ASSESSING THE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN SMALL TOWNS IN KENYA: A
CASE STUDY OF KAPKATET TOWN.
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
A Planning Project Research Proposal Submitted In Partial Fulfillment For The Award Of Bachelor
of Arts In Planning.
June 2021
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KIPYEGON COLLINS SIGEI
B65/84645/2017
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DECLARATION
This research project is my original work and has never been presented for any award in any other
University.
Signature……………………Date…………………….
Kipyegon Collins Sigei
This research project has been submitted for examination with my approval as the University Supervisor.
Signature………………………Date………………
Margaret Ng'ayu PhD
Lecturer-Department of Urban and Regional Planning
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
Margaret Ng’ayu, my supervisor and teacher were instrumental in her guidelines towards the success of this
study. To her, I am greatly indebted. To my mum and niece Kelly, I appreciate the little things you did to
enable me carry out this study to completion.
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DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my little home town Kapkatet and its welcoming and really supportive residents
especially for being my sources of inspiration.
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION ................................................................................................................................. 3
1.3 RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................... 3
1.4 SCOPE ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
1.5 JUSTIFICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................... 3
1.6 ASSUMPTIONS OF THE RESEARCH .............................................................................................................. 4
1.7 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS ......................................................................................................................... 4
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH REPORT ....................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 URBANIZATION .......................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3: BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION ......................................................................................... 6
2.3.0 Benefits .............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
2.3.1 Challenges .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4: URBANIZATION TRENDS ............................................................................................................................ 7
2.5 GROWTH OF SMALL TOWNS AND THEIR ROLE IN NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ........... 8
2.6 THE CHALLENGE OF RAPID GROWTH IN SMALL TOWNS ............................................................................... 9
2.7 PLANNING AND ITS ROLE IN BALANCING PROVISION AND ACCESS TO FACILITIES IN SMALL TOWNS ........... 10
2.8 SOLID WASTE AS A MAJOR CONCERN TO HEALTH...................................................................................... 10
2.9 SOLID WASTE AS A MAJOR CONCERN TO THE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................... 11
2.10 CHALLENGE OF MANAGEMENT OF WASTE IN KENYAN TOWNS ................................................................ 11
2.11 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK............................................................................................................ 12
2.11.1 Constitution Of Kenya, 2010 .......................................................................................................................................... 12
2.11.2 Sustainable Development Goals .................................................................................................................................... 12
2.11.3 2016 New Urban Agenda (Nua) ..................................................................................................................................... 13
2.11.4 Environmental Guidelines For Solid Waste Management In Africa .............................................................................. 13
2.11.4 The Environmental Management And Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 ....................................................................... 13
211.5 Environmental Management And Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations Of 2006 ...................................... 14
2.11.6 The Public Health Act, 2012 ........................................................................................................................................... 14
2.11.7 The County Governments Act, 2012 .............................................................................................................................. 14
2.11 B: CASE STUDIES ..................................................................................................................................... 15
2.11.8: Honio, Vietnam ............................................................................................................................................................. 15
2.11.10 Sekondi-Takoradi In Ghana .......................................................................................................................................... 16
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................. 17
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 17
3.2 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH ................................................................................................................... 17
3.3 SAMPLING DESIGN ................................................................................................................................... 17
3.4 STUDY VARIABLES. ................................................................................................................................... 18
3.5 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION .............................................................................................................. 18
3.5.1 Surveys ............................................................................................................................................................................. 18
3.5.2 Interviews......................................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.5.3 Observations .................................................................................................................................................................... 18
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3.5.3 Literature Sources ............................................................................................................................................................ 18
3.6 DATA COLLECTION TOOLS ......................................................................................................................... 19
3.6.1 Questionnaires ................................................................................................................................................................. 19
3.6.2 Key Informants Schedule; ................................................................................................................................................ 19
3.6.3 Observations .................................................................................................................................................................... 19
3.6.4 Documents And Records .................................................................................................................................................. 19
3.7 TECHNIQUES OF DATA ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 19
3.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES ............................................................................ 20
CHAPTER 4: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY AREA. ............................................................................................ 21
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 21
This chapter focuses on the locational setting and background of the study area. It provides a brief description
of the study area on basis of history and service provision.LOCATION CONTEXT .............................................. 21
4.2 Location and historical growth .................................................................................................................. 23
4.3 Population ............................................................................................................................................... 23
4.4 Basic Services ........................................................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER 5: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION ................................................................................. 25
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 25
4.2 STUDY AREA CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................................ 26
4.2.1 Social Economic Characteristics .............................................................................................................. 26
4.2.2 Population and Household size .............................................................................................................. 26
4.2.3 Economic Activities................................................................................................................................ 26
4.3 WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN KAPKATET TOWN. ........................................................................... 26
4.3.1 TYPES OF SOLID WASTE GENERATED AT KAPKATET TOWN ............................................................................................ 27
4.3.2 AMOUNT SPENT ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT........................................................................................................ 29
4.3.3 FREQUENCY OF SOLID WASTE COLLECTION IN A WEEK FOR DISPOSAL. ........................................................................ 30
4.3.4 INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT. ............................................................ 30
4.3.5 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED IN SOLID WASTE TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSAL. ...................................................... 31
4.3.6 CAUSES OF LITTERING ...................................................................................................................................................... 32
4.3.8 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BUDGET ........................................................................................................................... 32
4.4 LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR SWM ......................................................................... 35
4.4.1 Strategic plan 2009-2013 ................................................................................................................................................. 35
4.4.2 By-law ............................................................................................................................................................................... 35
4.4.3 Notices ............................................................................................................................................................................. 35
4.5 EQUIPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURAL PROVISION FOR SWM ..................................................................... 36
4.6 DISPOSAL ................................................................................................................................................. 36
4.7 DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH SWM. .......................................................................................................... 36
4.8 CHALLENGES OF SWM IN KAPKATET TOWN............................................................................................... 36
CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................... 38
6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 38
6.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS........................................................................................................................... 38
6.3 CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 38
6.4 RECOMMENDATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 39
6.4.1 Technical Issues and Improvement Measures................................................................................................................. 39
6.4.2 Institutional Issues and Improvement Measures ............................................................................................................ 40
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6.5 Areas of further studies ............................................................................................................................ 41
REFERENCE: .......................................................................................................................................... 42
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1
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
As towns grow economically, business activity and consumption patterns drive up solid waste quantities. At
the same time, increased population adversely affects the productivity of the solid waste mechanism in place.
In developing countries, it is not uncommon for authorities to spend 20-50 percent of their available recurrent
budget on solid waste management. Yet, it is also common that 30-60 percent of all the urban solid waste in
developing countries is uncollected and less than 50 percent of the population is served (World Bank, 2015).
In some cases, as much as 80 percent of the collection and transport equipment is out of service and in need
of repair or maintenance. In most developing countries, open dumping with open burning are the main methods
of waste disposal.
Today, world urban areas which are centers of economic development have become pollution hotspots. The
UN conference on Sustainable Development at Rio de Janeiro 1992 popularly known as The Earth Summit
called on countries to support social and economic development that takes into account 2 environmental
concerns. Heads of state from different countries pledged political support for the agenda and Kenya was well
represented.
For Kenya, major gains have been made at policy level and enactment of legislations such as EMCA 1999
which enhanced formation of regulatory institutions like NEMA, ensures that precautionary principles are
applied to mitigate or minimize negative impacts on the environment due to implementation of major projects.
Some of these regulatory measures have been applied in many fields such as in the construction industry,
manufacturing, mining and infrastructure development. On matters of waste management, a number of
regulations have been formulated by different institutions and applied sparingly thus the impacts have been
so minimal.
Many municipalities, cities and towns continue to grapple with the problem of Solid Waste Management and
Kapkatet town in Kenya is no exception. Solid waste management is a challenge for the cities and towns
authorities in developing countries mainly due to the increasing generation of waste, the burden posed on the
municipal budget as a result of the high costs associated to its management, the lack of understanding over a
diversity of factors that affect the different stages of waste management and linkages necessary to enable the
entire handling system functioning.
Various studies reveal that about 90% of solid waste is disposed of unscientifically in open dumps and
landfills, creating problems to public health and the environment. In the present study, an attempt has been
made to provide a comprehensive review of the characteristics, generation, collection and transportation,
disposal and treatment technologies of solid waste management practised small towns. The study on solid
waste management for Kenyan town has been carried out to evaluate the current status and identify the major
problems. Various adapted treatment technologies for solid waste management are critically reviewed, along
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with their advantages and limitations. The study is concluded with a few fruitful suggestions, which may be
beneficial to encourage the competent authorities or researchers to work towards further improvement of the
present system.
1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT
It is significant to state the fact that in Kenya as well as other developing countries, solid waste is mainly
collected and disposed of in open dumpsites. It is also important to note that the role of waste management
has been relegated to county governments which are the local authorities for small towns. With increasing
urban populations, more waste is generated which strains the existing capacity of local authorities to manage.
