CHAPTER 3: EARLY CONTACTS WITH NEIGHBORING
COUNTRIES (900 – 1400 A.D.)
EARLY TRADE ROUTES AND CONTACTS
❖ Ancient Filipinos, just like their Southeast neighbors,
were expert seafarers and boat builders. They made all
sizes and types of boats- big or small, single-hulled or
outrigged.
❖ Thus, long before the coming of the Portuguese and
Spaniards in the region, the Philippines had outside trade
contacts and along with these, varied cultural exchanges
took place.
❖ Filipino historians and archeologists believe the FilipinoChinese trade contacts began around the ninth century
during the Tang dynasty (618-906 A.D.)
❖ They cite as evidence Tang stonewares that were found
in the Babuyan Islands, along the coasts of Ilocos,
Pangasinan, Mindoro (Puerto Galara), Batangas
(Calatagan), Manila (Santa Ana), Bohol, Cebu, Jolo and
Cagayan de Oro.
ARAB TRADE ROUTES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
❖ Between 900 and 1200 A.D., a group of people called
Orang Dampuan from Southern Annam (Vietnam Today),
established trading posts in Sulu.
❖ A flourishing trade developed between Champa
(Annamese Kingdom) and the people of Sulu who were
called Buranun.
❖ The famous pearl trade of Sulu also attracted another
group of people known as the Banjar of nearby Borneo.
Regular Trade relations ensued between Sulu and
Banjarmassin.
❖ Arab traders, who up to this point dominated this
Southeast Asian trading, were later bared from the
central Chinese coast.
❖ The Arabs continued to carry Southeast Asian goods to
the Western world using the southern route. They also
carried Philippine goods on board Arab ships to the
Chinese mainland through Canton.
❖ Arab ships carried non-Chinese goods amounting to 2040% of the total cargo.
❖ The Chinese trade in the Philippines greatly improved
during the Ming dynasty (1368- 1478).
❖ The Chinese Emperor even tried to impose its suzerainty
over Luzon, however, put an end to this ambitious plan.
ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES
❖ Chinese Traders competed with the Arabs.
❖ Sung Porcleain.
❖ Chao Jukua’s Chu fan-chi (1225)
❖ 8 th century: type of currency in the form of barter rings.
❖ 12th century: gold coins (piloncitos)
❖ Influenced indigenous lifestyle, customs and religious
beliefs.
❖ Language, system of writing.
❖ Arranged Marriage
❖ Wearing of white clothing instead of black for mourning
of death of family and relatives.
❖ Umbrellas
❖ Manufacture of gun powder, metallurgy and mining
methods
INDIANS OF INDIA
❖ Malays
❖ Hindu
❖ Sanskrit (Sanskrit variations
Maguindanoan language)
in
Visayan
and
❖
❖
❖
❖
Agama – religion
Baginda – Emperor
Sutra – Silk
A figurine of the Hindu goddess Padmapani was found in
Butuan and was dated to 300AD. This could attest to that
ancient contact between the Philippines and the Indian
subcontinent.
THE COMING OF ISLAM
❖ Islam spread outside of Arabia in two stages:
o Islam was brought to the rest of the Middle East,
North Africa, Spain and Central Asia
o Muslim missionaries travelled to India, China and
Southeast Asia
❖ Islam was introduced by Tuan Masha’ika.
❖ Rajah Baginda arrived from Sumatra (1480)
❖ Abu Bakr succeeded in establishing government in Sulu
similar to sultanate of Arabia,
❖ Serif Kabungsuan – the first sultan of Maguindanao
TEACHINGS OF ISLAM
❖ Koran (Qur’an) – The holy book of the Muslims. It is
written in Arabic
❖ Allah – is the word of the Supreme Creator
THE SULTANATE
❖ Unlike the barangays of the non-Muslim ancient Filipinos
which were smaller in size and very much decentralized,
the Sultanate governed a much larger territory through a
centralized network of officials with the Sultan at the top.
CHAPTER 4
ENCOUNTER WITH THE WEST
(1400 – 1600)
❖ To the West, for quite a long time, the Philippines and
the rest of the world was Tierra Incognita (Unknown
Lands).
❖ Europeans come into this region for purposes of trade,
Christianization, and civilizing the “uncivilized”.
❖ Portugal and Spain, the leading colonizers, rivaled for the
possession of rich colonies in America, Asia and Africa.
However, Spain having many advantages won over her
rivals.
❖ Using both the “sword and the cross” Spanish
conquistadores and missionaries succeeded in
establishing colonies in the Americas without much
resistance.
THE COMING OF THE SPANIARDS
❖ In the 16th century, Europe was experiencing some
changes because of the growth of industry and
commerce, the advances in science, the improvement in
the science of navigation, and the invention of machines
and marine instruments.
❖ In the 16th century, Europe was experiencing some
changes because of the growth of industry and
commerce, the advances in science, the improvement in
the science of navigation, and the invention of machines
and marine instruments.
❖ In the 16th century, Europe was experiencing some
changes because of the growth of industry and
commerce, the advances in science, the improvement in
the science of navigation, and the invention of machines
and marine instruments.
❖ In the 16th century, Europe was experiencing some
changes because of the growth of industry and
commerce, the advances in science, the improvement in
the science of navigation, and the invention of machines
and marine instruments.
THE TRADE ROUTES
❖ The Northern Route passed through Central Asia by land,
then to the cities of Samarkand and Bokhara, then
around the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, and finally to
Constantinople in the Mediterranean.
❖ The Central Route started from Malacca in the Malay
Peninsula, then to the Indian Ocean and the Indian ports,
then to the Persian Gulf to Baghdad and Constantinople,
and finally to Cairo in the Mediterranean.
❖ The Southern Route also started from Malacca, then to
the Indian Ocean and to the ports of India, then to the
Red Sea, and finally to Cairo in the Mediterranean.
