Space Planning
Two basic kinds of knowledge
are needed:
1. Knowing what things
need to be included
(partitions, rooms,
furnishings and
accessories)
2. How to organize those
things to achieve a
functional and
perceptually good
solution.
Space Planning
• Fixed Structural elements are
typically given and cannot be
changed, (structural columns)
• Interior non structural elements
(doors, partitions, etc.)
• Furnishings (lighting, equipment,
etc.)
• Services
Typical Work Activities
• In developing an Idea for project you need to know the
following
– Developing initial ideas and acquiring key information
about potential projects, discussing requirements in detail
with clients (the brief) and setting project schedules
– Understanding individual clients' needs and the needs of
the people using the building, developing design concepts
in consultation with the client and establishing final briefs
– Considering materials and costs according to set budgets
and negotiating project fees
– Conducting feasibility studies for projects
– Researching and gathering information and photographs
relating to the project and site
Typical Work Activities
– Sourcing products, for example fittings, furniture, lighting,
finishes, decoration and dressing, and providing samples for
clients
– Preparing detailed working drawings, designs, plans, models
and schemes, often using computer-aided design (CAD)
software
– Working in a team with other designers
– Supervising work at the design stage and on-site;
– Working closely with quantity surveyors to establish costs
and work schedules on larger projects, with architects and
other design professionals to determine the best use of
space, and with manufacturers and contractors
Spatial Design
• Is a newly evolving design concept and methodology that
integrates and surpasses the established concepts of
architecture, interior design, landscape architecture,
landscape design, public art, etc
– It is radical in the way that it changes how a designer thinks
about space and people
– it focuses on the flow of space between interior and exterior
– key idea which a spatial designer will consider is space
allocation
SPATIAL SCHEMATIC DESIGN
Spatial design
Works on the idea of the space being enclosed, making it
comfortable and aesthetically good. The goal is to meet the
intended use/activity of that space. It is a step by step process.
List of activities
List of activities for which adequate space has been provided
For example - Residential building:
some activities

Living

Cooking

Dining

Sleeping
Break down of the activities
Activities has to be broken down according to:
 Complexity
 Experience of the designer (availability and suitability of
standard solution)
 Level of design (General layout plan, schematic design,
detailed design, etc.)
Example: For restaurant/Hotel
 Cooking (storage of food, preparation of food, cooking itself,
storage of kitchenware, preparation for serving, etc.)
 Dining
 Living
 Sleeping
Organization of activities
Activities under the above with their respective spaces can be
seen as “elements” of a spatial “system” to be designed.
A “system” can be seen as production of adequate space for
the intended activities.
Organization of activities does then mean to identify the
“relations” between these “elements” i.e. to determine the
“structure” of the system.
Residential
Kitchen
Dining
Living
Alternatively
Living
Kitchen
Dining
Presentation
The presentation is in form of flow chart (functional) diagrams
Restaurant
Deliveries
Storage of
food
Storage kitchenware
Washing
the dishes
Food
preparation
Cooking
Serving/ Dining
Space Requirements
 Quantitative analysis of activities (elements) in terms of space
requirements;
This implies that we should determine the space requirements
for each individual element.
Determine - number of people, furniture, equipment, goods to
be stored, internal traffic areas, unit areas etc.
 Quantitative analysis of “relations”
- by graphical means
A
B
C
- in terms of number of people, quantity and size of goods
passing, means of transport ⇒ width, height of corridors,
doors, etc (e.g. doors in hospitals, industries, etc.)
 Modified presentation of (functional) flow chart diagram in
rough preliminary form
A
B
C
Schematic Spatial design (Sketch plan stage)
Recall: The sketch plan stage - various sketches are produced and presented for the
clients’ choice
 Net areas of each element+ walls (exterior and interior walls),
columns, service ducts, etc. (520%) =gross areas
Secondary areas  toilets, corridors, stores, stairs (≈ 25%)
 Presentation of elements and relations to scale in plan and
section (Scales1:1000, 1:500, 1:200, 1:100, 1:50).
Start with preliminary small sketches
A
B
C
NB: Not every activity (element) needs a separate room

