention and control measures be adopted.
Chloroform
Canada is a minor importer and consumer of chloroform, with no change forecast. Much of the usage is believed to be
laboratory related.
Carbon tetrachloride
Canada is a minor consumer of carbon tetrachloride, with no change forecast.
Trade
In 2016, Canadian imports of chlorinated methanes reached about 5,200 metric tons. The United States is the primary
source of imports of all chlorinated methanes. Methylene chloride and methyl chloride accounted for 62.2% and 35.2% of
imports, respectively.
Mexico
Producing companies
Mexico has no producers of chlorinated methanes; all domestic consumption is supplied by imports. Most of these
imports originate in the United States, with lesser amounts coming from Western Europe and Asia.
Consumption
The following table presents Mexican consumption of chlorinated methanes:
© 2016 IHS
49
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Mexican consumption of chloromethanes
(metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
(CH3Cl)
Carbon
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Please(CH
use
Adobe, Chrome,
or Internet
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to read this file.
Cl )
(CHCl )
(CCl )
Total
2
2
3
4
2010
2,767
11,008
18,924
0
32,699
2011
3,037
11,762
18,883
0
33,682
2012
2,880
11,527
12,300
0
26,707
2013
25,948
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com)
if you have any questions.
2,994
11,800
11,154
0
2014
2,930
12,317
13,782
0
29,029
2015
2,851
12,342
8,023
0
23,216
2016
2,594
11,050
7,302
0
20,946
2021
2,467
11,105
4,312
0
17,884
-7.2%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-1.1%
0.1%
-14.7%
—
2016–21
-1.0%
0.1%
-10.0%
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
-3.1%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Mexican consumption of chlorinated methanes is over 20,900 metric tons, with consumption forecast to decline
at 3.1% annually during 2016–21, following a 7.2% annual decline during 2010–16.
Methyl chloride
In 2016, Mexican consumption of methyl chloride is 2,594 metric tons, with consumption forecast to decline at 1.0%
annually during 2016–21. All consumption is based upon imports, nearly all from the United States.
Methyl chloride is used mainly to produce methyl cellulose and the herbicide MSMA. Derivados Macroquímicos at
Zacupa, Michoacán is the sole producer of methyl cellulose and derivatives in Mexico. Polaquimia produces MSMA at San
Cosme Xalostoc, Tlaxcala. Dow Corning has a plant producing dimethyl polysiloxane (silicone oil) and formulating
silicone-based antifoaming agents, fluids, polymers, and emulsions, elastomers, and sealants.
Methylene chloride
In 2016, Mexico consumed 11,050 metric tons of methylene chloride, with consumption forecast to increase slightly at
0.1% annually during 2016–21. The majority of imports are from the United States. The primary application of methylene
chloride is as chlorinated solvent used in metal cleaning and in the production of HFC-32.
Chloroform
In 2016, Mexican consumption of chloroform is 7,302 metric tons. Consumption is forecast to continue declining at 10.0%
annually during 2016–21, following a decline of 14.7% annually during 2010–16, mostly after 2014. Nearly all imports
come from the United States. Historically most of the chloroform was used by Quimicobasicos, S.A. de C.V. in Monterrey
to produce HCFC-22, but production of HCFC-22 has ceased. The remainder is primarily used in pharmaceutical
applications for the extraction of steroids and alkaloids.
Carbon tetrachloride
In recent years Mexico has not imported or consumed carbon tetrachloride.
Trade
In 2016, Mexican imports of chloromethanes are about 20,900 metric tons. The United States is the primary country of
origin of chlorinated methanes (90%). Methylene chloride accounts for 52.7% of total imports, followed by chloroform at
34.9% and methyl chloride at 12.4%. There are no imports of carbon tetrachloride.
© 2016 IHS
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South America
Producing companies
Methyl chloride is thePlease
only chlorinated
methane
with production
capacity
in South
and file.
the sole producer is
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Chrome,
or Internet
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toAmerica
read this
Cloral in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with a capacity of about 2,000 metric tons per year. However, it is believed that no methyl
chloride has been produced since 2012.
Dow Química had operated a perchloroethylene/carbon tetrachloride plant at Candeias, Bahia, with a total capacity of
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
about 72,000 metric tons, of which perchloroethylene accounted for 45,000 metric tons and carbon tetrachloride for
28,000 metric tons annually. Production of carbon tetrachloride ceased around 2006, and perchloroethylene production
stopped around 2010–11.
Salient statistics
Methyl chloride
South America is a minor consumer of methyl chloride; production ceased in 2012. Brazil is the primary importing
country, with Western Europe being the primary country of origin. The following table presents South American
supply/demand for methyl chloride:
South American supply/demand for methyl chloride (CH3Cl)
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
2
30
0.6
2.8
neg
3.4
2011
2
30
0.6
2.7
-
3.3
2012
2
30
0.6
2.8
-
3.4
2013
2
-
-
2.9
-
2.9
2014
2
-
-
2.6
neg
2.6
2015
2
-
-
3.2
-
3.2
2016
2
-
-
3.0
-
3.0
2021
2
-
-
3.1
-
3.1
-2.1%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
—
—
1.2%
—
2016–21
0.0%
—
—
0.7%
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.7%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, South America consumed 3,000 metric tons of methyl chloride, with growth forecast at 0.7% annually, following
a 2.1% annual decline during 2010–16. All consumption is for the production of quaternary ammonium compounds.
Methylene chloride
There is no production of methylene chloride in South America. All consumption is from imports. In 2016, consumption is
31,100 metric tons, with growth forecast at 1.0% annually during 2016–21, following a decline at 0.6% annually during
2010–16.
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
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South American supply/demand for methylene chloride (CH2Cl2)
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
capacity
rate
Actual
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(percent)
Production Imports Exports
consumption
2010
-
—
-
32.6
0.3
32.3
2011
-
—
-
37.2
0.6
36.6
2012
-
—
-
35.4
0.1
35.3
2013
-
—
-
34.8
0.1
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com)34.7
if you have any questions.
2014
-
—
-
27.1
neg
27.1
2015
-
—
-
30.5
neg
30.5
2016
-
—
-
31.1
neg
31.1
2021
-
—
-
32.7
0
32.7
-0.6%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
—
—
—
-0.8%
—
2016–21
—
—
—
1.0%
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
1.0%
© 2016 IHS
The main suppliers are the United States (41%), Russia (27%), and Western Europe (18%), with the remainder from China.
Consumption is for paint stripping (30%), metal cleaning (20%), pharmaceutical solvent (15%), adhesives (10%), aerosols
(10%), chemical processing (5%), and all other (10%).
Chloroform
There is no production of chloroform in South America. All consumption is based on imports. The following table presents
South American supply/demand for chloroform:
South American supply/demand for chloroform (CHCl3)
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
-
—
-
10.2
0
10.2
2011
-
—
-
12.8
0
12.8
2012
-
—
-
13.1
0
13.1
2013
-
—
-
10.3
0
10.3
2014
-
—
-
8.7
0
8.7
2015
-
—
-
7.7
0
7.7
2016
-
—
-
6.5
0
6.5
2021
-
—
-
5.0
0
5.0
-7.2%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
—
—
—
-7.2%
—
2016–21
—
—
—
-5.1%
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
-5.1%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, South American consumption of chloroform is 6,500 metric tons, with consumption forecast to decline at 5.1%
annually during 2016–21, following a 7.2% annual decline during 2010–16. The primary suppliers are the United States and
Western Europe.
The majority of consumption is in the production of the fluorocarbon HCFC-22. HCFC-22 is produced by Frio Industrias
Argentina at Villa Merced and by Productos Halogenados de Venezuela at Caracas. Total HCFC-22 capacity is estimated at
13,000 metric tons, but production is not believed to be at capacity. HCFC-22 production can continue until 2020.
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
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Carbon tetrachloride
South American consumption has been zero since 2010. Production of carbon tetrachloride ended around 2006 when Dow
ceased producing in Brazil.
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Consumption
The following table presents South American consumption of chloromethanes:
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
South American consumption of chloromethanes
(thousands of metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Carbon
(CH3Cl)
(CH2Cl2)
(CHCl3)
(CCl4)
Total
2010
3.4
32.3
10.2
-
45.9
2011
3.3
36.6
12.8
-
52.7
2012
3.4
35.3
13.1
-
51.8
2013
2.9
34.7
10.3
-
47.9
2014
2.6
27.1
8.7
-
38.4
2015
3.2
30.5
7.7
-
41.4
2016
3.0
31.1
6.5
-
40.6
2021
3.1
32.7
5.0
-
40.8
-2.0%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-2.1%
-0.6%
-7.2%
—
2016–21
0.7%
1.0%
-5.1%
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.1%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, South America consumed 40,600 metric tons of chloromethanes. With overall growth forecast at 0.1% annually
during 2016–21, following a decline of 2.0% annually during 2010–16. Methylene chloride is the leading product
consumed, accounting for 76.6% of total consumption, followed by chloroform at 16.0% and methyl chloride at 7.4%.
There is no carbon tetrachloride consumption.
The only chloromethane consumed in significant quantities in South America is methylene chloride. The following table
presents South American consumption of methylene chloride:
South American consumption of methylene chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Paint
Pharma-
Chemicals
Metal
Foam
Adhesives
removers
ceuticals
processing
cleaning
blowing
Aerosols
HFC-32
Other
Total
2010
8.0
5.9
5.0
2.7
8.0
1.1
1.0
0
0.6
32.3
2011
9.0
7.0
5.0
2.7
10.0
1.3
1.0
0
0.6
36.6
2012
9.0
6.9
5.0
2.7
9.0
1.1
1.0
0
0.6
35.3
2013
9.0
7.0
5.4
3.0
8.0
1.0
0.7
0
0.6
34.7
2014
6.5
4.8
4.6
3.0
6.7
0.7
0.5
0
0.3
27.1
2015
7.4
5.2
5.5
3.0
7.7
0.8
0.6
0
0.3
30.5
2016
7.5
5.5
5.7
3.0
7.7
0.8
0.6
0
0.3
31.1
2021
7.9
5.8
6.0
3.3
8.0
0.9
0.5
0
0.3
32.7
-0.6%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-1.1%
-1.2%
2.2%
1.8%
-0.6%
-5.2%
-8.2%
—
-10.9%
2016–21
1.0%
1.1%
1.0%
1.9%
0.8%
2.4%
-3.6%
—
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
1.0%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, South American consumption of methylene chloride is 31,100 metric tons, with growth forecast at 1.0% annually
during 2016–21, following a 0.6% annual decline during 2010–16. The leading applications are metal cleaning, adhesives,
pharmaceutical solvents, and paint removers at 24.8%, 24.1%, 18.3%, and 17.7%, respectively, in 2016.
© 2016 IHS
53
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Trade
Methyl chloride
The following table presents
chloride
imports by
country:to
PleaseSouth
useAmerican
Adobe, methyl
Chrome,
or Internet
Explorer
read this file.
South American imports of methyl chloride by country
(metric tons)
Dominican
Contact Bolivia
Customer
Care (customercare@ihs.com)
if you have
anyVenezuela
questions.Other
Brazil
Chile
Republic
Guatemala
Peru
Argentina
Total
2010
0
13
2,717
19
48
0
44
0
6
2,847
2011
0
0
2,653
1
41
0
0
0
31
2,726
2012
0
0
2,729
4
0
0
0
5
32
2,770
2013
0
0
2,788
4
0
0
0
47
51
2,890
2014
0
0
2,559
2
0
2
22
4
3
2,592
2015
0
0
3,157
5
0
3
0
0
16
3,181
2016
0
0
2,955
5
0
5
0
0
5
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
2,970
© 2016 IHS
South America is a moderate importer of methyl chloride, importing nearly 3,000 metric tons in 2016. Brazil is the
primary country of destination for imports.
South America is a negligible exporter of methyl chloride.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents South American methylene chloride imports by country:
South American imports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Peru
Venezuela
Other
Total
2010
4,902
33
17,512
951
2,375
2,005
2,393
2,622
32,793
2011
5,309
121
20,615
868
2,415
2,094
2,834
2,898
37,154
2012
4,364
55
18,819
795
3,202
2,389
2,786
2,964
35,374
2013
4,939
97
17,972
891
2,643
1,897
4,038
2,324
34,801
2014
3,088
115
14,443
749
3,123
2,250
1,142
2,215
27,125
2015
4,526
68
14,826
762
3,877
2,219
1,402
2,810
30,490
2016
4,467
102
16,466
732
2,942
2,436
1,402
2,625
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
31,172
© 2016 IHS
South America is a large importer of methylene chloride, importing nearly 31,200 metric tons in 2016. Brazil is the leading
country of destination for imports, accounting for 52.8% in 2016, followed by Argentina, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela
at 14.3%, 9.4%, 7.8%, and 4.5%, respectively in 2016.
The following table presents South American methylene chloride exports by country:
© 2016 IHS
54
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
South American exports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
Argentina
Brazil
Costa Rica
Colombia
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Other
Total
2010
19
118
18
3
0
93
0
0
251
2011
14
0
597
2012
17
0
13
0
0
81
0
0
111
2013
3
0
0
0
0
47
0
0
50
2014
1
0
0
0
0
22
0
11
34
2015
0
0
3
20
0
24
0
0
47
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
2016
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Internet Explorer
to127
read this file.
444
0
9
3
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
3
© 2016 IHS
South America is a small and declining exporter of methylene chloride.
Chloroform
The following table presents South American chloroform imports by country:
South American imports of chloroform by country
(metric tons)
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Peru
Venezuela
Other
Total
2010
5,408
1
430
16
14
9
2,920
1,402
10,200
2011
6,577
1
624
9
14
8
4,749
831
12,813
2012
6,341
1
529
10
17
10
4,226
1,959
13,093
2013
3,724
1
663
13
20
20
3,863
2,022
10,326
2014
3,237
2
632
10
12
11
2,722
2,078
8,704
2015
4,149
1
673
10
12
8
1,127
1,654
7,634
2016
3,236
42
558
9
29
10
463
2,172
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
6,519
© 2016 IHS
South America is a large importer of chloroform, importing about 6,500 metric tons in 2016. Argentina is the leading
country of destination for imports at 49.6% in 2016, followed by Brazil and Venezuela at 8.6% and 7.1%, respectively in
2016.
South America is a negligible exporter of chloroform.
Carbon tetrachloride
South America is neither an importer or exporter of carbon tetrachloride.
Western Europe
Producing companies
The following table presents Western European producers of chloromethanes:
© 2016 IHS
55
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Western European producers of chloromethanes—2016
Average annual capacity
(thousands of metric tons)
Plant
Total CH Cl
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to read this file.
2
Company
location
CH3Cl
CH2Cl2
CHCl3
CCl4
and CHCl3
50
-
-
-
-
2
Remarks
France
Arkema
Jarrie
Product sold into merchant market
for chlorosilane production.
Bluestar Silicones
Roussillon
180
Formerly Rhodia. For captive chlorosiContact Customer
Care (customercare@ihs.com)
if you -have any
questions.
lane production.
Inovyn
Tavaux
-
30
20
10
50
Chloroform used captively for HCFC22 production.
Kem One
Lavera
60
35
60
40
95
Akzo Nobel
Frankfurt
120
72
72
X
144
LANXESS
Leverkusen
50
-
-
-
-
For captive chlorosilane production.
Mexichem
Marl
64
-
-
-
-
Formerly Vestolit. Acquired by Mexichem on 1 December 2014. For merchant market.
Momentive PM
Leverkusen
59
-
-
-
-
For captive chlorosilane production.
Olin
Stade
50
60
40
X
100
Wacker Chemie
Burghausen
180
-
-
-
-
For captive chlorosilane production.
Nunchritz
180
-
-
-
-
For captive chlorosilane production.
Rosignano
-
15
20
-
35
Monthey
3
-
-
-
-
By-product of chemical production.
For captive chlorosilane production.
Germany
Plant acquired in 2009. Produces CTC,
but capacity unknown.
CTC recycled internally.
Italy
Inovyn
Switzerland
BASF SE
United Kingdom
Dow Corning
Barry, S. Wales
200
-
-
-
-
Inovyna
Runcorn
15
25
-
8
25
-
Closed at end of February 2016.
Process and raw materials
Methanol and HCl
Total
1,198
-
-
-
Methane and chlorine
10
-
-
-
-
Thermal chlorination
(MeCl)
-
237
212
58
449
From perchloroethylene
-
-
-
-
-
Other/unknown
3
-
-
-
-
1,211
237
212
58
449
a. At the end of February 2016, Inovyn closed its Runcorn, UK facility, eliminating 60,000 metric tons of methyl chloride, 100,000 metric tons of methylene chloride, 70,000 metric tons of chloroform, and 20,000 metric
tons of carbon tetrachloride.
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
The following is a summary of changes in the chlorinated methanes industry during 2010–16:
• At the end of February 2016, Inovyn (formerly INEOS) closed its chlorinated methanes plant at Runcorn, United
Kingdom. The closure reduced Western European methyl chloride capacity by 60,000 metric tons, methylene chloride
by 100,000 metric tons, chloroform by 70,000 metric tons, and carbon tetrachloride by 20,000 metric tons. Inovyn
continues to operate chlorinated methanes plants at Tavaux, France and Rosignano, Italy. Combined, these plants had
only a fraction of Inovyn’s total capacity.
• INEOS and Solvay formed Inovyn as a 50/50 joint venture in July 2015 with Solvay’s exit originally planned for July
2018; however, Solvay exited the joint venture in March 2016.
• On 1 December 2014, Mexichem acquired Vestolit’s vinyl chloride business unit at Marl, Nordrhein-Westfalen,
Germany. The plant has 64,000 metric tons of alkyl chloride capacity, most of which is believed to be methyl chloride. It
is sold to the merchant market.
© 2016 IHS
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30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
• In July 2012, Arkema divested its vinyl business to the Klesch Group. The company’s new name is KEM ONE. Capacity
for the plant in Lavera is noted at 130,000 metric tons, and is producing all four chloromethanes.
In 2016, Western European methyl chloride capacity is 1.2 million metric tons. There is no capacity in Central Europe.
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Historical changes arePlease
the following:
• In 2010, Dow Corning expanded the Barry plant’s methyl chloride capacity in Wales (United Kingdom) by 20,000 metric
tons.
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• In 2009, Ercros closed its methyl chloride plants in Spain at Palos de la Frontera (Huelva) and Flix (Tarragona), reducing
capacity by 15,000 metric tons.
In 2016, Western European capacity for methylene chloride is 237,000 metric tons. There is only minor capacity in
Central Europe. In 2009, Ercros closed its methylene chloride and chloroform plants in Spain at Palos de la Frontera
(Huelva) and Flix (Tarragona), reducing capacity by about 57,000 metric tons.
In 2016, Western European chloroform capacity is 212,000 metric tons per year.
In March 2016, Western European carbon tetrachloride capacity was reduced to 58,000 metric tons and will be 50,000
metric tons per year as of 2017.
Carbon tetrachloride capacity was reduced from 184,000 to 40,000 metric tons during 2010–13. In 2011, Dow ceased
producing carbon tetrachloride at its 149,000 metric ton plant at Stade, Germany in favor of producing only
perchloroethylene. INEOS expanded its plant by 5,000 metric tons at Runcorn, United Kingdom.
Arkema is building an HFO-1234yf production facility at Jarrie, France, where it has 50,000 metric tons of methyl
chloride capacity. The site in Jarrie is projected to be completed in time for car manufacturers comply with the 2017 HFC
ban. Arkema is also building an HFO-1234yf plant in Asia, with anticipated start-up by the end of 2016.
Salient statistics
Methyl chloride
The following table presents Western European supply/demand for methyl chloride:
Western European supply/demand for methyl chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
1,253
89
1,121
1.1
3.9
1,119.5
2011
1,253
89
1,121
1.3
2.5
1,118.6
2012
1,253
89
1,109
neg
2.5
1,110.9
2013
1,253
91
1,134
neg
4.1
1,130.1
2014
1,253
92
1,146
neg
4.2
1,141.8
2015
1,253
89
1,121
0.1
4.8
1,116.3
2016
1,211
88
1,068
0.3
6.4
1,061.9
2021
1,193
91
1,089
0.3
10.0
1,079.3
-0.9%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-0.6%
—
-0.8%
-29.3%
8.6%
2016–21
-0.3%
—
-0.4%
0.0%
9.3%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
0.3%
© 2016 IHS
57
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
In 2016, Western Europe produced an estimated 1.07 million metric tons of methyl chloride at an operating rate of about
88%. After trade, consumption is estimated to be 1.06 million metric tons, or about 79% of total chloromethanes
consumed in the region.
Methylene chloride
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The following table presents Western European supply/demand for methylene chloride:
Contact
Customer Care
(customercare@ihs.com)
Western European
supply/demand
for methylene
chloride
if you have any questions.
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
300
60
180
0.2
69.8
110.4
2011
300
60
181
0.2
72.8
108.4
2012
300
60
181
0.2
72.0
109.2
2013
300
67
200
0.5
73.8
126.7
2014
300
74
223
0.4
54.5
126.9
2015
312
66
207
0.4
55.3
127.1
2016
237
83
196
0.6
69.3
127.3
2021
212
93
198
0.8
69.3
129.5
2.4%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-3.9%
—
1.4%
20.1%
-0.1%
2016–21
-2.2%
—
0.2%
5.9%
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.3%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Western Europe produced an estimated 196,000 metric tons of methylene chloride. After trade, consumption is
estimated at 127,300 metric tons, or about 65% of the region’s total methylene chloride production. Western Europe is a
large exporter of methylene chloride. Capacity is declining.
Chloroform
The following table presents Western European supply/demand for chloroform:
Western European supply/demand for chloroform
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
291
65
190
0.1
20.4
169.7
2011
294
63
186
0.1
25.4
160.7
2012
294
41
120
1.4
12.4
109.0
2013
294
41
120
0.1
10.3
109.8
2014
294
39
115
1.2
4.1
112.1
2015
306
39
120
0.1
2.8
117.3
2016
254
47
120
5.4
0.8
124.6
2021
236
52
123
6.0
1.0
128.0
-5.0%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-2.2%
—
-7.4%
94.4%
-41.7%
2016–21
-1.5%
—
0.5%
2.1%
4.6%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
0.5%
© 2016 IHS
58
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
In 2016, Western Europe produced an estimated 120,000 metric tons of chloroform was produced at an operating rate of
about 47%. Consumption is estimated at 124,600 metric tons. Western Europe became a net importer of chloroform in
2016.
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Carbon tetrachloride
The following table presents Western European supply/demand for carbon tetrachloride:
Contact
Customer Care
(customercare@ihs.com)
Western European
supply/demand
for carbon
tetrachloride
if you have any questions.
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Actual
2010
184
13
2011
70
57
2012
70
2013
Imports
Exports
consumption
23
0
0.4
23.0
40
0.1
0.5
39.8
57
40
0
3.0
39.9
70
57
40
0
0.6
40.0
2014
70
54
38
0
1.2
38.0
2015
70
49
34
1.1
0.5
34.1
2016
58
55
32
0
1.7
30.3
2021
50
81
41
0
neg
40.7
4.7%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-17.5%
—
5.7%
—
27.3%
2016–21
-2.9%
—
4.9%
—
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
6.1%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Western Europe produced an estimated 32,000 metric tons of carbon tetrachloride. After trade, consumption is
estimated at 30,300 metric tons. Consumption is forecast to grow at 6.1% annually during 2016–21, led by the production
of HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze.