Waste management is not a priority area among the urban poor dwellers, given that they have other urgent
needs to address Furthermore, in developing countries, waste handling is considered “below the acceptable
level of dignity”. (UN-Habitat, 1994)
Poorly maintained equipment and inefficiencies in road design and urban settlement both small towns and in
informal settlements also impede effective waste management. This is because they play an essential role on
the collection and transportation of solid waste to dumpsite and recycle centre.
With the high population growth rate of approximately 3%, small towns are experiencing several problems
with a majority being poor management of solid waste. This includes increased airborne and bacterial
infections i.e., cholera and bilharzia, poor roads and paths covered in waste and an unesthetic look to the town
centres.
Kapkatet a small towns of 1.44 kilometres square in Kericho County and the most populous in terms of its
population, which as per the 2019 census stands at 2,484 and development as the town sprawls along the
Sotik-Kericho highway. The rapid population growth rate has been due to several reasons such as employment
opportunities, education opportunities and other factors that attract residents to the town. Municipal solid
waste in Kapkatet town is a major challenge. One of the major problems facing Kapkatet town is the
undermanaged waste collection and disposal, this is by both the municipal and the private waste management
service providers who are tasked with this responsibility. With the rapid growth rate and development, we
have seen more population shift towards the small towns; with this shift, we have witnessed a rapid increase
in unplanned dumpsites and continued degradation of the environment by solid waste from the household and
commercial property.
The study is focused in Kapkatet Town one of the mionr centres challenged with waste management in the
country. The main objective of the study is to get a deeper understanding of the impact and find suitable
recommendations to overcome the challenge.
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1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. What is the status of the current solid waste management in the town?
2. What are the types of solid waste generated by residents in Kapkatet town?
3. What causes the proliferation of wastes in the environment in Kapkatet?
4. What factors impede effective waste management in Kapkatet?
5.
What are the planning proposals appropriate to address solid waste management in the study area?
1.3 RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
1. To investigate the actual state of waste management in Kapkatet town
2. To identify the types of solid waste generated and disposed in the study area.
3. To identify barriers to effective waste management.
4. To identify and propose future effective waste management strategies for Kapkatet town.
1.4 SCOPE
Solid Waste Management all over the world is a complex problem. However, the study focuses on Kapkatet
town centre and examines the impact of solid waste collection and disposal systems; assesses the major
generators of such as residences, businesses and institutions accommodated within Kapkatet Town. The
study will be done following the available guideline and acts responsible for solid waste collection and
management in the ward, sub-county and county level. Specific interest will be on municipal waste from town
which comprises of markets, commercial areas school, a medical facility as well as and household wastes.
Kapkatet town is located within Bureti Sub-county of Kericho County. The study will cover the area of the
town which is 1.44km2 of the gazetted market centre. The key structuring elements of the study area include
a health centre, an education institute commercial centre, food market and a historic sport and recreational
facility.
1.5 JUSTIFICATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Solid waste in developing countries is such a monumental problem. More especially, plastic waste has already
become a serious environmental dilemma in Kenya, particularly in urban areas. Concern has been expressed
from many stakeholders ranging from government organizations, environmental NGOs and the public at large.
Therefore there is a need to identify the barriers to effective waste management and suggest ways to remove
them to save the environment and human health. This study is essentially meant to contribute to the ongoing
efforts in Kenya e.g. The National Solid Waste Strategy regarding the vision 2030 by NEMA and in other
developing countries to bring about sustainable solid waste management. Kapkatet is one of the fast-growing
small towns in Kenya, with the existence of a Nationally recognized school: Tengecha Group of schools and
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a medical Campus branch of Kabianga University and Kenya Medical Training College, the threshold for a
continuous sprawl exists and there is need to ensure a sustainable solid waste management system is in place.
I hope that this study will contribute to finding a sustainable way of handling the waste in Kapkatet town and
indeed other small towns in Kenya and beyond.
1.6 ASSUMPTIONS OF THE RESEARCH
The data collected in the Kapkatet town area would be able to reflect a thread in other small towns in Kenya.
1.7 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS
Solid waste: is defined to include refuse from households, non-hazardous solid waste from industrial,
commercial and institutional establishments (including hospitals), market waste, yard waste and street
sweepings. Semisolid wastes such as sludge are considered to be the responsibility of liquid waste
management systems. Debris from construction and demolition constitute difficult categories of waste which
also require separate management procedures.
Management: a cyclical process of setting objectives, establishing long-term plans, programming, budgeting,
implementation, operation and maintenance, monitoring and evaluation, cost control, revision of objectives
and plans, and so forth. Management of urban infrastructure services is a basic responsibility of the municipal
government.
Solid waste management: refers to the collection, transfer, treatment, recycling, resource recovery and
disposal of solid waste in urban areas.
1.8 ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH REPORT
Chapter 1: Introduction - stating the background and the scope of the plan; clearly and briefly describe what
is covered by each chapter
Chapter 2: Literature Review - This chapter presents a review of literature on solid waste management. Covers
particularly global solid waste management systems, legal frame works and case studies on solid waste
management .
Chapter 3: Methodology - This chapter presents the research design, sampling procedure, target population
and data collection methods used in investigating the study problem. It has also discussed the techniques that
were used to analyze the qualitative and the quantitative data collected from the field.
Chapter 4: Study area background – This chapter presents the history and location of the study area and a
summary of its geographic profile.
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Chapter 5: Study Findings- This chapter is concerned with data presentation, of the findings obtained through
the study.
Chapter 6: Conclusions and Recommendations- This chapter focuses on summary of findings, conclusions
about the findings and recommendations based on the conclusions
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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter presents a review of literature on solid waste management in small towns. It starts by
summarizing relevant theories of waste management. Cover particularly global solid waste management
practices and solid waste management in small towns in Kenya. It will also reviews the literature of some of
the urban centres in the world on strategies adapted to address the problem of waste management in small
towns. Further, an in-depth analysis of the strategies is undertaken to determine their effectiveness with an
objective of coming up with the best practice that can be proposed for Kapkatet Town.
2.2 URBANIZATION
Over half of the world’s population now lives in urban areas as virtually every country is becoming
increasingly urbanized. Urbanization is a global phenomenon that portrays very different expressions across
various development levels and regions (UN, 2018). Countries in the developed world and those in the
Caribbean and the Latin Americas already have a large percentage of their population living in urban areas
whilst countries in the Global south such as Africa and Asia which are still rural, will urbanize faster in the
coming decades as compared to other regions. As expected, these trends are altering the human settlement
landscape with notable implications for the environment, humanity’s living conditions and development in
various parts of the world (UN, 2018). While carrying its fair share of benefits such as economic
agglomeration, Poor air and water quality, insufficient water availability, waste-disposal problems, and high
energy consumption are exacerbated by the increasing population density and demands of urban
environments. Strong city planning will be essential in managing these and other difficulties as the world's
urban areas swell (National Geographic, 2020).
2.3: BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES OF URBANIZATION
2.3.0 Benefits
Projections by the world Bank indicate that a more rapid process of urbanization could help boost economic
growth by increasing demand among urban businesses and individual consumers for more agricultural
products, which in turn could contribute to poverty reduction in rural areas (World Bank, 2017). The strongest
positive derived from urbanization is that it is highly effective for economic growth, as it produces economies
of scale for businesses, fosters an innovative environment, and pays higher wages and dividends (Brown,
2014). There is also some evidence that cities reduce rural poverty, and bring greater access to services, higher
wages, greater life expectancy and opportunities (Brown, 2014). Cities are recognised as centres of economic
growth and as central to reducing overall levels of poverty (Hildebrand et al., 2013). There is a strong link
between urbanisation and increased GDP (Mathur, 2013, p.38). UN-HABITAT emphasises that 80 per cent
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of South-East Asia’s GDP comes from its cities, despite housing only 42 per cent of the population (UNHABITAT, 2013).
2.3.1 Challenges
As agglomeration in cities and towns ramps up trade and increases productivity, these macro geographic and
demographic shifts carry the potential to propel economies towards skyrocketing growth and economic
development yet, when looked at from the context of weak institutions and poor infrastructure provision, cities
and towns may find themselves growing in manners that lead to dysfunctional labor markets, poor transport
connectivity, sub-optimal land use, poor solid waste disposal and harmful environmental impacts (World
Bank, 2017).
It is estimated that nearly 40 percent of the world’s urban expansion may be in slums, exacerbating economic
disparities and unsanitary conditions (Thangavel, 2017). Rapid urbanization is also linked to environmental
concerns and many cities and towns located in coastal areas or on river banks may also be vulnerable to natural
disasters such as storms, cyclones and floods. Likewise, poor urban infrastructure - such as unreliable power
systems, congested roads and poor public transport, inefficient ports and inadequate schools - reduces cities'
competitiveness and economic prospects (Thangavel, 2017).
2.4: URBANIZATION TRENDS
In 1960, the global urban population was 34% of the total; however, by 2014 the urban population accounted
for 54% of the total and continues to grow. By 2050 the proportion living in urban areas is expected to reach
66% (UNDESA, 2014).
