A note on the use of these ppt slides:
We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers).
They’re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and can add, modify,
and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs.
They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only
ask the following:
v If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) that you mention their source
(after all, we’d like people to use our book!)
v If you post any slides on a www site, that you note that they are adapted
from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this
material.
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR
All material copyright 1996-2012
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Application Layer 2-1
§
Application Layer 2-2
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
Application Layer 2-3
application
transport
network
data link
physical
v
v
v
v
application
transport
network
data link
physical
application
transport
network
data link
physical
v
Application Layer 2-4
v
v
§
§
application
process
socket
application
process
transport
transport
network
network
link
physical
Internet
link
controlled by
app developer
controlled
by OS
physical
Application Layer 2-5
v
v
v
v
v
§
§
v
§
§
§
v
Application Layer 2-6
v
v
§
v
v
v
§
v
v
§
v
Application Layer 2-7
v
v
v
v
v
v
Application Layer 2-8
application
data loss
throughput
time sensitive
file transfer
e-mail
Web documents
real-time audio/video
no loss
no loss
no loss
loss-tolerant
stored audio/video
interactive games
text messaging
loss-tolerant
loss-tolerant
no loss
elastic
no
elastic
no
elastic
no
audio: 5kbps-1Mbps yes, 100’s msec
video:10kbps-5Mbps
same as above
yes, few secs
few kbps up
yes, 100’s msec
elastic
yes and no
Application Layer 2-9
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
Application Layer 2-10
application
e-mail
remote terminal access
Web
file transfer
streaming multimedia
Internet telephony
application
layer protocol
underlying
transport protocol
SMTP [RFC 2821]
Telnet [RFC 854]
HTTP [RFC 2616]
FTP [RFC 959]
HTTP (e.g., YouTube),
RTP [RFC 1889]
SIP, RTP, proprietary
(e.g., Skype)
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP
TCP or UDP
TCP or UDP
Application Layer 2-11
§
§
§
Application Layer 2-12
application
process
socket
application
process
transport
transport
network
network
link
physical
Internet
link
controlled by
app developer
controlled
by OS
physical
Application Layer 2-13
§
§
Application Layer 2-14
v
v
v
v
Application Layer 2-15
serverIP
create socket, port= x:
serverSocket =
socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM)
read datagram from
serverSocket
write reply to
serverSocket
specifying
client address,
port number
create socket:
clientSocket =
socket(AF_INET,SOCK_DGRAM)
Create datagram with server IP and
port=x; send datagram via
clientSocket
read datagram from
clientSocket
close
clientSocket
Application 2-16
Python UDPClient
include Python’s socket
library
from socket import *
serverName = ‘hostname’
serverPort = 12000
create UDP socket for
server
get user keyboard
input
Attach server name, port to
message; send into socket
clientSocket = socket(socket.AF_INET,
socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
message = raw_input(’Input lowercase sentence:’)
clientSocket.sendto(message,(serverName, serverPort))
read reply characters from
socket into string
modifiedMessage, serverAddress =
print out received string
and close socket
print modifiedMessage
clientSocket.recvfrom(2048)
clientSocket.close()
Application Layer 2-17
Python UDPServer
from socket import *
serverPort = 12000
create UDP socket
serverSocket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM)
bind socket to local port
number 12000
serverSocket.bind(('', serverPort))
print “The server is ready to receive”
loop forever
Read from UDP socket into
message, getting client’s
address (client IP and port)
send upper case string
back to this client
while 1:
message, clientAddress = serverSocket.recvfrom(2048)
modifiedMessage = message.upper()
serverSocket.sendto(modifiedMessage, clientAddress)
Application Layer 2-18
v
v
v
§
§
v
v
Application Layer 2-19
hostid
create socket,
port=x, for incoming
request:
serverSocket = socket()
wait for incoming
TCP
connection request
connectionSocket = connection
serverSocket.accept()
read request from
connectionSocket
write reply to
connectionSocket
close
connectionSocket
setup
create socket,
connect to hostid, port=x
clientSocket = socket()
send request using
clientSocket
read reply from
clientSocket
close
clientSocket
Application Layer 2-20
Python TCPClient
from socket import *
serverName = ’servername’
create TCP socket for
server, remote port 12000
serverPort = 12000
clientSocket = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM)
clientSocket.connect((serverName,serverPort))
sentence = raw_input(‘Input lowercase sentence:’)
No need to attach server
name, port
clientSocket.send(sentence)
modifiedSentence = clientSocket.recv(1024)
print ‘From Server:’, modifiedSentence
clientSocket.close()
Application Layer 2-21
Python TCPServer
create TCP welcoming
socket
server begins listening for
incoming TCP requests
loop forever
server waits on accept()
for incoming requests, new
socket created on return
read bytes from socket (but
not address as in UDP)
close connection to this
client (but not welcoming
socket)
from socket import *
serverPort = 12000
serverSocket = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM)
serverSocket.bind((‘’,serverPort))
serverSocket.listen(1)
print ‘The server is ready to receive’
while 1:
connectionSocket, addr = serverSocket.accept()
sentence = connectionSocket.recv(1024)
capitalizedSentence = sentence.upper()
connectionSocket.send(capitalizedSentence)
connectionSocket.close()
Application Layer 2-22