- In 1453, the Turks captured the city of Constantinople
and closed the Northern and Central routes, but, they
allowed the Venetians to use the Southern route with
the condition of paying them a fee. The Venetians
monopolized the route compelling Portugal and Spain to
look for another route.
EARLY VOYAGES TO ASIA
❖ Portugal was the first to send expeditions to the East.
PRINCE HARRY
➢ one of the most famous Portuguese navigator, also
called “The Navigator”, discovered the islands of
Madiera and Azores in 1421
➢ He also developed instruments for navigation like
the astrolabe, the windrose compass, and the
caravel.
BARTHOLOMEW DIAZ
➢ the Portuguese navigator who “discovered” the
Cape of Good Hope in 1487
➢ His voyage reached Calicut, India and marked a first
time for being able to reach the East by sailing
around the outermost tip of Africa.
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
➢ a native of Genoa, Italy
➢ He “discovered” North America in 1492 but thought
it was Asia.
AMERIGO VESPUCCI
➢ an Italian
➢ he explored what Columbus had found, geographers,
thinking that he found a “New World,” named it
America.
VICENTE PINZON
➢ In 1500, he “discovered” what is now Brazil.
NUNEZ DE BALBOA
➢ In 1513, he crossed what is now Panama and
“discovered” the Pacific Ocean.
THE DIVISION OF THE WORLD
❖ A sea rivalry resulted from the “discoveries” made by
Spain and Portugal.
❖ To avoid war, Pope Alexander VI, a Spaniard, issued two
bulls in May 3, 1493. The first bull divided the world into
two, the second bull made the provisions of the first bull
clear by drawing an imaginary line 100 degrees West of
the Azores. Lands to be discovered east of this imaginary
line would belong to Portugal, and those on the west
would belong to Spain.
❖ However, in September 1493, the Pope, nullified the
provision of the second bull by allowing Spain to own
lands to be discovered in the East, which properly
belonged to Portugal.
❖ To avoid any conflict between the two nations, they
concluded the Treaty of Tordesillas on June 7, 1494.
❖ Important provisions of the treaty:
a) Lands to be discovered east of the line would belong
to Portugal, and those on the west would belong to
Spain.
b) Lands discovered by Spanish ships east of the line
should be turned over to Portugal, and lands
discovered by Portuguese ships west of the line
should be turned over to Spain.
c) No Portuguese ships shall be sent to lands belonging
to Spain, and vice versa, for the purpose of trading
with them.
THE MAGELLAN EXPEDITION
❖ Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese who went to
Spain to offer his services to the Spanish King.
❖ Magellan explained to King Charles I of Spain that he
could reach the Moluccas or the Spice Islands, by sailing
west. The King, then agreed to send an expedition under
the command of Magellan.
❖ Magellan’s expedition consisted of five ships, and on
September 20, 1519, the expedition left port and sailed
southward across the Atlantic.
November 1519 - reached Pernambuco in Brazil
February 1520 – reached Rio de la Plata
March 1520 – reached Port St. Julian, southern tip of
South America, mutiny occurred
March 1521 – reached the Ladrones Islands (now the
Marianas)
March 17, 1521 – sighted the mountains of Samar
FIRST SPANIARDS IN THE PHILIPPINES
❖ They landed at Homonhon islet to take care of the sick
men, then proceeded to the islet of Limasawa, which
was ruled by Rajah Kulambu.
FIRST BLOOD COMPACT
❖ The first blood compact between Filipinos and the
Spaniards happened between Rajah Kulambu, Si Agu,
and Ferdinand Magellan.
FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES
❖ The first mass in the Philippines took place on Easter
Sunday, March 31, 1521, in the islet of Limasawa. It was
officiated by Father Pedro de Valderrama.
FIRST BAPTISM
❖ On April 15, 1521, Mass was celebrated in Cebu. Rajah
Humabon, his wife, and some 800 natives became
Christians that day.
THE BATTLE OF MACTAN
❖ Rajah Sula asked Magellan’s help to defeat his rival,
Rajah si Lapulapu, who according to Sula, refused to
recognize the King of Spain as his sovereign.
❖ Magellan, wanting to show his might agreed to interfere.
They sailed to Mactan early in the morning of April 28,
with around sixty men, well-armed and demanding
Lapulapu to pay tribute to Spain.
❖ Lapulapu refused Magellan’s demand. This resulted into
a battle between the Spanish forces and the warriors of
Mactan, where Ferdinand Magellan together with some
of his men were killed.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE EXPEDITION
❖ Magellan’s voyage across the Atlantic and the Pacific was
the greatest single voyage ever known to man in early
modern times. He was the first man to circumnavigate
the world.
❖ The route that Magellan took in reaching the Philippines
was a new “discovery” then, which put an end to the
Venetian monopoly of the Southern Route.
❖ Magellan’s voyage proved that the earth was round.
❖ Magellan’s expedition was significant because it led to
other Spanish expeditions to the Philippines.
THE VILLALOBOS EXPEDITION
❖ Ruy Lopez de Villalobos set sail for the Philippines from
Navidad, Mexico on November 1, 1542.
❖ He followed the route taken by Magellan and reached
Mindanao on February 2, 1543.
❖ He established a colony in Sarangani but could not stay
long because of insufficient food supply.
❖ Named the islands of Samar and Leyte, Las Islas Filipinas
in honor of Prince Philip of Spain.
THE LEGAZPI EXPEDITION
❖ In 1564, Legazpi was commissioned by the Viceroy
to lead a naval expedition across the Pacific to establish
a colony in the Philippines and discover the long-sought
return sea route from Asia to the Americas.
❖ The expedition reached Cebu in February 1565. Later,
Legazpi sailed to Cibabao (Leyte) then to Samar.
❖ Early in March, he sailed to Camuigin Island, then to
Butuan in Mindanao, and then to Bohol.
