- Labour : activities that link humans to the material world that they inhabit such as
tools foods (we are talking about social efforts and how to survive socially )
Economy : the management of material resources , it refers to management of ones
house different from westerns pov it is depended on labour ,
Symbol immaterial and labour is material , symbols leads to creation of roles (leslie
white ) says its the basis of culture . Fredrich says labour is the basic of culture
Three phase of the economy :
Production : raw material from environment transferred to goods . Natural capital
would be the potential of the economies to provide through labour , labour Leads to
economic goods
Mode of production which a mode of production is a specific combination of the:
Productive forces: these include human labour power and means of production
Distribution : moving goods from producer to people that will use them
Consumption : using the product
Important aspect of these is that each of them has different aspect of variation
Food collecting societies : subsistence would be the basic aspect of economies
looking at what is necessary for survival basic production of food
Foraging : first human production system known as hunting and gathering production
of food by collecting wild animals goes back to begging of humanity division labour
along age and gender had coastal foragers northwest coast
Food producing :
pastoralism : a productive system based on domesticated animals as the main source
of food food collectors would have to hunt in where they are mongols
Nomadic communities , it is very reliable food , males can have greater status and
power the control of animals of by makes leads to greater status enhances the power
of men
Horticulture : relies on domestication of plants as a basis of the economy
Grow wheat and you heavily rely upon it , large settelment is possible , smaller
territories but moving slash and burn in farming villages there is a range of social
relations 13000 years ago middle east
Agriculture : combination of domestication of animals and plants modification of
landscape to expand land allows for larger settlement ,high input and high yield
farming on permanent farmland
Intensive agriculture high input and high yield farming on farmlands through the use of
irrigation fertilizer
Industrialism : shifts from agrarian societies to manufacturing of multiple goods
Small percentage involved in food production , involves plants and animals less human
labour and is large scale machinery .
Post industrialism : manufacturing declines off load to other areas increased reduction
of jobs in food production research based sectors increase
Modes of production : specific organization of economic production in a given society
Forms of social organization used to apply human labour towards the environment for
resources involves the means of production includes tools machinery technical
knowledge all of the elements needed to produce your lively hood
The relations of production ( organizational structure or division of law ) such as class
ownership , its also about property the notion of property is part of it and only certain
people can use it and tats when law comes and backs up .
Natural capital with labour produces economic goods
Kin ordered mop : family is the corporate working group organized through kinship
family owns their mean of production
Tributary mop they usually also own their lands and means of production but a
portion of their harvest is to paid another political group for reasons
Capitalist mop : land is owned by the minority the mean of production are owned by
the capitalist people sell their labour to work on land to use their means of production
they keep all of the surplus after everything Is paid to the workers (eric wolf)
Mode of exchange
Reciprocity : formal exchange that involves giving and receiving between relative
equals its a factor of social distance
Generalized ( positive ) : goods are given without any particular calculation of the
value of the goods and no particular expectation for a return , family close friends
communism
Balanced : goods are given with some calculation of their value and some expectation
in return exchange
Negative : not close socially better than what you give and the attitude would be
domination example would also be kula institution to trade necklace hierarchy
Redistribution : forms of an exchange involving collection of surplus by either
individual group or institution that oversees how it redistributes , a centralized form of
exchange tax collection
Market exchange : decentralized forms of exchange that are done through institutions
price goes up and down with supply and demand the exchange marks the end of the
social relationship
3 distribution system consists of market exchange redistribution and resprocity
Modes of consumption : least focused of the three subsistence consumption which is
basic daily need , luxury consumption
Conspicuous consumption : purchasing goods in order to publicly to display wealth
Veblen said this in 1899
Politics: relationships between human actors and referring to the management of the
public affair
Power :
Economic capital : are the direct goods we extract from the environment and
converted to goods that we can sell and buy
Different sorts of capital that can be important for the economy
Cultural capital can be paid for their cultural knowledge example would going to
school
Subculture being in a punk scene knowing the music and then band
Symbolic capital : something that is valued in a culture and has value in that region
comes Down to symbols , examples would have logos such as nike and other known
brands due to their logo another would be art
Social capital : from people and have access to other groups examples would be
ideas of popular celebrities being hired to pitch product due to being famous being
socially known and having power
All of these can be exchanged in an economy
Politics involves decision making , dispute resolution , defence of community ,
deviance punishment
Power : the capacity of a person or a group to direct or influence the behaviour of
others or the social events
How is power a social phenomenon
Sanctions are manifestations of power
First type of power is
authority: its based on your role society creates a role and you fill that role ( natural
and institutional ) natural is someone you
Persuasion: based on influence argument it is used by politics
Coercion : based on the threat of the use of force , the threat to punch not the punch
itself due to the fact that power is social and if you are not able to do that it is not
power anymore it is energy , the fighting stops when it comes to social power
In order for power to come to play there has to be certain degree of freedom on both
sides
Type of political organizations
Diffusion borrowing cultural traits between cultures either directly
Acculturation : on going first hand exchange and contact between groups both
experience Changes while remaining the same
Band
Tribe
Chiefdom
State
Population
100-1000
1k-10k
10k-50k
50k+
Political structure
Decentralized
Decentralized /
heterachy
Centralized /
hierarchy
Centralized /
hierarchy
Social relations
Egalitarian
Ranking
Class
Leadership
Informal and
natural
Big man council
Ranking of chiefs
Institution ( kings
president )
Division of labour
All contribute
Work with groups
Specialization
High degree
Economy
Foragers
Pastoralists /
horticulture
Agriculture
Insdustrialis
Development of social stratification
Egalitarian : people are equal in their opportunities authority is based on skill
resources to achieve are available
Rank : ranked in their relative status towards other there is competition prestige is
accorded so you get to wear a cape of hat
Class : ranking of prestige into classes numbers of position of authority is restricted
Resources are not available
Leveling mechanism :a leveling mechanism is a practice that acts to ensure social
equality, usually by shaming or humbling members of a group that attempt to put
themselves above other members.