Western Europe is the world’s second-largest producer of carbon tetrachloride, closely following the United States.
Western Europe is a large exporter of carbon tetrachloride, accounting for 89.5% of total world exports in 2016.
Consumption
The following table presents Western European consumption of chloromethanes:
Western European consumption of chloromethanes
(thousands of metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Carbon
(CH3Cl)
(CH2Cl2)
(CHCl3)
(CCl4)
Total
2010
1,119.5
110.4
169.7
23.0
1,422.6
2011
1,118.6
108.4
160.7
39.8
1,427.5
2012
1,110.9
109.2
109.0
39.9
1,369.0
2013
1,130.1
126.7
109.8
40.0
1,406.6
2014
1,141.8
126.9
112.1
38.0
1,418.8
2015
1,116.3
127.1
117.3
34.1
1,394.8
2016
1,061.9
127.3
124.6
30.3
1,344.1
2021
1,079.3
129.5
128.0
40.7
1,377.5
-0.9%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-0.9%
2.4%
-5.0%
4.7%
2016–21
0.3%
0.3%
0.5%
6.1%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
0.5%
© 2016 IHS
59
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
In 2016, Western Europe consumed a total of 1.34 million metric tons of chloromethanes, with growth forecast at 0.5%
annually during 2016–21, following a decline of 0.9% annually during 2010–16. Methyl chloride is the leading consumer at
79.0%.
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Methyl chloride
The following table presents Western European consumption of methyl chloride:
Contact
Customer
Western European
consumption
of Care
methyl(customercare@ihs.com)
chloride
if you have any questions.
(thousands of metric tons)
Quaternary
Methyl
Methyl
ammonium
Agricultural
Butyl
chlorosilanes cellulose
compounds
chemicals
rubber
Other
Total
2010
1,021.7
50.1
14.0
3.0
5.7
25.0
1,119.5
2011
1,024.8
48.3
12.9
2.0
5.1
25.5
1,118.6
2012
1,017.3
48.2
12.9
1.5
5.0
26.0
1,110.9
2013
1,035.7
48.6
12.9
1.4
5.0
26.5
1,130.1
2014
1,036.5
54.5
20.1
1.3
4.6
24.8
1,141.8
2015
1,006.2
55.7
21.2
1.2
5.0
27.0
1,116.3
2016
948.9
58.5
23.4
1.1
4.7
25.3
1,061.9
2021
956.0
64.7
36.5
1.0
3.3
17.8
1,079.3
-0.9%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-1.2%
2.6%
8.9%
-15.4%
-3.2%
0.2%
2016–21
0.2%
2.0%
9.3%
-1.9%
-6.8%
-6.8%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.3%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Western European consumption of methyl chloride is 1.06 million metric tons, with growth forecast at 0.3%
annually during 2016–21, following a decline of 0.9% annually during 2010–16.
Methyl chlorosilanes for silicone production
In 2016, Western European consumption of methyl chloride in methyl chlorosilane production is estimated at 948,900
metric tons or 89.4% of total Western European methyl chloride consumption, with growth forecast at 0.2% annually
during 2016–21, following a decline of 1.2% annually during 2010–16. Silicones are a rapidly growing market due to
performance, although Asia, and in particular China, is the fastest-growing region. In 2016, Western European
consumption of silicone elastomers is estimated at 61% silicone sealants and 39% silicone rubber.
Cellulose ethers
Western Europe is the world’s largest producer of methyl cellulose ethers and derivatives. In 2016, consumption of methyl
chloride is 58,500 metric tons or 5.5%, with growth forecast at 2.0% annually during 2016–21, following growth at 2.6%
annually during 2010–16. Building and construction accounts for about 70% of consumption of methyl cellulose ethers,
followed by adhesives at 10%, and surface coatings at 9%.
Dow increased methyl cellulose ether (MC) capacity at Walsrode, Germany by 3,000 metric tons in 2007. Shin-Etsu
increased MC and HEC capacity at Wiesbaden, Germany from 27,000 to 40,000 metric tons in third-quarter 2006.
Quaternary ammonium chlorides
Methyl chloride is consumed in the production of hydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride, which is used in
the production of fabric softeners, and in the manufacture of organomodified clays that are used primarily in drilling muds
to improve lubricity and viscosity of the system. In Western Europe the primary application is use as a fabric softener. In
2016, Western European consumption of methyl chloride in the production of quaternary ammonium chlorides is 23,400
metric tons, with growth forecast at 9.3% annually during 2016–21, following growth at 8.9% annually during 2010–16.
© 2016 IHS
60
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Agriculture
Methyl chloride is a raw material used in the production of several herbicides, including paraquat, monosodium
methanearsonate (MSMA), disodium methanearsonate (DSMA), cacodylic acid and its sodium salt, amine
methanearsonate (AMA),
and calcium
acid methanearsonate
(CAMA). The
United to
Kingdom
and China
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file. are the only two
countries that are major producers of the herbicide paraquat. Paraquat is used extensively as a herbicide in the cotton
industry. The methanearsonates are restricted in their use because arsenic is toxic to the environment.
In 2016, Western European consumption of methyl chloride in the production of herbicides is estimated at 1,100 metric
Contact forecast
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Careat(customercare@ihs.com)
you have
any questions.
tons, with consumption
to decline
1.9% annually during 2016–21,iffollowing
a decline
of 15.4% annually during
2010–16.
Halogenated butyl rubber
Western Europe is the world’s largest producer of halogenated butyl rubber. In 2016, consumption of methyl chloride is
4,700 metric tons, with consumption forecast to decline at 6.8% annually during 2016–21, following a 3.2% annual decline
during 2010–16. Part of this decline is because of greater production in Asia, and part due to the switch by ExxonMobil and
possibly other producers from using methyl chloride to HFC-134a in butyl rubber production.
LANXESS expanded its butyl rubber capacity at Antwerp, Belgium from 135,000 to 149,000 metric tons in the second
quarter of 2012. It also has 150,000 metric tons of butyl rubber capacity at Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, and added 100,000
metric tons of butyl rubber capacity at Jurong Island, Singapore in mid-2013. Combined, LANXESS will have about
400,000 metric tons of butyl rubber capacity, second only to ExxonMobil at 500,000 metric tons. ExxonMobil and SABIC
are planning a combined butyl rubber/SBR plant in Saudi Arabia, but has not been started as of yet. Combined capacity will
be 400,000 metric tons.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents Western European consumption of methylene chloride:
Western European consumption of methylene chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Paint
Pharma-
Chemicals
Metal
Foam
Adhesives
removers
ceuticals
processing
cleaning
blowing
Aerosols
HFC-32
Other
Total
2010
12.0
14.6
49.0
4.8
9.3
5.2
7.3
8.2
neg
110.4
2011
12.4
14.4
47.0
4.8
9.2
5.0
7.2
8.4
neg
108.4
2012
12.7
14.2
47.6
5.3
9.1
4.5
7.1
8.7
neg
109.2
2013
13.0
14.0
63.4
7.3
9.0
4.0
7.0
9.0
neg
126.7
2014
13.3
13.8
64.7
7.1
8.9
3.0
6.9
9.2
neg
126.9
2015
13.6
13.6
66.5
7.3
8.8
1.0
6.8
9.5
neg
127.1
2016
14.0
13.4
67.0
7.2
8.7
0.5
6.7
9.8
neg
127.3
2021
15.8
12.5
67.0
7.9
8.3
0.5
6.1
11.4
neg
129.5
2.4%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
2.6%
-1.4%
5.4%
7.0%
-1.1%
-32.3%
-1.4%
3.0%
—
2016–21
2.5%
-1.4%
0.0%
1.9%
-0.9%
0.0%
-1.9%
3.1%
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.3%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Western European consumption of methylene chloride is 127,300 metric tons, with marginal growth at 0.3%
annually during 2016–21. Growth in the production of HFC-32 stabilizes losses as a solvent.
Solvents
In 2016, Western European consumption of methylene chloride as a chlorinated solvent for pharmaceutical and
nonpharmaceutical applications (adhesives and chemical processing) is estimated at 88,200 metric tons or 69.3% of total
methylene chloride consumption. Pharmaceutical uses account for 67,000 metric tons or 76.0% of total solvent
© 2016 IHS
61
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
consumption, followed by adhesives at 14,000 metric tons or 15.9%, and chemical processing at 7,200 metric tons or 8.2%.
Both adhesives and chemical processing are forecast to grow, while pharmaceuticals is forecast to remain stable during
2016–21.
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EU-wide restrictions on
the marketing
and useChrome,
of methylene
chloride in
certain applications
went
into effect in 2010–12;
however, industrial use is not affected by these restrictions. The European Chlorinated Solvents Association monitors and
reports data on the solvent use of methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, and trichloroethylene.
In pharmaceutical
processing,
methylene
chloride
proves useful because of its
selectivity
and ease of
Contact
Customer
Care
(customercare@ihs.com)
if solubility,
you haveion
any
questions.
recovery. The government of the Netherlands had concluded that methylene chloride was the best processing solvent for
pharmaceuticals, both economically and environmentally. In pharmaceutical production, the change of a chemical, even a
process solvent, is costly, as this requires new registration. Hence, most pharmaceutical companies continue to use
methylene chloride since it was approved for use many years ago.
In 2016, consumption of methylene chloride in adhesives is 14,000 metric tons or 10.5%, with growth forecast at 2.5%
annually during 2016–21, following growth at 2.6% annually during 2010–16. Adhesives are one of the growth areas for
methylene chloride.
In 2004, the EU adopted Directive 2004/42/CE, which limits emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) used as
organic solvents in certain paints, varnishes, and vehicle refinishing products. VOCs refers to any compound having an
initial boiling point less than or equal to 250°C. There are specific requirements for harmful substances. For halogenated
VOCs (assigned the risk phrase R40), or VOCs classified as carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic to reproduction (assigned the
risk phrases R45, R49, R60, or R61), the operator is required to phase out use as much as possible in the shortest possible
time frame.
Paint stripping
In 2016, consumption of methylene chloride in paint stripping applications is estimated at 13,400 metric tons or 10.5%,
with consumption forecast to decline at 1.4% annually during 2016–21, following a decline of 1.4% annually during 2010–
16. EU-wide restrictions on the marketing and use of methylene chloride in paint stripping for consumer applications
became effective 6 December 2010. Other restrictions went into effect in 2011, and 2012 regarding professional usage.
Industrial use is not affected by these restrictions.
Fluorocarbons
In 2016, consumption of methylene chloride in the production of HFC-32 is estimated at 9,800 metric tons or 7.7%, with
growth forecast at 3.1% annually during 2016–21, following growth at 3.0% annually during 2010–16. HFC-32 is used as a
substitute for HCFC-22. Arkema has produced HFC-32 at a production plant in Zaramillo, Spain since 2004. Arkema also
produces fluorocarbons at Pierre-Benite in France, Changshu in China, and Calvert City, Kentucky (United States). In
Western Europe, approximately 25% of methylene chloride is captured after use and recycled.
Metal degreasing
In 2016, consumption of methylene chloride in metal degreasing is estimated at 8,700 metric tons or 6.8%, with
consumption forecast to decline at 0.9% annually during 2016–21, following a decline of 1.1% annually during 2010–16.
Aerosols
In 2016, consumption of methylene chloride in aerosols is estimated at 6,700 metric tons or 5.3%, with consumption
forecast to decline at 1.9% annually during 2016–21, following a decline of 1.4% annually during 2010–16. In the
production of polyurethane and phenolic foams, foam manufacturers are switching to alternative secondary blowing
agents, including HFC-235fa, HFC-365mfc, and HFO-1234ez, which use CTC as a starting material.
© 2016 IHS
62
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Chloroform
The following table presents Western European consumption of chloroform:
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chloroform
or Internet Explorer to read this file.
(thousands of metric tons)
HCFC-22
Other
Total
162.9
6.8
169.7
154.4
6.3
160.7
2013
105.4
4.4
109.8
2014
107.8
4.3
112.1
2015
113.1
4.2
117.3
2016
120.4
4.2
124.6
2021
124.0
4.0
128.0
2010
2011
2012
Contact104.6
Customer Care
(customercare@ihs.com)
if you have any questions.
4.4
109.0
Average annual growth rate
(percemt)
2010–16
-4.9%
-7.7%
2016–21
0.7%
-1.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
-5.0%
0.5%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Western European consumption of chloroform is 124,600 metric tons, with growth forecast at 0.5% annually
during 2016–21, following a decline of 5.0% annually during 2010–16.
Consumption of chloroform in the production of HCFC-22 continued until 2010, then began to decline dramatically with
the phaseout of HCFC-22. Under regulation EC 2037/2000, the use of fluorocarbons as a blowing agent for flexible
polyurethane foams ceased in 2004. The decline in chloroform consumption in the production of HCFC-22 as a
refrigerant is projected to decline, while growth in the production of PTFE and other fluoropolymers is projected to grow,
leading to relatively flat growth.
Western European demand for fluoropolymers is driven in large by the development of the chemical processing industry,
and to a lesser extent by the mechanical and electrical/electronics industries. It is estimated that 40% of the PTFE
consumed in Western Europe is in the chemical processing industry. Germany and Italy are the largest consumers of PTFE
in Western Europe.
A small amount of chloroform is used in the production of pharmaceuticals and other compounds.
Carbon tetrachloride
The following table presents Western European consumption of carbon tetrachloride:
© 2016 IHS
63
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Western European consumption of carbon tetrachloride
(thousands of metric tons)
CFC-12
HFC-
HFC-
HFO-
CFC-11
245fa
365mfc
1234yf
Other
Total
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0
0
18.0
0
5
23.0
2010
0
2011
0
0
0
34.8
0
5
39.8
2012
0
0
0
34.9
0
5
39.9
2013
0
0
0
35.0
0
5
40.0
2014
0
0
0
33.0
0
5
2015
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com)38.0
if you have any questions.
0
0
0
29.1
0
5
34.1
2016
0
0
0
25.3
0
5
30.3
2021
0
0
0
25.3
12.4
3
40.7
4.7%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
—
—
—
5.8%
—
0.0%
2016–21
—
—
—
0.0%
—
-9.7%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
6.1%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Western European consumption of carbon tetrachloride is 30,300 metric tons, with consumption forecast to
grow at 6.1% annually during 2016–21, following growth at 4.7% annually during 2010–16. Historical consumption
increases were due primarily to the growth of HFC-365mfc production for foam blowing agent applications. This reverses
the 1998–2010 declining trend because of the elimination of CFCs after the implementation of the 1987 Montreal
Protocol. Consumption in the production of CFCs stopped altogether in 2010. Consumption of of carbon tetrachloride for
the production of HFC-365mfc is forecast as stable during the next five years.
In 2006, the European Union issued an F-Gas Regulation that phases out R-134a (HFC-134a) in mobile air-conditioning
(MAC) systems, with replacement by refrigerants with a global warming potential (GWP) no higher than 150. Beginning
1 January 2011, the ban on R-134a-based systems applied to all new models, and by 1 January 2017, it will be banned for use
in all new vehicles. Opteon® yf (HFO-1234yf) has been chosen as the EU F-gas replacement for automotive refrigerants,
offering the best balance of properties and performance. As a result, usage of carbon tetrachloride in the production of
HFO-1234yf is projected to increase at the expense of PCE or TCE in the production of HFC-134a. It has excellent
environmental properties: GWP is 4 and ODP zero; comparable refrigeration properties to HFC-134a; mildly flammable,
but significantly less flammable than HFC-152a and HFC-32. Opteon was chosen over the other industry options carbon
dioxide and HFC-152a. Carbon dioxide usage was complex, required considerable energy and required mitigation. HFC152a required a secondary loop and did not have as good a performance. In addition, MAC leak rate restrictions went into
effect in 2008. There are strict regulations and repair regulations for other refrigerants.
There is also consideration of using HFO-1234yf in stationary air-conditioning systems, in addition to mobile airconditioning systems. If accepted/mandated, then consumption of carbon tetrachloride could grow even faster.
Trade
Western Europe has the vast majority of its trade within Western Europe, with a small percentage being traded
extraregionally. The following table presents Western European chlorinated methane total and extraregional import trade
comparison:
© 2016 IHS
64
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Western European total and extraregional imports of chlorinated methanes
(metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Carbon
Chloroform
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or
Internet Explorer
to read
this file.
Extra% ExtraExtra% Extra-
tetrachloride
Extra-
% Extra-
Total
regional
regional
Total
regional
regional
Total
regional
regional
Total
regional
regional
imports
imports
imports
imports
imports
imports
imports
imports
imports
imports
imports
imports
2010
57,791
1,087
1.9
112,151
166
0.1
109,429
101
0.1
10,350
0
neg
2011
69,071
331
0.5
112,136
160
0.1
107,614
75
0.1
11,416
123
1.1
2012
68,744
30
neg
102,673
228
0.2
89,553
1,372
1.5
11,455
1
neg
2013
74,441
34
neg
93,669
521
0.6
69,725
123
0.2
10,487
1
neg
2014
70,751
10
neg
79,129
383
0.5
69,474
1,184
1.7
14,172
1
neg
2015
71,152
48
0.1
69,417
436
0.6
44,249
148
0.3
13,812
1,106
8
2016
76,414
284
0.4
77,092
582
0.8
54,076
5,376
9.9
14,910
0
Extra-
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
0
© 2016 IHS
The vast majority of Western European chlorinated methane imports are intraregional. In 2016, only 0.4% of methyl
chloride imports and 0.8% of methylene chloride imports are extraregional; no carbon tetrachloride imports are
extraregional. Extraregional chloroform imports jumped dramatically from 2015 at 0.3% to 9.9% in 2016.
The following table presents Western European chlorinated methanes total and extraregional export trade comparison:
Western European total and extraregional exports of chlorinated methanes
(metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Carbon
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Extra-
% Extra-
Extra-
% Extra-
Extra-
% Extra-
Extra-
% Extra-
Total
regional
regional
Total
regional
regional
Total
regional
regional
Total
regional
regional
exports
exports
exports
exports
exports
exports
exports
exports
exports
exports
exports
exports
2010
47,589
3,857
8.1
170,798
69,764
40.8
72,759
20,431
28.1
5,404
356
6.6
2011
60,003
2,473
4.1
162,330
72,828
44.9
74,533
25,444
34.1
7,959
541
6.8
2012
55,141
2,543
4.6
163,820
72,002
44.0
63,555
12,356
19.4
7,200
2,991
41.5
2013
76,987
4,125
5.4
151,558
73,787
48.7
54,268
10,348
19.1
8,232
580
7.0
2014
81,427
4,176
5.1
123,156
54,526
44.3
55,660
4,146
7.4
9,976
1,227
12.3
2015
74,417
4,829
6.5
118,517
55,271
46.6
47,874
2,811
5.9
11,812
545
4.6
2016
80,846
6,386
7.9
148,829
69,292
46.6
51,644
784
1.5
14,306
1,707
11.9
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
Western European extraregional exports as a percentage of total exports are overall higher than extraregional imports as a
total. In 2016, methyl chloride extraregional exports were 7.9%, methylene chloride 46.6%, chloroform 1.5%, and carbon
tetrachloride 11.9%.
Methyl chloride
The following table presents Western European total methyl chloride imports by country:
© 2016 IHS
65
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Western European imports of methyl chloride by country
(metric tons)
Austria
Belgium
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13,317
17,434
19,462
18,278
12,703
17,431
13,200
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United
Kingdom
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9,116 use1,451
2,388
499
0
2,120 to 8,518
134
6,722
8,683
12,200
12,330
9,244
19,904
1,721
2,115
3,160
5,947
6,681
1,930
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,859
3,139
3,752
4,174
1,603
1,346
709
668
493
363
249
366
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,899
2,243
2,325
2,740
1,746
1,580
8,264
8,181
8,705
8,756
8,845
9,864
109
103
118
80
77
66
20,162
29,337
24,107
25,379
23,644
25,179
28,096
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Other
Total
66
17
43
31
14
97
62
57,791
69,071
68,744
74,441
70,751
71,152
76,414
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Western European total methyl chloride imports were 76,414 metric tons. The United Kingdom is the leading
country of destination for imports at 36.8%. The next-largest importing countries are Belgium, France, Sweden, Germany,
Spain, and Italy.
The following table presents Western European total methyl chloride exports by country:
Western European exports of methyl chloride by country
(metric tons)
Austria
Belgium
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United
Kingdom
Other
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19
8
107
64
90
28
106
7,518
16,582
14,914
6,961
9,638
9,507
4,492
38,577
42,363
39,388
69,107
70,803
63,926
74,744
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
982
689
579
750
832
861
980
414
131
49
32
25
22
456
79
230
98
73
39
73
68
47,589
60,003
55,141
76,987
81,427
74,417
80,846
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Western European total methyl chloride exports are 80,846 metric tons. Germany is the leading country of origin
at 92.5% in 2016. While German exports are forecast to continue growing, exports from France are expected to decline
during the forecast period.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents Western European total methylene chloride imports by country:
Western European imports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Austria
Belgium
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United
Kingdom
Other
Total
1,107
1,431
889
1,144
1,081
895
1,368
15,984
21,249
21,638
24,571
13,856
6,716
12,918
13,096
10,304
10,699
10,379
9,845
7,905
6,854
2,590
2,898
6,666
2,350
1,998
2,780
1,532
2,523
3,201
5,302
3,219
3,330
2,698
2,164
13,826
11,852
12,267
15,096
13,815
12,411
15,932
21,036
20,332
5,591
6,304
7,311
5,768
3,432
1,933
1,618
1,514
1,394
2,253
2,373
2,168
20,443
20,066
18,166
14,370
11,299
12,440
9,822
427
220
93
102
120
96
104
5,020
4,101
6,103
5,554
3,697
4,579
5,758
12,740
13,568
12,402
7,782
9,212
9,333
13,556
1,426
1,296
1,343
1,404
1,312
1,423
1,484
112,151
112,136
102,673
93,669
79,129
69,417
77,092
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Western European imports of methylene chloride are 77,092 metric tons. Italy, the United Kingdom, and
Belgium are the leading countries of destination for imports, accounting for 20.7%, 17.6%, and 16.8%, respectively in 2016.
Overall, imports have been declining.
The following table presents Western European total methylene chloride exports by country:
© 2016 IHS
66
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Western European exports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
Austria
Belgium
93
127
81
47
22
24
14
11,164
12,782
16,458
23,423
11,861
8,327
14,893
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
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30,568 use
108,404
2,633
11,161
121
5,888 to read
66
610
19,909
31,105
33,414
32,642
32,883
32,678
110,008
98,460
84,153
66,490
65,617
87,086
13
8
13
24
22
60
2,887
2,230
1,034
1,943
1,703
2,506
9,690
9,274
5,215
5,847
3,986
7,282
204
212
62
315
422
94
6,477
5,161
3,588
3,690
5,205
3,780
61
103
99
70
59
72
88
509
409
138
167
146
United
Kingdom
Other
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
78
84
219
101
114
102
218
170,798
162,330
163,820
151,558
123,156
118,517
148,829
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Western European methylene chloride exports are 148,829 metric tons. Germany, France, and Belgium are the
leading countries of origin exports, accounting for 58.5%, 22.0%, and 10.0%, respectively in 2016.