THE DISCOVERY OF A NEW ROUTE
❖ Sailing from the port of Cebu on June 1, 1565, Father
Urdaneta steered the Ship northeastward from the
Philippines in wide arc through the Pacific and ended in
Santa Catalina, in California.
❖ October 1 – arrived at port Natividad
❖ Natividad – Acapulco
❖ Manila galleons – New Route
THE FIRST SETTLEMENT IN CEBU
❖ On April 27, 1565, Legazpi returned to Cebu
❖ Tupas fled to the mountains after setting all the houses
on fire in what is now Cebu City.
❖ The agreement between Legazpi and the Cebuanos took
place
❖ Provisions of the agreement:
1. The Filipinos promised to be loyal to the King of Spain
and to the Spaniards.
2. The Filipinos promised to help the Spaniards in any
battle against an enemy and in return, the Spaniards
promised to protect the Filipinos from all enemies.
3. A Filipino who had committed a crime against a
Spaniard should be turn over to Spanish authorities,
while a Spaniard who had committed a crime against
a Filipino should be turn over to the Filipino chieftain
4. Goods to be sold, to either the Spaniards or the
Filipinos should be moderately priced.
5. An armed Filipino would not be allowed to enter the
Spanish settlement.
THE SETTLEMENT IN PANAY
❖ Legazpi’s own men refused to work. Some of them
robbed the graves of the Filipinos.
❖ Legazpi and some of his men sailed for Panay in 1569.
❖ On the banks of the Panay River, Legazpi founded the
second Spanish settlement in the Philippines.
❖ He won over the people of Panay by convincing them of
his peaceful intentions. The Spanish missionaries, the
Augustinian friars, converted some natives to
Christianity.
THE FIRST SPANISH VOYAGE TO MANILA
❖ Legazpi spread Spanish rule to other islands of the
archipelago.
❖ Small expeditions were sent
➢ Masbate, Burias, and Ticao were claimed in the name
of the King of Spain.
➢ Captain Enriquez de Guzman, Albay.
➢ Juan de Salcedo, Legazpi led a small expedition to
the north. With a few Spanish soldiers and about 500
Visayans.
❖ Thriving Muslim kingdom ruled by Rajah Sulayman or
Soliman.
THE FOUNDING OF MANILA
❖ The King of Spain appointed Legazpi as governor and
captain-general of the islands which was equivalent to
governor-general. Legazpi was therefore, the first
governor-general of the Philippines.
❖ Legazpi decided to leave for Luzon on April 20, with
Manila as the object of his expedition.
❖ Legazpi took over Manila in1571 and began laying the
foundation of a new city.
❖ On June 24, 1571, Legazpi made Manila the capital of the
Philippines. King Philip the II later called Manila,
“Distinguished and Ever Loyal City”.
EXPEDITIONS TO THE OTHER PARTS OF LUZON
❖ Legazpi thought of sending expeditions to other parts of
Luzon.
❖ Salcedo conquered the towns of what is now Rizal
Province. Then in 1572, he went to northern Luzon and
defeated the Filipinos in Zambales, Pangasinan, and the
Ilocos region. In Vigan, Salcedo founded the town of Villa
Fernandina in honor of Prince Fernando. From the Ilocos,
Salcedo proceeded to the northeastern coast of Luzon,
marched along the Pacific coast of what is now Quezon
Province, sailed to Polillo Island, back to the shore of
Luzon, and from there returned to Manila.
❖ August 20, 1572 – Miguel Lopez de Legazpi died.
CHAPTER 5
THE PHILIPPINES UNDER THE SPANISH RULE
1600’s – 1800’s
REASONS FOR SPANISH COLONIZATION
❖ Search for Spice Island.
❖ The “DISCOVERY” of the Philippines was made under the
auspices of Spain
❖ Spain claimed the Philippines by right of “DISCOVERY”
and by right of actual occupation or conquest
POLITICAL CHANGES
❖ King of Spain
❖ Spanish Officials
❖ Administered by the Council of Indies
❖ Ministry of Colonies/Overseas Ministry (Minesterio de
Ultramar)
THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
❖ CAPTAIN GOVERNOR
- Gobernador Heneral
- Head of Central Government
- Appointed by the King, and the Kings official
representative in the colony.
- Possessed vast executive, legislative, and judiciary
power.
- Superior decrees
- Vice royal patron
❖ Two branches of Government
- HT Executive
- Judicial
❖ Cumplase- the right of a governor general to suspend
royal decrees
The Audiencia
❖ What is audiencia in the Philippines?
Government Jurisdiction
❖ The Audiencia exercised very pronounced authority
over the services of public servants and government
officials in the Philippines, and reported to the court all
matters relative to the conduct, work, or attitude of any
employee or official of the government.
❖ Established in the Philippines on 1583
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
PROVINCIAL
GOVERNMENT
MUNICIPAL
GOVERNMENT
❖ ALCALDE MAYOR- Provincial Governor
❖ INDULTO DE COMERCIO- the right given to the alcalde
mayor by gobernador heneral for him to engage in trade.
❖ 1844- the year the indulto de comercio was abolished
because the alcalde mayor abused his power to the
extent of scandalizing the Spaniards.
❖ 1886- Another anomalous practice was the provincial
governor role as judge of the province. Since many
abuses were committed by the governors-judge, in 1886,
the King ordered that the provincial governor should
remain as judge only. Another man was appointed as
provincial governor whose main duty was to administer
the province.
❖ Gobernadorcillo- also called little governor, capitan
municipal, capitan, and is now called mayor, is the head
of towns and the municipal. The capitan was aided in the
administration of the town by deputies called tenientes,
a chief of police, and subordinate officials called
alguaciles.
THE CITY AND ITS GOVERNMENT
❖ By the seventeenth century, the Philippines had six cities:
Cebu, Manila, Vigan Nueva Segovia (now Lal-lo,
Cagayan), Arevalo (now a part of Iloilo City), and Nueva
Caceres (now Naga).
