READING OF THE
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
TOPIC NO.17
*THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION*
*RESISTANCE AND RESTORATION*
*THE SECOND PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC*
*JAPANESE MARTIAL LAW*
Martinez, Crislyn Irah
Missiona, Marjorie Joy
THE
JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
BACKGROUND
JAPANESE
OCCUPATION
--- occurred between 1942 and
1945, when Imperial Japan
occupied the Commonwealth of the
Philippines during Word War II.
DECEMBER 8, 1941
•Japan launched a surprised attack on
the Philippines, just ten hours after the
attack on Pearl Harbor. Initial aerial
bombardment was followed by
landings of ground troops both North
and South of Manila.
GENERAL
DOUGLAS
MACARTHUR
•Led the defending Philippine and United
States soldiers; had been recalled to active
duty in the US Army, earlier in the year; And
was designated commander of the United
States Armed Forces in the Asia-Pacific
region.
GENERAL
DOUGLAS
MACARTHUR
•The aircraft of his command were
destroyed; the naval forces were ordered to
leave; and because
of the circumstances in the Pacific region,
reinforcement and resupply of his ground
forces
were impossible.
JANUARY 2, 1942
• The Japanese occupied Manila, which
had been declared an open city to prevent
destruction.
• Under the pressure of superior
forces,
the defending forces withdrew to the
Bataan Peninsula and to the Island of
Corregidor at the entrance to Manila
Bay.
THE
PHILIPPINE
DEFENSE
•
Continued until the final surrender of
U.S.
-Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula
in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May.
• Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war
captured by the Japanese at Bataan were
forced to undertake the infamous “Bataan
Death March” to a prison camp 105
kilometers to the north.
THE
PHILIPPINE
DEFENSE
•
Thousands of men, weakend by disease
and malnutrition; and treated harshly by
their captors, died before reaching their
destination. Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio
Osmena had accompanied the troops to
Corregidor and later left for the United
States, where they set up a government-inexile.
MacArthur was ordered to Australia,
where he started to plan for a return to
the Philippines.
The Occupation
THE OCCUPATION
•
The Japanese military authorities
immediately began organizing a new
government structure in the Philippines.
•
Although the Japanese had promised
independence for the Islands after
occupation, they initially organized a
Council of State through which they
directed civil affairs until October 1943,
when they declared the Philippines an
independent republic.
THE OCCUPATION
•
The puppet republic was headed by
President Jose P. Laurel. Philippine
collaboration in puppet government
began under Jorge B. Vargas, who was
originally appointed by Manuel L.
Quezon as the mayor of City of Greater
Manila before Quezon departed Manila.
The only political party allowed during
the occupation was the Japaneseorganized KALIBAPI.
THE OCCUPATION
•
During the occupation, most
Filipinos remained loyal to the
United States, and was crimes
committed by forces of
the Empire of Japan against
surrendered Allied forces and
civillians were documented.
THE OCCUPATION
•
Throughout the Philippines more
than a thousand Filipinos,
composed of mothers, girls and
gay men, some aged at 10, were
imprisoned, forcibly taken as
“comfort women”, and kept in
sexual slavery for Japanese
military personnel during the
occupation.
THE OCCUPATION
•
Each of the Japanese military
installations in the Philippines
during the occupation had a
location where the women were
held, which they called a “comfort
station”. One such place where
these women were imprisoned was
Bahay na Pula.
Resistance
and
Restoration
RESISTANCE
AND RESTORATION
•
Japanese occupation of the
Philippines was opposed by active and
successful underground and guerrilla
activity that increased over the years.
•
Opposing these guerrillas were a
Japanese- formed Bureau of
Constabulary (later taking the name of
the old Constabulary during the Second
Republic), Kempeitai, and the Makapili.
RESISTANCE AND
RESTORATION
•
Guerrilla is a form of irregular warfare in
which small groups of combatants, such as
paramilitary personnel, and armed civilians.
to Military Police
• Kempeitai translated
Corps, served as the military police of the
Japanese Army from 1881 – 1945.
•
Makapili or Makabayang Katipunan ng mga
Pilipino (Patriotic Association of Filipinos), was
a militant group formed in the Philippines in
December 8, 1944 during World War II to give
military aid to the Imperial
Japanese Army.