Chloroform
The following table presents Western European total chloroform imports by country:
Western European imports of chloroform by country
(metric tons)
Austria
Belgium
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United
Kingdom
Other
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15,944
22,023
24,364
16,170
15,119
7,943
190
274
266
474
442
335
152
238
8,485
3,162
1,497
177
3,592
1,730
5,420
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14,520
18,664
18,664
18,827
17,863
19,978
18,880
66,765
62,134
43,353
33,196
31,391
13,126
28,030
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,699
595
184
161
107
177
204
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
127
126
124
109
202
351
644
545
561
856
586
815
740
398
70
83
37
57
50
52
72
109,429
107,614
89,553
69,725
69,474
44,249
54,076
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Western European chloroform imports are 54,076 metric tons. The Netherlands and Italy are the leading
countries of destination for imports at 51.8% and 34.9%, respectively, in 2016.
The following table presents Western European total chloroform exports by country:
Western European exports of chloroform by country
(metric tons)
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Austria
Belgium
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United
Kingdom
Other
Total
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14,599
18,906
22,965
15,387
13,097
4,541
160
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
56,551
55,233
40,281
38,628
42,261
43,173
50,510
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
6
4
11
37
10
828
1,518
246
147
111
216
78
86
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
60
101
78
59
34
58
36
5
8
60
37
6
6
6
9
32
12
30
4
4
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
1
8
5
5
4
2
72,759
74,533
63,555
54,268
55,660
47,874
51,644
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Western European chloroform exports are 51,644 metric tons. Germany is the leading country of origin,
accounting for 97.8% of the exports.
Carbon tetrachloride
The following table presents Western European total carbon tetrachloride imports by country:
© 2016 IHS
67
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Western European imports of carbon tetrachloride by country
(metric tons)
Austria
Belgium
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United
Kingdom
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8,505 use1,421
2
417
0
0 to read
0
0
11,305
10,358
9,535
14,171
12,706
13,824
13
1,001
949
1
1,106
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
93
0
0
0
1,086
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Other
Total
5
96
2
3
0
0
0
10,350
11,416
11,455
10,487
14,172
13,812
14,910
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Western European carbon tetrachloride imports are 14,910 metric tons. France is the leading country of
destination for imports at 92.7% in 2016.
The following table presents Western European total carbon tetrachloride exports by country:
Western European exports of carbon tetrachloride by country
(metric tons)
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Austria
Belgium
France
Germany
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,391
3,954
2,984
2,974
4,803
6,051
7,000
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United
Kingdom
Other
Total
4,010
4,004
4,213
5,258
5,173
5,169
5,404
1
0
0
0
0
592
1,902
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
3
0
0
0
0
5,404
7,959
7,200
8,232
9,976
11,812
14,306
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Western European carbon tetrachloride exports are 14,306 metric tons. Germany and Italy are the leading
countries of origin for exports at 48.9% and 37.8%, respectively in 2016.
Central Europe
Producing companies
In 2016, there are only two producers in the Central European region. Combined, their total chloromethane capacity is
only 8,000 metric tons. Spolchemie in the Czech Republic produces only carbon tetrachloride and has a capacity of 4,000
metric tons, and Chimcomplex in Romania produces methylene chloride and chloroform with a total capacity of 4,000
metric tons; carbon tetrachloride production ceased in 2007. The following table presents Central European producers of
chloromethanes:
© 2016 IHS
68
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Central European producers of chloromethanes—2016
Average annual capacity
(thousands of metric tons)
Plant
Cl
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2
Company
location
CH3Cl
CH2Cl2
CHCl3
CCl4
and CHCl3
-
-
-
4
4
2
Remarks
Czech Republic
Usti nad Labem
Spolchemie
Romania
Carbon tetrachloride not for merchant market.
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Chimcomplex
Borzesti
-
2
2
-
4
Methanol and HCl
-
2
2
-
4
Methane and chlorine
-
-
-
-
-
Thermal chlorination
(MeCl)
-
-
-
4
-
From perchloroethylene
-
-
-
-
-
Other/unknown
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
4
4
Stopped carbon tetrachloride production in 2007.
Process and raw materials
Total
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
Salient statistics
Methylene chloride
The following table presents Central European supply/demand for methylene chloride:
Central European supply/demand for methylene chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
2
100
2
6.5
1.1
7.4
2011
2
100
2
6.6
0.8
7.8
2012
2
100
2
6.0
0.9
7.1
2013
2
100
2
6.1
1.0
7.1
2014
2
100
2
6.0
0.5
7.5
2015
2
100
2
6.4
0.6
7.8
2016
2
100
2
6.3
0.5
7.8
2021
2
100
2
6.6
0.5
8.1
0.9%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
—
0.0%
-0.5%
-12.3%
2016–21
0.0%
—
0.0%
0.9%
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.8%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, it is assumed that the Romanian plant is fully operational and all product is consumed within Romania. The
region imported 6,300 metric tons of methylene chloride from Western Europe. The main consuming countries are
Poland, Romania, Hungary, Slovenia, and the Czech Republic at 33.1%, 28.8%, 13.4%, 7.5%, and 6.3%, respectively, in 2016.
Chloroform
The following table presents Central European supply/demand for chloroform:
© 2016 IHS
69
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Central European supply/demand for chloroform
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
Actual
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(percent)
Production
Imports
consumption
capacity
2010
2
100
2
0.4
0.6
1.8
2011
2
100
2
0.5
0.1
2.4
2012
2
100
2
0.5
0.1
2.4
2013
2
100
2
0.6
0.1
2014
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) 2.5
if you have any questions.
2
100
2
0.6
0.1
2.5
2015
2
100
2
1.1
0.1
3.0
2016
2
100
2
0.7
0.1
2.6
2021
2
100
2
0.7
0.1
2.6
6.7%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
—
0.0%
9.8%
-25.8%
2016–21
0.0%
—
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.0%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, estimated Central Europe consumption of chloroform is 2,600 metric tons, with no growth forecast during 2016–
21.
Carbon tetrachloride
Central Europe has not produced carbon tetrachloride since 2007 and has not been an importer.
Consumption
The following table presents Central European consumption of chloromethanes:
Central European consumption of chloromethanes
(thousands of metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Carbon
(CH3Cl)
(CH2Cl2)
(CHCl3)
(CCl4)
2010
0.2
7.4
1.8
-
Total
9.4
2011
0.2
7.8
2.4
-
10.4
2012
0.1
7.1
2.4
-
9.6
2013
0.2
7.1
2.5
-
9.8
2014
0.2
7.5
2.5
-
10.2
2015
0.1
7.8
3.0
-
10.9
2016
0.2
7.8
2.6
-
10.6
2021
0.2
8.1
2.6
-
10.9
1.8%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
0.9%
6.7%
—
2016–21
0.0%
0.8%
0.0%
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.5%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Central Europe consumed 10,600 metric tons of chloromethanes. Methylene chloride is the largest-volume
product at 7,800 metric tons or 73.6%, followed by chloroform at 2,600 metric tons or 24.5%. Methyl chloride
consumption is negligible, all from imports.
Methyl chloride
Only about 250 metric tons of methyl chloride are consumed in the Central European region in 2016, all from imports.
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Methylene chloride
The following table presents Central European consumption of methylene chloride:
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Central European consumption
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(thousands of metric tons)
2010
Paint
Pharma-
Chemicals
Metal
Foam
Adhesives
removers
ceuticals
processing
cleaning
blowing
Aerosols
HFC-32
Other
Total
1.9
0.6
2.4
2.4
0.1
0
0
0
0
7.4
0
7.8
Contact
Customer
Care 2.5
(customercare@ihs.com)
if you
have 0any questions.
2.0
0.7
2.5
0.1
0
0
2011
2012
1.9
0.6
2.3
2.3
0.1
0
0
0
0
7.1
2013
1.9
0.6
2.3
2.3
0.1
0
0
0
0
7.1
2014
2.0
0.7
2.4
2.4
0.1
0
0
0
0
7.5
2015
2.0
0.7
2.5
2.5
0.1
0
0
0
0
7.8
2016
2.0
0.7
2.5
2.5
0.1
0
0
0
0
7.8
2021
2.0
0.8
2.6
2.6
0.1
0
0
0
0
8.1
0.9%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.9%
2.6%
0.7%
0.7%
0.0%
—
—
—
—
2016–21
0.0%
2.7%
0.8%
0.8%
0.0%
—
—
—
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.8%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Central European consumption of methylene chloride is 7,800 metric tons, with growth forecast at 0.8%
annually during 2016–21, following 0.9% annual growth during 2010–16. Three solvent applications (pharmaceuticals,
chemical processing, and adhesives) account for nearly 90% of total methylene chloride consumed. The other major end
uses for methylene chloride are in metal degreasing and paint removers.
Chloroform
In 2016, an estimated 2,600 metric tons of chloroform are consumed in Central Europe, with no growth forecast during
2016–21, following growth of 6.7% annually during 2010–16. Nearly all consumption is for the production of HCFC-22.
Carbon tetrachloride
There has not been any consumption of carbon tetrachloride in Central Europe in nearly a decade.
Trade
Methyl chloride
The following table presents Central European methyl chloride imports by country:
Central European imports of methyl chloride by country
(metric tons)
Czech
Bulgaria
Republic
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Other
Total
2010
0
2
91
102
65
6
266
2011
0
1
151
156
15
1
324
2012
0
4
65
148
0
6
223
2013
0
9
0
173
0
3
185
2014
0
13
0
191
21
1
226
2015
0
21
0
109
111
0
241
2016
0
10
62
180
2
2
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
256
© 2016 IHS
71
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Central Europe is a minor importer of methyl chloride. In 2016, Poland and Hungary account for 70.3% and 24.2%,
respectively.
Central Europe is a negligible exporter of methyl chloride.
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Methylene chloride
The following table presents Central European methylene chloride imports by country:
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Central European imports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
Czech
Bulgaria
Croatia
Republic
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Total
2010
101
583
636
1,446
2,506
194
186
132
749
6,533
2011
123
199
654
1,750
2,520
304
160
112
757
6,579
2012
141
175
635
1,453
2,201
218
152
92
914
5,981
2013
213
157
529
1,152
2,624
211
176
90
973
6,125
2014
261
106
439
1,121
2,953
209
142
94
573
5,898
2015
259
158
508
1,058
3,365
172
217
130
501
6,368
2016
285
154
550
1,044
2,894
249
214
194
718
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
6,302
© 2016 IHS
Central Europe is a large importer of methylene chloride. Poland and Hungary are the leading countries of destination at
45.9% and 16.6%, respectively, in 2016.
The following table presents Central European methylene chloride exports by country:
Central European exports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
Czech
Bulgaria
Republic
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Other
Total
2010
1
151
8
438
0
27
0
441
0
1,066
2011
1
28
18
485
0
4
0
253
0
789
2012
0
48
21
399
0
1
0
383
0
852
2013
3
50
21
421
0
15
4
462
0
976
2014
2
62
1
313
0
2
7
87
0
474
2015
4
69
4
400
0
1
11
108
0
597
2016
7
55
0
310
0
2
0
134
0
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
508
© 2016 IHS
Central Europe is a minor and declining exporter of methylene chloride. The leading countries of origin for exports are
Poland and Slovenia at 61.0% and 26.4%, respectively, in 2016.
Chloroform
The following table presents Central European chloroform imports by country:
© 2016 IHS
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30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Central European imports of chloroform by country
(metric tons)
Czech
Bulgaria
2010
135
Republic
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Other
Total
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use Adobe,
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to read this file.
51
75
129
33
19
442
2011
87
95
67
144
59
15
467
2012
143
90
74
93
42
22
464
2013
102
90
125
165
92
25
599
2014
222
73
66
154
46
21
592
160
77
190
54
25
354
110
76
96
24
51
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com)582
if you have any questions.
2015
2016
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
1,098
711
© 2016 IHS
Central Europe is a minor but growing importer of chloroform. Bulgaria is the leading country of destination for imports
at 49.8% in 2016, followed by the Czech Republic and Poland at 15.5% and 13.5%, respectively.
The following table presents Central European chloroform exports by country:
Central European exports of chloroform by country
(metric tons)
Czech
Bulgaria
Republic
Hungary
Poland
Romania
Other
Total
2010
0
24
47
534
0
1
606
2011
0
53
48
0
0
2
103
2012
0
42
56
1
0
2
101
2013
0
52
86
0
0
2
140
2014
0
41
73
0
0
2
116
2015
0
48
76
0
0
3
127
2016
0
80
48
0
0
4
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
132
© 2016 IHS
Central Europe is a small and declining exporter of chloroform. The Czech Republic and Poland account for 60.6% and
36.4% of exports, respectively, in 2016.
Carbon tetrachloride
Central Europe is neither an importer nor exporter of carbon tetrachloride.
CIS and Baltic States
Producing companies
The following table presents the CIS and Baltic States producers of chloromethanes:
© 2016 IHS
73
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
CIS and Baltic States producers of chloromethanes—2016
Average annual capacity
(thousands of metric tons)
Plant
Total CH Cl
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use Adobe, Chrome, or Internet Explorer to read
this file.
2
Company
location
CH3Cl
CH2Cl2
CHCl3
CCl4
and CHCl3
-
-
-
(26)
-
2
Remarks
Russia
Bashkir Soda Co.
Halopolymer
Sterlitamak
Believed to have stopped
producing at the end of 2012.
10
Formerly Kirovo-Chepetski.
ContactKirovo-Chepetski
Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com)
if -you have10any questions.
Also produces perchloroethylene.
Kirovo-Chepetski
Novoch Khimprom
Novocheboksarsk
Penta Silicones
Moscow
-
-
45
-
45
-
25
25
-
50
28
-
-
-
-
Integrated silicones producer.
Process and raw materials
Methanol and HCl
-
-
-
-
-
Methane and chlorine
28
-
25
-
25
Thermal chlorination
(MeCl)
-
25
55
-
80
From perchloroethylene
-
-
-
-
-
Other/unknown
-
-
-
-
-
28
25
80
-
105
Total
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
Russia is the only producing country in the CIS and Baltic States region. It has only one producer of methyl chloride and
two producers of methylene chloride and chloroform. In 2016, methyl chloride capacity is 28,000 metric tons. Combined
methylene chloride and chloroform capacity is 105,000 metric tons. Bashkir Soda has a carbon tetrachloride capacity of
26,000 metric tons, but the company is believed to have stopped producing in 2012. The region has a number of
perchloroethylene units that can produce carbon tetrachloride as by-product.
Salient statistics
Methyl chloride
The following table presents CIS and Baltic States supply/demand for methyl chloride:
CIS and Baltic States supply/demand for methyl chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
Actual
2010
28
57
16
neg
0
16
2011
28
57
16
0.1
0
15.9
2012
28
57
16
0.5
0
16.5
2013
28
64
18
0.6
neg
18.6
2014
28
71
20
1.1
0
21.1
2015
28
75
21
1.6
0
22.6
2016
28
73
20
1.6
0
21.6
2021
28
82
23
1.6
0
24.6
5.1%
consumption
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
—
3.8%
—
—
2016–21
0.0%
—
2.8%
0.0%
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
2.6%
© 2016 IHS
The CIS and Baltic States has only one producer of methyl chloride, Penta Silicones in Russia. In 2016, about 20,000 metric
tons of methyl chloride are produced and consumed, primarily internally for the production of chlorosilanes and silicones.
© 2016 IHS
74
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Imports have been gradually increasing. Production has been growing at 3.8% annually during 2010–16, and is forecast to
grow at 2.8% annually during 2016–21.
Methylene chloride
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The following table presents CIS and Baltic States supply/demand for methylene chloride:
CIS and Baltic States supply/demand for methylene chloride
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
Actual
2010
40
83
33
3.9
27.1
9.8
2011
42
81
34
3.4
25.0
12.4
2012
44
77
34
5.6
24.3
15.3
2013
44
73
32
11.4
24.4
19.0
2014
35
75
26
5.8
19.0
12.8
2015
25
60
15
3.6
8.5
10.1
2016
25
80
20
4.3
8.7
15.6
2021
25
89
22
4.3
9.0
17.3
8.1%
consumption
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-7.5%
—
-8.0%
1.6%
-17.3%
2016–21
0.0%
—
1.9%
0.0%
0.7%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
2.1%
© 2016 IHS
The CIS and Baltic States has only one unit producing methylene chloride, with a total capacity of 25,000 metric tons. In
2016, about 20,000 metric tons of methylene chloride are produced. Production had decreased at 8.0% annually during
2010–16, but is forecast to grow at 1.9% annually during 2016–21. The region is a net exporter and consumed about 15,600
metric tons in 2016. Turkey is the largest importer of Russian methylene chloride; others include Argentina, Brazil,
Colombia, and Peru.
Chloroform
The following table presents CIS and Baltic States supply/demand for chloroform:
CIS and Baltic States supply/demand for chloroform
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
44
70
31
0.2
10.7
20.5
2011
44
57
25
5.6
1.9
28.7
2012
44
57
25
4.1
1.8
27.3
2013
89
42
37
0.2
12.0
25.2
2014
85
71
60
0.2
11.4
48.8
2015
80
79
63
0.3
5.1
58.2
2016
80
79
63
0.2
9.3
53.9
2021
80
81
65
0.2
9.0
56.2
17.5%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
10.5%
—
12.5%
0.0%
-7.7%
2016–21
0.0%
—
0.6%
0.0%
5.2%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
0.8%
© 2016 IHS
75
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
The CIS and Baltic States has two companies producing chloroform, with a total capacity of 80,000 metric tons. In 2016,
an estimated 63,000 metric tons of chloroform are produced. Production had been increasing at 12.5% annually during
2010–16 but is forecast to slow to 0.6% annually during 2016–21. The region is a small importer but a large exporter of
chloroform.
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Carbon tetrachloride
The following table presents CIS and Baltic States supply/demand for carbon tetrachloride:
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
CIS and Baltic States supply/demand for carbon tetrachloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
26
54
14
-
-
14
2011
26
50
13
-
-
13
2012
26
50
13
-
-
13
2013
(26)
—
-
-
-
-
2014
(26)
—
-
-
-
-
2015
(26)
—
-
-
-
-
2016
(26)
—
-
-
-
-
2021
(26)
—
-
-
-
-
—
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
—
—
—
—
—
2016–21
—
—
—
—
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
—
© 2016 IHS
It is believed, but not confirmed, that there has not been any production of carbon tetrachloride in Russia since 2012. The
only producer was Bashkir Soda Co. (formerly JSC Kaustik).
Consumption
The following table presents CIS and Baltic States consumption of chloromethanes:
CIS and Baltic States consumption of chloromethanes
(thousands of metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Carbon
(CH3Cl)
(CH2Cl2)
(CHCl3)
(CCl4)
Total
2010
16.0
9.8
20.5
14.0
60.3
2011
15.9
12.4
28.7
13.0
70.0
2012
16.5
15.3
27.3
13.0
72.1
2013
18.6
19.0
25.2
0.0
62.8
2014
21.1
12.8
48.8
0.0
82.7
2015
22.6
10.1
58.2
0.0
90.9
2016
21.6
15.6
53.9
0.0
91.1
2021
24.6
17.3
56.2
0.0
98.1
7.1%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
5.1%
8.1%
17.5%
—
2016–21
2.6%
2.1%
0.8%
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
1.5%
© 2016 IHS
76
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
In 2016, CIS and Baltic States consumption of chloromethanes is 91,100 metric tons with growth forecast at 1.5% annually
during 2016–21, following growth of 7.1% annually during 2010–16. Chloroform, methyl chloride, and methylene chloride
represent 59.2%, 23.7%, and 17.1%, respectively, of total consumption in 2016.
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Methyl chloride
In 2016, CIS and Baltic States methyl chloride consumption is 21,600 metric tons, with growth forecast at 2.6% annually
during 2016–21, following growth at 5.1% annually during 2010–16. The primary application is the production of methyl
chlorosilanes as
an intermediate
in theCare
production
of silicones. Some is also consumed
in the
production
of butyl rubber
Contact
Customer
(customercare@ihs.com)
if you have
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questions.
and methyl cellulose. Penta Silicones in Moscow, Russia is the only methyl chloride producer in the region.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents CIS and Baltic States consumption of methylene chloride:
CIS and Baltic States consumption of methylene chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Paint
Pharma-
Chemicals
Metal
Foam
Adhesives
removers
ceuticals
processing
cleaning
blowing
Aerosols
HFC-32
Other
2010
1.5
4.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.7
0.6
0
0.5
9.8
2011
1.6
4.0
1.0
1.0
3.0
0.7
0.6
0
0.5
12.4
2012
1.7
5.0
1.0
1.0
4.7
0.8
0.6
0
0.5
15.3
2013
1.8
6.0
1.0
1.0
7.2
0.9
0.6
0
0.5
19.0
2014
1.9
4.5
1.0
1.0
2.7
0.7
0.5
0
0.5
12.8
2015
1.8
4.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
0.6
0.4
0
0.4
10.1
2016
2.0
5.0
1.0
1.0
5.0
0.6
0.5
0
0.5
15.6
2021
2.1
5.0
1.3
1.3
6.0
0.6
0.5
0
0.5
17.3
8.1%
Total
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
4.9%
3.8%
0.0%
0.0%
46.8%
-2.5%
-3.0%
—
0.0%
2016–21
1.0%
0.0%
5.4%
5.4%
3.7%
0.0%
0.0%
—
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
2.1%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, CIS and Baltic States methylene chloride consumption is 15,600 metric tons, with growth forecast at 2.1%
annually during 2016–21, following growth at 8.1% annually during 2016–21. The primary uses of methylene chloride in
the region are metal cleaning, paint removal, and solvent applications (adhesives, pharmaceuticals, and chemical
processing).
Chloroform
In 2016, CIS and Baltic States consumption of chloroform is 53,900 metric tons , with growth forecast at 0.8% annually
during 2016–21, following a rapid rise of 17.5% annually during 2010–16. Demand is essentially all (99%) for the
production of the fluorocarbon HCFC-22, much of which is converted to the fluoropolymer PTFE.
In March 2011, JSC Halogen became Halopolymer OJSC. The company includes Halopolymer Kirovo-Chepetsk, which
began producing fluoropolymers in 2007, and OAO Perm Halopolymer, which produces both HCFC-22 for the production
of PTFE and HFC-125, which uses either PCE or TCE.
Carbon tetrachloride
The CIS and Baltic States is believed to have not consumed carbon tetrachloride since 2012. There are no significant outlets
for carbon tetrachloride in the CIS and Baltic States, with the exception of Russia, where substantial quantities of carbon
tetrachloride had been used to produce CFCs.
© 2016 IHS
77
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Trade
Methyl chloride
The following table presents
CIS
andAdobe,
Baltic States
methyl or
chloride
imports
by country:
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use
Chrome,
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this file.