Bands tribes and states are a linear evolutionary trajectory based on population size
Religion : we need to be wary of ethnocentrism involves a humanistic approach and
also a scientific re & ligo : to bind fasten or unite . re means do again
A unified system of beliefs and practices and
The varieties of religious experience
Belief : mythology narratives of religion beliefs as
Art : religious symbols imagery or with religious purpose
Scared : a certain type of language , prayer , items that you treat with great value .
Places as church or mountains
Speech : prayer speech that communicates with none human
Actions : rituals repetitive acts that have value beyond the act itself
Profane : does not mean not valuable it is not sacred
Functions of religion : explanation ( about origins and causes ) also about control ( of
nature and culture ) 10 command mends , legitimation ( current realties of nature and
culture myth how women are more passionate and men have to travel and go see them
Animism : type of religious beliefs n which natural objects and forces have
components that interact socially with humans
Types of religion
Animism : first nations spirits
Polytheism : multiple gods
Monotheism : islam and
Type of society
Structure of authority
Access to religion
Animism
Foragers
Egalitarian
Equal access
Polytheism
Early state
Multiple leaders
Access through priests
Monotheism
Developd
Single rulers
Single leader of religion
Its ethnocentric the way e.b Taylor was thinking to say animism evolves to polytheism
and monotheism due to the fact he was from England
Ritual
Rites of passage :means one status to another for example single to married scared
Euqilibration maintain balance healing rites maintain normality
Intensification : increase rate or status from prince to king often done when things are
broken up strengthen bonds in timer of need and fertility rites
Commemoration: memorial rites calederian rites
Religion used to support power mythology of maasi to support the power of men
Magic witchcraft its about force
Colonialism : 1492 spanish France England 1550 Russia the organized practice of
acquiring political control over another country
What ideas lie behind this notion ? They though to be empty land and no one was
living and belonged to no one
Why is it empty land when all these cultures live there ? Terra nulls Came from
ethnocentric bias as they worked as society that encountered smaller societies
If no one is planting in the land it is for the taking
Second aspect of this is
Synchronic : something that exist at one point In time
Diachronic : concerned with which the way something had developed and evolved
through time
Kin ordered mop : most indigenous they were making their own , owns mean of
production
Tributary mop :first aspect of colonialism due to the fact that they demand land
Capitalist mop : you will end up depending on people and tools and economy to make
your lively hood
Europeans also changed the way there means of production
The slave trade : initially needed for silver mines and sugar plantations 250k by 1600
AD 6 million in 18th drawn from Asante oyo
The globalization : interaction of most areas of the world within a single economic
system
The modernization ideology : social change occurring n none western societies under
colonial rule was a necessary prelude to a higher level of social development it is a
desire because all groups want it the need to make other countries like themselves
World system theory : Fernando late 15th to 16th century European capitalist began to
incorporate other regions and people into the world system whose parts were linked
economically and not politically level of politics has been minimized
Core : centers of world economic production and finance gets processed and sent out
to the world high wage labor value increases we tend to put the value in what comes
out of the core system
Periphery : former colonies that supply core with raw material gold sugar they supply
low wage labor they are cheap coffee is produced
Semi periphery : in between states have increased industrial they build lesser skilled
inndustries often off load Core
Cold War terms
Second world is communist countries
Fourth world indigenous system excluded from the world system
Dependent accumulation
Globalization is allowed for the movement of transnational corporations but not for
people
Consequences of development for indigenous
Loss of land opened for economic exploreation
Closed for conservation
Whole areas become submerged
Become claimed
In 2009 number of people living in urban world passed rural
Multiculturalism it is not recent , the presence of several distinct culture
Syncretism : the result of two or more different elements of cultures often religious
which satisfy cultural arrangement
Cargo cult
Cosmopolitanism : all humans being belong to a single community based on shared
Tribalism : the attitude to strong loyalty to ones owns tribe or group
One world culture we are becoming one monoculture with increased travel and
technology we will all have one culture
Jihad vs Macworld opposing cultural forces neither force respects human freedom