RESISTANCE AND
RESTORATION
•
Postwar investigations showed that
about 26,000 people were in guerilla
organizations and that members of the
anti-Japanese underground were even
more numerous.
• Such was their effectiveness that by
the end of the war, Japan controlled
only 12 out of 48 provinces.
RESISTANCE AND
RESTORATION
•
The Philippine guerrilla movement
continued to grow, in spite of Japanese
campaigne against them. Throughout
Luzon and the southern Islands, Filipinos
joined various groups and vowed to fight
• the Japanese.
General MacArthur formed a
clandestine operation to support the
guerrillas. He had Lieutenant
Commander Charles “Chick” Parsons
smuggle guns, radios and supplies to
them
RESISTANCE AND
RESTORATION
•
Guerrilla forces formed throughout the
archipelago, ranging from groups of U.S.
Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE)
forces who refused to surrender to local
militia initially organized to combat
banditry.
• Several Islands in the Visayas region
had guerrilla forces led by Filipino
officers, such as Colonel Macarió
Peralta in Panay and Major Ismael
Ingen in Bohol.
RESISTANCE
AND RESTORATION
•
The Island of Mindanao, being farthest from
the center of Japanese occupation, had
38,000 guerrillas who were eventually
consolidated under the command of
American civil engineer Colonel Wendell
Fertig.
•
Fertig’s guerillas included many
American and Filipino troops who had
been part of the force on Mindanao under
Major General William F. Sharp. When
Wainwright had ordered Sharp’s forces to
surrender, Sharp considered compelled to
RESISTANCE AND
RESTORATION
•
Many of the American and Filipino
officers refused to surrender, since they
reasoned that Wainwright, now a prisoner
who could be considered under duress,
had no authority to issue orders to sharp.
•
For several reasons it was unknown how
many did not surrender, although probably
around 100 to 200 Americans ended up
with Fertig's guerrillas.
RESISTANCE AND
RESTORATION
•
The names of new Filipino recruits were
purposefully left off the lists of men to be
surrendered. Other troops died for various
reasons after getting away and others left
Mindanao entirely.
•
One resistance group in the central
Luzon area was known as the Hukbalahap
(Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon), or the
peoples Anti-Japanese Army, organize in
early 1942 under the leadership of Luis
Taruc, a communist party member since
1939.
RESISTANCE AND
RESTORATION
•
However, guerilla activities on Luzon were
hampered due to the heavy Japanese
presence and infighting between the
various groups, including Hukbalahap
troops attacking American- led by guerilla
• units.
Lack of equipment, difficult terrain and
undeveloped infrastructure made
coordination among these groups nearly
impossible, and for several months in
1942, all contact was lost with Philippine
resistance forces.
RESISTANCE AND
RESTORATION
•
Communication were restored in
November 1942 when the reformed Philippine
61st Division on Panay Island, led by Colonel
Macario Peralta, was able to established
radio contact with the USAFFE command in
• Australia.
By the end of World War Two, some 277
separate guerrilla units, made up of some
260,715 individuals,
fought in the resistance movement. Some
guerrilla units would later be reorganized
and equipped as units of the Philippine
RESISTANCE AND
RESTORATION
•
Others were combined units of
Americans, military and civilian,
who had never surrendered or had
escaped after
surrendering,Filipinos, Christians
and Moros who had initially formed
their own small units.
End of the
Occupation
END OF
OCCUPATION
•General Tomoyuki Yamashita surrenders
to the Filipino soldiers and guerrillas in
the presence of Generals Jonathan
Wainwright and Arthur Percival.
•
The campaign to liberate the
Philippines was the bloodiest campaign
of the Pacific War. The kamikaze corps
was created specifically to defend the
Japanese occupation of the Philippines.
END OF
OCCUPATION
• The guerrillas averted a disaster when
they revealed the plans of Japanese
General Yamashita to trap MacArthur's
army. They led the liberating soldiers to the
Japanese fortifications.
• Filipino guerrillas played a large role in
the liberation of the Philippines during
World War II. Fighting was fierce,
particularly in the mountains of northern
Luzon, where Japanese troops had
retreated, and in Manila, where they put up
a last-ditch resistance.
END OF
OCCUPATION
• One guerrilla unit came to substitute for
a regularly constituted American division,
and other guerrilla forces of battalion and
regimental size supplemented the efforts
of the U.S. Army units.