CIS and Baltic States imports of methyl chloride by country
(metric tons)
Belarus
2010
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Russia
Ukraine
Other
Contact
Customer
Care
(customercare@ihs.com)
if you
have0 any questions.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2011
0
0
0
2012
0
0
2013
0
0
2014
0
2015
2016
Total
3
3
0
0
0
107
0
0
107
0
0
0
0
461
0
0
461
0
11
0
0
605
0
0
616
0
0
0
0
0
1,098
21
0
1,119
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,558
111
0
1,669
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,509
120
0
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
1,629
© 2016 IHS
Russia and Ukraine are the only countries importing methyl chloride, with Russia accounting for 92.6% and Ukraine for
7.4% in 2016.
The following table presents CIS and Baltic States methyl chloride exports by country:
CIS and Baltic States exports of methyl chloride by country
(metric tons)
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Russia
Ukraine
Total
2010
0
0
0
0
0
0
31
0
31
2011
0
0
0
0
0
0
75
0
75
2012
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
6
2013
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
0
21
2014
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
10
2015
0
0
0
0
0
0
18
0
18
2016
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
3
© 2016 IHS
The CIS and Baltic States are negligible exporters of methyl chloride. Russia is the only exporting country.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents CIS and Baltic States methylene chloride imports by country:
CIS and Baltic States imports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Russia
Ukraine
Other
Total
2010
69
26
2
27
107
547
2,074
977
51
3,880
2011
63
26
2
23
113
331
1,504
947
410
3,419
2012
69
26
4
3
54
441
3,292
1,052
687
5,628
2013
123
34
10
137
64
433
8,485
1,020
1,128
11,434
2014
72
41
44
5
103
344
4,134
975
102
5,820
2015
75
50
26
6
80
192
2,345
791
37
3,602
2016
63
48
36
5
93
180
2,837
1,056
51
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
4,369
© 2016 IHS
The CIS and Baltic States are minor importers of methylene chloride. In 2016, Russia and Ukraine accounted for 64.9% and
24.2%, respectively.
© 2016 IHS
78
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
The following table presents CIS and Baltic States methylene chloride exports by country:
CIS and Baltic States exports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
Please use Adobe, Chrome, or Internet Explorer to read this file.
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Russia
Ukraine
Total
2010
0
2
0
0
1
421
26,637
0
27,061
2011
0
1
1
0
6
313
24,683
2
25,006
2012
9
0
0
0
1
307
24,008
0
24,325
30 Customer
0
0
0
10
240
24,108
Contact
Care (customercare@ihs.com)
if you have
any
questions. 0
24,388
2013
2014
1
0
0
0
1
271
18,760
0
19,033
2015
2
1
0
0
1
66
8,458
9
8,537
2016
2
0
33
0
2
36
8,643
0
8,716
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
Russia is the leading exporting country in the region, accounting for over 99% of all exports.
Chloroform
The following table presents CIS and Baltic States chloroform imports by country:
CIS and Baltic States imports of chloroform by country
(metric tons)
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Russia
Ukraine
Other
2010
19
1
1
5
0
3
0
170
0
199
2011
8
3
1
3
18
3
5,334
189
0
5,559
2012
15
2
0
2
13
3
3,851
219
0
4,105
2013
13
2
1
15
23
4
37
136
0
231
2014
19
2
0
6
21
4
20
136
0
208
2015
16
1
3
0
21
4
38
175
0
258
2016
10
2
2
0
26
2
0
139
0
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
Total
181
© 2016 IHS
The CIS and Baltic States are currently minor importers of chloroform. During 2011–12, Russia imported significant
quantities of chloroform. Ukraine is currently the leading country of destination for chloroform imports.
The following table presents CIS and Baltic States chloroform exports by country:
CIS and Baltic States exports of chloroform by country
(metric tons)
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Russia
Ukraine
Total
2010
0
0
0
0
4
0
10,677
4
10,682
2011
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,915
1
1,916
2012
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,798
0
1,798
2013
0
0
0
0
0
0
11,958
1
11,958
2014
0
0
0
0
0
0
11,424
0
11,424
2015
0
0
0
0
0
0
5,082
2
5,084
2016
0
0
0
0
0
0
9,334
0
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
9,334
© 2016 IHS
The CIS and Baltic States, led by Russia, is a large exporter of chloroform. Russia accounts for all the exports of chloroform
from the region in 2016.
Carbon tetrachloride
The CIS and Baltic States are neither an importer nor exporter of carbon tetrachloride.
© 2016 IHS
79
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Middle East and Africa
Producing companies
There are no producersPlease
of chloromethanes
in either
the Middle
East or Africa,
and it
not anticipated
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this file. that any producers
will build capacity in the region in the next five years.
Salient statistics
Customer
Care by
(customercare@ihs.com)
if you
havebut
anyseparately
questions.
Middle EasternContact
and African
supply/demand
product are presented in the same
section,
by product.
Methyl chloride
The Middle East does not produce methyl chloride. All consumption is supplied by imports, which have been in the range
of 1,000–3,000 metric tons per year in recent years.
Africa is a minor importer of methyl chloride, importing only 40 metric tons in 2016.
Methylene chloride
The Middle East and Africa do not produce methylene chloride; all consumption in the region is from imported material.
The following table presents Middle Eastern supply/demand for methylene chloride:
Middle Eastern supply/demand for methylene chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
-
-
-
29.5
0.2
29.3
2011
-
-
-
29.3
0.2
29.1
2012
-
-
-
31.2
0.2
31.0
2013
-
-
-
32.9
0.4
32.5
2014
-
-
-
33.7
0.4
33.3
2015
-
-
-
42.3
0.4
41.9
2016
-
-
-
42.2
0.3
41.9
2021
-
-
-
42.5
0.3
42.2
6.1%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
—
—
—
6.2%
7.0%
2016–21
—
—
—
0.1%
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.1%
© 2016 IHS
The Middle East is a large importer and minor exporter of methylene chloride. In 2016, an estimated 41,900 metric tons of
methylene chloride is imported, having grown at 6.2% annually during 2010–16. Imports and consumption are forecast to
slow to 0.1% annual growth during 2016–21.
The following table presents African supply/demand for methylene chloride:
© 2016 IHS
80
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
African supply/demand for methylene chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
capacity
rate
Actual
Please
useProduction
Adobe, Chrome,
orExports
Internet
Explorer to read this file.
(percent)
Imports
consumption
2010
-
-
-
58.7
1.3
57.4
2011
-
-
-
21.3
0.7
20.6
2012
-
-
-
23.7
0.6
23.1
2013
-
-
-
23.8
0.7
2014
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com)23.1
if you have any questions.
-
-
-
27.1
0.6
26.5
2015
-
-
-
21.9
0.5
21.4
2016
-
-
-
21.4
0.4
21.0
2021
-
-
-
18.4
0.4
18.0
-15.4%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
—
—
—
-15.5%
-17.8%
2016–21
—
—
—
-3.0%
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
-3.0%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Africa imported 21,000 metric tons of methylene chloride, declining at 15.4% annually during 2010–16, with a
further decline forecast at 3.0% annually during 2016–21. Exports are minor, typically to other African countries.
Chloroform
The Middle East and Africa do not produce chloroform, but import negligible quantities. In 2016, Middle Eastern and
African imports are about 100 metric tons each.
Carbon tetrachloride
The Middle East and Africa do not produce carbon tetrachloride. Imports are negligible, if at all. In 2016, the Middle East
did not import any carbon tetrachloride, while Africa imported 8 metric tons. Consumption is forecast as stable during the
next five years.
Consumption
Middle East
The following table presents Middle Eastern consumption of chloromethanes:
© 2016 IHS
81
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Middle Eastern consumption of chloromethanes
(thousands of metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Carbon
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Please(CH
use
Adobe, (CHCl
Chrome,
or Internet
Explorer
to read this file.
Cl )
)
(CCl )
Total
(CH3Cl)
2
2
3
4
2010
3.0
29.3
0.2
0
32.5
2011
1.5
29.1
0.2
0
30.8
2012
2.0
31.0
0.2
0
33.2
2013
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com)34.4
if you have any questions.
1.7
32.5
0.2
0
2014
1.6
33.3
0.1
0
35.0
2015
1.0
41.9
0.1
0
43.0
2016
2.0
41.9
0.1
0
44.0
2021
2.0
42.2
0.1
0
44.3
5.2%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-6.5%
6.1%
-10.9%
—
2016–21
0.0%
0.1%
0.0%
—
0.1%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Middle Eastern consumption of chloromethanes is 44,000 metric tons, with growth forecast at 0.1% annually
during 2016–21, following a 5.2% annual growth rate during 2010–16.
The only chloromethane consumed in large quantities in the Middle East is methylene chloride. The following table
presents Middle Eastern consumption of methylene chloride:
Middle Eastern consumption of methylene chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Paint
Pharma-
Chemicals
Metal
Foam
Adhesives
removers
ceuticals
processing
cleaning
blowing
Aerosols
HFC-32
Other
Total
2010
5.0
5.0
3.0
2.0
3.4
5.0
5.0
0
0.9
29.3
2011
5.0
5.0
3.0
2.0
3.2
5.0
5.0
0
0.9
29.1
2012
5.0
5.0
3.0
2.0
5.3
5.0
5.0
0
0.9
31.0
2013
5.0
5.0
3.0
3.0
5.8
5.0
5.0
0
0.9
32.5
2014
5.0
5.0
3.0
3.0
6.4
5.0
5.0
0
0.9
33.3
2015
5.0
5.0
3.0
3.0
15.0
5.0
5.0
0
0.9
41.9
2016
5.0
5.0
3.0
3.0
15.0
5.0
5.0
0
0.9
41.9
2021
5.0
5.0
3.0
3.0
15.3
5.0
5.0
0
0.9
42.2
6.1%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
8.5%
28.1%
0.0%
0.0%
—
0.0%
2016–21
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.4%
0.0%
0.0%
—
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.1%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Middle Eastern consumption of methylene chloride is 41,900 metric tons, with growth forecast at 0.1% annually
during 2016–21, following growth at 6.1% annually during 2010–16. The leading application is metal cleaning at 15,000
metric tons or 35.8%. The next-largest applications are adhesives, paint removers, foam blowing, and aerosols, each at an
estimated 5,000 metric tons or 11.9%.
Africa
The following table presents African consumption of chloromethanes:
© 2016 IHS
82
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
African consumption of chloromethanes
(thousands of metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
(CH3Cl)
Carbon
Chloroform
tetrachloride
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or Internet
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(CH Cl )
(CHCl )
(CCl )
Total
2
2
3
4
2010
0.6
57.4
0.2
-
58.2
2011
1.3
20.6
0.2
-
22.1
2012
1.1
23.1
0.2
-
24.4
2013
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com)24.5
if you have any questions.
1.2
23.1
0.2
-
2014
0.7
26.5
0.2
-
27.4
2015
0.1
21.4
0.2
-
21.7
2016
neg
21.0
0.1
-
21.1
2021
neg
18.0
0.1
-
18.1
-15.6%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
—
-15.4%
-10.9%
—
2016–21
—
-3.0%
0.0%
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
-3.0%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, African consumption of chloromethanes is 21,100 metric tons. Consumption is forecast to decline at 3.0%
annually during 2016–21, following a decline of 15.6% annually during 2010–16. Methylene chloride is the primary
chloromethane consumed in the region.
The only chloromethane consumed in large quantities in Africa is methylene chloride. The following table presents
African consumption of methylene chloride:
African consumption of methylene chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Paint
Pharma-
Chemicals
Metal
Foam
Adhesives
removers
ceuticals
processing
cleaning
blowing
Aerosols
HFC-32
Other
Total
2010
8.0
12.2
2.0
2.0
19.2
5.0
4.0
0
5.0
57.4
2011
1.9
2.0
2.0
2.0
8.5
2.0
2.0
0
0.2
20.6
2012
2.7
2.0
2.0
2.0
10.2
2.0
2.0
0
0.2
23.1
2013
2.8
2.0
2.0
2.0
10.1
2.0
2.0
0
0.2
23.1
2014
3.2
3.0
2.0
2.0
12.1
2.0
2.0
0
0.2
26.5
2015
1.6
2.0
2.0
2.0
9.7
2.0
2.0
0
0.1
21.4
2016
2.0
3.0
1.0
1.0
9.9
2.0
2.0
0
0.1
21.0
2021
2.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
8.3
1.8
1.8
0
0.1
18.0
-15.4%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-20.6%
-20.9%
10.9%
-10.9%
-10.5%
-14.2%
-10.9%
—
-47.9%
2016–21
0.0%
-7.8%
0.0%
0.0%
-3.5%
-2.1%
-2.1%
—
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
-3.0%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, African consumption of methylene chloride is 21,000 metric tons, with consumption forecast to decline at 3.0%
annually during 2016–21, following a 15.4% annual decline during 2010–16, although nearly the entire decline occurred in
2011. Metal cleaning is the leading application in Africa, at an estimated 9,900 metric tons or 47.1% in 2016. Other uses
include paint removers, adhesives, foam blowing, and aerosol usage.
Trade
Methyl chloride
The following table presents Middle Eastern methyl chloride imports by country:
© 2016 IHS
83
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Middle Eastern imports of methyl chloride by country
(metric tons)
Bahrain
Iran
Israel
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
UAE
Other
Total
2010
0
0
2,855
15
68
22
0
2,960
2011
55
2012
0
31
1,812
19
71
20
0
1,953
2013
0
0
1,675
33
9
22
0
1,739
2014
0
16
1,407
37
108
0
11
1,579
2015
0
34
903
10
25
6
3
0
0
1,536
452
22
0
0
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16
1,325
24
68
1,546
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com)981
if you have any questions.
2016
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
2,010
© 2016 IHS
Israel is the leading methyl chloride importer in the Middle East. In 2016, Israel accounts for 76.4% of imports. Saudi
Arabia had a large jump in imports in 2016, accounting for 22.5% of imports. There are negligible exports of methyl
chloride from the Middle East.
The following table presents African methyl chloride imports by country:
African imports of methyl chloride by country
(metric tons)
Algeria
Egypt
Kenya
Morocco
Nigeria
South Africa
Other
Total
2010
0
0
0
996
0
19
22
1,037
2011
38
0
56
0
0
154
59
307
2012
0
0
10
0
0
3
43
56
2013
38
0
1
0
0
1
78
118
2014
19
0
0
0
0
0
11
30
2015
0
0
0
0
0
0
32
32
2016
0
12
0
24
0
0
4
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
40
© 2016 IHS
Africa is a minor importer of methyl chloride, declining from 2010 to 2015, but slightly increasing in 2016. Egypt and
Morocco are the leading countries of destination.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents Middle Eastern methylene chloride imports by country:
Middle Eastern imports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
Bahrain
Iran
Israel
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
UAE
Other
Total
2010
21
4,992
5,306
3,260
17,588
3,523
1,702
36,392
2011
43
5,339
4,615
6,502
17,436
3,259
2,168
39,362
2012
59
6,184
3,562
2,968
20,181
3,445
1,809
38,208
2013
37
7,615
2,675
1,713
21,176
4,345
1,505
39,066
2014
61
4,617
2,431
2,246
24,832
4,486
1,397
40,070
2015
19
8,686
1,973
3,305
29,632
2,299
1,774
47,688
2016
65
7,296
3,607
5,211
20,127
4,011
1,843
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
42,160
© 2016 IHS
The Middle East is a large and growing importer of methylene chloride. Turkey is the leading country of destination,
accounting for 57.7% of imports in 2016, followed by Iran, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Israel at 17.3%,
12.4%, 9.5%, and 8.6%, respectively, in 2016.
The following table presents Middle Eastern methylene chloride exports by country:
© 2016 IHS
84
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Middle Eastern exports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
Bahrain
Iran
Israel
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
UAE
Other
Total
2010
0
4
338
600
125
3,153
0
4,220
2011
0
2012
0
0
96
4,815
194
4,365
48
9,518
2013
0
0
114
0
398
2,567
0
3,079
2014
0
0
165
0
412
378
0
955
2015
0
0
168
0
414
522
0
1,104
0
34
195
0
192
360
0
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or
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5
58
370
155
5,427
23
6,038
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
2016
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
781
© 2016 IHS
The Middle East is a small and declining exporter of methylene chloride. In 2016, the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and
Turkey are the leading exporting countries at 46.1%, 25.0%, and 24.6%, respectively.
The following table presents African methylene chloride imports by country:
African imports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
Algeria
Egypt
Kenya
Morocco
Nigeria
South Africa
Other
Total
2010
2,371
613
926
1,517
43,845
8,002
1,442
58,716
2011
2,283
2,128
1,216
1,301
5,691
7,282
1,394
21,295
2012
2,228
2,050
1,302
1,720
7,802
7,341
1,221
23,664
2013
2,733
2,411
1,072
1,787
7,338
7,154
1,280
23,775
2014
2,129
3,024
1,774
1,466
9,044
6,410
3,288
27,135
2015
1,764
3,061
1,369
2,116
4,324
7,633
1,680
21,947
2016
2,000
3,106
1,512
2,412
3,421
7,289
1,700
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
21,440
© 2016 IHS
Africa is a significant importer of methylene chloride. In 2016, South Africa, Nigeria, and Egypt are the major importers,
accounting for 34.0%, 16.0%, and 14.5% of the total, respectively.
Chloroform
The following table presents Middle Eastern chloroform imports by country:
Middle Eastern imports of chloroform by country
(metric tons)
Bahrain
Iran
Israel
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
UAE
Other
Total
2010
23
149
10
9
60
78
14
343
2011
0
88
9
22
61
14
6
200
2012
0
102
7
13
50
11
22
205
2013
0
117
11
16
61
39
18
262
2014
0
24
14
44
66
355
8
511
2015
0
116
7
6
73
6
5
213
2016
0
80
8
4
40
8
12
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
152
© 2016 IHS
The Middle East is a minor importer of chloroform, with Iran and Turkey being the largest importing countries.
The following table presents Middle Eastern chloroform exports by country:
© 2016 IHS
85
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Middle Eastern exports of chloroform by country
(metric tons)
Bahrain
Iran
Israel
Saudi Arabia
Turkey
UAE
Other
2010
0
143
23
0
3
115
2
2011
0
2012
0
0
24
0
2
19
1
46
2013
0
9
66
0
8
159
0
242
2014
0
13
30
0
9
17
0
69
2015
0
22
82
0
6
37
2
149
0
0
41
0
4
0
0
2016
Total
286
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88
26
16
248
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45
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
The Middle East is a small and declining exporter of chloroform. In 2016, Israel accounts for 91.1% of exports and Turkey
for the remainder.
African imports of chloroform have been 100–200 metric tons per year in recent years.
Carbon tetrachloride
The Middle East and Africa are negligible importers and exporters of carbon tetrachloride.
Indian Subcontinent
Producing companies
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent producers of chloromethanes:
Indian Subcontinent producers of chloromethanes—2016
Average annual capacity
(thousands of metric tons)
Total
Plant
Company
location
CH2Cl2,
CH3Cla
CH2Cl2
CHCl3
CCl4
CHCl3b
33
Remarks
India
Chemplast
Chennai, TN
Mettur, TN
-
18
15
3
33
-
-
-
-
(1)
-
-
(1)
DSCL
Bharuch, Guj
-
Gujarat Alkali
Baroda, Guj
9
-
-
-
-
Dahej, Guj
-
13
-
-
13
Vadodara, Guj
-
-
24
5
24
Gujarat Fluorochem
Dahej, Guj
42
-
50
7
50
Vadodara, Guj
-
50
-
-
50
Hindustan/Ciba
Calcutta, W. Bengal
-
(1)
-
-
(1)
National Rayon
Kalyan, Mah
-
(2)
-
-
(2)
SRAA Chemicals Ltd.
Kurnool, A.P.
37
-
-
-
-
SRF
Bhiwandi, Raj
30
13
20
3
33
Methanol and HCl
114
-
-
-
-
Methane and chlorine
37
-
-
18
-
Thermal chlorination (MeCl)
-
94
109
-
203
From perchloroethylene
-
-
-
-
-
Other/unknown
-
-
-
-
-
151
94
109
18
203
Shin-Etsu technology.
Process and raw materials
Total
a. Does not include capacity used as a precursor for other chlorinated methanes.
b. The capacities for methylene chloride and chloroform are more correctly reported as a single value, as flexibility exists in the production of these chemicals. The total capacity is reported here.
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
© 2016 IHS
86
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
In 2016, India has 151,000 metric tons of methyl chloride capacity, which is used to produce mostly methylene chloride
and chloroform. A small amount of carbon tetrachloride is recovered from the chlorination process.
In September 2016, SRF Ltd. announced plans for building a second chloromethanes plant at Dahej, Gujarat. The plant will
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file. to 80,000 metric
reportedly to be completed
in December
2017 Chrome,
and will double
the company’s
chloromethanes
capacity
tons per year.
In 2011, Gujarat Fluorochemicals Ltd. expanded its chlorinated methanes capacity from 41,000 to 110,000 metric tons to
meet demand.Contact
The company
also has 25,000
metric tons of HCFC-22 capacity.
Customer
Care (customercare@ihs.com)
if you have any questions.
In 2011, Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited (GACL) registered a joint-venture company with Dow Europe GmbH to
build a 200,000 metric ton-per-year chloromethanes plant at Dahej, Gujart with 50/50 equity partnership. The joint
venture never materialized.
CFCs are no longer produced in India, but production of HFCs and HCFCs continues to grow.
In December 2014, SRF acquired the worldwide pharmaceutical propellants business for HFC-134a of DuPont for $20
million. Under the deal, DuPont supplied HFC-134a until SRF completed their HFC-134a plant at Dahej in March 2016.
The company also produces HFC-32 at Bhiwandi using its own technology and is integrated in the production of HCFC-22.
SRF is currently building a pilot plant for the production of HFO-1234yf and has plans to build a commercial-scale HFO1234yf plant; the location has not been disclosed.
In 2016, Honeywell entered into a multiyear arrangement with Navin Fluorine International Ltd. in India to produce
HFO-1234yf. Honeywell has similar arrangements with Juhua Corporation in Hangzhou, China and Asahi Glass in Japan.
Salient statistics
Methyl chloride
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent supply/demand for methyl chloride:
Indian Subcontinent supply/demand for methyl chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
114
33
38
0.4
0.1
38.3
2011
114
34
39
0.2
0.1
39.1
2012
114
39
45
0.1
neg
45.1
2013
114
42
48
0.1
neg
48.1
2014
151
35
53
0.1
0.1
53.0
2015
151
40
60
0.5
0.1
60.4
2016
151
44
66
0.5
neg
66.5
2021
151
58
87
0.5
0
87.5
9.6%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
4.8%
—
9.6%
3.8%
—
2016–21
0.0%
—
5.7%
0.0%
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
5.6%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Indian Subcontinent production, all from India, is 66,000 metric tons. Methyl chloride consumption is 66,500
metric tons, with growth forecast at 5.6% annually during 2016–21, down from 9.6% annually during 2010–16. Imports
have been minor, and exports sporadic.
© 2016 IHS
87
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Methylene chloride
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent supply/demand for methylene chloride:
use Adobe,
Chrome,
or Internet
Indian SubcontinentPlease
supply/demand
for methylene
chloride
Explorer to read this file.