❖ The city is the center of social, commercia, religious, and
cultural life.
❖ AYUNTAMIENTO- City hall, consisted of two alcaldes,
twelve regidores (councilors), a chief of police, a city
secretary, and few other lesser officials.
PROPAGATING THE CATHOLIC FAITH
1565-Filipinos were converted to Christians by early
Augustinians that came together with Legazpi, but
then later returned to animist religion.
Animist Religion- one of the first religion of Filipinos.
1577- the Franciscan Missionaries arrived and spread
the catholic faith in Manila, and nearby provinces.
1581- the Jesuits, who were not friars, arrived and
spread Catholicism.
1587- the Dominican missionaries arrived and
spread Catholic faith in Manila, Cagayan region, and
Pangasinan.
1606- the Recollect missionaries arrived and
propagated the faith in different parts of the
Philippines.
1860’s- about four million Filipinos were converted
to Christians.
1898- about six and a half million were converted,
but later some of the converted returned to their old
religious beliefs and practices.
❖ The Union of Church and State- the early King of Spain
help much in propagating and defending Catholic faith,
they became closely identified with the Church.
➢ In some cases, a high Church official was also eligible
to become governor-general during the latter’s
absence or illness. Example of church officials who
became acting governors-general were Archbishop
Francisco de la Cuesta (1719-1721); Bishop Juan
Arrechederra (1745-1750); Bishop Miguel Lino de
Ezpeleta (1759- 1761); and Archbishop Manuel Rojo
(1761-1762).
❖ The Church Organization-To administer the parishes
efficiently, the Catholic Church was divided into district.
In turn, each district was divided into parishes and
missions.
o Districts represented geographic regions that
had different dialects or languages.
o Parishes represented villages.
➢ Missions represented areas or regions that were not
yet conquered and converted to Catholicism.
➢ 1578- Manila became a diocese and three years later
its first bishop is ordinated, Fr. Domingo de Salazar.
➢ Eccesiastical Court or Archbishop’s Court- was
composed of the archbishop, the vicar-general, a
notary, and other officials. Deals with the laws of the
Church.
❖ The INQUISITION- an ecclesiastical office, whose duty
was to reach for heretics and those guilty of preaching or
practicing religious doctrines that were contrary to that
of the Catholic Church.
THE INTRODUCTION OF PRINTING
❖ Xylography- printing by woodblock, in which a
rectangular piece of wood, say, one or two inches thick,
was carved out with words. Then the piece of wood was
covered evenly with ink and piece of paper was placed
on the woodblock and pressed with a heavy object.
When the paper is lifted, it has an imprint of the Christian
doctrine.
❖ Typography- improved printing by introducing the use of
movable types. In this kind of printing, a letter is joined
to a small piece of wood or iron or any similar material.
❖ 1606- the Franciscans put up a printing press in Lengua
Tagala by Father Domingo de los Santos.
THE RESIDENCIA AND THE VISITA
❖ THE RESIDENCIA
➢ the public investigation and trial of outgoing colonial
officials in order to ascertain whether they had
committed abuses in the performance of their
duties.
➢ the procedures involved the incoming governorgeneral to conduct the investigation and trial of his
predecessor and other officials of the government.
The result of the investigation and trial was sent to
Spain for final decision.
➢ Was instituted for a good purpose but the
gobernador heneral and his men, harasses the
outgoing general.
❖ THE VISITA
➢ was a secret investigation of an official’s conduct as
a public servant. Its purpose was to ensure that the
official will work honestly and efficiently as he was
expected to do this was done any time in the
duration of the official’s term.
THE PLAZA COMPLEX
❖ The houses of the natives were situated around a plaza
or town center to bring them close to the church, the
convent, the municipio, the marketplace and the
cemetery. This setup allowed the Spaniards to effectively
administer and control the natives. The church easily
regulated the activities of the natives, whose residences
were “under the peal of bells” or bajo de las campanas.
ECONOMIC CHANGES
THE ENCOMIENDA
❖ a favor from the King, 84 under which the Spaniard
receiving the favor was given the right to collect tributes
or taxes from the inhabitants of an area assigned to him.
❖ The man who received this favor was called
encomiendero.
❖ The size of the encomienda was determined by the
number if people living in it and the value of the land on
which the natives lives.
❖ The law limited the number of natives in an area
administered by an encomendero to 300, while the value
of the land was limited to P2,000.
❖ At first, an encomienda could be held for three
generations, but it was later reduced to only two
generations.
❖ THREE KINDS OF ENCOMIENDAS:
➢ The royal encomienda, which belonged to the King.
➢ The ecclesiastical encomienda, which belonged to
the Church
➢ The private encomienda, which belonged to a private
individual. So many were the abuses committed by
the encomienderos that the King abolished the
private encomienda toward the end of the
seventeenth century.
❖
❖
❖
❖
❖
❖
FORCED LABOR
The Spaniards officials in the Philippines ordered the
Filipinos to work in the construction of churches, roads,
bridges, ships, and in the industries of hauling cutting
timber.
However, some conditions were set for forced labor,
called polo y servicios, which included the following:
1. That the Filipinos to be drafted for work must be paid
for their work;
2. That the Filipinos laborer should not be made to
work in distant places where they could not return to
their families;
3. That the drafting of laborer should not coincide with
the planting and harvest seasons;
4. That men who are physically incapable should not be
overworked;
5. That forced labor should be resorted to only in cases
of absolute necessity; and
6. That the number of laborers drafted should be
diminished as soon as laborers from other countries
had volunteered to work.
The Tribute
➢ in order to raise enough money to finance the
administration of the colony, the Filipinos were
compelled to pay a tribute in cash or in kind, in full
or installment basis, to the Spanish colonial
government.
➢ The tribute was a form of recognition of the Filipinos
loyalty to the King of Spain. When it was introduced
officially in 1570, the amount was small.