The process of urbanisation affects all sizes of settlements, so villages gradually grow to become small towns,
smaller towns become larger towns, and large towns become cities. This trend has led to the growth of megacities. A mega-city is an urban area of greater than ten million people. Rapid expansion of city borders, driven
by increases in population and infrastructure development, leads to the expansion of city borders that spread
out and swallow up neighbouring urban areas to form mega-cities. In 1970, there were only three mega-cities
across the globe, but by the year 2000, the number had risen to 17 and by 2030, 24 more mega-cities will be
added.
The global trend in urbanisation is not the same in all parts of the world. Asia and Africa currently have the
highest rates of urbanisation. Figure below shows a comparison of trends in more or less developed regions
of the world.
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In developing countries, urbanisation usually occurs when people move from villages to settle in cities in hope
of gaining a better standard of living. Employment opportunities in cities and towns are one of the main pull
factors. Many industries are located in urban areas and offer opportunities for high wages. There are also more
educational institutions providing courses and training in a wide range of subjects and skills. People
are attracted to an urban lifestyle and the ‘bright lights’ of city life. All of these factors result in both temporary
and permanent migration to urban areas.
Poor living conditions and the lack of opportunities for paid employment in rural areas are push factors. People
are moving away from rural areas because of poor health care and limited educational and economic
opportunities as well as environmental changes, droughts, floods, lack of availability of sufficiently productive
land, and other pressures on rural livelihoods.
2.5 GROWTH OF SMALL TOWNS AND THEIR ROLE IN NATIONAL, REGIONAL AND
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Small towns are considered as the first urban centers and a part of rural regions. They are inherently considered
as a link between bigger cities and rural regions and as such any activity in these areas will first have a direct
influence on rural areas (Fanni, 2003). Small towns have an important role in the fostering of urban-rural
relations, a fact that is often ignored (Hinderdink et al, 1998). Randinly 1983 further emphasizes the
developmental role of small towns in the provision of a range of services to the areas under their range of
control. It is therefore prudent to factor in the strengthening and development of small towns in the course of
rural development planning as these centers provide opportunities and services to rural areas and can play an
important role in spurring development in these rural regions. Generally, small towns can be seen as centers
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that play an important role in the reinforcement of developmental stimulants and the development of rural
regions.
In clarifying the role of small towns in national development, Nill Hanson considered city dwelling emerged
from down which includes development of small and medium towns as a possible and practical means for
growth of developing countries and its purpose is to provide the small needs of rural regions in their
surrounding (Bagheri, 1996).
Small towns play a key role as Rural development centers as they aid the growth of villages by providing
services in different fields such as marketing, provision of agricultural inputs such as agricultural machinery
and fertilizer, civic services such as medical care and educational facilities. Small and intermediate towns play
a role in integrating urban and rural functions into the national spatial system. While these towns may seem
small individually, when viewed collectively, they can contribute significantly to national development and
poverty reduction. By acting as hubs for marketing of agricultural produce from rural regions either for local
consumers or as links to national and international markets. The proximity of small towns to areas of
production gives them an opportunity to increase rural agricultural outcomes. By managing natural resources
in ways that respond to the needs of growing urban and rural populations with special attention to protection
of resources in the face of local and global environmental change.
2.6 THE CHALLENGE OF RAPID GROWTH IN SMALL TOWNS
The pattern of expansion of urban areas is not sustainable especially in developing countries, where it is
characterized by problems of planning, organization, and finance. There are also social and physical problems
as a result of poor housing and inadequate provision of urban basic services. Issues of grid-locked traffic,
waste management, and increased crime plague towns undergoing rapid growth (Sietchiping et al, 2014).
Squatter settlements are on the rise, in some countries constituting over half the city population. This
uncontrolled crescendo of urbanization, especially in developing countries, calls for urgent measures to ensure
that the benefits of urbanization are not gained at the cost of environmental and social deterioration
(Sietchiping et al, 2014). Informal settlements have sprouted up due to high population, poor physical planning
and cost of housing. Small developing towns faces an acute housing challenge with part of the population
residing in slums and informal settlements.
Despite this challenge, there is limited Government intervention leaving the private sector to cater for the
housing needs. Many small developing towns are faced with economic dependence on a limited number of
traditional primary industries – like fishing, horticulture, forestry and agriculture. These primary industries,
while vital to the economy, generally feature lower rates of GDP per worker, lower average incomes and lower
skill level requirements than the more service-oriented industries clustered in and around our main centres.
Lack of reliable infrastructure is a major deterrent to the urbanization process. This has been blamed on lack
of human and financial resources and appropriate institutions. Therefore, provision of infrastructure in the
designated growth centres could be important in promoting development of the centres and their hinterlands.
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It is important to accurately establish the real infrastructural needs of the designated centres. Also, 'the number
of designated growth centres should match the available resources. In the past the number of designated
growth centres have been far in excess of the available resources. Unfortunately most development plans are
made in anticipation of foreign development loan or grant, which remains erratic and inadequate.
2.7 PLANNING AND ITS ROLE IN BALANCING PROVISION AND ACCESS TO
FACILITIES IN SMALL TOWNS
Small and intermediate towns are important to enhancing urban-rural linkages because they are often more
accessible to rural populations and also act as a bridge between rural populations and large cities. However
small and intermediate towns are struggling to manage urbanization, attract investment and meet the demand
for housing, land, infrastructure and basic services. They are often poorly managed, have weak communication
systems within and between them, struggle to create and retain jobs, and have high levels of unemployment.
These towns also often find it difficult to diversify and strengthen their economies, retain capital and attract
investments (Sietchiping et al, 2014).
Small towns have needs that must be satisfied. For instance, they need housing; jobs; education; opportunities
for recreation; transport; and basic services like water, electricity, clean air and health care. Planning seeks to
accommodate these needs within a technical and spatial framework. Planning allocates resources between
competing and sometimes conflicting uses in order to secure the rational and orderly development of land in
an environmentally sound manner to ensure the creation of sustainable human settlements (Thomas, 2001)
2.8 SOLID WASTE AS A MAJOR CONCERN TO HEALTH
Most of the developing countries are not able to provide proper facilities for collection and disposal of
communal solid waste to whole population. Solid waste is being dumped openly along roadsides, rivers and
lakes. This open dumps are responsible for the blockage of drains, breeding of flies and spread of epidemic
diseases.
The group at risk from the unscientific disposal of solid waste include – the population in areas where there is
no proper waste disposal method, especially the pre-school children; waste workers; and workers in facilities
producing toxic and infectious material. Other high-risk group include population living close to a waste dump
and those, whose water supply has become contaminated either due to waste dumping or leakage from landfill
sites. Uncollected solid waste also increases risk of injury, and infection.( UNEP report, 1996)
In particular, organic domestic waste poses a serious threat, since they ferment, creating conditions favourable
to the survival and growth of microbial pathogens. Direct handling of solid waste can result in various types
of infectious and chronic diseases with the waste workers and the rag pickers being the most vulnerable.
Exposure to hazardous waste can affect human health, children being more vulnerable to these pollutants. In
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fact, direct exposure can lead to diseases through chemical exposure as the release of chemical waste into the
environment leads to chemical poisoning. Many studies have been carried out in various parts of the world to
establish a connection between health and hazardous waste.
2.9 SOLID WASTE AS A MAJOR CONCERN TO THE ENVIRONMENT
The practice of open dumping, open burning and dumping of solid wastes to un-engineered landfill sites
creates a serious negative impacts on environment. Most of the developing countries are not able to provide
proper facilities for collection and disposal of communal solid waste to whole population. Solid waste is
being dumped openly along roadsides, rivers and lakes. This open dumps are responsible for the blockage of
drains, breeding of flies and spread of epidemic diseases. (N. Ejaz, 2010)
A common source of local environmental pollution is the decomposition of waste into constituent chemicals.
Environmental standards are met by very few existing landfills in the world's poorest countries and with
limited budgets, they are likely to be few sites rigorously evaluated before use in the future. The gas released
by decomposing garbage is a major environmental concern. Another problem associated with these gases is
their contribution to the enhanced climate change and greenhouse gas effect. There is a variation of the liquid
leachate management throughout the landfills of the developing world. A threat is posed by the leachate to
local surface and groundwater systems.
2.10 CHALLENGE OF MANAGEMENT OF WASTE IN KENYAN TOWNS
Waste Management challenges in Kenya’s urban areas are not different from other towns in Africa. In the
case of Bondo town in which Bondo Municipal Council is responsible for management of solid waste, majority
of households (90%) dispose their household waste by dumping it in the backyard of the compound, dumping
it in the street, or burning it in the open. There is a large amount of solid waste accumulation in the settlements
and along the roads. Some facilities are available for solid waste collection, but there is only one tractor with
trailer for garbage collection, which is clearly inadequate (UN, 2008). Recently an abandoned quarry was
designated as waste disposal site. Considerable garbage is generated in the market places and shopping areas.