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2011
79
95
75
64.4
2.2
152.4
2012
94
85
80
44.2
8.0
144.4
2013
94
93
87
53.2
3.1
158.6
2014
94
99
93
54.9
0.6
165.9
2015
94
64
60
96.5
0.9
163.1
2016
94
85
80
88.6
0.3
168.3
2021
94
88
83
90.0
0.3
172.7
3.3%
Contact
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64
100
64
74.0
0.9
138.5
2010
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
6.6%
—
3.8%
3.0%
-16.7%
2016–21
0.0%
—
0.7%
0.3%
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.5%
© 2016 IHS
Indian production of methylene chloride has increased at 3.8% annually during 2010–16, reaching 80,000 metric tons,
with growth forecast at 0.7% per year in 2016–21. Consumption has increased at 3.3% annually during 2010–16 and is now
168,300 metric tons. Since both methylene chloride and chloroform are produced in the same unit, it is believed that most
of the capacity increase has been methylene chloride. It is believed that much of the unused methyl chloride is converted
into methylene chloride.
Chloroform
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent supply/demand for chloroform:
Indian Subcontinent supply/demand for chloroform
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
74
78
58
30.3
0.2
89.0
2011
109
75
82
17.0
0.5
98.5
2012
109
87
95
10.4
0.2
105.2
2013
109
89
97
8.4
1.2
104.2
2014
109
92
100
19.2
0.1
119.1
2015
109
94
103
24.0
0.1
126.9
2016
109
108
118
18.7
0.2
136.5
2021
174
78
136
20.0
0.2
155.8
7.4%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
6.7%
—
12.6%
-7.7%
0.0%
2016–21
9.8%
—
2.9%
1.4%
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
2.7%
© 2016 IHS
During 2010–16, Indian production of chloroform has increased at 12.6% annually, while consumption has increased at
7.4% annually. Nearly all the consumption is in India. Since both methylene chloride and chloroform are produced in the
same unit, it is believed that most of this capacity addition was for methylene chloride. In 2016, chloroform consumption
is 136,500 metric tons, with growth forecast at 2.7% annually during 2016–21.
© 2016 IHS
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Carbon tetrachloride
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent supply/demand for carbon tetrachloride:
use Adobe,
Chrome,
or Internet
Indian SubcontinentPlease
supply/demand
for carbon
tetrachloride
Explorer to read this file.
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
2011
16
94
15.0
-
-
16.0
2012
18
94
17.0
-
-
17.0
2013
18
89
16.0
-
-
16.0
2014
18
100
18.0
0.9
-
18.9
2015
21
96
20.0
0
-
20.0
2016
23
94
22.0
1.6
-
23.6
2021
23
97
22.0
6.4
-
28.6
7.9%
2010
Actual
Contact
Customer
Care
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15
100
15.0
15.0
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
7.4%
—
6.6%
—
—
2016–21
0.0%
—
0.0%
—
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
4.0%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Indian Subcontinent production of carbon tetrachloride is 22,000 metric tons, growing at 6.6% annually during
2010–16. Consumption is about 23,600 metric tons, growing at 7.9% annually during 2010–16. Consumption is forecast to
grow at 4.0% annually during 2016–21.
Consumption
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent consumption of chloromethanes:
Indian Subcontinent consumption of chloromethanes
(thousands of metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Carbon
(CH3Cl)
(CH2Cl2)
(CHCl3)
(CCl4)
Total
2010
38.3
138.5
89.0
15.0
280.8
2011
39.1
152.4
98.5
16.0
306.0
2012
45.1
144.4
105.2
17.0
311.7
2013
48.1
158.6
104.2
16.0
326.9
2014
53.0
165.9
119.1
18.9
356.9
2015
60.4
163.1
126.9
20.0
370.4
2016
66.5
168.3
136.5
23.6
394.9
2021
87.5
172.7
155.8
28.6
444.6
5.9%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
9.6%
3.3%
7.4%
7.9%
2016–21
5.6%
0.5%
2.7%
4.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
2.4%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, the Indian Subcontinent consumption of chloromethanes is about 394,900 metric tons, with growth forecast at
2.4% annually during 2016–21, down from 5.9% per year during 2010–16. India is the primary consumer in the region.
Methyl chloride
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent consumption of methyl chloride:
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Indian Subcontinent consumption of methyl chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Quaternary
Methyl
Methyl
ammonium
Agricultural
Butyl
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compounds
Other
Total
chlorosilanes cellulose
2010
0
0
38.3
0
0
0
38.3
2011
0
0
39.1
0
0
0
39.1
2012
0
0
45.1
0
0
0
45.1
2013
0
0
48.1
0
0
0
2014
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com)48.1
if you have any questions.
0
0
53.0
0
0
0
53.0
2015
0
0
60.4
0
0
0
60.4
2016
0
0
65.9
0
0.6
0
66.5
2021
0
0
86.3
0
1.2
0
87.5
9.6%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
—
—
9.5%
—
—
—
2016–21
—
—
5.5%
—
14.9%
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
5.6%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Indian Subcontinent consumption of methyl chloride is 66,500 metric tons, with growth forecast at 5.6%
annually during 2016–21, following a gain of 9.6% annually during 2010–16. The leading application is production of
quaternary ammonium compounds at 65,900 metric tons or over 99% of the total.
Consumption of methyl chloride in the Indian Subcontinent accounts for about 16.8% of total chloromethanes consumed
in the region in 2016. It is projected to have the highest growth rate of all the chloromethanes during 2016–21.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent consumption of methylene chloride:
Indian Subcontinent consumption of methylene chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Paint
Pharma-
Chemicals
Metal
Foam
Adhesives
removers
ceuticals
processing
cleaning
blowing
Aerosols
HFC-32
Other
Total
2010
13.9
6.9
57.3
6.9
27.7
6.9
6.9
8.0
4.0
138.5
2011
15.2
7.6
66.5
6.8
30.5
7.0
6.7
8.1
4.0
152.4
2012
16.0
7.1
60.2
6.6
28.9
6.9
6.5
8.2
4.0
144.4
2013
16.0
7.1
71.9
6.5
31.7
6.8
6.3
8.3
4.0
158.6
2014
17.0
7.1
76.9
6.5
33.2
6.7
6.2
8.3
4.0
165.9
2015
17.0
6.5
75.1
6.3
33.2
6.6
6.0
8.4
4.0
163.1
2016
18.0
6.4
79.4
6.2
33.6
6.4
5.8
8.5
4.0
168.3
2021
20.0
5.8
82.0
5.6
37.1
5.0
4.7
8.5
4.0
172.7
3.3%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
4.4%
-1.3%
5.6%
-1.8%
3.3%
-1.3%
-2.9%
1.0%
0.0%
2016–21
2.1%
-2.0%
0.7%
-2.0%
2.0%
-4.8%
-4.1%
0.0%
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.5%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, the Indian Subcontinent consumption of methylene chloride is 168,300 metric tons, with growth forecast at
0.5% annually during 2016–21, down from 3.3% annually during 2010–16. The largest market for methylene chloride in
India is as a solvent in pharmaceutical applications, estimated at 47.2% of the total in 2016, up from about 41.4% in 2010.
Metal cleaning is estimated at 20.0% and adhesives at 10.7% of total consumption in 2016. These three applications are
forecast for growth, while the remaining markets are stable or declining. Consumption for HFC-32 production is forecast
to remain stable during the next five years.
© 2016 IHS
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[IHS Document Protection]
Chloroform
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent consumption of chloroform:
use Adobe,
Chrome,
Indian SubcontinentPlease
consumption
of chloroform
or Internet Explorer to read this file.
(thousands of metric tons)
HCFC-22
Other
Total
2010
87.2
1.8
89.0
2011
96.5
2.0
98.5
2013
102.1
2.1
104.2
2014
116.7
2.4
119.1
2015
124.4
2.5
126.9
2016
133.8
2.7
136.5
2021
152.9
2.9
155.8
2012
Contact103.1
Customer Care
(customercare@ihs.com)
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2.1
105.2
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
7.4%
7.0%
2016–21
2.7%
1.4%
7.4%
2.7%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Indian Subcontinent consumption of chloroform is 136,500 metric tons, with growth forecast at 2.7% annually
during 2016–21, following growth at 7.4% annually during 2010–16. Consumption of chloroform is primarily in the
production of HCFC-22 for refrigeration/air-conditioning applications and the production of PTFE, estimated at more
than 98% of all chloroform consumed in the Indian Subcontinent in 2016.
Carbon tetrachloride
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent consumption of carbon tetrachloride:
Indian Subcontinent consumption of carbon tetrachloride
(thousands of metric tons)
HFC-
HFO-
CFC-12
CFC-11
245fa
1234yf
Other
Total
2010
0
0
14.0
0
1.0
15.0
2011
0
0
15.0
0
1.0
16.0
2012
0
0
17.0
0
0
17.0
2013
0
0
16.0
0
0
16.0
2014
0
0
18.9
0
0
18.9
2015
0
0
20.0
0
0
20.0
2016
0
0
23.6
0
0
23.6
2021
0
0
23.6
5.0
0
28.6
7.9%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
—
—
9.1%
—
—
2016–21
—
—
0.0%
—
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
4.0%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Indian Subcontinent consumption of carbon tetrachloride is 23,600 metric tons, with growth forecast at 4.0%
annually during 2016–21, following growth at 7.9% annually during 2010–16. It is anticipated that any remaining decline
in carbon tetrachloride for CFCs will be made up by precursor applications in the production of HFC-245fa and HFO1234yf; HFO-1234yf, however, can also be made from methyl chloride.
SRF Ltd. is currently building a pilot plant for the production of HFO-1234yf and has plans to build a commercial-scale
HFO-1234yf plant; the location has not been disclosed. In 2016, Honeywell entered into a multiyear arrangement with
Navin Fluorine International Ltd. in India to produce HFO-1234yf. Similar to other regions, HFO-1234yf could be required
in stationary air-conditioning applications, further increasing carbon tetrachloride demand.
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Carbon tetrachloride has also been used in the production of permethric acid (DV acid chloride) for end product
cypermethrin, an agrochemical insecticide, but consumption is considered negligible.
Trade
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Methyl chloride
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent methyl chloride imports by country:
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Indian Subcontinent imports of methyl chloride by country
(metric tons)
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Total
2010
0
376
0
43
16
435
2011
0
194
0
16
5
215
2012
0
27
0
26
20
73
2013
0
83
0
2
20
105
2014
0
20
0
21
87
128
2015
0
470
0
7
30
507
2016
0
406
0
7
43
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
456
© 2016 IHS
India is the leading country of destination for methyl chloride imports, accounting for 89.0% in 2016, followed by Sri
Lanka at 9.4%.
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent methyl chloride exports by country:
Indian Subcontinent exports of methyl chloride by country
(metric tons)
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
2010
0
54
0
0
0
54
2011
0
125
0
0
0
125
2012
0
24
0
0
0
24
2013
0
22
0
0
0
22
2014
0
109
0
0
0
109
2015
0
52
0
0
0
52
2016
0
42
0
0
0
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
Total
42
© 2016 IHS
India is the sole exporting country in the region, with exports declining.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent methylene chloride imports by country:
Indian Subcontinent imports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Total
1,757
70,504
7
1,375
334
73,977
2011
835
61,670
14
1,526
411
64,456
2012
1,996
38,564
26
3,154
505
44,245
2013
1,679
49,784
29
1,455
234
53,181
2014
1,817
49,104
30
3,823
144
54,918
2015
1,536
91,660
11
3,208
179
96,594
2016
2,348
78,565
52
7,356
258
2010
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
88,579
© 2016 IHS
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[IHS Document Protection]
The Indian Subcontinent, led by India, is a large importer of methylene chloride. In 2016, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
account for 88.7%, 8.3%, and 2.7% of total imports, respectively.
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent methylene chloride exports by country:
Please use Adobe, Chrome, or Internet Explorer to read this file.
Indian Subcontinent exports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
Bangladesh
2010
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Total
887
0
0
887
Contact0 Customer
Care0(customercare@ihs.com)
if you have any questions.
2011
0
2,177
0
0
0
2,177
2012
0
8,000
0
0
0
8,000
2013
0
3,085
0
0
0
3,085
2014
0
630
0
0
0
630
2015
0
938
0
0
0
938
2016
0
298
0
0
0
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
298
© 2016 IHS
India is the sole exporter of methylene chloride and exports have been declining since 2012.
Chloroform
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent chloroform imports by country:
Indian Subcontinent imports of chloroform by country
(metric tons)
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Total
2010
25
24,860
4
5,402
1
30,292
2011
14
16,967
5
36
3
17,025
2012
6
10,130
4
249
12
10,401
2013
37
6,495
11
1,807
2
8,352
2014
3
16,181
8
2,975
4
19,171
2015
9
19,722
2
4,212
3
23,948
2016
7
13,255
33
5,446
3
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
18,744
© 2016 IHS
The Indian Subcontinent is a large importer of chloroform, with India and Pakistan accounting for 70.7% and 29.1%,
respectively in 2016.
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent chloroform exports by country:
Indian Subcontinent exports of chloroform by country
(metric tons)
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Total
2010
0
205
0
0
0
205
2011
0
547
0
0
0
547
2012
0
210
0
0
0
210
2013
0
1,218
0
0
0
1,218
2014
0
99
0
0
0
99
2015
0
65
0
0
0
65
2016
0
150
0
0
0
150
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
The Indian Subcontinent is a minor exporter of chloroform. India is the only exporting country.
© 2016 IHS
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Carbon tetrachloride
The following table presents Indian Subcontinent carbon tetrachloride imports by country:
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Internet
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imports use
of carbon
tetrachloride
Explorer to read this file.
(metric tons)
Bangladesh
India
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Total
2010
0
0
0
0
0
0
2011
0
0
0
0
0
0
2012
Contact
Customer
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if0 you have any questions.
0
0
0
0
0
2013
0
0
0
0
0
0
2014
0
944
0
0
0
944
2015
0
7
0
0
0
7
2016
0
1,610
0
0
0
1,610
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
In 2014, India began importing carbon tetrachloride.
The Indian Subcontinent is negligible exporter of carbon tetrachloride.
Northeast Asia
Overview
Producing companies
The following table presents the major Chinese producers of chloromethanes:
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Major Chinese producers of chloromethanes—2016
Average annual capacity
(thousands of metric tons)
Please use Plant
Adobe, Chrome, or Internet Explorer to read this file.
Company
location
Arkema Changshu Fluorochem.
Changshu, Jiangsu
China Nat’l. Blue Star
Xinghuo, Hebei
Fluorine Chemical Co.
Quzhou, Zhejiang
Total CH2Cl2
CH3Cl
CH2Cl2
CHCl3
CCl4
and CHCl3
-
40
40
-
80
180
-
-
-
-
3
130
130
-
260
Jiangsu
80 any questions.
Contact CustomerChangshu,
Care (customercare@ihs.com)
if80you have
Jiangsu Lee & Man
160
Jiangsu Meilan
Taizhou, Jiangsu
17
100
100
5
200
Jiangxi Jiu’er Salt
Ganzhou, Jiangxi
40
-
-
-
-
Jilin Chemical
Jilin, Jilin
16
-
-
-
-
Juhua Group
Quzhou, Zhejiang
8
-
-
-
-
Kaihua Organic
Quzhou, Zhejiang
10
-
-
-
-
Luzhou North Chem.
Luzhou, Sichuan
5
6
12
3
18
Nantong Pesticide
Nantong, Jiangsu
-
Sanonda Zhengzhou Pesticide
Zhengzhou, Henan
Shandong Dongyue Fl.
Zibo, Shandong
Shandong Haihua
Weifang, Shandong
-
40
40
-
80
Shandong Jinling
Dongying, Shandong
250
100
100
6
200
Dongying, Shandong
160
-
-
-
-
-
-
82
-
82
-
8
-
-
-
20
-
-
-
-
160
100
100
18
200
Sichuan Honghe
Zigong, Sichuan
Zhejiang Chem.
Xin’anjiang, Zhejiang
10
-
-
-
Zhejiang Xinan Chem.
Zhejiang, Zhejiang
20
-
-
-
-
Zigong Honghe
Zigong, Sichuan
12
76
7
20
83
Other
Various locations
59
298
57
30
355
Methanol and HCl
1,608
Process and raw materials
978
860
748
-
Methane and chlorine
-
-
-
82
-
Thermal chlorination (MeCl)
-
110
-
-
110
From perchloroethylene
-
-
-
-
-
Other/unknown
-
-
-
-
-
978
970
748
82
1,718
Total
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Chinese production capacity for methyl chloride is 978,000 metric tons, methylene chloride is 970,000 metric
tons, chloroform is 748,000 metric tons, and carbon tetrachloride is 82,000 metric tons. It is projected that Chinese
capacity for methyl chloride, methylene chloride, and chloroform will increase to 1.6 million, 1.17 million, and 848,000
metric tons by 2021, respectively.
The following table presents Japanese, South Korean, and Taiwanese producers of chloromethanes:
© 2016 IHS
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[IHS Document Protection]
Other Northeast Asian producers of chloromethanes—2016
Average annual capacity
(thousands of metric tons)
PleasePlant
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Company
location
CH3Cl
CH2Cl2
82
Total CH2Cl2
CHCl3
CCl4
and CHCl3
39
9
(29)
48
10
16
-
Japan
Asahi Glass
Ichihara, Chiba
Kashima
Mitsui Chemicals
26
Nagoya, Aichi
(10) any questions.
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Care (customercare@ihs.com)
if- you have
(10)
Nihon Tokushu Kagaku
Fukushima
7
-
-
-
-
Shin-Etsu
Nagoya, Aichi
-
(14)
-
-
(14)
155
23
15
2
38
4
38
27
7
65
Ulsan
66
30
31
-
61
Taipei
10
20
20
-
40
43
Naoetsu
Tokuyama Corp.
Tokuyama, Yamaguchi
South Korea
Samsung FC
Taiwan
FPC
Process and raw materials
Methanol and HCl
93
-
43
-
231
-
-
9
-
Thermal chlorination (MeCl)
-
160
75
-
235
From perchloroethylene
-
-
-
-
-
Other/unknown
-
-
-
-
-
324
160
118
9
278
Methane and chlorine
Total
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan are minor producers of chloromethanes. Japan is the leading producer of methyl chloride,
accounting for 76.5% of total capacity in 2016, followed by South Korea (20.3%) and Taiwan (3.2%). Capacity for
methylene chloride and chloroform are more equally divided among the three countries. Japan is the only producer of
carbon tetrachloride.
In 2016, total methyl chloride capacity in Northeast Asia had reached about 1.3 million metric tons. As expected, China
dominates with about 75% of the region’s methyl chloride capacity. Japan accounts for another 19%. South Korea and
Taiwan are minor producers of methyl chloride.
Salient statistics
Methyl chloride
The following table presents Northeast Asian supply/demand for methyl chloride:
© 2016 IHS
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[IHS Document Protection]
Northeast Asian supply/demand for methyl chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
capacity
rate
Actual
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(percent)
Imports
Exports
consumption
2010
942
80
751
1.8
2.3
2011
1,032
79
819
1.9
2.5
818.4
2012
1,279
79
1,015
2.4
3.1
1,014.3
2013
2014
750.5
1,302
84
1,090
2.4
4.1
1,088.3
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1,302
85
1,113
0.8
3.2
1,110.6
2015
1,302
86
1,114
0.9
5.7
1,109.2
2016
1,302
94
1,219
1.0
6.0
1,214.0
2021
1,902
84
1,588
1.0
6.5
1,582.5
8.4%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
5.5%
—
8.4%
-9.3%
17.3%
2016–21
7.9%
—
5.4%
0.0%
1.6%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
5.4%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, methyl chloride capacity is 1.3 million metric tons. China accounts for about 75% of the total and Japan for
another 19%. South Korea and Taiwan each have one producer, accounting for a combined capacity of 76,000 metric tons.
With essentially no trade of methyl chloride, the region’s consumption is slightly less than production. Chinese methyl
chloride capacity could reach nearly 1.6 million metric tons by 2021, largely to meet silicone production requirements.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents Northeast Asian supply/demand for methylene chloride:
Northeast Asian supply/demand for methylene chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
887
77
687
25.8
58.7
654.1
2011
1,057
80
847
27.4
80.3
794.1
2012
1,075
84
908
28.8
77.0
859.8
2013
1,075
89
952
25.6
77.4
900.2
2014
1,130
88
996
25.8
82.7
939.1
2015
1,130
91
1,030
24.6
156.1
898.5
2016
1,130
92
1,041
26.9
157.3
910.6
2021
1,330
89
1,189
27.9
175.0
1,041.9
5.7%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
4.1%
—
7.2%
0.7%
17.9%
2016–21
3.3%
—
2.7%
0.7%
2.2%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
2.7%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, methylene chloride capacity is about 1.13 million metric tons in Northeast Asia. China and Japan account for
about 86% and 10% of the total capacity, respectively, with South Korea and Taiwan accounting for the remaining 50,000
metric tons. Operating rates are nearly 92%, equating to a production of about 1.04 million metric tons in 2016. The region
is a net exporter of methylene chloride. China and Japan are the leading exporters, followed by South Korea. South Korea
tends to import almost an equivalent amount of methylene chloride. Taiwan is not a trading nation. Overall, the region
consumed over 910,000 metric tons of methylene chloride, more than 87% of its production.
© 2016 IHS
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Chloroform
The following table presents Northeast Asian supply/demand for chloroform:
Please usefor
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Northeast Asian supply/demand
chloroform
or Internet Explorer to read this file.
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
2011
888
89
794
89.4
35.2
848.2
2012
906
88
801
89.8
36.8
854.0
2013
906
90
814
62.3
25.8
850.5
2014
906
93
846
49.5
25.2
870.3
2015
906
93
838
20.7
26.2
832.5
2016
866
97
838
26.0
22.8
841.2
2021
966
88
853
26.0
24.2
854.8
0.1%
2010
Actual
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824
91
753
109.3
25.1
837.2
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.8%
—
1.8%
-21.3%
-1.6%
2016–21
2.2%
—
0.4%
0.0%
1.2%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.3%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Northeast Asian chloroform capacity is about 0.9 million metric tons. China accounts for about 86% and Japan for
about 8%. South Korea and Taiwan both have some capacity, which totaled about 50,000 metric tons. Operating rates are
around 97%, equating to a production of 838,000 metric tons in 2016. China supplements its production with imports
from other Asian countries. Overall consumption is 841,200 metric tons in 2016, with growth forecast at 0.3% annually
during 2016–21. Imports declined at 21.3% annually, while exports declined at 1.6% annually during 2010–16. Imports are
expected to remain stable while exports are forecast to increase at 1.2% annually during 2016–21.
Carbon tetrachloride
The following table presents Northeast Asian supply/demand for carbon tetrachloride:
Northeast Asian supply/demand for carbon tetrachloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
92
27
25.0
0.5
-
25.5
2011
92
24
22.0
1.0
-
23.0
2012
89
24
21.0
0.7
-
21.7
2013
91
22
20.0
0.4
-
20.4
2014
91
22
20.0
0.3
-
20.3
2015
91
22
20.0
0.5
-
20.5
2016
91
23
21.0
0.3
-
21.3
2021
91
37
33.6
0.3
-
33.9
-3.0%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-0.1%
—
-2.9%
-8.2%
—
2016–21
0.0%
—
9.9%
0.0%
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
9.7%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Northeast Asian carbon tetrachloride capacity is 91,000 metric tons, with China accounting for 82,000 metric
tons or 90%, and Japan accounting for the remaining 9,000 metric tons or 10%. No change in capacity is forecast; even so,
production utilization rate is forecast to reach only 37% by 2021.
