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Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a
wide range of applications. Plumbing uses pipes,
valves, plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other
apparatuses to convey fluids. Heating and cooling
(HVAC), waste removal, and potable water delivery
are among the most common uses for plumbing, but
it is not limited to these applications. The word
derives from the Latin for lead, plumbum, as the first
effective pipes used in the Roman era were lead
pipes.
In the developed world, plumbing infrastructure is
critical to public health and sanitation. Boilermakers
and pipefitters are not plumbers although they work
with piping as part of their trade and their work can
include some plumbing.
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Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations, as they developed public baths and needed to provide potable water and wastewater removal for larger numbers
of people.
The Mesopotamians introduced the world to clay sewer pipes around 4000 BCE, with the earliest examples found in the Temple of Bel at Nippur and at Eshnunna,
used to remove wastewater from sites, and capture rainwater, in wells. The city of Uruk contains the oldest known examples of brick constructed Latrines,
constructed atop interconnecting fired clay sewer pipes, c.3200 BCE. Clay pipes were later used in the Hittite city of Hattusa. They had easily detachable and
replaceable segments, and allowed for cleaning.
Standardized earthen plumbing pipes with broad flanges making use of asphalt for preventing leakages appeared in the urban settlements of the Indus Valley
Civilization by 2700 BC.
Copper piping appeared in Egypt by 2400 BCE, with the Pyramid of Sahure and adjoining temple complex at Abusir, found to be connected by a copper waste pipe
The word "plumber" dates from the Roman Empire.The Latin for lead is plumbum. Roman roofs used lead in conduits and drain pipes[14] and some were also
covered with lead. Lead was also used for piping and for making baths.
Plumbing reached its early apex in ancient Rome, which saw the introduction of expansive systems of aqueducts, tile wastewater removal, and widespread use of
lead pipes. The Romans used lead pipe inscriptions to prevent water theft. With the Fall of Rome both water supply and sanitation stagnated—or regressed—for
well over 1,000 years. Improvement was very slow, with little effective progress made until the growth of modern densely populated cities in the 1800s. During
this period, public health authorities began pressing for better waste disposal systems to be installed, to prevent or control epidemics of disease. Earlier, the
waste disposal system had consisted of collecting waste and dumping it on the ground or into a river. Eventually the development of separate, underground
water and sewage systems eliminated open sewage ditches and cesspools.
In post-classical Kilwa The wealthy enjoyed indoor plumbing in their stone homes. Most large cities today pipe solid wastes to sewage treatment plants in order
to separate and partially purify the water, before emptying into streams or other bodies of water. For potable water use, galvanized iron piping was
commonplace in the United States from the late 1800s until around 1960. After that period, copper piping took over, first soft copper with flared fittings, then
with rigid copper tubing using soldered fittings. The use of lead for potable water declined sharply after World War II because of increased awareness of the
dangers of lead poisoning. At this time, copper piping was introduced as a better and safer alternative to lead pipes.
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Water Supply System
A home’s water supply system routes municipal water
from the street to your house, where it branches out to
deliver the water to faucets, showers, toilets, bathtubs,
and appliances such as the water heater, dishwasher,
and washing machine.
The equipment for this delivery and distribution is
essentially a system of water pipes, fittings, service
valves, and faucets. These pipes and other fittings are
commonly made of plastic, copper, or galvanized iron.
The pipes range in diameter from 1/2 inch to 4 inches or
more.
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Drain-Waste-Vent System
Though it isn’t one of the most glamorous parts of a
house, the drain-waste-vent (DWV) system is one of the
most crucial. The job of the drain-waste part of the
system is to carry waste water and sewage from sinks,
bathtubs, showers, toilets, and water-using appliances
such as dishwashers and washing machines and deliver
those wastes to the septic tank or public sewer. The vent
system—part of the plumbing that is usually less well
known to most homeowners—is connected to the drainwaste piping, and its job is to ventilate sewage gases so
they don’t build up in the house. The vent system also
helps drainpipes maintain the right pressure for proper
drainage.
The pipes of the DWV system are usually out of sight,
hidden in the walls, beneath the floors, and in the attic.
But when the system ceases to do its job properly, it is
hardly out of mind. Clogged drains are among the most
common problems that occur in a DWV system.
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Kitchen Plumbing System
If you’re reading this section, the chances are pretty
good that either 1) you’re having problems with the pipes
or drains in your kitchen or 2) you’re considering (or are
in the midst of) a kitchen remodeling project that
involves dealing with the pipes in the floor and walls.
You’ll find help with both of these kinds of issues here,
where we look at planning, installing, and caring for
plumbing with a focus on the kitchen. Most kitchens have
a fairly simple plumbing setup that includes hot and cold
water supply lines to the faucets; a waste line for the
sink (or sinks); and, for kitchens with a gas range, a gas
supply pipe. Many kitchens also have hookups for a
dishwasher, disposer, ice maker, and/or instant hot
water, but these are generally tied in to the sink’s
plumbing.
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Bathroom Plumbing System
Sinks, showers, bathtubs, and toilets—bathrooms are all
about plumbing. The plumbing in a bathroom must handle
water delivery to and waste removal from all of these
fixtures in an organized, efficient, leak-free manner.
Water supply plumbing delivers hot and cold water to the
sinks, tub, toilet, and shower. This system originates at
the municipal supply or other fresh water source, goes
through the meter, and is delivered to the house. At the
water heater, it splits into two lines—one that carries
cold water and the other that delivers hot water from the
water heater to the fixtures that require it.