• An estimated 527,000 Filipinos, both
military and civilians, had been killed
from all causes of these between 131,000
and 164,000 were killed in 72 war crime
events.
END OF
OCCUPATION
• The Philippine population decreased
continuously for the next 5 years due
to the spread of diseases and the
lack of basic needs.
• This was far from the Filipino
lifestyle prior to the war when the
country had been the second richest
in Asia after Japan.
THE SECOND
PHILIPPINE
REPUBLIC
THE SECOND
PHILIPPINE
REPUBLIC
•was established during the Japanese
occupation of the Philippines. -At the outset
of the occupation, the Japanese
government established a military
administration over the Philippines, as well
as the Philippine Executive Commission,
composed of several pre-war Filipino
political leaders.
THE SECOND
PHILIPPINE
•The KALIBAPI (Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa
REPUBLIC
Bagong Pilipinas) Association for Service to
the New
Philippines was organized and designed to be the
sole and exclusive political organization in the
•Philippines.
KALIBAPI means, a Fascist Filipino political
served
asthat
the sole party of state during the
party
Japanese occupation.
•
The KALIBAPI aims to aid and guide the
Filipinos in the performance of this
particular duty.
THE SECOND
PHILIPPINE
•On June REPUBLIC
16, 1943 Premier Hideki Tojo
promised independence to the Philippines.
•The KALIBAPI would then formed the
Preparatory
Committee on Philippine
Independence (PCPI), which was tasked with
drafting a new Constitution.
•The new Constitution was approved by the
PCPI on September 4, 1943 and ratified by the
KALIBAPI on September 7, 1943.
THE SECOND
PHILIPPINE
•The KALIBAPI
then proceeded to elect part of
REPUBLIC
the new National Assembly, which also
included appointed members; in turn, the
National Assembly elected
its Speaker and then elected Jose P. Laurel as
President.
•On October 14, 1943, in ceremonies in front of
the Legislative Building in Manila, the new
Republic was inaugurated, and Jose P. Laurel,
the Chairman of the Preparatory Committee,
assumed office as President.
THE
JAPANESE
MARTIAL
LAW
JAPANES
E MARTIAL
•On September 21, 1944,
President Laurel
LAW
proclaimed martial law in the Philippines (it
came into effect on September 22).
•On September 23, 1944, Laurel proclaimed
that the Philippines was “in a state of war”
with the Allied Powers—but this was never
ratified by the National Assembly.
JAPANESE
MARTIAL LAW
•In large part, Japanese dissapointment with
Laurel, led to the Republic under Laurel
being superseded by the Makapili, organized
in December 1944 to more militantly oppose
for the returning American forces and
Filipino guerrillas.
•The Japanese brought the Laurel
government to Baguio also in December
1944, and a small remnant of that
government was taken to Tokyo in March
1945.
•
JAPANES
E MARTIAL
Laurel formally dissolved
the Second
LAW
Republic
on August 17, 1945, two days after Japan
surrendered to the Allies.
•Commonwealth government was restored on
Philippine soil on October 23, 1944, Field
Marshal Douglas MacArthur as military
commander had issued a proclamation
nullifying all acts of the Philippine Executive
Commission and the Second Republic.
JAPANESE
MARTIAL LAW
•The Supreme Court of the Philippines
reiterated this nullification in a decision (G.R.
No. L-5) on September 17, 1945 (and
subsequent decisions), but pointed out
President Osmeña recognized the validity of
some judicial acts of a non-political nature.
•The Supreme Court categorized the Philippine
Executive Commission and the Second
Republic as a de facto (actual, whether by right
or not) government, in contrast to the de jure
(rightful, or legitimate)
status of the Commonwealth government.
JAPANESE
MARTIAL LAW
• While this means no laws or regulations
from
the Second Republic are legally recognized,
President Laurel has been included in the
roster of Philippine presidents since the
1960s.
•Many officials who served in the Philippine
Executive Commission, the Second
Republic and its various agencies were
charged with treason but received an
amnesty from President Manuel Roxas on
THANK
YOU!!!
REFERENC
ES:
•
Japanese occupation of the Philippines Wikipe dia
•
Second Philippine Republic | Presidential
Muse um and Library (malacanang.gov.ph)