© 2016 IHS
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Consumption
The following table presents Northeast Asian consumption of chloromethanes:
Please use
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Northeast Asian consumption
of chloromethanes
or Internet Explorer to read this file.
(thousands of metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Chloroform
tetrachloride
(CH3Cl)
(CH2Cl2)
(CHCl3)
(CCl4)
Total
2011
818.4
794.1
848.2
23.0
2,483.7
2012
1,014.3
859.8
854.0
21.7
2,749.8
2013
1,088.3
900.2
850.5
20.4
2,859.4
2014
1,110.6
939.1
870.3
20.3
2,940.3
2015
1,109.2
898.5
832.5
20.5
2,860.7
2016
1,214.0
910.6
841.2
21.3
2,987.1
2021
1,582.5
1,041.9
854.8
33.9
3,513.1
4.7%
2010
Carbon
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750.5
654.1
837.2
25.5
2,267.3
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
8.4%
5.7%
0.1%
-3.0%
2016–21
5.4%
2.7%
0.3%
9.7%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
3.3%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Northeast Asia consumes nearly 3.0 million metric tons of chloromethanes, with growth forecast at 3.3%
annually during 2016–21, following growth of 4.7% annually during 2010–16.
Methyl chloride is the leading chloromethane consumed in the region and has been growing at 8.4% annually during
2010–16. In 2016, methyl chloride accounts for 1.2 million metric tons or 40.6% of total chloromethane consumption. In
2016, 81.9% of the region’s methyl chloride is used to produce methyl chlorosilane, an intermediate used for the
production of silicone.
Methylene chloride is the second-largest chloromethane consumed in the region, accounting for 910,600 metric tons or
30.5% of the total chloromethane consumption. Methylene chloride is consumed primarily as a solvent (for
pharmaceuticals, adhesives, and chemical processing) and for the production of HFC-32.
Chloroform is the third-largest chloromethane consumed in the region, accounting for 841,200 metric tons or 28.2% of
the total. Chloroform is consumed almost entirely for the production of HCFC-22.
In 2016, carbon tetrachloride accounted for 21,300 metric tons or less than 1% of the total chloromethanes consumed in
the region. Carbon tetrachloride consumption has declined at 3.0% annually during 2010–16, but is forecast to increase at
9.7% annually during 2016–21, as HFO-1234yf production using carbon tetrachloride increases. Use in China is forecast to
grow at 11.0% annually during 2016–21, with Japanese consumption increasing at 6.5% annually.
Methyl chloride
The following table presents Northeast Asian consumption of methyl chloride:
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Northeast Asian consumption of methyl chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Quaternary
Methyl
Methyl
ammonium
Agricultural
Butyl
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compounds
Other
Total
chlorosilanes cellulose
2010
567.0
99.7
11.6
14.9
2.0
55.3
2011
684.0
112.5
12.3
15.4
3.8
-9.6
818.4
2012
731.0
125.1
13.1
16.2
4.4
124.5
1,014.3
2013
2014
750.5
779.0
133.4
13.9
17.1
4.5
140.4 1,088.3
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926.3
146.0
14.8
18.0
5.5
0.0
1,110.6
2015
928.6
139.3
15.6
19.0
6.7
0.0
1,109.2
2016
1,016.0
154.4
16.5
20.0
7.1
0.0
1,214.0
2021
1,359.9
165.9
21.6
25.5
9.6
0.0
1,582.5
8.4%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
10.2%
7.6%
6.1%
5.0%
23.5%
—
2016–21
6.0%
1.5%
5.5%
5.0%
6.2%
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
5.4%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Northeast Asian consumption of methyl chloride is 1.2 million metric tons, with growth forecast at 5.4% annually
during 2016–21, following 8.4% annual growth during 2010–16. China is the leading consuming country in the region,
accounting for 78.1% of total consumption in 2016. The leading applications are production of methyl chlorosilanes in the
production of silicones and the production of methyl cellulose and derivatives.
Chlorosilanes in silicone production
The production of methyl chlorosilianes in the production of silicones is the largest application for methyl chloride in
Northeast Asia, accounting for 1.02 million metric tons or 83.7% of all methyl chloride demand. Consumption growth is
forecast at 6.0% annually during 2016–21, following growth at 10.2% annually during 2010–16.
Cellulose ethers
The second-largest application for methyl chloride in Northeast Asia is the production of methyl cellulose ethers and
derivatives. In 2016, Northeast Asia is estimated to consume 154,400 metric tons of methyl chloride in the production of
methyl cellulose, with growth forecast at 1.5% annually during 2016–21, following growth at 7.6% annually during 2010–
16.
Quaternary ammonium compounds
In 2016, Northeast Asia consumption of methyl chloride in the production of quaternary ammonium compounds is about
16,500 metric tons, with growth forecast at 5.5% annually during 2016–21, following growth at 6.1% annually during
2010–16. The leading application is in the manufacture of hydrogenated tallow dimethyl ammonium chloride, which is
used in fabric softeners. Very little is use in the production of organo-modified clays that are used in drilling muds.
Agriculture
Methyl chloride is a raw material used in the production of the paraquat. China is the leading producer of paraquat,
although a large percentage is exported. In 2016, there are 12 plants producing paraquat in China, with an estimated
74,500 metric tons of annual capacity. In 2016, Northeast Asia, primarily China, consumes an estimated 20,000 metric
tons of methyl chloride in the production of paraquat, with growth forecast at 5.0% annually during 2016–21, following
growth at 5.0% annually during 2010–16.
© 2016 IHS
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[IHS Document Protection]
Halogenated butyl rubber
Butyl elastomer production consumes methyl chloride as a solvent. Halogenated butyl rubber is produced in China, Japan,
and South Korea. In 2016, Northeast Asian consumption of methyl chloride in this application is forecast at 7,100 metric
tons, with growth forecast
at 6.2%
2016–21,
at 23.5%
annually
during 2010–16.
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Other
In 2016, total consumption in all other applications is believed to be negligible.
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Methylene chloride
The following table presents Northeast Asian consumption of methylene chloride:
Northeast Asian consumption of methylene chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Paint
Pharma-
Chemicals
Metal
Foam
Adhesives
removers
ceuticals
processing
cleaning
blowing
Aerosols
HFC-32
Other
Total
2010
130.8
65.4
196.2
32.7
65.4
42.7
32.7
74.7
13.5
654.1
2011
158.8
79.4
238.2
39.7
79.4
63.5
39.7
80.4
15.0
794.1
2012
172.0
86.0
257.9
43.0
86.0
68.5
43.0
86.4
17.0
859.8
2013
180.0
90.0
270.1
45.0
90.0
69.8
45.0
91.3
19.0
900.2
2014
187.8
94.0
286.7
47.0
94.0
67.1
47.0
96.5
19.0
939.1
2015
176.1
96.1
264.2
44.0
97.0
56.1
44.0
102.0
19.0
898.5
2016
176.7
98.3
265.0
44.2
100.0
55.4
44.2
107.8
19.0
910.6
2021
208.4
107.2
312.6
52.1
103.0
56.3
52.1
131.2
19.0
1,041.9
5.7%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
5.1%
7.0%
5.1%
5.2%
7.3%
4.4%
5.2%
6.3%
5.9%
2016–21
3.4%
1.8%
3.4%
3.3%
1.1%
0.3%
3.3%
4.0%
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
2.7%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Northeast Asian consumption of methylene chloride is 910,600 metric tons, with growth forecast at 2.7%
annually during 2016–21, following 5.7% annual growth during 2010–16.
The leading application for methylene chloride in Northeast Asia is as a solvent in pharmaceutical applications at 265,000
metric tons or 29.1%. The next-largest use is for adhesives at 176,700 metric tons or 19.4%, followed by HFC-32 production
at 107,800 metric tons or 11.8%. All are projected to have growth rates of 3–4% annually during 2016–21.
Other large applications for methylene chloride are metal cleaning at 100,000 metric tons or 11.0% and paint removers at
98,300 metric tons or 10.8%. Both metal cleaning and paint removers are forecast to have growth at 1–2% annually during
2016–21. Consumption for chemical processing and aerosol uses is estimated at 44,200 metric tons or 4.9% each and both
are forecast to grow at 3.3% annually during 2016–21.
Chloroform
The following table presents Northeast Asian consumption of chloroform:
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Northeast Asian consumption of chloroform
(thousands of metric tons)
HCFC-22
Other
Total
821
16.2
837.2
2012
837
17.0
854.0
2013
834
16.5
850.5
2014
854
16.3
870.3
2015
820
12.5
833
8.2
841.2
848
6.8
854.8
2010
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832
16.2
848.2
2011
2016
832.5
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2021
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.2%
-10.7%
2016–21
0.4%
-3.7%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.1%
0.3%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Northeast Asian consumption of chloroform is 841,200 metric tons, with growth forecast at 0.3% annually
during 2016–21, following a 0.1% annual growth during 2010–16. The main application is the production of HCFC-22,
which is used as a refrigerant and precursor in the production of fluoropolymers. In 2016, production of HCFC-22
consumes an estimated 833,000 metric tons of chloroform, or 99.0% of the total. Usage of HCFC-22 as a refrigerant is
forecast to decline, but use as a precursor is forecast to grow in the 4% range annually during 2016–21, leading to slight
growth for HCFC-22 production and chloroform consumption through the forecast period.
Carbon tetrachloride
The following table presents Northeast Asian consumption of carbon tetrachloride:
Northeast Asian consumption of carbon tetrachloride
(thousands of metric tons)
HFC-
HFC-
HFO-
CFC-12
CFC-11
245fa
365mfc
1234yf
Other
Total
2010
1.0
1.0
21.3
0
0
2.2
25.5
2011
0
0
21.0
0
0
2.0
23.0
2012
0
0
20.0
0
0
1.7
21.7
2013
0
0
19.0
0
0
1.4
20.4
2014
0
0
18.0
0
0
2.3
20.3
2015
0
0
19.0
0
0
1.5
20.5
2016
0
0
21.3
0
0
0
21.3
2021
0
0
21.3
0
12.6
0
33.9
-3.0%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
—
—
0.0%
—
—
—
2016–21
—
—
0.0%
—
—
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
9.7%
© 2016 IHS
Northeast Asia is a minor consumer of carbon tetrachloride. In 2016, Northeast Asian consumption of carbon tetrachloride
is an estimated 21,300 metric tons, with growth forecast at 9.7% annually during 2016–21, following a 3.0% annual decline
during 2010–16. Chinese consumption is forecast to grow at 11.0% annually and Japanese consumption at 6.5% annually
during 2016–21, driven by the expected production of HFO-1234yf from carbon tetrachloride. Production of HFO-1234yf
is projected to consume increasing amounts of carbon tetrachloride, offsetting the decline in use for the production of
HFCs.
© 2016 IHS
102
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
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Trade
Methyl chloride
The following table presents
Asian methyl
chloride
imports by
country: to
PleaseNortheast
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read this file.
Northeast Asian imports of methyl chloride by country
(metric tons)
China
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan
Total
2011
43
0
0
1,838
1,881
2012
63
0
1
2,270
2,334
2013
48
0
13
2,299
2,360
2014
48
0
23
681
752
2015
45
0
110
736
891
2016
39
0
209
739
2010
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36
0
1
1,765
1,802
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
987
© 2016 IHS
Northeast Asia is a minor importer of methyl chloride. South Korean imports have been increasing, while Taiwanese
imports have declined but have been relatively stable over the past three years. In 2016, Taiwan accounted for 74.9% of
imports and South Korea for 21.2%. China is a minor importer, and Japan does not import any methyl chloride.
The following table presents Northeast Asian methyl chloride exports by country:
Northeast Asian exports of methyl chloride by country
(metric tons)
China
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan
Total
264
1,792
36
165
2,257
2011
251
1,831
0
437
2,519
2012
1,183
1,663
0
283
3,129
2013
2,323
1,596
0
153
4,072
2014
2,616
318
0
288
3,222
2015
5,068
335
0
315
5,718
2016
5,759
11
0
262
2010
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
6,032
© 2016 IHS
Northeast Asia is a large and growing exporter of methyl chloride. China is the leading country of origin for exports,
accounting for 95.5%, followed by Taiwan at 4.3%.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents Northeast Asian methylene chloride imports by country:
Northeast Asian imports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
China
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan
Total
2010
7,945
3,035
11,993
2,829
25,802
2011
7,828
762
16,429
2,417
27,436
2012
6,950
2,686
17,196
2,010
28,842
2013
1,319
3,361
18,321
2,561
25,562
2014
742
2,526
20,131
2,356
25,755
2015
3,758
826
17,600
2,395
24,579
2016
84
1,247
23,496
2,119
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
26,946
© 2016 IHS
103
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Northeast Asia is a large importer of methylene chloride, with South Korea accounting for 87.2% of imports, followed by
Taiwan and Japan at 7.9% and 4.6%, respectively, in 2016.
The following table presents Northeast Asian methylene chloride exports by country:
Please use Adobe, Chrome, or Internet Explorer to read this file.
Northeast Asian exports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
China
2010
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan
Total
25,927 Customer
7,646 Care (customercare@ihs.com)
13,876
11,227
58,676
Contact
if you have any questions.
2011
45,561
8,854
15,731
10,177
80,323
2012
32,573
11,252
20,523
12,683
77,031
2013
36,508
11,582
15,996
13,348
77,434
2014
35,629
10,942
21,017
15,706
83,294
2015
112,633
13,961
16,069
13,439
156,102
2016
110,076
16,833
17,260
13,101
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
157,270
© 2016 IHS
Northeast Asia is a very large methylene chloride–exporting region and exports continue to increase. In 2016, Northeast
Asia exported more than 157,000 metric tons of methylene chloride. China is the leading exporter, accounting for 70% of
the region’s total exports in 2016.
Chloroform
The following table presents Northeast Asian chloroform imports by country:
Northeast Asian imports of chloroform by country
(metric tons)
China
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan
Total
2010
105,724
2,513
1,056
32
109,325
2011
83,911
4,465
1,010
27
89,413
2012
87,581
1,494
675
27
89,777
2013
60,602
3,982
207
25
64,816
2014
41,877
7,509
61
19
49,466
2015
11,533
8,989
178
18
20,718
2016
19,406
5,907
651
15
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
25,979
© 2016 IHS
Northeast Asian imports of chloroform declined dramatically from 2010 to 2015, prior to increasing in 2016. China and
Japan are the leading importing countries at 74.7% and 22.7%, respectively, in 2016.
The following table presents Northeast Asian chloroform exports by country:
Northeast Asian exports of chloroform by country
(metric tons)
China
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan
Total
3
6,090
11,556
7,413
25,062
2011
4
10,306
15,740
9,105
35,155
2012
46
9,670
19,181
7,951
36,848
2013
120
1,584
16,956
7,121
25,781
2014
40
1,021
17,142
7,031
25,234
2015
6,290
2,497
12,267
5,167
26,221
2016
1,013
3,105
11,781
6,857
2010
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
22,756
© 2016 IHS
Northeast Asia is a large exporter of chloroform. South Korea and Taiwan are the leading countries of origin for exports,
accounting for 51.8% and 30.1%, respectively, in 2016.
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Carbon tetrachloride
The following table presents Northeast Asian carbon tetrachloride imports by country:
Please
use Adobe,
Chrome,
or Internet
Northeast Asian imports
of carbon
tetrachloride
by country
Explorer to read this file.
(metric tons)
China
Japan
South Korea
Taiwan
Total
2010
0
500
0
0
500
2011
0
969
0
0
969
2013
0
444
0
0
444
2014
0
326
0
0
326
2015
0
463
0
0
463
2016
0
270
0
0
2012
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Care (customercare@ihs.com)
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664
0
0
664
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
270
© 2016 IHS
Northeast Asia is a small importer of carbon tetrachloride, with Japan accounting for all imports.
Northeast Asia does not export any carbon tetrachloride.
China
Producing companies
In 2016, Chinese production capacity for methyl chloride is 978,000 metric tons, methylene chloride is 970,000 metric
tons, chloroform is 748,000 metric tons, and carbon tetrachloride is 82,000 metric tons. It is projected that Chinese
capacity for methyl chloride will increase to 1.58 million metric tons, methylene chloride to 1.17 million metric tons, and
chloroform to 848,000 metric tons by 2021.
The major changes in chloromethane capacity since 2010 are presented below.
• Since 2010, China has added about 360,000 metric tons of methyl chloride capacity.
• In mid-2012, Jiangxi Jui’er Salt started up a 40,000 metric ton methyl chloride unit at Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province.
• In 2012, Shangdong Jinling started up a 160,000 metric ton methyl chloride plant at Dongying, Shangdong Province.
• In 2011, Blue Star at Xinghou, Hebei Province began to increase capacity by 160,000 metric tons and by 2013 had
reached 180,000 metric tons. Increased methyl chloride capacity is required to feed Bluestar Silicones’ 100,000 metric
ton methyl chlorosilanes plant.
• Since 2010, China has added about 315,000 metric tons of methylene chloride/chloroform capacity.
• In 2011, Jiangsu Lee & Mam added 40,000 metric tons of methylene chloride/chloroform capacity at Changshu,
Jiangsu Province.
• In 2011, Fluorine Chemicals added 60,000 metric tons of methylene chloride/chloroform capacity at Quzhou,
Zheijang Province. Also in 2011, Zhejiang Juhua Xinian started up a 33,000 metric ton unit in the same location.
• In 2011, Shangdong Jinling started up 20,000 metric tons of methylene chloride at Jinling, Jiangsu Province.
• In 2011, Zigong Honghe added 26,000 metric tons of methylene chloride capacity at Zigong, Sichuan Province.
Sichuan Honghe added 32,000 metric tons of chloroform capacity at the same location.
• In 2011, Tianjin Chemicals added 30,000 metric tons of chloroform capacity at Hangu, Tianjin Province. However, the
plant was shut down in 2016, removing a total of 40,000 metric tons of capacity.
© 2016 IHS
105
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
• Other minor changes accounted for a further 55,000 metric tons of additional capacity in 2014.
• Since 2010, China has added about 16,000 metric tons of carbon tetrachloride capacity
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Chrome,
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to read
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• In 2012, Shangdong
Jinling use
addedAdobe,
3,000 metric
tons ofor
carbon
tetrachloride
plant
at Dongying,
Shandong Province.
• In 2011, Shangdong Dongyue added 9,000 metric tons of carbon tetrachloride capacity at Zibo, Shangdong Province.
• In 2011, Zhejiang
Juhua
Xinian added
4,000
metric tons of carbon tetrachloride
capacity
at Quzhou,
Zhejiang
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Province.
Salient statistics
Methyl chloride
The following table presents Chinese supply and demand for methyl chloride:
Chinese supply/demand for methyl chloride (CH3Cl)
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
618
78
485
-
0.3
484.7
2011
708
78
550
-
0.3
549.7
2012
955
78
745
-
1.2
743.8
2013
978
84
820
-
2.3
817.7
2014
978
86
845
-
2.6
842.4
2015
978
87
850
-
5.1
844.9
2016
978
98
954
-
5.8
948.2
2021
1,578
84
1,328
—
—
1,322.0
11.8%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
8.0%
—
11.9%
—
67.2%
2016–21
10.0%
—
6.8%
—
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
6.9%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Chinese production of methyl chloride is about 954,000 metric tons. With a small volume of exports, production
is slightly above consumption.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents Chinese supply and demand for methylene chloride:
© 2016 IHS
106
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Chinese supply/demand for methylene chloride (CH2Cl2)
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
capacity
rate
Actual
Please
use Production
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or
Internet
Explorer to read this file.
(percent)
Imports
Exports
consumption
2010
731
83
605
7.9
25.9
587.0
2011
897
84
750
7.8
45.6
712.3
2012
915
88
805
7.0
32.6
779.4
2013
915
93
850
1.3
36.5
2014
814.8
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if you have any questions.
970
91
885
0.7
35.6
850.1
2015
970
95
926
3.8
112.6
817.1
2016
970
96
930
0.1
110.1
820.0
2021
1,170
92
1,082
—
—
947.1
5.7%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
4.8%
—
7.4%
-53.2%
27.2%
2016–21
3.8%
—
3.1%
—
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
2.9%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Chinese production of methylene chloride is about 930,000 metric tons and consumption is 820,000 metric tons.
Exports have been increasing, with most destined for Asian countries.
Chloroform
The following table presents Chinese supply and demand for chloroform:
Chinese supply/demand for chloroform (CHCl3)
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
676
96
650
105.7
0
755.7
2011
770
90
695
83.9
0
778.9
2012
788
89
700
87.6
0
787.5
2013
788
91
715
60.6
0.1
775.5
2014
788
95
749
41.9
0
790.8
2015
788
94
742
11.5
6
747.2
2016
748
99
743
19.4
1
761.4
2021
848
90
763
—
—
781.4
0.1%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
1.7%
—
2.3%
-24.6%
163.9%
2016–21
2.5%
—
0.5%
—
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.5%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Chinese production of chloroform is about 743,000 metric tons. With imports, domestic consumption is 761,000
metric tons. For the past five years, operating rates have been high; however, this can be a result of shared capacity
between chloroform and other chloromethanes made in the same unit.
Carbon tetrachloride
The following table presents Chinese supply and demand for carbon tetrachloride:
© 2016 IHS
107
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Chinese supply/demand for carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
capacity
rate
Actual
Please
use Production
Adobe, Chrome,
or
Internet
Explorer to read this file.
(percent)
Imports
Exports
consumption
2010
83
22
18
-
-
18.0
2011
83
18
15
-
-
15.0
2012
80
18
14
-
-
14.0
2013
82
17
14
-
-
2014
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com)14.0
if you have any questions.
82
18
15
-
-
15.0
2015
82
18
15
-
-
15.0
2016
82
18
15
-
-
15.0
2021
82
34
28
-
-
25.3
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-0.2%
—
-3.0%
—
—
-3.0%
2016–21
0.0%
—
13.0%
—
—
11.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Chinese production of carbon tetrachloride is about 18,000 metric tons. With no trade, production equates to
domestic demand. Since 2010, Chinese production has been stable, but is expected to increase by 2021 for production of
HFO-1234yf. Consumption for HFO-1234yf production could be even higher than estimated above, if HFO-1234yf is
consumed in stationary air-conditioning applications as well as for mobile (automotive) air-conditioning applications.
Consumption
The following table presents Chinese consumption of chlorinated methanes:
Chinese consumption of chloromethanes
(thousands of metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Carbon
(CH3Cl)
(CH2Cl2)
(CHCl3)
(CCl4)
Total
2010
484.7
587.0
755.7
18.0
1,845.5
2011
549.7
712.3
778.9
15.0
2,055.9
2012
743.8
779.4
787.5
14.0
2,324.7
2013
817.7
814.8
775.5
14.0
2,422.0
2014
842.4
850.1
790.8
15.0
2,498.3
2015
844.9
817.1
747.2
15.0
2,424.3
2016
948.2
820.0
761.4
15.0
2,544.6
2021
1,322.0
947.1
781.4
25.3
3,075.8
5.5%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
11.8%
5.7%
0.1%
-3.0%
2016–21
6.9%
2.9%
0.5%
11.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
3.9%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Chinese consumption of chloromethanes is more than 2.5 million metric tons. While world consumption of
chloromethanes is growing at about 2.0% per year, Chinese consumption is growing faster at 3.9% per year and will exceed
3.0 million metric tons by 2021.