➢ Those who paid tribute were persons above sixteen
years and those who below sixty.
Sanctorum
➢ A small portion of the tribute that went to the
church.
Cedula Personal
➢ was introduced after the King abolished the tribute
regarding abuses connected while collecting it.
➢ present equivalent of residence certificate class A.
Taxes
❖
❖
❖
❖
➢ Aside from the tribute, the Filipinos also paid other
taxes. They included the diezmos prediales, the
donativo de Zamboanga, and the vinta.
Diezmos prediales
➢ was a tax consisted of one-tenth of the produce of
the land.
Donativo de Zamboanga
➢ which was introduced in 1635, was a tax specifically
used for conquest of Jolo.
Vinta
➢ was a tax paid by the people of some provinces along
the coast of western Luzon to for the defense of the
coasts from Muslim pirates, who raided the Visayas
and Luzon for ‘’slaves’’ that they needed in their
overseas trading.
The Galleon Trade
➢ Even before the arrival of the Spaniards, the
Philippines had already been trading with her
neighbors. Jolo and Manila were trading centers of
the archipelago.
➢ Ships from Japan, China, Siam (Thailand), India,
Cambodia, Malacca, and what is now, Indonesia,
anchored in Manila to unload their valuable cargoes.
These, in turn, were shipped by Spanish traders to
Mexico were they commanded high prices.
➢ Not all could engage in the galleon trade because it
was a government monopoly. Only privileged
persons, such as high-ranking officials of the State,
the Church, and the crew of the galleons, were
allowed to engage in trade.
➢ in 1811, the last galleon from Manila sailed from
Acapulco, Mexico and the government’s monopoly
of the galleon trade came to an end.
THE MEXICAN SUBSIDY
❖ Due to poor economic condition of the country, the
Philippines became a burden to Spain.
- Situado- the annual subsidy sent by the Mexican
government to the Philippines to help prevent it
going bankrupt.
❖ P250,000 average amount.
❖ Was enough to save the colonial government of the
Philippines.
❖ Was stopped when Mexico became independent on
1821.
THE ECONOMIC SOCIETY
❖ Governor Basco- founder of Economic Society of
Friends of the country. Founded on 1781 to effectively
implement economic society.
❖ The Society was divided into sections:
1. Factories and manufactures,
2. Industry and popular education,
3. Natural history,
4. Domestic and foreign commerce, and
5. Agriculture and rural economy
1784- as a result the Society was able to export indigo for
the first time in history.
1824- the Society founded the Academy of Drawing
Manila and gave scholarship to those who are interested
in the art of dyeing.
1861- the Society founded an agricultural school in
Manila for the purpose of training farmers in advanced
agricultural methods.
THE GOVERNMENT MONOPOLIES
❖ Governor Basco was also remembered for his role in
establishing government monopolies.
❖ Seeing the advantages of a monopoly in tobacco, Basco
recommended to the King that the monopoly be
established in the Philippines.
❖ the King issued a decree in 1780 ordering the
establishment of the tobacco monopoly. It was,
however, actually established in the colony in 1782.
❖ The following were the provisions of the decree:
(1) the cultivation of the tobacco was prohibited except
for the provinces selected to grow it;
(2) contrabands sale of tobacco was forbidden;
(3) the government had the exclusive right to purchase
all tobacco products, to inspect and classify the tobacco
plant, and to prepare and manufacture cigar and
cigarettes; and
(4) the government had the right to prohibit the
exportation and importation of tobacco by any agency
not connected with the government. In other words, the
government had the monopoly 91 of the planting,
inspection, sale and purchase of tobacco, and its
manufacture into cigar and cigarette.
THE ROYAL COMPANY
❖ Governor Basco’s administration was also highlighted by
the establishment of the Royal Company of the
Philippines in 1785.
❖ had a capital of P8,000,000. This amount was divided into
32,000 shares costing P250 a share.
❖ Aims to promote the progress of the Philippines by
improving the foreign trade of the colony with Spain and
to develop the natural resources of the Philippines by
encouraging industry, manufacturing, and agriculture.
❖ the company was given a lot of privileges.
❖ Still, the Company still failed in its two-fold aims.
❖ This failure may be attributed to the following causes:
(1) the Spanish merchants in the Philippines, who had
been accustomed to the profitable galleon trade, did not
cooperate whole heartedly with the Company;
(2) the Company was not able to establish direct
commercial contact with Japan, China, and India, so it
had to buy commodities from these countries from the
Manila merchants, resulting in paying higher prices for
those commodities than in the countries where they
came from;
(3) the Company was not well-managed because its
officials spent their time in activities that were not
connected with the promotion of the welfare of the
Company; and
(4) foreign vessels, instead of the Company’s vessels
brought to the Manila such items are groceries, canned
goods, wine, and other European products. As a result of
the failure of the Company to implement its program for
the Philippines, it was abolished in 1834.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OVERVIEW
❖ The first one hundred and fifty years of the Spanish rule
was characterized by a slow economic development.
❖ The reasons are:
1. First, most Spanish officials were lazy, incompetent,
and inefficient. Instead of developing the natural
resources of the colony, the Spanish officials and
minor employees were interested in enriching
themselves in office.
2. Second, there were frequent quarrels among the
Spaniards themselves.
❖ even the Spanish writer, Tomas de Comyn, said in 1810:
❖ In order to be a chief (governor) of a province of those
islands (Philippines), no training or knowledge or special
services are necessary; all persons (Spaniards) are fit and
admissible… It is quite a common thing to see a barber,
or a governor’s lackey, a sailor or a deserter, suddenly
transformed into an alcalde (provincial governor),
administrator, and a captain of the forces of 95 a
populous province without any counselor but his rude
understanding, or any guide but his passions.
CHAPTER 6 CHALLENGES TO SPANISH AUTHORITY (15801820S)
THE PORTUGUESE AND DUTCH THREATS
Portuguese (Portugal)
1566 and 1568 — General Gonzalo Periera anchored
in Cebu and asked Legaspi to leave.