However, the amount of garbage produced daily far outstrips the collection and disposal capacity of the town
council. Most of the garbage is strewn all over the town and can also be seen in garbage mounds that spring
up in undesignated areas. The Town Council uses a standard tractor towing a non-tipping trailer constructed
in mild steel, to transport solid waste to a fenced disposal site located. There is a lack of proper organisation
and community involvement in the collection of garbage. The failure of proper management of solid waste
may be attributed to the following factors:
11
• Negative attitude of the people at the point of generation of the solid waste;
• Inadequate systems of garbage collection and management;
• Improper and inadequate enforcement of the regulations relating to solid waste;
• Lack of enabling environment and motivation for segregation and recycling of garbage.
The method of dumping at the solid waste disposal site is not controlled. All the garbage is combined,
including organic waste, commercial waste such as paper, plastics, polythene, ashes and other types of
commercial waste. The site is fenced but lack of drainage results in the collection of run off water from the
nearby road, which in turn enhances leaching into the highly permeable lateritic soils (UN, 2008).
In Kenya, waste management projects have been continuously associated with social, health, economic, and
a variety of further aspects of life in urban areas. Inadequate or poor projects implementation in the
management of waste from households or businesses can dent efforts aimed at preventing the spread of
diseases, discomfort, and economic.
2.11 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK
2.11.1 Constitution Of Kenya, 2010
Article 69. Obligations in respect of the environment:
(1) The State shall-● Ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment and
natural resources, and ensure the equitable sharing of the accruing benefits;
● Encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the environment;
● Protect genetic resources and biological diversity; establish systems of environmental impact
assessment, environmental audit and monitoring
● Of the environment; eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment; and
● Utilize the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya.
(2) Every person has to cooperate with State organs and other persons to protect and conserve the environment
and ensure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources. Article 42 If a person alleges
that a right to a clean and healthy environment recognized and protected under Article 42 has been, is being
or is likely to be, denied, violated, infringed or threatened, the person may apply to a court for redress in
addition to any other legal remedies that are available in respect to the same matter.
2.11.2 Sustainable Development Goals
12
Within the current global policy frameworks, waste services prominently feature in the targets and indicators
of both SDG 11 and SDG 12, notably with commitments to prevent, reduce, recycle and reuse – as well as to
properly collect and discharge – urban solid waste and halve global food waste by 2030; and to properly handle
and treat chemical and other hazardous waste through the whole life cycle per international standards by 2020.
2.11.3 2016 New Urban Agenda (Nua)
It pledges to realize universal access to sustainable waste management systems, minimizing landfills and
converting waste into energy, with special attention to coastal areas. These principles can be replicated in
small towns to ensure sustainable waste management.
2.11.4 Environmental Guidelines For Solid Waste Management In Africa
Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Guidelines: chapter 15 In designing and operating integrated solid
waste management programs:
●
Minimize the quantity of waste that must be placed in landfills through elimination, recovery, reuse,
recycling, remanufacturing, Composting and similar methods.
●
Manage non-hazardous wastes and special or hazardous wastes separately.
●
Collect and transport all waste effectively and efficiently.
●
Design sanitary landfills and ensure appropriate siting, operation, monitoring and closure.
●
Separate disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous materials; and
●
Construction of clean and properly sited landfills with diligent Management Operation.
2.11.4 The Environmental Management And Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999
Section 3 of EMCA, 1999 stipulates that - Every person in Kenya is entitled to a clean and healthy environment
and has to safeguard and enhance the environment.
Section 9 of EMCA, 1999 further states that –(1) The object and purpose for which the Authority is established
are to exercise general Supervision and coordination over all matters relating to the environment and to be the
principal instrument of Government in the implementation of all policies relating to the Environment. (2)
Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing, the Authority shall –(a) Co-ordinate the various
environmental management activities being undertaken by the lead Agencies and promote the integration of
environmental considerations into development policies, plans, programmes and projects to ensure the proper
management and Rational utilization of environmental resources on a sustainable yield basis for the
improvement of the quality of human life in Kenya;
Section 86 of EMCA, 1999 provides that –
13
The Standards and Enforcement Review Committee: (1) Shall, in consultation with the relevant lead agencies,
recommend to the Authority measures Necessary to: -(2) Prescribe standards for waste, their classification
and analysis, and formulate and Advise on standards of disposal methods and means for such wastes; or (3)
Issue regulations for the handling, storage, transportation, segregation and destruction of any waste.
Section 87 of EMCA 1999 states that –(1) No person shall discharge or dispose of any wastes, Whether
generated within or outside Kenya, in such manner as to cause pollution to the Environment or ill health to
any person. (2) No person shall transport any waste other than –(a) Under a valid license to transport wastes
issued
by
the
Authority;
and
(b)
To a wastes disposal site established per a license issued by the Authority. (4) No person shall operate a wastes
disposal site or plant without a license issued by the Authority.(5) Every person whose activities generate
wastes shall employ measures essential to minimize Wastes through treatment, reclamation and recycling.
211.5 Environmental Management And Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations Of 2006
In the Responsibility of the Generator, Regulation 2 states that –Any person whose activities Generate waste
shall collect, segregate and dispose or cause to be disposed of such waste in the manner provided for under
these Regulations.
Regulation 5 on the Segregation of waste by a generator states that – (1) Any person whose activities generate
waste, shall segregate such waste by separating hazardous waste from non-hazardous waste and shall dispose
of such wastes in such facility as is provided for by the Relevant Local Authority
2.11.6 The Public Health Act, 2012
The Public Health Act Revised Edition 2012, Part 126. Rules under Part, the Minister, on the Advice of the
board, may make rules and may confer powers and impose duties in connection With the carrying out and
enforcement thereof on local authorities, magistrates, owners and Others as to (d) the drainage of land, streets
or premises, the disposal of offensive liquids and The removal and disposal of rubbish, refuse manure and
waste matters
2.11.7 The County Governments Act, 2012
Section 120, Tariffs and pricing of public services, subsection (3) a tariff policy adopted under Subsection (1)
shall reflect the following guidelines — part (h) promotion of the economic,
Efficient, effective and sustainable use of resources, the recycling of waste, and other appropriate
environmental objectives.
14
2.11 B: CASE STUDIES
2.11.8: Honio, Vietnam
The collection of domestic solid wastes in Honio a small town in Vietnam like other urban areas has been
organized systematically, mainly undertaken by State-owned urban environment companies (URENCO,
2005). All small towns have one company or more of this kind, depending on their size and population. In
some small towns, some private companies are involved in waste collection and this trend is expanding in
many other areas along with the Government’s policy to attract all economic sectors to take part in municipal
waste processing. In rural areas (districts, communes and villages), collection and transportation of solid waste
are organized in some localities by environmental sanitation teams or commune environmental sanitation
groups. The average collection rate for municipal waste has been increased from 2000 - 2004. However, there
is a big difference in receiving waste service in different living areas. It is limited in rural and poor areas. The
poor are not served by collection services; nine out of ten of the poorest urban households do not receive at
all. New initiatives are being promoted to fill the gaps. For example, community-based and private sector
organizations have organized collecting service in rural villages and also in small towns.
There is still inconsistency in technology of collection and transportation with different forms: Solid wastes
from streets and public locations are collected manually, using manual sweeping and loading into handcarts
for transportation into transfer stations; Handcarts or waste collection vehicles running through streets around
living area, according to a collection planned schedule; Solid waste from hospitals, business, industrial centres
and construction sites are collected and transported under specific contracts. From 2003 - 2009 the waste
collection rates in urban areas have been increased from 71 to 79 % ibut in rural areas it remains less than
20%. The budget for waste collection and treatment dominate from governmental sources. The waste service
and waste processing therefore establish mainly by governmental institutions. Citizents and interprices
contribute less on waste avoidance. The environmental fee is low, it covers only a part of collection’s service.
Eventhought only 20 - 70 % of fees have been collected.
In conclusion Vietnam's solid waste management needs are substantial in relation to the growth of urban areas
and industrial development. Without undertaking the necessary measures to establish effective handling,
treatment, and disposal systems, the growing quantities of waste can have various impacts.
Therefore specific priorities need to be done
1. Improving investments and operations for municipal waste management services.
2. Enhancing hazardous waste management regulations and practices
3. Creating incentives for waste minimization and recycling.
4. Improving public information on SWM and enhancing social acceptability of waste disposal and
treatment.
15
2.11.10 Sekondi-Takoradi In Ghana
urban centres annual growth rate is 4% making it one of the fastest growing rates for urban centres in Africa
(Ian, 2010). This phenomenal growth has contributed to municipal waste production that far outstrips the
towns capacity for containment and processing. This has elicited waste management difficulties that extend
from the state to the local municipalities, and refuse of all shapes and sizes is a common site in both urban and
rural areas. Waste collection and disposal have been delegated to the private companies with the support of
Accra Management Authority. The Accra Management Authority pays those companies with national
budgetary allocations from the state government and internally generated funds. Refuse collection is by either
house-to-house or central container collection (Ian, 2010). In high income neighborhoods, this service is fairly
good since waste in collected from door to door and residents do pay for the service. But low income
neighborhoods with poor infrastructure receive the service for free. Residents avoid dropping their waste at
central collection points because they are unwilling to pay for the service and these constitutes over 80% of
the population (Ian, 2010).