Methyl chloride
In 2016, consumption is estimated at 948,000 metric tons, most of which is consumed in the production of chlorosilanes,
a precursor in the production of silicones. Growth is forecast at 6.9% annually during 2016–21, following growth of 11.8%
annually during 2010–16.
© 2016 IHS
108
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
The primary application of methyl chloride is in the production of methyl chlorosilanes as an intermediate in the
production of silicones. Jiangxi Xinghuo Organic Silicone, part of the Bluestar group, is the largest producer in China, with
significant methylchlorosilanes capacity. In 2011, Jiangxi Xinghuo increased its methylchlorosilane capacity by 200,000
metric tons and methyl chloride capacity by about 153,000 metric tons.
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The Asian silicones market is growing rapidly, particularly for base silicones. Jiangsu Meilan, Bluestar Organo Silicone, and
Bluestar Chemical Materials are the largest producers of silicones in China.
Contact
Methylene chloride
Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
In 2016, Chinese consumption of methylene chloride is estimated at 820,000 metric tons, with growth forecast at 2.9%
annually during 2016–21.
Methylene chloride is used mainly as a solvent in pharmaceutical and chemical processing applications, as well as for paint
removal, metal cleaning, pesticides, polyurethane foaming agents to replace CFC-11, and adhesive solvent to replace
benzene and xylene.
Chloroform
In 2016, Chinese consumption of chloroform is estimated at 761,000 metric tons, with growth forecast at 0.5% annually
during 2016–21. Nearly all chloroform is consumed in the production of HCFC-22; the remainder is consumed in
anesthetics, reagents in organic synthesis, and solvent applications.
HCFC-22 is used directly as a refrigerant and as a chemical raw material in the production of the fluoropolymer PTFE and
other derivatives. In China, there are more than 10 producers of chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), with a total annual
capacity in excess of 350,000 metric tons. Since 2000, the Chinese economy has developed rapidly, especially in sectors
such as refrigeration and foam industries, which led to the dramatic increase in demand for HCFC-22.
It is estimated that refrigerants account for more than half of domestic Chinese consumption of HCFC-22, followed by
PTFE and derivatives. The Chinese air-conditioning market is growing rapidly but has begun to slow slightly, and CFCs
have been banned. In the longer term, HCFC-22 use will also be restricted. China, along with other developing nations,
has a 10-year grace period for the use of HCFCs; production is frozen as of 2016 and will be banned in 2030. Production of
PTFE is expected to grow at 10–15% annually during the next five years.
Carbon tetrachloride
In 2016, Chinese consumption of carbon tetrachloride is estimated at 15,000 metric tons, and is forecast to increase to
25,300 metric tons by 2021. This represents average annual growth of 11.0% during 2016–21, largely because of the
expected growth for HFO-1234 yf and HFO-1234ez production.
Chinese consumption of carbon tetrachloride has fallen dramatically from the peak of 83,000 metric tons in 1999. China
banned the production of specified chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), effective 1 January 2008, in accordance with its
commitments under the Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer. The ban
includes use of CFCs as refrigerants in home appliances or as cleaning agents in their manufacture, and use of plastics
foamed with CFCs in electronics products. The notification also noted that the production and use of CFC-11 and CFC-12
in making construction insulation materials, automotive components, and foamed polystyrene or polyethylene boards
were banned as of 1 January 2008. CFC-11 and CFC-12 were manufactured from carbon tetrachloride.
In 2007, the last six Chinese factories that produced CFCs stopped production, marking the end of major ozone-depleting
substance (ODS) production in China. The companies signed a deal with the State Environmental Protection
Administration (SEPA) in Changshu. A total production capacity of 122,000 metric tons was phased out according to the
deal signed by the SEPA, China National Chemical Construction Company and the six factories, two in Jiangsu Province
and four in Zhejiang Province.
© 2016 IHS
109
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
As with other countries, China will continue to phase out HFCs. HFC production was frozen as of 2013 and reduced by
10% in 2015, as required by the Montreal Protocol phaseout schedule, with help of the United Nations Environment
Program.
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Trade
Methylene chloride is the leading chloromethane exported from China. Exports in 2016 are estimated at 110,000 metric
tons, or nearly 12% of production. Most is destined for other Asian countries, with South Korea being the leading
destination. China
imported
about 19,000
tons of chloroform in 2016.ifThe
suppliers
were other countries in
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Customer
Caremetric
(customercare@ihs.com)
youmajor
have
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Northeast Asia, as well as the United States and Western Europe.
Japan
Producing companies
Japan is the second-largest producer of chloromethanes in the region, after China. Chloromethanes capacity has been
stable since the last expansion in 2011, when Asahi Glass added about 9,000 metric tons of methylene chloride capacity.
Both Sojitz Corporation and Dow Chemical Japan import and sell methylene chloride and trichloroethylene to the
domestic market.
Salient statistics
Methyl chloride
The following table presents supply/demand for methyl chloride in Japan:
Japanese supply/demand for methyl chloride (CH3Cl)
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
248
79
197
-
1.8
195.2
2011
248
80
199
-
1.8
197.2
2012
248
81
200
-
1.7
198.3
2013
248
81
201
-
1.6
199.4
2014
248
80
199
-
0.3
198.7
2015
248
79
195
-
0.3
194.7
2016
248
79
196
-
0.0
196.0
2021
248
77
191
—
—
191.0
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
—
-0.1%
—
-57.2%
0.1%
2016–21
0.0%
—
-0.5%
—
—
-0.5%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
Japanese methyl chloride capacity has been stable at 248,000 metric tons since 2010. Shin-Etsu is the largest producer,
with 155,000 metric tons or 63% of total capacity. It is the only producer in Japan to participate in the production of all
four chloromethanes, and also a major producer of silicone products. Asahi Glass (AGC) is the next-largest producer, with
33% of total capacity and positions in methylene chloride and chloroform. In January 2014, AGC announced plans to build
an HFO-1234yf plant at Chiba and supply material to Honeywell. HFO-1234yf is expected to consume carbon
tetrachloride in its manufacture, but methyl chloride is an optional feedstock.
In 2016, Japanese production of methyl chloride is about 196,000 metric tons at an operating rate of 79%. Production of
methyl chloride is expected to decline slightly during 2016–21.
© 2016 IHS
110
30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Methylene chloride
The following table presents supply/demand for methylene chloride in Japan:
Please
Adobe,
Chrome,
or2) Internet
Japanese supply/demand
foruse
methylene
chloride
(CH2Cl
Explorer to read this file.
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Actual
2011
110
55
60
2012
110
55
61
2013
110
55
2014
110
2015
Exports
consumption
0.8
8.9
51.9
2.7
11.3
52.4
60
3.4
11.6
51.8
61
67
2.5
10.9
58.6
110
55
61
0.8
14.0
47.9
2016
110
61
67
1.2
16.8
51.4
2021
110
61
67
—
—
52.8
2.9%
2010
Contact
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if you have any questions.
101
48
3.0
7.6
43.4
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
1.4%
—
5.7%
-13.8%
14.1%
2016–21
0.0%
—
0.0%
—
—
0.5%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
Japanese methylene chloride capacity has remained about 110,000 metric tons per year since 2011.
In 2016, Japanese production of methylene chloride is about 67,000 metric tons and after trade, consumption is about
51,000 metric tons. Production is forecast to remain stable through the forecast period.
Chloroform
The following table presents Japanese supply/demand for chloroform:
Japanese supply/demand for chloroform (CHCl3)
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Actual
2010
97
68
66
2011
67
90
60
2012
67
90
2013
67
2014
Exports
consumption
2.5
6.1
62.4
4.5
10.3
54.2
60
1.5
9.7
51.8
84
56
4.0
1.6
58.4
67
81
54
7.5
1.0
60.5
2015
67
79
53
9.0
2.5
59.5
2016
67
79
53
5.9
3.1
55.8
2021
67
78
52
—
—
53.4
-1.9%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-6.0%
—
-3.6%
15.3%
-10.6%
2016–21
0.0%
—
-0.4%
—
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
-0.9%
© 2016 IHS
From 2011 to 2016, Japanese capacity for chloroform has remained stable at about 67,000 metric tons. There are three
producers in the region, the largest being Asahi Glass and Tokuyama, which account for about 78% of the country’s
capacity. Both Mitsui Chemicals and Asahi Glass shut down capacity in 2010. Japan became a net importer of chloroform
in 2013.
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Carbon tetrachloride
The following table presents supply/demand for carbon tetrachloride in Japan:
Please
Adobe,
Chrome,
Japanese supply/demand
foruse
carbon
tetrachloride
(CClor
4)
Internet Explorer to read this file.
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
2011
9
78
7
1.0
-
8.0
2012
9
78
7
0.7
-
7.7
2013
9
67
6
0.4
-
6.4
2014
9
56
5
0.3
-
5.3
2015
9
56
5
0.5
-
5.5
2016
9
67
6
0.3
-
6.3
2021
9
67
6
—
—
8.6
-2.9%
2010
Actual
Contact
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if you have any questions.
9
78
0.5
7.5
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
—
-2.5%
-9.8%
—
2016–21
0.0%
—
0.0%
—
—
6.5%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
Japanese carbon tetrachloride capacity has remained at 9,000 metric tons per year for many years. Tokuyama is the largest
producer, accounting for just under 80% of the country’s capacity. Japan essentially produces the minimum quantity of
carbon tetrachloride for the domestic market. Consumption has declined at 2.9% per year during 2010–16, but is expected
to increase at 6.5% annually in 2016–21 to supply the expected production of HFO-1234yf.
Consumption
The following table presents Japanese consumption of chlorinated methanes:
Japanese consumption of chloromethanes
(thousands of metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Carbon
(CH3Cl)
(CH2Cl2)
(CHCl3)
(CCl4)
Total
2010
195.2
43.4
62.4
7.5
308.5
2011
197.2
51.9
54.2
8.0
311.2
2012
198.3
52.4
51.8
7.7
310.3
2013
199.4
51.8
58.4
6.4
316.0
2014
198.7
58.6
60.5
5.3
323.1
2015
194.7
47.9
59.5
5.5
307.5
2016
196.0
51.4
55.8
6.3
309.5
2021
191.0
52.8
53.4
8.6
305.8
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.1%
2.9%
-1.9%
-2.9%
0.1%
2016–21
-0.5%
0.5%
-0.9%
6.5%
-0.2%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
Methyl chloride
In 2016, Japanese consumption of methyl chloride is estimated at 196,000 metric tons, with consumption forecast to
decline at about 0.5% annually over the next five years, reaching 191,000 metric tons in 2021.
© 2016 IHS
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[IHS Document Protection]
Japan’s declining consumption of methyl chloride is in accordance with the expected decline in domestic silicone
production in the region. Methyl chloride is primarily consumed in the production of silicones after converting to methyl
chlorosilanes, and its use for chlorosilanes accounts for about 90% of total consumption. Shin-Etsu is the largest producer
of silicones in Japan, using captive methyl chloride.
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Historically, methyl chloride consumption has remained steady, although fluctuating, but is forecast to decline slightly
during 2016–21. Prior to 2000, Japan experienced good growth in silicone production, and hence methyl chloride demand;
however, more recently silicone production has grown more overseas and so consumption of methyl chloride in Japan has
slowed as a result.
The region
is now atCare
the crest
of its demand, based on silicone
demand
so will
decline in the future.
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(customercare@ihs.com)
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questions.
However, not factored into this forecast is Asahi Glass’ announcement of its plans to build a plant to manufacture HFO1234yf at Chiba. HFO-1234yf is a replacement for HFC-134a used as a refrigerant in automobiles. Although methyl
chloride can be used to produce this HFO, most indications are that they will be produced from carbon tetrachloride.
Methylene chloride
In 2016, Japanese consumption of methylene chloride is estimated at 51,000 metric tons, with growth forecast at 0.5%
annually over the next five years.
Japanese consumption of methylene chloride in metal cleaning is expected to account for a little over 30% of total
consumption. In the early 1990s, consumption of methylene chloride grew rapidly as a temporary replacement for 1,1,1trichloroethane and CFC-113, which were phased out by the mid-1990s. Methylene chloride was selected as a temporary
alternative by many users because it was not regulated as strictly as trichloroethylene. However, many large companies in
the metal degreasing sector switched away from using methylene chloride to degreasing using aqueous cleaners. On the
other hand, some small- and medium-sized companies, which continued to use 1,1,1-trichloroethane, began to convert to
methylene chloride and trichloroethylene. This offset reduced use by large companies. The smaller users continued to
prefer vapor degreasing with chlorinated solvents because the solvents have lower space requirements and greater
versatility. Large companies can afford to install aqueous cleaning equipment since they have ample floor space and the
capability of installing wastewater treatment facilities. After 2000, however, more users, including small- and mediumsized companies, gradually replaced solvent cleaners with other types of cleaners, such as aqueous cleaners. As a result,
the total volume of consumption of methylene chloride in metal degreasers is projected to decline over the next five
years.
Methylene chloride is consumed as a solvent in the production of polycarbonate resins. Consumption has grown with
increased polycarbonate production, but relative amounts have declined because of increased recycling. Methylene
chloride is one of the chemicals registered under the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register Law (PRTR Law) in Japan. Its
use in chemical processes and as a solvent is to be reduced or avoided where possible, and releases must be monitored and
reported. Therefore, consumers of methylene chloride have reduced input requirements and potential releases by
increasing reuse and recycle of the product.
In the mid-1990s, Japanese polycarbonate producers started investing in capacity outside of Japan, in Singapore, Thailand,
and Taiwan in particular, rather than expanding domestically. Consumption of methylene chloride is expected to decline
because of greater recycling and utilization of processes that do not consume methylene chloride. For example, Chi Mei
Asahi (joint venture between Chi Mei [90%] [Taiwan] and Asahi Kasei Chemical [10%] [Japan]) started polycarbonate
production using non-phosgene-based technology in 2002, which was the first polycarbonate production plant in Taiwan.
The annual capacity is 140,000 metric tons. An estimated 2.7% of methylene chloride is consumed in polycarbonate
production using phosgene-based technology, while the newer nonphosgene method requires less, or about 1.5%. As a
result, Chi Mei consumes only 2,100 metric tons of methylene chloride, or 1,700 metric tons less than the phosgene
technology.
In the polyurethane foam industry, methylene chloride is used as an auxiliary foam blowing agent and for cleaning
equipment. Use of methylene chloride in this segment is about 1,000 metric tons.
© 2016 IHS
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[IHS Document Protection]
Another application for methylene chloride is as feedstock for HFC-32, which Daikin Industries began producing in the
late 1990s. HFC-32 is one of the components of R-407C (HFC-32/-125/-134a) and R-410 (HFC-32/-125), which were
expected to be used as the substitute for HCFC-22, subject to production phaseout in 2010. The industry association of
refrigerator and air conditioner manufacturers decided to gradually replace HCFC-22 with a combination of HFCs from
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1998 until the phaseout
in 2010.
HFCs
(hydrofluorocarbons),
PFCs (perfluorocompounds),
6 (sulfur hexafluoride)
are all potential fluorocarbon substitutes. Although they have no ozone layer–depletion potential, they are gases with a
potent greenhouse effect and are designated as substances to be reduced under the Kyoto Protocol. Therefore, the
Ministry of International Trade and Industry announced the “Voluntary Emission Reduction Action Plan by Industrial
Organization”Contact
to reduce application
exhaust
of HFCs. The total discharged
amount
of the
three
fluorocarbon
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Care
(customercare@ihs.com)
if you
have
any
questions.
substitutes decreased to under 22 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2009. Compared with PFC and SF6,
the gross weight reduction of HFCs is difficult because there is no substitute for HFCs in Japan.
Chloroform
In 2016, Japanese consumption of chloroform is estimated at 56,000 metric tons, with consumption forecast to decline at
0.9% annually over the next five years.
Japanese consumption of chloroform is primarily for HCFC-22. HCFC-22 has been manufactured by Daikin Industries,
Asahi Glass, and DuPont-Mitsui Fluorochemicals since the 1980s. Other applications include use as an extraction and
purification solvent for antibiotics, vitamins, alkaloids, and nicotine; in pharmaceuticals as a raw material in organic
synthesis; and in the production of HFOs. These other uses together account for about 6% of total consumption.
HCFC-22 is consumed both as a refrigerant and as a feedstock for the fluoropolymers polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and
fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP). Use of HCFC-22 as a refrigerant is subject to the phaseout schedule determined by
the Montreal Protocol.
Production of HCFC-22 for emissive uses has been frozen since 1996 and was phased out in 2010 for new products. By
2020, it will be phased out for supplemental use, or refills. HCFC-22 has been used mainly for home and package air
conditioners, driven by the phaseout of CFCs. It has partly replaced CFC-12 in institutional refrigerators and R-502 (a
mixture of HCFC-22 and CFC-115) in household and institutional refrigerators. These substitutions have led to some
increase in the consumption of chloroform for HCFC-22.
Japanese production of fluoropolymers, especially PTFE, has been growing strongly during the last several years. PTFE is
manufactured by Asahi Glass, Daikin Industries, and DuPont-Mitsui Fluorochemicals, and all consume HCFC-22 captively.
Production of fluoropolymers will continue to grow.
A small amount of chloroform is consumed in the production of HFOs, but this use is expected to stop as future
production of HFOs is expected to use carbon tetrachloride.
Carbon tetrachloride
In 2016, Japanese consumption of carbon tetrachloride (CTC) is estimated at 6,000 metric tons, with growth forecast at
6.5% per year during the next five years, due primarily to demand for HFO-1234yf and HFO-1234ze production. In
January 2014, AGC announced plans to build an HFO-1234yf plant at Chiba to supply material to Honeywell. HFO-1234yf
is expected to consume carbon tetrachloride in its manufacture, but methyl chloride is an optional feedstock.
In accordance with the amended Montreal Protocol, production and consumption of carbon tetrachloride were phased out
at the end of 1995, except for “essential use” applications such as processing pesticides, pharmaceuticals, or laboratory
uses.
Consumption of carbon tetrachloride peaked in the late 1980s at over 100,000 metric tons, and then began to decline
sharply to only 23,000 metric tons is 1995. This rapid drop is attributable to the phaseout of CFC-11 and CFC-12, for which
CTC was used as a precursor until 1995. CFC-11 and CFC-12 were the most widely used fluorocarbons, but have been
completely replaced with alternative fluorocarbons, except for limited applications such as aerosols and for exports to
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Article 5 developing countries. For “essential use” of carbon tetrachloride, both manufacturers and consumers are
required to get approval from the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI).
Production of HFCs currently account for most carbon tetrachloride consumption in Japan. This market will be flat to
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declining through thePlease
forecast period.
Trade
Japan is a minor
importerCustomer
of chloroform
and (customercare@ihs.com)
a minor exporter of methylene chloride.
Thereany
has not
been any trade in
Contact
Care
if you have
questions.
methyl chloride or carbon tetrachloride in several years.
South Korea
Producing companies
Samsung is the only producer of chloromethanes in South Korea. Methyl chloride capacity is 66,000 metric tons and
combined methylene chloride and chloroform capacity is 61,000 metric tons. No carbon tetrachloride is produced in South
Korea.
Salient statistics
Methyl chloride
The following table presents supply/demand for methyl chloride in South Korea:
South Korean supply/demand for methyl chloride (CH3Cl)
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
66
89
59
-
-
59.0
2011
66
91
60
-
-
60.0
2012
66
91
60
-
-
60.0
2013
66
91
60
-
-
60.0
2014
66
91
60
-
-
60.0
2015
66
91
60
-
-
60.1
2016
66
91
60
0.2
-
60.2
2021
66
91
60
—
—
60.0
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
—
0.3%
—
—
0.3%
2016–21
0.0%
—
0.0%
—
—
-0.1%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
South Korean methyl chloride capacity has remained at 66,000 metric tons for many years, with no change expected
during the forecast period. There is no trade, as all methyl chloride produced is used in silicone production. The largest
silicones producer in the region is KCC Corporation.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents South Korean supply/demand for methylene chloride:
© 2016 IHS
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[IHS Document Protection]
South Korean supply/demand for methylene chloride (CH2Cl2)
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
capacity
rate
Actual
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use Production
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or
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(percent)
Imports
Exports
consumption
2010
35
54
19
12.0
13.9
17.1
2011
30
73
22
16.4
15.7
22.7
2012
30
83
25
17.2
20.5
21.7
2013
30
87
26
18.3
16.0
2014
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com)28.3
if you have any questions.
30
90
27
20.1
21.0
26.1
2015
30
87
26
17.6
16.1
27.5
2016
30
90
27
23.5
17.3
33.2
2021
30
80
24
—
—
35.0
11.7%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-2.5%
—
6.0%
11.9%
3.7%
2016–21
0.0%
—
-2.3%
—
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
1.0%
© 2016 IHS
South Korea’s methylene chloride capacity has remained at 30,000 metric tons per year since 2011 and is forecast to
remain steady during the forecast period. In 2016, South Korean production of methylene chloride is about 27,000 metric
tons, and after trade, consumption is about 33,000 metric tons.
Chloroform
The following table presents South Korean supply/demand for chloroform:
South Korean supply/demand for chloroform (CHCl3)
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
31
87
27
1.1
11.6
16.5
2011
31
90
28
1.0
15.7
13.3
2012
31
90
28
0.7
19.2
9.5
2013
31
90
28
0.2
17.0
11.3
2014
31
90
28
0.1
17.1
10.9
2015
31
90
28
0.2
12.3
15.9
2016
31
87
27
0.7
11.8
15.9
2021
31
81
25
—
—
14.0
-0.6%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
—
0.0%
-7.7%
0.3%
2016–21
0.0%
—
-1.5%
—
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
-2.5%
© 2016 IHS
South Korean capacity for chloroform has remained at about 31,000 metric tons since before 2010. In 2016, production is
estimated at about 27,000 metric tons, which after exports, supplied domestic consumption of 16,000 metric tons.
Carbon tetrachloride
South Korea does not produce carbon tetrachloride and any consumption is small and accounted for by imports.
Consumption
The following table presents South Korean consumption of chlorinated methanes:
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
South Korean consumption of chloromethanes
(thousands of metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Carbon
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Please(CHuse
Adobe,(CHCl
Chrome,
or Internet
Explorer
to read this file.
Cl )
)
(CCl )
Total
(CH3Cl)
2
2
3
4
2010
59.0
17.1
16.5
-
92.6
2011
60.0
22.7
13.3
-
96.0
2012
60.0
21.7
9.5
-
91.2
2013
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com)99.6
if you have any questions.