1570 — Periera bombared the Spanish settlement.
Dutch (Holland/Netherlands)
1579 — Dutch proclaimed their independence which
Spain refused to recognize.
1597 — Admiral Oliver van Noort seized Filipino and
Chinese vessels but fought by Antonio de Morga in
Mariveles.
1610 — Dutch tried to land on Cuyo Island.
1616 — Dutch began to plunder vessels carrying
foodstuff.
1617 — Dutch were defeated in a Battle of Playa
Honda.
1647 — Dutch tried to capture Cavite and Bataan.
1648 — Spain recognized Holland's Independence
under the Treaty of Westphalia.
EARLY RESISTANCE IN LUZON, VISAYAS, AND MINDANAO
❖ Manila — the earliest Spanish stronghold to stage an
uprising in the attempt to regain lost freedom and
authority over their kingdom and territory.
❖ Lakan Dula
➢ A rajah who was friendly with Legazpi and helped
rebuild Manila. Also helped Martin de Gioti in the
conquest of what are now the Central Luzon
provinces. With his descendants, they were
exempted from the payment of tribute and from
forced labor.
➢ Governor Guido de Lavezares lifted the exemption.
➢ 1574 — Lakan Dula led a revolt against the Spaniards.
Juan de Salcedo and Father Geronimo Marin
persuaded Lakan Dula to lay down his arms.
THE TONDO “CONSPIRACY”
❖ 1587 — a group of Filipinos in Tondo formed a secret
society to regain their freedom.
❖ Members of the first Katipunan:
• (Wenceslao E. Retana)
• Magat Salamat
• Agustin de Legazpi
• Juan Bana Pedro
• Balingi, etc
❖ PLAN: To have a ChristianJapanese ally in bringing
Japanese weapons and soldiers to the Philippines and
with these weapons drive away the Spaniards
THE REVOLT OF MAGALAT
❖ led a revolt against the Spaniard in 1596 in Cagayan.
❖ Murdered by a Filipino assassin hired by the governorgeneral.
LADIA’S CONSPIRACY
❖ Pedro Ladia
❖ claiming to be a descendant of Lakan Dula.
❖ tried to instigate a revolt in 1643
❖ “King of the Tagalogs”, if the revolt succeeded.
❖ arrested, sent to Manila and executed.
REVOLT OF MANIAGO
❖ Francisco Maniago declared a war against the Spaniard
in 1660 in Central Luzon.
REASON
❖ the abuses of the Spanish officials who refused to pay for
the food they had taken from the Filipinos.
PURPOSE
❖ To destroy Spanish power and to declare that the people
are free and independent.
RAMIFICATIONS
1. Houses set on fire.
2. Halted the commerce between Manila and Central
Luzon towns.
DEMANDS
1. For the governor-general to pardon all those who
participated in the revolt;
2. The Kapampangans to receive the sum of P200,000 as
payment for the rice which the Spaniards seized from
their barangays;
3. For the Kapampangans to continue to cut timber, as
required by the law on forced labor, but they would be
given sufficient time to perform their duties at home.
• The Governor-general accepted these demands and
Maniago laid down his arms.
• The revolt was considered a success.
REVOLT OF MALONG, BANCAO AND SUMUROY
THE REVOLT OF MALONG
❖ December 15, 1660 – the natives of Lingayen,
Pangasinan rose arms against the Spaniards and killed
the alcade mayor.
❖ Malong proclaimed himself king and invited other chiefs
of the provinces (Ilocos, Zambales, Pampanga and
Cagayan) to join him in revolt against Spain but Maniago
did not join him.
❖ Malong sent most of his men to Pampanga, Ilocos, and
Cagayan to extend his sovereignty leaving few men with
him in Pangasinan, thus, they were easily captured by the
government troops and were executed in Binalatongan
(San Carlos).
❖ He did not succeed because of his absentmindedness.
❖ However, a native from Binalatongan led a renewal of
the revolt. He is Juan dela Cruz Pelaris.
❖ The Spanish authorities reviewed the demands of the
natives and required the alcalde-mayor of Pangasinan to
resign.
REVOLT OF BANCAO
❖ In Leyte 1622, Bancao, a chieftain of Limasawa became a
Christian because he recieved a royal gift from Spain in
recognition to his grandfather’s hospitality to Magellan.
❖ However, Bancao returned to the religion of his
forefathers and the Spanish friar-curate hated him for he
convinced people to go back to their original religion.
❖ Many natives stop going to church which made the friars
threathened and seek help from the governor of Cebu to
restore the Spanish's influence on the Warays in Visayas.
❖ There was a war between the two and the troops they
sent went Filipino soldiers who were under the Spanish
government.
❖ It is also known as the most epic fail revolt because
Filipinos defeated their fellow-Filipinos.
THE REVOLT OF SUMUROY
❖ Governor Diego Fajardo ordered the alcalde mayors of
the visayas to send men to Cavite to work in the
shipyards. But the Visayans resented their order because
of the hardship of leaving their homes and families
behind.
❖ When the people of Palapag, Samar found out that the
government would enforce cruel order, they rose in
rebellion under Sumuroy’s leadership.
❖ The revolt spread across Mindanao.
❖ Governor-general of Manila charged men to engaged
Sumuroy on the Mountains.
❖ Sumuroy was defeated, captured and executed.
❖ The event did not discourage Tapar and Dagohoy to stop
the rebellion.
❖ Dagohoy established his own “government” in the
mountains with 20,000 followers obeying their orders
and practicing their own faith.
❖ It was known that Dagohoy’s rebellion was the longest
rebellion that lasted from 1744 to 1829.
MORE REBELLIONS IN LUZON
❖ 1700s, Friars were owning lands and this rebellion is
purely economic in nature.