The drain-waste-vent system collects waste water from
fixtures and waste from toilets and delivers them to the
sewer or septic system. Near each of the sinks, tubs,
showers, and toilets, vent pipes exhaust sewer gases up
and out the roof and provide air pressure so wastes can
flow freely. For information on how to buy, install, and
care for bathroom fixtures, use the Home Tips search
box to do specific searches.
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A water pipe is a pipe or tube, frequently made of
plastic or metal, that carries pressurized and
treated fresh water to a building (as part of a
municipal water system), as well as inside the
building.
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Plumbing follows the basic laws of nature — gravity, pressure and water seeking its
own level. Knowing this, you can understand its "mysteries" and make dozens of fixes
to your home's plumbing system. You can save yourself time, trouble and money!
The plumbing system in your home is composed of two separate subsystems. One
subsystem brings freshwater in, and the other takes wastewater out. The water that
comes into your home is under pressure. It enters your home under enough pressure
to allow it to travel upstairs, around corners or wherever else it's needed. As water
comes into your home, it passes through a meter that registers the amount you use.
The main water shut-off, or stop, valve is typically located close to the meter. In a
plumbing emergency, it's vital that you quickly close the main shutoff valve.
Otherwise, when a pipe bursts, it can flood your house in no time. If the emergency,
like a leak, is confined to a sink, shower, or toilet, however, you may not want to turn
off your entire water supply. Therefore, most fixtures should have individual stop
valves. Water from the main supply is immediately ready for your cold water needs.
The hot water supply, however, requires another step. One pipe carries water from
the cold water system to your water heater. From the heater, a hot water line carries
the heated water to all the fixtures, out-lets, and appliances that require hot water. A
thermostat on the heater maintains the temperature you select by turning the
device's heating elements on and off as required. The normal temperature setting for
a home water heater is between 140 degrees F and 160 degrees F (60 and 71 Celsius)
but 120 degrees F (49 C) is usually adequate and is also more economical. Some
automatic dishwashers require higher temperature water, though many of these have
a water heater within them that boosts the temperature another 20 degrees F.
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Whether your home is on a sewer or septic system, the systems within your home are
essentially the same. Drainage systems do not depend on pressure, as supply systems do.
Instead, waste matter leaves your house because the drainage pipes all pitch, or angle,
downward towards the sewer. Gravity pulls the waste along. The sewer line continues this
downward flow to a sewage treatment facility or a septic tank.
While the system sounds simple, there's more to it, including vents, traps and clean outs. The
vents sticking up from the roof of your house allow air to enter the drainpipes. If there were
no air supply coming from the vents, wastewater would not flow out properly and the water in
the traps would need to be siphoned away.
Traps are vital components of the drainage system. You can see a trap under every sink. It is
the curved or S-shape section of pipe under a drain. Water flows from the basin with enough
force to go through the trap and out through the drainpipe, but enough water stays in the
trap afterward to form a seal that prevents sewer gas from backing up into your home. Every
fixture must have a trap. Toilets are self-trapped and don't require an additional trap at the
drain. Older bathtubs frequently have drum traps, which not only form a seal against sewer
gas but also collect hair and dirt in order to prevent clogged drains. However, drum traps
aren't up to current code standards anymore. Some kitchen sinks have grease traps to
collect grease that might otherwise cause clogging. Because grease and hair are generally
the causes of drain clogs, traps often have clean-out plugs that give you easier access to
remove or break up any blockage.
Since a drainage system involves all of these components, it is usually referred to as the
DWV: the drain-waste-vent system. If water is to flow out freely and waste is to exit properly,
all components of the DWV must be present and in good working order. Examine the pipes in
the basement or crawl space under your house to help you understand the system better.
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The supply and drainage subsystems are two distinct operations, with no
overlapping between them. There are bridges between the two, however, and the
bridges are what make the plumbing system worth having. In plumbing jargon, any
bridge between the supply and drainage systems is a fixture.
Toilets, sinks, and tubs are fixtures. In addition, an outside faucet is a fixture and
so is a washing machine. All devices that draw freshwater and discharge
wastewater are fixtures, and all are designed to keep the supply and drainage
systems strictly segregated.
Some fixtures have individual supply shutoff valves so you don't need to close the
main shutoff to repair them. It's a good idea to make sure everyone in the family
knows the location of the main shutoff valve in your house as well as how to use it.
You may want to tag the main shutoff valve so anyone can easily find it.
Before you embark on any plumbing repairs, always turn off the water supply to
the fixture or the main shutoff. In addition, check with your local plumbing code
official before you add or change any pipe in your house. You will learn what is
allowed and what is prohibited and whether or not a homeowner is allowed to do
his or her own work. If you get the green light, you can save yourself a lot of
money by doing your own repairs.
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Muscroft, Steve (March 14, 2016). Plumbing
Blankenbaker, Keith (1992). Modern Plumbing.
"What Is The Origin Of The Word "plumbing"?". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 12, 1942. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
"Health Aspects of Plumbing.
Plumbing: the Arteries of Civilization, Modern Marvels video series, The History Channel, AAE-42223, A&E Television, 1996.
https://www.hometips.com/plumbing_fixtures.html.
https://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/plumbing/plumbing-basics-ga.htm.
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