60.0
28.3
11.3
-
2014
60.0
26.1
10.9
-
97.1
2015
60.1
27.5
15.9
-
103.6
2016
60.2
33.2
15.9
-
109.3
2021
60.0
35.0
14.0
-
109.0
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.3%
11.7%
-0.6%
—
2.8%
2016–21
-0.1%
1.0%
-2.5%
—
-0.1%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, South Korea consumed about 109,000 metric tons of chloromethanes, mostly as methyl chloride. Methyl
chloride for the production of silicones is the leading product at 55% of total chloromethanes consumption in 2016,
followed by methylene chloride at 30% and chloroform at nearly 15%. There has not been any consumption of carbon
tetrachloride in recent years. Methylene chloride consumption is forecast to grow at about 1% per year for the next five
years, while both methyl chloride and chloroform consumption are forecast to decline.
Trade
South Korea is a net exporter of chloroform and a small importer of methylene chloride. In 2016, exports of chloroform
represent about 44% of production. South Korean trade in methylene chloride has been relatively balanced. No carbon
tetrachloride is traded.
Taiwan
Producing companies
Formosa is the only producer of chloromethanes in Taiwan. Methyl chloride capacity is only 10,000 metric tons and
combined methylene chloride and chloroform capacity is 40,000 metric tons. No carbon tetrachloride is produced in
Taiwan.
Salient statistics
Methyl chloride
The following table presents Taiwanese supply/demand for methyl chloride:
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Taiwanese supply/demand for methyl chloride (CH3Cl)
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
capacity
rate
Actual
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(percent)
Imports
Exports
consumption
2010
10
100
10
1.8
0
12.0
2011
10
100
10
1.8
0
11.4
2012
10
100
10
2.3
0
12.0
2013
10
90
9
2.3
0
2014
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com)11.1
if you have any questions.
10
90
9
0.7
0
9.4
2015
10
90
9
0.7
0
9.4
2016
10
90
9
0.7
0
9.5
2021
10
90
9
—
—
9.0
-3.9%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
—
-1.7%
-13.5%
8.0%
2016–21
0.0%
—
0.0%
—
—
-1.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
Taiwanese methyl chloride capacity has remained at 10,000 metric tons per year since before 2010. In 2016, production is
about 9,000 metric tons at a high operating rate of 90%. Taiwan is a small net importer of methyl chloride.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents supply/demand for methylene chloride in Taiwan:
Taiwanese supply/demand for methylene chloride (CH2Cl2)
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
20
75
15
2.8
11.2
6.6
2011
20
75
15
2.4
10.2
7.2
2012
20
85
17
2.0
12.7
6.3
2013
20
80
16
2.6
13.3
5.2
2014
20
85
17
2.4
15.7
3.7
2015
20
85
17
2.4
13.4
6.0
2016
20
85
17
2.1
13.1
6.0
2021
20
80
16
—
—
7.0
-1.5%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
—
2.1%
-4.7%
2.6%
2016–21
0.0%
—
-1.2%
—
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
3.1%
© 2016 IHS
Taiwanese methylene chloride capacity has remained at 20,000 metric tons since before 2010. In 2016, Taiwanese
production of methylene chloride is 17,000 metric tons, of which more than three-fourths is exported. In 2016,
consumption is about 6,000 metric tons.
Chloroform
The following table presents supply/demand for chloroform in Taiwan:
© 2016 IHS
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30 December 2016
IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Taiwanese supply/demand for chloroform (CHCl3)
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
capacity
rate
Actual
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(percent)
Imports
Exports
consumption
2010
20
50
10
0
7.4
2.6
2011
20
55
11
0
9.1
1.9
2012
20
65
13
0
8.0
5.1
2013
20
75
15
0
7.1
2014
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if you have any questions.
20
75
15
0
7.0
8.0
2015
20
75
15
0
5.2
9.9
2016
20
75
15
0
6.9
8.2
2021
20
65
13
—
—
6.0
20.8%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
—
7.0%
-11.9%
-1.3%
2016–21
0.0%
—
-2.8%
—
—
-6.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
Taiwanese capacity for chloroform has been stable at about 20,000 metric tons since before 2010. Production is about
15,000 metric tons in 2016, which after exports, supplies domestic consumption of 8,000 metric tons.
Carbon tetrachloride
Taiwan does not produce, import, or consume carbon tetrachloride.
Consumption
The following table presents Taiwanese consumption of chlorinated methanes:
Taiwanese consumption of chloromethanes
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Carbon
Methyl
rate
chloride
chloride
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Carbon
(CH3Cl)
(CH2Cl2)
(CHCl3)
(CCl4)
Total
2010
12.0
6.6
2.6
0
21.2
2011
11.4
7.2
1.9
0
20.6
2012
12.0
6.3
5.1
0
23.4
2013
11.1
5.2
7.9
0
24.3
2014
9.4
3.7
8.0
0
21.0
2015
9.4
6.0
9.9
0
25.2
2016
9.5
6.0
8.2
0
23.7
2021
9.0
7.0
6.0
0
22.0
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
-3.9%
-1.5%
20.8%
—
1.8%
2016–21
-1.0%
3.1%
-6.0%
—
-1.4%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Taiwanese consumption of chloromethanes is about 24,000 metric tons, led by methyl chloride at 37.5%,
chloroform at 33.3%, and methylene chloride at 25%. Overall consumption is forecast to decline at about 1.4% per year for
the next five years, falling to about 22,000 metric tons in 2021.
© 2016 IHS
119
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
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Trade
Taiwan is an exporter of both methylene chloride and chloroform, with about half or more of domestic production being
exported in 2016. Taiwanese exports in 2016 are about 13,000 metric tons of methylene chloride, mainly to Southeast
Asia, and 7,000 metricPlease
tons of chloroform,
mainly
to China.
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Southeast Asia
Producing companies
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The following table presents Southeast Asian producers of chloromethanes:
Southeast Asian producers of chloromethanes—2016
Average annual capacity
(thousands of metric tons)
Total
Plant
Company
CH2Cl2,
CH3Cla
CH2Cl2
CHCl3
CCl4
CHCl3
10
-
-
-
-
Map Ta Phut, Rayong
126
-
-
-
-
Methanol and HCl
location
Malaysia
Malay-Sino
Ipoh, Perak
Thailand
Shin-Etsu
Process and raw materials
136
-
-
-
-
Methane and chlorine
-
-
-
-
-
Thermal chlorination (MeCl)
-
-
-
-
-
From perchloroethylene
-
-
-
-
-
Other/unknown
-
-
-
-
-
136
-
-
-
-
Total
a. Does not include capacity used as a precursor for other chlorinated methanes.
Source: IHS Chemical estimates
© 2016 IHS
Southeast Asia is a small producer of chloromethanes, with capacity only for methyl chloride, primarily for the production
of silicones.
In 2003, Asian Silicone Monomers, a 50/50 joint venture of GE Silicones and Shin-Etsu Chemicals, built a silicones plant
at Map Ta Phut in Thailand. The 140,000 metric ton methyl chlorosilanes plant includes methyl chloride capacity of
126,000 metric tons. This is the only plant that Apollo Management did not acquire with the acquisition of GE Silicones in
December 2006. At that time, the GE Silicones name was changed to Momentive Performance Materials. In 2012, ShinEtsu acquired the remaining 50% ownership.
There are no producers of methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride in the region. Only methyl chloride
and methylene chloride are consumed in significant quantities; the latter is satisfied by imports.
Salient statistics
Methyl chloride
The following table presents Southeast Asian supply/demand for methyl chloride:
© 2016 IHS
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Southeast Asian supply/demand for methyl chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
capacity
rate
Actual
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(percent)
Imports
Exports
consumption
2010
136
88
119.0
1.5
1.0
119.5
2011
136
88
119.0
1.6
0.7
119.9
2012
136
88
119.4
0.9
0.4
119.9
2013
136
90
122.1
0.7
1.2
2014
121.6
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136
90
122.1
1.0
1.1
122.0
2015
136
90
122.7
1.5
0.8
123.4
2016
136
90
123.0
1.8
1.0
123.8
2021
136
92
127.0
1.8
1.0
127.8
0.6%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.0%
—
0.6%
3.1%
0.0%
2016–21
0.0%
—
0.6%
0.0%
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.6%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Southeast Asian production of methyl chloride is 123,000 metric tons, with growth forecast at 0.6% annually
during 2016–21, following similar growth of 0.6% annually during 2010–16. Thailand is the largest methyl chloride
producer in the region, primarily for the production of methyl chlorosilanes. A minor amount of material is imported and
exported within the region.
In June 2013, LANXESS opened a 100,000 metric ton butyl rubber plant at Jurong Island, Singapore.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents Southeast Asian supply/demand for methylene chloride:
Southeast Asian supply/demand for methylene chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
capacity
(percent)
Production
Imports
Exports
consumption
Actual
2010
-
-
-
50.0
7.1
42.9
2011
-
-
-
49.4
4.7
44.7
2012
-
-
-
48.1
5.5
42.6
2013
-
-
-
46.2
4.9
41.3
2014
-
-
-
49.9
7.2
42.7
2015
-
-
-
51.7
5.3
46.4
2016
-
-
-
55.3
5.3
50.0
2021
-
-
-
60.2
5.0
55.2
2.6%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
—
—
—
1.7%
-4.8%
2016–21
—
—
—
1.7%
-1.2%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
2.0%
© 2016 IHS
There is no production of methylene chloride in Southeast Asia. All consumption is based on imports. In 2016, imports are
55,300 metric tons, mostly from the United States, Western Europe, and Northeast Asia. A small quantity is re-exported
from Singapore to other Southeast Asian countries.
Chloroform and carbon tetrachloride
The following table presents Southeast Asian supply/demand for chloroform:
© 2016 IHS
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Southeast Asian supply/demand for chloroform
(thousands of metric tons)
Operating
Annual
rate
Actual
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(percent)
Imports Exports
consumption
capacity
2010
-
-
-
0.8
0.1
0.7
2011
-
-
-
0.3
0.1
0.2
2012
-
-
-
0.4
0.1
0.3
2013
-
-
-
0.5
0.1
2014
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if you have any questions.
-
-
-
0.5
0.1
0.4
2015
-
-
-
0.4
0.1
0.3
2016
-
-
-
0.5
0.1
0.4
2021
-
-
-
0.5
0.1
0.4
-8.9%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
—
—
—
-7.5%
0.0%
2016–21
—
—
—
0.0%
0.0%
0.8%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
There is no chloroform or carbon tetrachloride production in the region. All chloroform consumption is based on imports,
but have been in the 500 metric ton range. A minor amount is exported.
There is no trade of carbon tetrachloride, and there is no expectation for any in the next five years.
Consumption
The following table presents Southeast Asian consumption of chloromethanes:
Southeast Asian consumption of chloromethanes
(thousands of metric tons)
Methyl
Methylene
chloride
chloride
Chloroform
tetrachloride
Carbon
(CH3Cl)
(CH2Cl2)
(CHCl3)
(CCl4)
Total
2010
119.5
42.9
0.7
-
163.1
2011
119.9
44.7
0.2
-
164.8
2012
119.9
42.6
0.3
-
162.8
2013
121.6
41.3
0.4
-
163.3
2014
122.0
42.7
0.4
-
165.1
2015
123.4
46.4
0.3
-
170.1
2016
123.8
50.0
0.4
-
174.2
2021
127.8
55.2
0.4
-
183.4
1.1%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.6%
2.6%
-8.9%
—
2016–21
0.6%
2.0%
0.0%
—
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
1.0%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Southeast Asian consumption of chloromethanes is 174,200 metric tons, with growth forecast at 1.0% annually
during 2016–21, following growth of 1.1% annually during 2010–16. Methyl chloride is the leading chloromethane
consumed at 71.2%, followed by methylene chloride at 28.7%. Chloroform consumption is negligible.
Methyl chloride
The following table presents Southeast Asian consumption of methyl chloride:
© 2016 IHS
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Southeast Asian consumption of methyl chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Quaternary
Methyl
Methyl
ammonium
Agricultural
Butyl
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Other
Total
chlorosilanes cellulose
2010
109.9
0
2.0
0
0
7.6
119.5
2011
110.0
0
2.0
0
0
7.9
119.9
2012
110.0
0
2.0
0
0
7.9
119.9
2013
111.9
0
2.0
0
0.2
7.5
2014
121.6
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112.2
0
2.5
0
1.5
5.8
122.0
2015
113.5
0
2.5
0
1.9
5.5
123.4
2016
113.9
0
3.0
0
2.2
4.7
123.8
2021
117.8
0
3.0
0
5.1
1.9
127.8
0.6%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
0.6%
—
7.0%
—
—
-7.7%
2016–21
0.7%
—
0.0%
—
18.3%
-16.6%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
0.6%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, total Southeast Asian consumption of methyl chloride is 123,800 metric tons, with growth forecast at 0.6%
annually during 2016–21. The leading application is the production of chlorosilanes as an intermediate in the production
of silicones. In 2016, methyl chlorosilane production accounts for 113,900 metric tons or 92.0% of total methyl chloride
consumption. The next-largest applications are the production of quaternary ammonium compounds and butyl rubber at
2.4% and 1.8%, respectively, in 2016.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents Southeast Asian consumption of methylene chloride:
Southeast Asian consumption of methylene chloride
(thousands of metric tons)
Paint
Pharma-
Chemicals
Metal
Foam
Adhesives
removers
ceuticals
processing
cleaning
blowing
Aerosols
HFC-32
Other
Total
2010
5.7
3.8
7.5
5.7
5.7
3.8
3.8
0
6.9
42.9
2011
5.8
3.8
7.7
5.8
5.8
3.8
3.8
0
8.2
44.7
2012
5.6
3.7
7.5
5.6
5.6
3.7
3.7
0
7.2
42.6
2013
5.5
3.7
7.3
5.5
5.5
3.7
3.7
0
6.4
41.3
2014
5.8
3.9
7.6
5.7
5.7
3.8
3.8
0
6.4
42.7
2015
6.1
4.1
8.1
6.1
6.1
4.1
4.1
0
7.7
46.4
2016
7.0
4.7
9.5
7.0
7.0
4.6
4.6
0
5.6
50.0
2021
7.8
5.2
10.4
7.7
7.8
5.1
5.1
0
6.1
55.2
2.6%
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
3.5%
3.6%
4.0%
3.2%
3.5%
3.2%
3.2%
—
-3.4%
2016–21
2.2%
2.0%
1.8%
2.2%
2.2%
2.1%
2.1%
—
1.7%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
2.0%
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Southeast Asian methylene chloride consumption is 46,300 metric tons, with growth forecast at 2.0% annually
during 2016–21. Methylene chloride is used primarily as a solvent in pharmaceutical and chemical processing applications,
as a paint and varnish remover, in metal cleaning, and as an adhesive solvent to replace benzene and xylene.
Pharmaceuticals are the leading application in Southeast Asia, accounting for an estimated 9,600 metric tons or 19% of
total consumption, with growth forecast at 1.8% annually during 2016–21, following growth at 4.0% annually during
2010–16.
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
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The next leading applications are adhesives, chemical processing, and metal cleaning, each at 7,000 metric tons or 14%.
Paint removers, foam blowing, and aerosol applications account for about 9% each. There is no consumption for the
production of HFC-32.
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Chloroform
The following table presents Southeast Asian consumption of chloroform:
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Customer
Care (customercare@ihs.com)
Southeast Asian
consumption
of chloroform
if you have any questions.
(thousands of metric tons)
HCFC-22
Other
Total
2010
0
0.7
0.7
2011
0
0.2
0.2
2012
0
0.3
0.3
2013
0
0.4
0.4
2014
0
0.4
0.4
2015
0
0.3
0.3
2016
0
0.4
0.4
2021
0
0.4
0.4
Average annual growth rate
(percent)
2010–16
—
-8.9%
2016–21
—
0.0%
-8.9%
0.0%
Source: IHS Chemical estimates.
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Southeast Asian consumption of chloroform is 400 metric tons, with no growth forecast during 2016–21,
following a decline of 8.9% annually during 2010–16. There is no production of HCFC-22 in the region.
Carbon tetrachloride
There has not been any consumption of carbon tetrachloride in Southeast Asia for many years, nor is there any forecast
over the next five years.
Trade
Methyl chloride
The following table presents Southeast Asian methyl chloride imports by country:
Southeast Asian imports of methyl chloride by country
(metric tons)
Australia
Indonesia
Malaysia
New Zealand
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Other
Total
2010
1
950
2
1
1
528
9
0
0
1,491
2011
0
1,186
0
38
0
407
9
1
0
1,641
2012
0
886
6
0
12
0
14
0
0
918
2013
1
654
4
0
0
0
14
0
0
672
2014
0
933
42
0
0
0
28
1
0
1,004
2015
0
787
604
0
52
0
14
0
0
1,457
2016
1
717
876
0
0
173
21
0
0
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
1,788
© 2016 IHS
In 2016, Southeast Asian imports of methyl chloride are 1,788 metric tons. The two leading countries of destination are
Malaysia and Indonesia at 49.0% and 40.1%, respectively.
The following table presents Southeast Asian methyl chloride exports by country:
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
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Southeast Asian exports of methyl chloride by country
(metric tons)
Australia
Indonesia
Malaysia
New Zealand
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Total
2010
0
0
1,032
0
0
0
0
0
1,032
2011
0
0
726
2012
0
17
367
0
0
0
0
0
384
2013
0
2
1,149
0
0
0
0
0
1,151
2014
0
1
1,082
0
0
0
0
0
1,083
2015
0
80
751
0
0
0
0
0
831
0
0
1,032
0
0
0
0
0
1,032
2016
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0
0
0
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Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
© 2016 IHS
Malaysia is the sole methyl chloride exporting country in 2016.
Methylene chloride
The following table presents Southeast Asian methylene chloride imports by country:
Southeast Asian imports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
Australia
Indonesia
Malaysia
New Zealand
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Other
Total
2010
2,775
10,559
5,766
592
2,379
11,664
11,093
4,975
157
49,960
2011
2,300
11,557
6,152
654
2,655
9,339
10,459
6,115
185
49,416
2012
1,705
10,547
5,954
477
2,788
9,107
12,198
5,175
194
48,145
2013
1,578
11,507
5,097
396
2,575
7,972
12,410
4,328
297
46,160
2014
1,621
11,735
6,728
379
2,663
8,600
13,653
4,132
371
49,882
2015
3,092
11,643
7,159
554
3,250
7,143
13,036
5,523
261
51,661
2016
1,470
13,795
6,930
392
3,186
8,870
14,103
6,406
158
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
55,310
© 2016 IHS
Southeast Asia is a large importer of methylene chloride. In 2016, imports are 55,310 metric tons. The leading countries of
destination are Thailand, Indonesia, and Singapore at 25.5%, 24.9%, and 16.0%, respectively in 2016. Other large importing
countries are Malaysia and Vietnam.
The following table presents Southeast Asian methylene chloride exports by country:
Southeast Asian exports of methylene chloride by country
(metric tons)
Australia
Indonesia
Malaysia
New Zealand
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Total
63
37
50
39
0
6,918
40
0
7,147
2011
90
10
58
28
0
4,434
44
0
4,664
2012
109
0
19
24
0
5,295
36
0
5,483
2013
226
0
131
22
0
4,467
39
0
4,885
2014
23
0
588
26
0
6,572
29
0
7,238
2015
7
0
42
8
0
5,214
48
0
5,319
2016
49
0
44
4
0
5,185
41
0
2010
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
5,323
© 2016 IHS
Singapore is the largest exporter of methylene chloride, all of which is re-exportation of imports from the United States to
China.
Chloroform
The following table presents Southeast Asian chloroform imports by country:
© 2016 IHS
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IHS Chemical | Chlorinated Methanes
[IHS Document Protection]
Southeast Asian imports of chloroform by country
(metric tons)
Australia
Indonesia
Malaysia
New Zealand
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Other
Total
2010
58
490
66
2
22
26
111
0
0
775
2011
52
0
0
345
2012
99
50
60
1
7
25
105
12
0
359
2013
95
40
66
3
25
64
108
73
0
474
2014
101
37
193
2
13
34
120
11
0
511
2015
94
52
26
0
7
111
83
14
0
387
88
38
72
2
7
108
150
31
0
2016
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57
2
2
95
Contact Customer Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
496
© 2016 IHS
Southeast Asia is a minor importer of chloroform, typically in the 300–500 metric ton range. Thailand and Singapore are
the leading countries of destination imports.
The following table presents Southeast Asian chloroform exports by country:
Southeast Asian exports of chloroform by country
(metric tons)
Australia
Indonesia
Malaysia
New Zealand
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam
Total
2010
1
0
28
0
0
1
34
0
64
2011
3
0
3
0
0
25
38
0
69
2012
2
0
15
0
0
7
49
0
73
2013
1
0
6
5
0
2
74
0
88
2014
2
0
11
17
0
0
62
0
92
2015
1
0
3
17
0
22
56
0
99
2016
2
0
6
2
0
2
74
0
Source: Global Trade Atlas, Global Trade Information Services, Inc.
86
© 2016 IHS
Southeast Asia is a minor exporter of chloroform. Thailand is the largest exporter.
Carbon tetrachloride
Southeast Asia is neither an importer nor exporter of carbon tetrachloride.
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Bibliography
IHS Chemical Economics Handbook—The following CEH reports contain additional information that is pertinent to
the subject of this report:
Please use Adobe, Chrome, or Internet Explorer to read this file.
Butyl Elastomers
C2 Chlorinated Solvents
Cellulose Ethers
Contact Customer
Fluorocarbons
Fluoroelastomers
Fluoropolymers
Herbicides
Hydrochloric Acid
Methanol
Pyridines
Silicones
Synthetic Water-Soluble Polymers
Care (customercare@ihs.com) if you have any questions.
IHS Specialty Chemicals Update Program—The following SCUP reports contain additional information that is
pertinent to the subject of this report. Address inquiries regarding this information to the Specialty Chemicals Update
Program, IHS Chemical, Santa Clara, California, 95054.
Construction Chemicals
Surfactants
Synthetic Lubricants
IHS Chemical Process Economics Program—The following Process Economics Program report contains more detailed
information on the manufacturing processes, process design, and process economics of the chemicals discussed in this
report. Address inquiries concerning this information to the Process Economics Program, IHS Chemical, Santa Clara,
California, 95054.
C1 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Report No. 126, August 1978.
Other references—The following list of additional references is suggested for supplemental reading:
“Almost 200 countries sign deal to reduce use of HFCs,” IHS Chemical Business Daily, 17 October 2016.
Boswell, Clay, “Chemours planning $178-million HFO plant at Ingleside, TX,” IHS Chemical Week, 15 February 2016.
Boswell, Clay, “OxyChem announces $145 million Geismar expansion for refrigerant precursor,” IHS Chemical Week,
18 April 2016.
Gramling, Carolyn, “Ozone-depleting chemical still seeping into atmosphere,” Science, 22 August 2014.
Ramesh, Deepti, “SRF to build pilot plant for refrigerant gas HFO-1234yf,” IHS Chemical Week, 4 April 2016.
“Under new safety law, EPA pick first 10 chemicals for review,” Environmental Working Group, 7 December 2016.
http://www.ewg.org/research/under-new-safety-law-epa-picks-first-10-chemicals-review
Will, Ray, “Refrigerants ain’t what they used to be,” IHS Chemical Week, 26 September, 2016.
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