1702- Violent uprising in Tondo; Binan, Laguna; and
Silang, Cavite; were due to loss of pasturelands and
lands for agriculture.
1743- Pasig, Taguig, Bicutan, Paranaque, and parts of
Cavite and Bulacan were up in arms due to lack of
access to rivers and forests
1745- Hacienda’s in Bulacan’s Buenavista, Pandi, and
Lolomboy were burned and Friarowners were killed.
RESISTANCE IN THE INTERIOR AND MOUNTAINOUS PARTS
❖ Their ancient beliefs and way of life that were less
exposed to the outside world, made them more resistant
to colonization whether by Spaniards, Japanese, even
Americans.
❖ Filipinos were rich in resources that is why the Spaniards
tried to penetrate the mountains but failed because of
the resistance of the taong bundok which means “people
of the mountain.”
THE MORO WARS IN THE SOUTH
❖ The Spanish initiated the conflict by conquering the
Philippines and invading Moro territory in an effort to
subjugate the region to their rule since the 1500s. When
the Spanish conquered the Muslim Kingdom of Maynila,
a vassal of the Sultanate of Brunei, the Islamic rajah,
Rajah Sulayman resisted the Spanish. Manila then
became the capital of the Spanish Philippines after the
conquest, with the Spanish converting people to
Catholicism. The Spanish–Moro Wars started with the
Castille War, a war between Spaniards and the Sultanate
of Brunei. (The term Moro at this time included Muslim
Tagalogs who were ruled by the Sultanate of Brunei).
❖ Throughout 1656, 1657, 1660, and 1662, the Moros
attacked and pillaged towns on Spanishcontrolled
islands, sailing around the area in order to raid. They
defeated Spanish attempts to take the fort of Sultan
Kudarat. [9] The Spanish had been on the verge of victory
over the Moros, before Koxinga's threat and the
subsequent Chinese rebellion against the Spanish
resulted in the Spanish forces fleeing from the battle
with the Moros to defend Manila against the Chinese.
The Spanish Governor General Sebastian Hurtado de
Corcuera brought soldiers from Peru and Mexico and had
defeated the Moro Sultan Kudarat and built forts in Moro
territory in Zamboanga, reversing previous Moro
successes. The people of Manila were celebrating the
victories of the Spanish. Koxinga's threat to the Spanish
led to Spanish troops in Moro land being withdrawn by
Governor Sebastian Manrique de Lara.
REASONS FOR THE GENERAL FAILURE OF THE REVOLTS
FAILURE OF REVOLTS
1. Spaniards possessed superior weapons and were able to
employ native volunteers or mercenary soldiers
2. Lack of Unity. Filipinos were divided
3. Easily trusting people by giving them positions that were
under the Spanish government, thus weakening the
unity of the Filipinos
THE CHINESE PRESENCE
❖ Early Chinese were only businessmen who come and go
in the Philippines
❖ Spaniards were not threatened by the Chinese because
they were just Sangleys
❖ Chinese Commander Limahong came with his shipsand
bombarded the walled city of Intramuros and nearby
Malate. (Martin de Goiti)
❖ Spaniards and Lakan Dula joined forces to forced
Limahong to leave at once.
❖ They seized Limahong but he escaped.
❖ Despite the Spanish threat, Chinese shops remained
inside the Intramuros.
❖ Chinese were situated in a limited space called “Parian”
– union or federation.
❖ All sorts of taxes were imposed on the Chinese that later
became abusive and oppressive.
❖ These impositions provoked the Chinese to rebel.
❖ 1603, Chinese uprising erupted in Tondo and Quiapo
❖ Spanish-Filipino alliance to scare the Chinese by
beheading their leader Eng Kang and his head was put in
a public display
❖ Despite the alliance between Spaniards and Filipinos
they weren’t able to let the Chinese leave the country
because they hold most of the livelihood and even the
daily needs of both Spaniards and Filipinos.
❖ 1571, Chinese population reached 100,000 during the
Revolution of 1896.
CHAPTER 7
CULTURAL CHANGES AND IDENTITY
SPANISH INFLUENCE
❖ Spaniards exposed Filipinos to western culture
particularly Spanish culture.
❖ Clothing, eating habits, amusement, Christianity were
introduced.
❖ Filipinos “borrowed” aspects of Spanish culture which
ultimately merge into becoming Filipino culture with
colonial aspects through time.
❖ The newly merge culture is what we call Filipino Culture
today.
CHANGE IN FILIPINO NAMES
❖ Filipinos had no surnames prior to Spanish rule
❖ Early filipinos would be named after physical features,
objects, or natural events. (Si Malakas, Si Gala)
❖ At first, the Spanish changed little to the Filipinos names.
❖ Governor-Governor Narciso Claveria issued a decree in
1849 to allow Filipinos to change their names.
INTERMARRIAGE
❖ As a rule, the Spaniards did not intermarry with Filipinos.
❖ Exceptions further limited the intermarriages between
Spanish men and Filipino women.
❖ The child of these intermarriages was called Spanish
mestizo (mestizo español) later shortened to mestizo.
❖ Intermarriages between Filipinos and Chinese also
occurred and thei children were called Chinese mestiza.
❖ Pure indigenous people were called “indios” or “Indians”
SOCIAL LIFE
❖ Christian communities during the Spanish times revolved
around the church with the friar-curate being the allpowerful person in the entire community.
❖ Churches were usually located in the best part of towns
which had a municipal building called the tribunal beside
it.
❖ Gobernadorcillo or captain held office in the Tribunal.
The capitan is unable to do anything without the consent
of the firar-curate.
❖ During fiestas, theatrical performances such as moromoro, comedia, zarzuela, and carillo.
❖ Poor families would borrow money to feed their guests.
This practice was passed down to many generations.
AMUSEMENT
❖ Cockfighting was the principal form of entertainment for
Filipino men.
❖ Cockfighting existed before the Spanish settled in the
country.