According to a research done by Bernard Fei-Baffoe analysis base on his case study shown that waste
generation in Sekondi-Takoradi far-outstrips the capacities of waste companies entrusted with the
responsibility of collecting and disposing of solid waste. And as a result several challenges ranging from
financial constraint, inappropriate technologies, inadequate personnel, and law enforcement have acted in
concert to militate against the effective waste management practices within the metropolis.
The study also revealed that municipal authority and their waste collection contractors concentrate their waste
collection operations in the wealthy residential areas whilst low income and commercial areas receive little or
no service for waste collection.
To ensure effective waste management within the metropolis, he recommends that clear contractual
agreements for private sector participation in waste management within the metropolis with clear roles and
responsibility should be outlined for their operation. It is also important that regulations on waste disposal and
appropriate sanctions on littering and improper waste management behavior are strictly enforced by the
Environmental Health and Sanitation Department. The adoption of an integrated waste management program
is also strongly recommended for adoption by the municipal authorities.
16
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the research design, sampling procedure, target population and data collection methods
used in investigating the study problem. It has also discussed the techniques that were used to analyze the
qualitative and the quantitative data collected from the field.
3.2 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH
The study sought to find out the state of solid waste management in Kapkatet town. In this regard, the process
of waste management cycle; generation, collection, storage, transportation, recycling and disposal was probed.
The study too sought to find out the consequences of waste to the environment and residence of Kapkatet
town. The study further sought to know if there are any legislative and institutional frameworks in place to
combat the challenges as well as levels of awareness among the residents of Kapkatet on these issues of solid
waste management. The researcher adopted the exploratory case study method since he had a posteriori
hypotheses regarding the phenomenon.
According to (Yin, 1994), a case study is “an empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon
within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly
evident”. Exploratory studies are often undertaken as an introduction to social research and aim to guide the
development of research questions and hypotheses (Nova South Eastern University,1997). Explanatory case
studies are suitable for the study on causal relationships. At specific levels, case studies will be used to gather
information on world experiences on the issue. Such contextual information helps extract experiences from
the actual implementation of policies which could be useful when exploring policy options for Kapkatet.
3.3 SAMPLING DESIGN
In respect to sample size, researchers have tried to suggest some kind of guidelines for qualitative sample
sizes, for example suggests that "25 (participants) are adequate for smaller projects"; according to (Ritchie et
al. 2003) p.84, qualitative samples often "lie under 50"; pg.120 state that "the experience of most qualitative
researchers is that in interview studies little that is 'new' comes out of transcripts after you have interviewed
20 or so people". This study, therefore, selected a population size of 30 participants. The researcher will adopt
a purposeful sampling techniques to select subjects for this study. Accordingly, the most productive subjects
will be identified and selected based on a criterion that will obtain reliable information from which valid
judgments would be made regarding the phenomena under study. According to (Martin, 1996), regarding
sample selection, the researcher actively selects the most productive sample to answer the research questions.
This can involve developing a framework of the variables that might influence individuals’ contributions.
17
Creswell, J. W. (1998) concurs that qualitative studies often use purposeful or criterion-based sampling, that
is, a sample that has the characteristics relevant to the research question(s) Particularly, the study adopted
minimum criteria for the subjects to qualify for selection as follows: lived in the area under study for at least
12 months, had at least secondary education and had a basic knowledge of the relationship between waste and
environment. Most of these participants were drawn from areas including households, health facility, local
authorities offices, market and hotel associations and business people.
3.4 STUDY VARIABLES.
Solid waste management system (dependent variable)
Small town (independent variable)
Intervening variables (system of county government; community participationgeneration/collection/disposal; laws; ability of residents to pay etc)
3.5 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
3.5.1 Surveys
Information will be gathered through questionnaire, mostly based on individual experiences regarding solid
waste management in Kapkatet Town. A web-based questionnaire will be made available via google forms
and a paper-based questionnaire (printed form) to provide respondents with alternatives as per the current
thread in response to covid-19.
3.5.2 Interviews
This will be used in order to collect in-depth responses from the professionals being interviewed at Kapkatet
town. The interviews be structured (formal), the interview method of data collection will be conducted through
face-to-face meeting with the interviewee(s) or through telephone to provide respondents with alternatives as
per the current thread in response to covid-19.
3.5.3 Observations
Information will be gathered by monitoring participants in a specific situation and environment at a given time
and day. This study will take a natural observation by which the researcher simply records what they see in
whatever way they can.
3.5.3 Literature Sources
This will involve the collection of data from already published text available in the public domain. Online
articles or blogs and magazines will be reviewed and legal documents including spatial plans and other
documentations will be reviewed.
18
3.6 DATA COLLECTION TOOLS
3.6.1 Questionnaires
In administering the questionnaire for this research the self-administered approach will be used. The 30
informants that represent the households will be purposely selected for their ability to inform the study
objectives. The questionnaires will be issued by the researcher. Prior to issuing a questionnaire to the
respondent, a brief introduction will be done in person or through a phone call. The introduction will include
the name of the researcher and the purpose of the research.
3.6.2 Key Informants Schedule;
Open-ended interviews were conducted with key informants from the following groups; National
Environmental Management Authority (NEMA), County Urban Planner, two School Heads or
Representative’s for Tengecha Group of Schools, one Medical center representative for Kapkatet District
Hospital, two tertiary institutes representatives for Kabianga University and Kapkatet (KMTC), two
representatives in area of waste management and five business owners in Kapkatet.
3.6.3 Observations
An actual visit and observations of the study area will be done. Key details noted during the visit will be
recorded in the observation matric and where possible a photograph will be captured and details noted in the
photo matric for reference during data analysis. The information will include; time and place of the
observation, a summary of what will be observed as well as the category of the observation. Observations will
include housing typology waste collection points, road types and uses and other factors essential for the study.
3.6.4 Documents And Records
Secondary data were obtained by reviewing existing literature throughout the various phases of the study, i.e.
problem description, formulation of the contextual framework, assessment of country experiences, etc. Both
electronic and printed materials were reviewed. In particular, different studies, and workshop reports on the
issue of MSW management and the problems of waste in Nairobi, Accra Ghana, Honio Vietnam and other
cities were reviewed.
3.7 TECHNIQUES OF DATA ANALYSIS
This involved analyzing primary and secondary data collected. Both quantitative and qualitative techniques
were used in the analysis.
19
Quantitative data obtained through questionnaires will be processed through editing, coding and entering it
into SPSS for analysis. Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, mean and
standard deviation and displayed using tables and figures. Inferential statistics to be used included regression
and correlation analysis. Results were presented by use of charts, graphs and tables
Qualitative data collected will be analyzed via content analysis method. Here, we will start with some ideas
about the themes (solid waste management) that might emerge, and look for them in the data that was collected
thought out the interviews. A numbering system will be used to identify text about the different data, grouping
together ideas and gathering evidence about views on each theme. The data will be presented in a descriptive
technique for easier understanding.
3.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES
The main limitation by the methodological approaches applied in the study of Kapkatet area is the inadequate
collection of data due to the covid 19 pandemic outbreaks. There was therefore limited administrations of the
prepared questionnaires.
Large spatial dimensions of Kapkatet town which led to sampling collection among the residential
neighbourhoods in the area.
20
CHAPTER 4: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY AREA.
INTRODUCTION
This chapter focuses on the locational setting and background of the study area. It provides a brief
description of the study area on basis of history and service provision.LOCATION CONTEXT
21
22
4.2 Location and historical growth
Kapkatet Town is located along the Nakuru to Kisii highway crossing through Sotik town. KTDA Kapkatet
is 1km away from the town. The main economic activity in the area is farming of Tea and Maize together with
livestock.
Located at the rift valley part of Kenya, Kapkatet is one of the historically significant towns in Kericho being
known as the Kipsigis headquarters and the home to Kipsang Arap Tengecha who founded and planned the
town in 1944. According to existing literature, he allocated land to education, health institutions or all other
community spaces which include the famous Kapkatet Green stadium existent to present date. Kipsang Arap
Tengecha is famous for being an early advocate for equitable land distribution when he refused to accept the
large tract of land allocated to him by the colonial government. He recognised the offer as a product of his
privileged position and instead insisted that he receive the same portion as other members of his community.
During the land alienation conflicts of the 1954 (The Kumulot Muddles), the current Kapkatet town was
Centre to the protest. In this instance, the Kipsigis, annoyed at the possibility of losing any more land, were
so enraged by the attempt to alienate land at Kapkatet for a shopping center that they organized to resist the
alienation. Periodically the town would grow naturally without impact by external factor but it’s existing agoeconomy to the then now gitude 35° 11' 49.1" east and between the equator and latitude 0° 37' 53.7" south.
The town has an elevation 1922 metres (6306 feet) above the sea level (Kericho County Government, 2019).
Daraja sita and Daraja Mbili are the two permanents rivers that serve the town but are located 800 metres and
1400metre from the town centre.