Creation of alternative spatial arrangements
B
A
A
C
B
B
C
A
B
C
A
C
Mirror image
arrangements
with view to site
conditions,
access,..environ
mental condition
In case of multilevel buildings, make suitable arrangement for
stacking one level upon the other
C B
A
Evaluation and selection
- Evaluation in overall context of
functional(spatial)
environmental
schematic design
structural
Selection of the best solutions to proceed to design stage.
Residential Spaces
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Furniture dimension
Living room
Dining room
Bedroom
Bathroom
Kitchens
Library/study
Family/recreation room
Laundry/sewing room
Closets/storage area
Residential Buildings
Dinning
Kitchen
Washroom
Bed room
Retail spaces
• Retail Spaces
– Shops
– Banks
– Department stores
Requirement for disabled
• There are regulations relating to access for disabled
people.
• These apply not only those using wheelchairs but also
include people with visual and auditory impairments and
those using other types of walking aids.
• All these have difficulties with steps and changes of
direction, and the design of entrances, circulation spaces
and toilets should take this into account.
Spatial design key points
• Many of these functions are tightly controlled by
regulation
• Flexibility is needed to accommodate likely
future change
• Value-for-money is a major design criteria
Office Spaces
• General offices and multiple
• Workstations
• Private offices
• Electronic workstations
• Conference rooms
• Reception areas
• Furniture, furnishings, and equipment
Hospital Departments
Space requirement in hospital
– In-patient beds (wards)
– Intensive therapy, Intensive Care Unit
– Accident and emergency
– Out-patients department and services
– Rehabilitation
– Maternity
– Diagnostic imaging
– Radiotherapy and nuclear medicine
– Operating department
Hospital Support Services
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pharmacy
Mortuary
Religious facilities
Health records
Administration
Catering
Education
Staff facilities
Staff residency
Supplies
Energy centre
Example of hospital
Hospital example
Hospital example
Town halls
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
A council chamber, with associated lobbies
A civic suite, or mayor’s room
A number of committee rooms
An assembly hall
Offices
A public reception and information desk
A cash reception and disbursal facility
Town Hall
Public Service Building
Community Centers
• By their nature community buildings must
serve a variety of functions among which are:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Meetings
Child care (day nursery, pre-school playgroup)
Children's’ activities (scouts, guides)
Concerts and plays
Dances
Parties and receptions
Exhibitions
Sporting and leisure activities, and
Adult education
Space requirements
Elements of the plan of community
center
Community Center Plan
Building design Variables
Need
Context
Form
NEED - CONTEXT - FORM
34
1. Need
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Space Requirements
Relationships
Priorities
Processes
Objectives
Maintenance
Access
Equipment
Environment
1. Need
Design Data
An important activity in the beginning of the design process is the
collection of relevant design data and examples.
1. Need
Program Analysis
Living/Dining
Bedroom
Ent.
Bath
Kitchen
Bedroom
1. Need
The Bubble Diagram
Relationships Diagrams
1. Need
Circulation
Circulation, patterns of movement, is one of the most
important aspects of design because it affects the human
experience of space and place. The needs of special
groups should be considered especially while designing
public buildings.
2. Context
• Site
• Zoning
• Services
• General Climate
• Adjacent Buildings
• Geographical Factors
• Vehicular Access
2. Context
Climate
N
Summer
Spring/Fall
Winter
Sun
Wind
Temerature
2. Context
Site Analysis
The selection of site is a very important and sensitive task. It affects the
success of the project. Site features include topography, natural circulation,
views and landscaping elements such as trees, bushes, rocks, or water.
3. Form
• Zoning
• Circulation
• Structure
• Enclosure
• Construction Type
• Construction Process
• Energy
• Climate Control
3. Form
Space and Order
Scale and Proportion
Concrete building with flat concrete roof
45
Bricks building with pitch roof
Complex building
47
Conventional building with complex roof
48
Conference building
49
Airport complex building
50
Olympic Stadium in Canada
51
Airport building
52
High rise buildings
53
High rise building (big cities)
54
Multi story buildings
55