❖ Spaniards encouraged gambling even introducing other
forms just to increase the tax they can collect.
❖ Wakes were held with mourners playing cards or with
juego de prenda. The ninth day after the death of a
person was celebrated by staging the duplo.
CHANGES IN CLOTHING
❖ The Barong Tagalog began to be worn at this time by
ordinary menfolk which were worn loosely.
❖ European and Spanish shirts were tucked in to be
distinguished from the Spanish.
❖ The capitan or gobernadorcillo wore a salakot with a
silver top, a coat over a long shirt, and carried a goldhilted cane.
❖ The women still wore their skirt or saya, the tapis, and
the patadyong. They learned to wear a camisa in a
Spanish way which was made of fine material such as
husi or pinya.
MESTIZA DRESS
❖ The Mestiza dress was worn by filipino women married
to Europeans and has influence from the Spanish Dress.
❖ Camis (Upper Part) and the Baksa (shoulders)
❖ silk, hemp, husi, and pineapple filaments. -Saya or skirt
(lower part)
❖ Clothing ultimately became a status of symbol to one’s
social class.
ANTILLEAN HOUSE
❖ House types distinguished social status.
❖ Antillean houses, introduce by Spaniards, was made of
first-class wood like Narra, ipil, and Molave. In many
cases, the roof was made of red tiles.
❖ The back or at the sides was the azotea.
❖ Nipa huts were what ordinary filipinos had as houses
with the addition of a bangerra and stairs instead of a
ladder but were stilled used.
❖ Ordinary filipino houses also added a balcon where
family members could sit and look at people pass by.
POSITION OF WOMEN
❖ Before Spanish times, men and women were treated
equally.
❖ The friar-curtate taught women to be obedient to their
husbands no matter what.
❖ Friars taught women how to prepare for marriage which
what they thought was the only function of women.
❖ Women were taught how to do prayers and proper
dining manners BUT were never taught to be
independent or be able to work if their husbands were
sick; women were only taught to raise children.
❖ Despite the inequality, women continued to be the
treasurer of the house and the husbands dutifully gave
the earnings to their wives.
A COMMON RELIGION
❖ Catholicism (Christianity) was not readily accepted as the
new religion.
❖ Many Filipinos converted to Catholicism because the
Spaniards incorporated the indigenous faith, tradition,
and culture of the people.
❖ These incorporated practices are mass, baptism,
marriage, prayers for the dying and asking for saints for
prayers and guidance.
❖ Catholicism did not unify the Filipinos but sustained their
faith in a creator or Bathala.
GEOGRAPHICAL IDENTITY
❖ Prior to the Spanish colonization, there was no
Philippines only a group of thousands of islands divided
into many barangays.
❖ Centralize governance were placed in plazas during the
colonization.
❖ A central authority ruled over the country, except nonChristian areas.
❖ Most of the country recognized the central authority and
followed their rules and laws as there was already a
geographical unity in the colony under the Spanish
empire.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE SPANISH LANGUAGE
❖ Filipinos weren’t taught Spanish but instead learned it
from interacting with the Spaniards.
❖ Friar-curates, the missionaries, and Spanish civil officials
used Spanish words during dealings.
❖ Spanish words were incorporated into Filipino Languages
like Hilagaynon, Sugbuanon, Bicolano;
❖ Especially Tagalog since the Tagalog region was the
center of the social, political, cultural, and economic
setup of the country.
❖ Some Spanish words were spelled and pronounced the
Taglog way (i.e., sibuyas, bintana, kabayo)
EDUCATION
❖ During early Spanish rule, education was not available to
most of the Filipinos.
❖ It was in the second half of the 18th century that primary
and secondary schools were opened to Filipino schoolage children though many were reluctant to attend
because of how often teachers were brutal.
❖ With the rise of middle class, Filipinos were able to
attend colleges like San Juan de Letran, San Jose, and the
Ateneo Municipal.
❖ Filipinos admitted to the University of Santo Tomas
finished courses in Law, Medicine, Pharmacy, and
Surveying.
❖ The teaching methods of the Spanish were poor, and
courses were not taught as they should.
❖ European countries who based solely on the economic
exploitation of their colonies did not educate the people
of their colonies unless of the ruling class to a certain
level.
❖ Other colonies such as India, Malaya, and what is no
Indonesia were only given little education and were only
allowed to serve as clerks in the civil service. But in the
Philippine colony, Filipinos who had the talent and
money were allowed to study to become lawyers,
teachers, physicians, and the like.
❖ No other colonized country in Asia produced many
intellectuals in the class of Jose Rizal, Marcelo Del Pilar,
and more. Painters as Juan Luna, Felix Resurreccion
Hidalgo, and many others. Composers and Musicians like
Marcelo Adoney, Bibiano Morales, Ladislao Bonus,
Manuel Luna, and the likes.
IMPACT OF CULTURAL CHANGES
❖ The overall impact of Spain in the Filipinos culture may
be described as both good and bad.
❖ After, King Philip II named the islands “Felipinas”, it
created one geographic unit and country from separate
and scattered kingdoms.
❖ The creation of pueblos (towns) within the country
through the plaza complex, however, held the
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inhabitants under the control of both the parish priest
and governadorcillo.
The Filipinos had no rights or privileges except for a few
chosen ones.
Christianity may have unified most of the country, but it
replaced key parts of old Filipino traditions and started
the inferiority and suffering of many Filipino women.
The printed religious materials were only used to spread
Christianity at best and did not offer much to the Filipino
people.
The mix of Spanish and Filipino style of clothing is
beautiful but these clothes were only available to the
well-off Filipinos.
Education was limited and terrible and only on the later
half of the 18th century did education become a more
viable place for rich and talented Filipinos to go to.
Such a development would lead to a radical impact on
the consciousness of the Filipinos, who would later be
asking for reforms and rights equal to the Spaniards,
regardless of race and social status.