4.3 Population
Kapkatet town Centre has a population of about 2,484 people (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics 2019) with
a ratio of 1310 Males to 1,174 Females with a density of 622 people per killometre square. Majority of the
population trading, working and shopping at Kapkatet town commute from the rural parts of Kapkatet.
4.4 Basic Services
Kapkatet town is host to one of the major hospitals in the South rift, Kapkate
t District Hospital which in
the past has been ranked as the cleanest hospital and is the second largest public hospital after Kericho district
hospital in Kericho county. Kapkatet town has a serene environment suitable for learning. This is evidenced
by various schools and colleges in the town. Major primary schools in Kapkatet town include Kapkatet
Primary School, Tengecha Boys Primary and Tengecha Girls Primary School. Major secondary schools
include Kapkatet Secondary School, Tengecha Boys High School and Tengecha Girls High School which are
nationally ranked as high performing schools. Tertiary instituted in this town is KMTC Kapkatet Campus with
23
Kabianga University being at its periphery. Kapkatet Green Stadium is at the centre of the town playing role
in both local and national social and political events.
The main mode of transport within the town is on foot and motorcycles which transport people and goods
from the town centre to and from the rural parts. The town is dotted with simple architecture . Most of the
streets are not planned or even enough for vehicles to pass. Include more maps
24
CHAPTER 5: DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
5.1 Introduction
This chapter is concerned with data presentation, of the findings obtained through the study. The findings are
presented in tabular form after being analyzed to facilitate readings and understanding.
The research study targeted a total of 30 respondents. The respondence rate was more than 100% (35) with
51% being male while 49 % were female. According to Mugenda Mugenda (1999), a response rate of 50%
and above is adequate for analysis and reporting.
The success to high response rate by residents was as a result of adequate preparation and advance
arrangements with the respondents.
Most of the respondents had reasonably long periods of living in Kapkatet. Only respondents who had lived
in Kapkatet for a period of at least 12 months participated. This was meant to ensure that they had sufficient
experience about Kapkatet to provide reliable information that would lead to valid judgments about the
phenomenon under investigation. 68.5% of the respondents who filled the questionnaire had at least a college
certificate, 16.5% of the respondents had secondary school education while 14% did not disclose.
Table. No of respondents and level of education.
Academic qualification
No. of respondents
%
College
24
68.5
Secondary school
6
16.5
Other
5
14.0
25
4.2 STUDY AREA CHARACTERISTICS
4.2.1 Social Economic Characteristics
Kapkatet town has increasing populations, exhibit demographic growth, high levels of economic activity and,
entrepreneurship, an existence of innovation, and high incomes. The economy is driven by agriculture, other
primary activities dependent upon urban demands for food, recreation and other goods. The process of
urbanisation has had positive as well as negative economic and social changes in Kapkatet town. The positive
effects include economic and infrastructure development, and education. However, urbanisation of Kapkatet
places stresses on existing social services and infrastructure in Kapkatet town. Crime, prostitution, drug abuse
and street children are all negative effects of the urbanisation. Also there tends to be a lack of social support
for children in school and home by their hard-working, usually poor, parents (The poverty rate at Kericho
County was noted to reduce from 39.2% in 2006 to 31.4 as at 2016). Inadequate income, overcrowded housing
and poor living conditions has also create a fertile ground for the development of violence in Kapkatet town.
4.2.2 Population and Household size
Kapkatet town Centre has a population of about 2,484 people (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics 2019) with
a ratio of 1310 Males to 1,174 Females with a density of 622 people per killometre square. Majority of the
population trading, working and shopping at Kapkatet town commute from the rural parts of Kapkatet.
The average household size is 6 people as per Second Generation County Integrated Development Plan 2018
-2022 for Kericho Country.
4.2.3 Economic Activities
The major source of income for the people of Kapkatet comprises of proceeds from farm produce such as tea,
potatoes, maize and horticultural crops. Employment by multinational companies such as tea farms and
factories is another major source of income. The informal sector and more specifically the Jua Kali offers
another form of employment. With the devolved government brought about by the Kenyan Constitution 2010,
job opportunities are expected to be created both in the formal and informal sector.
Residents especially those residing in Kapkatet town are also engaged in business activities ranging from
retailing to small scale agro-based industrial processing ventures.
4.3 WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN KAPKATET TOWN.
The County Council of Kericho is responsible for solid waste management and solid waste collections. The
study sought to find out the existing waste management practises in Kapkatet town. In this regard, questions
on how much waste is produced, how much waste is collected by the council, how is the waste handled, and
how many vevicles the council has for handling waste were raised and discussed. It was noted that Kapkatet
26
Town municipality owns only one tractor which collects about 15 tons of waste from the market weekly and
deposits at the only dumpsite
which is located about 1.2 kilometers away from the market between Kapkatet District Hospital and Tengecha
Boys Primary.Whereas collecting waste on a daily or weekly basis is a good practice, having only one tractor
would pose challenges in case of breakdowns.
4.3.1 TYPES OF SOLID WASTE GENERATED AT KAPKATET TOWN
The most of challenge experienced in solid waste management is storage at both source and during collection
and disposal because of the existence of different types of waste. This issue hasn’t been addressed despite the
existing researches and publications guiding on this and this has been as a result of lack of public education
on waste separation. Separation by the waste collector proves to be expensive and challenging and as a result
the waste is disposed in a mixed state of different textures and components. As by the pie chart below in is
noted that 54.3% of the respondents did separate their waste before disposal.
These finding concur with studies by (Joseph 2006) which state that participatory management approach
where part and duties with respect to SWM are shared among the civil and native is a standout amongst the
most as often as possible recommended strategies.
The study found out that the main and most challenging waste produces by household and commercial
activities in the town were food remains from both the household, food outlets and the food market, wine and
spirit bottles from the numerous numbers of bars in the town and paper & plastic bags from product packaging
unwrapped at the market and household level.
It was also observed that despite polythene bags having being banned in the country, a lot of shops at Kapkatet
still use it for sugar, rice, milk and other products repackaging.
27
Picture: Litter along Hospital Road
The results of the study also indicated that food remains of the waste is the most difficult to store, manage or
separate and from observation it was the leading waste wrongfully disposed of at Kapkatet. A total of 32 bars
and clubs exist within the 1.44km square study area, despite its economic and social effect it also observable
that the existence of this outlets pose a bigger treat to solid waste management in Kapkatet. From statistics
provided by a private recycler (Used alcohol bottle collector) at Kapkatet who collects and transport them to
Nairobi for re-use and recycle purpose noted that she collects a total of 10 tones of glass from Kapkatet weekly.
28
Picture: Recycled bottles being loaded to a delivery track
She also noted that she collects only two types of bottles which leaves out over 8 others largely consumed
brands at Kapkatet town. In majority of the pits within Kapkatet town, alcohol, spirit and wine bottles are
observed to be in dense existence and wrongfully disposed.
To be noted is that there are also scavengers at the town centre and disposal site who have formed a group of
persons with a chair person and are trading in waste material: 1kg of steel metal is sold at Kshs 30 while
aluminum goes for Kshs 100 per kilo. I kg of paper is sold at Kshs 2, I kg of polythene plastic is sold at Kshs
5 and hard plastic at Kshs 10 per kilo. The Town or County Council can explore such opportunities by
providing collection centres for these activities. This will reduce the amounts of waste getting to the disposal
site while providing employment for such group of people.
Also observed was plastic and paper disposed and scattered along access roads and foot paths ad unplanned
pits. In this case, for effective solid waste storage and management to happen, there should be solid waste
segregation at source and should be frequently be transported and disposed in a type order.
4.3.2 AMOUNT SPENT ON SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.
To determine the respondents, amount spent on solid waste collection, the residents were asked to state their
monthly average expenditure on this activity. The response is summarized in the table below
Amount/month
Frequency
Percentage
Less than 500
27
77
Kshs 500-1000
3
9
More than Kshs 1000
5
14
The result in the above table show that the resident spent money of solid waste from their premises to the
designated garbage collection points. Majority of the residents (35) spend less than Ksh500 per month for this
activity. Other spend between Kshs 500 to 1000 and above Kshs 1000 on this exercise. From the results, it is
implied that very little amount of money is spent on collection of garbage from premises to the designated
collection points. This is likely to be the case because most of these collection sites are not far away from their
premises, so residents opt do it themselves or pay very little money for the service. These results agree with
the findings by (UNEP, 2002) which indicate that most developing countries lack resources and infrastructure
for solid waste management and therefore the responsibility of doing this is left to the residents themselves,
which in some cases lead to some waste not being collected or improperly collected.
29
4.3.3 FREQUENCY OF SOLID WASTE COLLECTION IN A WEEK FOR DISPOSAL.
To determine public participation in solid waste management in their area, the responds were asked how many
times solid waste is collected from their households in a week. The response is summarized in the table below
The above chart shows that 2% of the residents have their waste not collected more than twice a week but not
daily and 54.3% of the responds indicate that waste from their premises is collected once a week for disposal.
37.1% of the respondents indicate that they don’t know the frequency of solid waste collection in the town.
These findings confirm that the residents of the study areas actively participate in solid waste collection from
the household but the collection and disposal from the collection points or household by the private contractor
is not effective nor efficient.
According to the youth interviewed on the challenge experienced in solid waste collection in lack of solid
waste storage facilities (containers, skip bins and refusal holding chambers) for the control of solid waste
collection points. This has resulted in the occasion of garbage scattering around collection points. In some
areas this has turned to be an eyesore to the public because the community members do not have the capacity
of transporting this waste to dumpsites. These findings agree with Joander (2000) who in his study found that
the most broadly honed civil transfer techniques have been uncontrolled dumping, gathered in low-lying
periphery areas and prompting leachate permeation and contamination keep running off and sullying of soil,
ground water, trenches and water ways.
4.3.4 INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.
This study sought to know about the institutions responsible for solid waste management. It was established
that, just like in other towns in Kenya, the County Council of Kericho/County government is solely responsible
for waste management. However, it was noted that there are other partners in Public health department,
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NEMA, civil society and resident organizations who are lending a hand by providing checks and balances to
ensure that the laid down procedures on responsible handling and disposal of waste are adhered to in order to
safeguard the environment.
4.3.5 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED IN SOLID WASTE TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSAL.
The respondent pointed out to more than one challenge encountered in their effort to participate in solid waste
transportation and disposal. The main challenge the respondent pointed out was that inadequate means of
transporting and disposing off solid waste. The second major issue as per the respondent was stiff government
regulations like obtaining of license from NEMA for both the transporting vehicles and the actual
transportation of solid waste and payments for use of the country dumpsite as some of the stiff government
requirements. These charges prove to be too expensive for those involved in the transportation. Stiff
requirements for them to have a purpose made vehicle for transportation of solid waste also cited as a challenge
encountered.
The last challenge stated by the respondent was inadequate dumping facilities. Majority of the waste
management workers claimed the roads to the dumpsite are impassible during rainy seasons and also routes
inside the residential areas are not motorable especially during the rainy seasons. All this make access to the
waste difficult.
Picture: Construction and Plastic waste dumped Along Footpath
The above-mentioned challenges mean that in most cases solid waste in the study area is improperly disposed
of resulting in both health and environmental problems. This finding agrees with (UNEP 2002) which points
out that since there are dependably insufficient assets and framework for waste management particularly being
developed region, this situation at last infers that some waste won’t be gathered or will be dishonorably
arranged or subsequently bringing about wellbeing risks. In order to. Improve public participation in solid
waste management, the interviewed county planner pointed out that the county government planned to create
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new zones for solid waste disposal, selection and recycling. Generally, the interviewed agreed that through
public participation in solid waste management, the concerned town can improve a lot in terms of sanitation.
4.3.6 CAUSES OF LITTERING
This study sought to find out the causes of littering that is rampant on the streets of Kapkatet Town especially
along the access roads. Whereas it was noted there are policies in place to guide waste management in urban
areas, the authorities lacked enforcement plans to implement the policies. Levels of awareness on the impacts
of waste were found to be too low among the residents. Compliance to environmental procedures was also
found to be wanting. The role of waste management has been relegated to the government hence there is
apathy from the people since they do not have to account for littering. Lack of litter bins along the streets also
made people especially buyers and sellers at the market and visitors to just dump on the streets.
Picture: Animals outside Kapkatet District Hospital eating waste
The study made an interesting observation that whereas presence of animals in Kapkatet town exacerbated
littering along the streets by their droppings, they also ate a significant amount of organic waste generated
both at the households and the Kapkatet town market, reducing amount of solid waste going to the dumpsite.
The study also sought to establish the number of dumpsites in Kapkatet and found out that the main dumpsite
which existed at the Hospital area had a section of it closed up and developers trying to reclaimed the land to
build houses. This was attributed to the increasing demand for land for building rental houses at the town area
which were attracting more revenue as compared to the ones located away from the town.
4.3.8 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT BUDGET
The Council relies substantially on central government support to finance its budget. The analysis of the
information obtained does not indicate the various sources of revenues for the council. However besides the
traditional local revenues, Kericho is one of the municipalities which has instituted different user charges
generally to cater for SWM activities. Different user fees have been developed and approved by the Council.
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There are two different ways of netting revenues related to solid waste management activities. First, there is a
fee for waste collection and disposal services charged on households per month. This fee is Kshs 100 and is
billed to those connected to Kericho Water and Sanitation Company Limited (KEWASCO) water supply
system. Secondly, residents who operate different businesses within the jurisdiction of the municipality pay
commensurate fees through the single business permits.
Indicated in the table below is Municipal Council of Kericho solid waste disposal charges on a monthly basis
adopted on 2009 and still in use at majority of its town till date. The average amount of waste produced
monthly has a significant impact on the charges. Institutions and super markets pay the highest fee of ksh 2000
followed with large hotels who pay ksh 1500 on a monthy basis. Beer distributors, banks and government
institutions pay a fee of ksh 1000 monthly as a contribution towards solid waste management while all other
businesses and households pay a fee of ksh 100 to ksh 200 for the same service.
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A charges list in use at Kericho County
Depending on the number of hotel businesses, revenues from this source have the potential to boost envisaged
revenues from household sources. However, this source has also not been fully exploited as there is no
evidence of an inventory of such businesses within Kapkatet town and Kericho in general. Nonetheless, these
sources remain remote to the Council yet the demand and in turn expenditures for SWM activities keep on
escalating. However, variations are evident when it comes to operations and maintenance across the years.
Out of six operational departments of the Council, Public Health and Environment department which is
responsible for SWM activities ranks third in terms of expenditure priorities after Engineering and Urban
Planning and Treasury Departments.
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4.4 LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR SWM
Under Kericho County, Kapkatet town just like the other towns has a Strategic plan and By-laws touching on
SWM under the Kericho County. In addition there are Notices issued occasionally by the Council to landlords
and tenants to direct that all garbage is disposed of appropriately. There also Guidelines for the involvement
of the private sector in SWM.
4.4.1 Strategic plan 2009-2013
The Councils‟ vision is to be a leading Council in the provision of efficient and effective services for socioeconomic development in Kenya. In line with this vision, the mission is to facilitate the delivery of quality
services to all residents and ensure good governance for socio- economic development. To achieve these, the
Council has a number of strategic objectives including to diversify, grow and sustain revenues of the council;
to strengthen the Council‟s institutional capacity; to provide and maintain adequate Council infrastructure that
supports the core function of the Council and to conserve and protect the environment within council
boundaries. It seeks to develop a strategy on solid waste management and part of the activities are to assess
the Council requirements as regards to solid waste management and build awareness on environmental
conservation. The Council has even instituted a committee of Environment whose mandate among other things
covers beatification and care in the municipality. Besides, it has formulated a service charter outlining the
different services provided and the timing for Council response to these services. These are plausible measures
that if implemented will greatly improve solid waste management in Kapkatet Town.
4.4.2 By-law
The council has Disposal of refuse By- Laws of 2009 which identifies the County Council as the unit in charge
of SWM. The By-laws make provisions for waste receptacles (their specifications and use), offences related
to waste management, and penalties for the same. The General Nuisance By-Laws of 2009 also makes mention
of offences related to illegal waste deposits. These are clear indicators of efforts towards SWM. Furthermore
they stipulate that notices, orders or other documents be served to persons to ensure compliance of these
provisions.
4.4.3 Notices
The Council has been issuing notices from time to time to landlords, tenants and other generators of waste.
These are to deter unsustainable practices of SWM like indiscriminate disposal of waste onto open grounds,
drains and road reserves. Again these are plausible efforts by the council to involve the public in SWM and to
enforce the refuse by-laws mentioned above. What remains to be seen is the actual effect of these in terms of
a clean and healthy environment in the whole town.
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4.5 EQUIPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURAL PROVISION FOR SWM
Infrastructure and equipment provision are key elements for successful SWM services. In the development of
Kapkatet as an urban centre, a number of different tools and equipment have been accumulated over time. For
collection, the council previously allocated Bureti District with which Kapkatet town is under with two tippers
(under repair), one tractor with its trailer which is currently used. There is need for additional vehicles to
manage the increasing amounts of waste that remain uncollected.
4.6 DISPOSAL
For disposal, there is a designated dumping site referred to as Kaburini which is partially enclosed and used
as a public cemetery. The site is about 5 acres in size and has been in use for over 25 years. Currently the
practice is burning of waste at the site.The site is considered inadequate and due to inaccessibility of the site
during the rainy season, dumping of waste has spilled over onto the access road. The disposal site poses a
threat to neighboring land uses especially the Tengecha Boys Primary and Kapkatet District hospital which is
situated adjacent to it. The officer in-charge informed the study that a new site has been identified away from
town. In its strategic plan, the council proposes to prepare a master plan that would guide infrastructural
development in the County. This if effected and implemented with consideration given to SWM too, would
contribute greatly to improving the SWM infrastructure in Kapkatet Town.
4.7 DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH SWM.
The study also sought to find out about common diseases affecting people in Kapkatet through an interview
with a Public health officer at Kapkatet District Hospital. Malaria was found to be most common. This was
attributed to blocked the existing shallow drainage channels and rain water collected by poorly disposed
containers and bottles which act as breeding grounds of mosquitoes. Dysentery and typhoid were also
mentioned often and attributed to open discharges of waste by hotels and restaurants which readily finds
contaminants back to the food chain. The main wastes in Kapkatet town which contributes to chronic diseases
were identified as rotten food remains from the market and hotels, plastics and glass bottles from bars and
clubs.
4.8 CHALLENGES OF SWM IN KAPKATET TOWN.
Some of the challenges that emerged clearly out of this study are as follows:
•
Lack of enforcement plans to oblige waste producers to pay for waste management services especially
households.
•
Apathy from households given that it has always been responsibility of county council/ government to
manage waste.
•
The county government is not properly equipped to manage waste.
36
•
The NIMBY syndrome- (Not in my backyard), waste is easily dumped at trenches or roadside or carried
away to distant places.
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CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Introduction
This chapter focuses on summary of findings, conclusions about the findings and recommendations based on
the conclusions.
6.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS.
The main objective of the study was to investigate the state of waste management in Kapkatet town, identify
barriers to effective management, causes the proliferation of wastes in the environment in Kapkatet and
propose measures to be taken to contain the problem. The selected respondents to the questionnaires and
interviews, most of who were drawn from a sample of the literate population and the affected departments
being health, education, commercial and environmental sector with knowledge in the area of waste
management gave information and therefore without doubt presumed to understand the questions and
phenomena in detail. Others who took part were business people who had lived in Kapkatet long enough and
were deeply affected by the phenomenon. It is therefore true that the views expressed by the respondents
were objective and representative.
It emerged that the problem of waste in Kapkatet town was slowly but surely building up and that the main
waste type that constituted the biggest problem was non-biodegradable waste. It was noted that whereas other
forms of municipal and household waste were recovered and recycled, food remains, glass and plastics were
openly dumped to the streets and dumpsite, posing a lot of challenges. It also emerged that there was no door
to door collection of waste and these exacerbated the problem of waste management.
Failure by the town authority to put in place enforcement plans further compounded the problem.
It emerged that presence of waste in the environment affected cost of land and housing negatively. This had a
negative impact on the incomes of the property owners. Unlike other towns which are troubled by enormous
heaps of waste, Kapkatet town does not have heaps of waste. This study has attributed this phenomenon to
few recycling plants run by private individuals, waste recovery-feeding the animals with organic waste and
dumping to the dumpsites by the contacted individuals.
6.3 CONCLUSIONS
From LVWATSAN phase I of the Lake Victoria Water and Sanitation Project which studied solid waste
management in Kericho, Keroka, Isebania in Kenya the per capita waste generation is about 0.4kg/person/day
giving a total household generation of slightly over 0.94 tons per day which should be equivalent to about
86% of total waste generated. Using the same argument, the other sources contribute a total 0.26 tons giving
a total waste generation of 1.2 tons per day for Kapkatet town. With a density of about 0.35ton/m3 , then the
waste collected once a week (using one 5-tonner tractor which make one trips a day), is 5 tons per week.
According to the officer in charge, the approximate collection efficiency is about 40% with service coverage
38
of 60%. This contradiction calls for a waste study involving the officers in charge so that are able to gain
technical skills that can improve on their statistics regarding waste quantities and their collection. Of the waste
generated, about 60% is organic waste from markets and residential areas. SWM service is provided in the
central part of the town, the municipal market on a twice a week basis and on a weekly basis in the residential
estates and commercial plots;majority of the residential area do not receive the services mainly due to
inaccessibility and inadequate and/or inappropriate transport.
It can also be concluded that even though there has previous been an improvement in the county of Kericho
ever since devolution came into effect within the country, a lot still needs to be done to improve the solid
waste management in Kapkatet.Efffective implementation of the preferred plan would enable adoption of
some environmental sustainability principle. This would in turn create an esthetic environment free from the
solid waste pollution. The same principle of solid waste management can therefore be applied in various towns
within Kenya to minimize the rates of both land& water pollution due to inappropriate solid waste
management
6.4 RECOMMENDATIONS.
Some of the recommendations the study makes are as follows:
6.4.1 Technical Issues and Improvement Measures
Collection and disposal services are firmly established in the study area with the aim to eliminate SW from
the living environment which is the most important concern of urban solid waste management. Nonetheless,
to preserve the environment and for a sustainable solid waste management, numerous issues, including open
dumping, have to be addressed. Below are the main issues presented according to priority.
6.4.1.1 Improvement Of Collection Service Efficiency
Collection and haulage expenses make up the bulk of the SWM expenses. The improvement of the collection
and haulage system is therefore extremely important.This is attributed to the following problems in Kapkatet,
although incomparable elements such as the conditions in service areas and the roads covered by the collection
route also play a part.
• Tractor are generally considered efficient tools for collection. However, those used have a storage capacity
lower than those requred to meet the Kapakatet Town demand. Alternative transport such as compact trucks
should be seeked or an increase in the number of the available units to serve the town and its environs.
• Wheeled containers facilitate the efficient loading of discharged waste onto compactor trucks. In contrast
with other towns kapkatet has no wheeled containers. In addition, the collection system is not uniform, varying
from communal collection, and door to door collection hence a room for innovation and improvement.
39
The improvement of these conditions should be gradually carried out by the district municipalities of Kapkatet
Town.
6.4.1.2 Conversion Of Open Dumpsite Into Sanitary Landfill
Kaburini, the only disposal site of Kapkatet town, is a typical dumpsite where fires break out and the untreated
leachate flow into public and private waters, the other adverse factors, seriously affect the surrounding
environment. Strong opposition from neighbouring facilities which are Tengecha Boys Primary and Kapkatet
District Hospital Residence quaters regarding the use of the disposal site makes the construction of a new
disposal site an immediate concern.
6.4.1.3 Recycling By Public Institutions
The waste composition survey results show that the waste in Kapkatet predominantly constitutes kitchen
waste(Bio-degredable) . The compost market has an extremely high demand for compost derived from
waste. Recycling systems are established and are very active in the private sector that are mainly run by
informal entities. The recycling activities of public institutions are considerably limited especially since the
government does not promote separate collection, which is essential for waste minimisation and for resourcerecovery. Considering recycling as an issue of priority in solid waste management, the Ministry of
Environment aims to have generation amount recycled. The current private sector recycling system hardly
covers household waste. But to further promote the activity, the inclusion of food wastes is necessary, and
to realise this the government institutions should actively introduce separate collection and promote
composting of kitchen and other bio-degradable waste.
6.4.2 Institutional Issues and Improvement Measures
6.4.2.1 Administration And Organisation
At present the administration and organisational systems of Kapkatet is neither qualitatively nor
quantitatively suited to promote a sound solid waste management service. Although these parties provide
SWM services, their actions are poorly co-ordinated. Consequently, the absence of a solid waste management
plan officially approved by these parties, and a common objective, make matters worse. Kericho County
should systematically promote the services and establish a system for proper monitoring, management, and
guidance.
This would require not only the recruitment of capable personnel, but also the development and
improvement of the capabilities of the present SWM staff (by holding training programs) as a means to
acquire the required manpower. The municipality should therefore devise a human resource training plan,
with the MoE indirectly providing support in the preparation of the program and offering
various
opportunities, etc. Using the master plan as a basis, a rational solid waste management plan will be
40
made for Kapkatet Town, including the formation of a co-ordinating committee to control the functions
of the institutions responsible for solid waste management services in the Kapkatet town.
6.4.2.2 Privatisation And Contracting System
The National government encourages the involvement of private companies in solid waste management
services. This, however, is not fully promoted in the district municipalities of Kericho, a factor assumed to
have contributed to why the unit cost for collection and haulage in these district municipalities is high.
Also, legislation regarding tendering and the contracting out of private companies is not clearly devised
to allow the participation of the private sector in solid waste management services.
SWM is an essential public service that must be made available to all to ensure public health and
environmental preservation. This, however, requires work efficiency and regular services, and the
formulation of an appropriate performance contract for private sector involvement through inter-municipal
co-operation. In addition, relevant legislation should be revised, for they give priority to the lowest bidder
in tendering and restrict the contract term to one year which will allow for a perfomance r
6.4.2.3 Public Co-Operation
The residents are not aware of the various SWM problems as the current system only has a discharge and
collection system using communal pits without any form of segregation. As promoted by the MoE and a
majority of enviromental argencies, waste volume reduction and resource-recovery are issues that have to
be raised to improve the current SWM system. Aside from formulating relevant legislation and constructing
the required facilities, solving of these issues would require the co-operation of the public the most. The
type of public co-operation required, however, is one that is long-lived and steady. Consequently, much is
expected from the resident education and information programs.
6.5 Areas of further studies
1. Assessments of effects/impacts of developments in Kapkatet to solid waste management in Kapkatet
town
2. Asses how the introduction of compulsary service fee for households and business in Kapkatet would
improve solid waste collection and service provision.
41
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