SAMPLE M.T. Education HKDSE 7 20 21 -1 2- 04 Melody Tam © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 1 SAMPLE ............................................................................................................................................ 9 」 Quality of Life.................................................................................................................................. 12 .......................................................................................................................... 15 」 How To Improve Quality Of Life .................................................................................................... 18 – ............................................................................................................................ 21 Social Problems: Factors.................................................................................................................. 23 Social Problems: Impacts ................................................................................................................. 25 – ............................................................................................................................ 25 ...................................................................................................................... 29 04 General Causes Of Social Problems ................................................................................................ 31 .............................................................................................................................. 34 2- General Impacts Of Social Problems ............................................................................................... 36 60 VS 90 .................................................................................................... 38 -1 Socio-political participation post-60s VS post-90s.......................................................................... 40 21 」 ...................................................................................................................... 42 20 Reasons for Mass Movement ........................................................................................................... 44 .............................................................................................................. 46 Factors affecting socio-political participation ................................................................................. 49 .................................................................................................................................................. 52 Rule of Law...................................................................................................................................... 54 .......................................................................................................................................... 57 Judicial Review ................................................................................................................................ 59 .......................................................................................................................... 62 Pros and Cons of Democracy ........................................................................................................... 64 .................................................................................................................. 66 Costs and Benefits of Upholding Rule of Law ................................................................................ 67 .......................................................................................................................... 68 Low governance efficiency—Impacts ............................................................................................. 69 © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 2 SAMPLE ...................................................................... 71 Good Governance & Evaluation of Hong Kong’s Governance....................................................... 73 .................................................................................................. 76 Lack of Equal Participation → Impacts on Governance ................................................................. 77 / 、 ............................................................................ 79 Difficulties/ Feasibility of using Public Consultation to achieve Broad Consensus ....................... 80 .......................................................... 81 Continuous Importation of Low-skilled workers Cannot Help Maintain Hong Kong’s Economic Growth: Reasons .............................................................................................................................. 83 ...................................................................................................................................... 85 Sense of identity ............................................................................................................................... 87 .................................................................................................. 89 Formation of Hong Kong Residents’ Sense of Identity ................................................................... 92 .................................................................................................. 95 y Hong Kong people’s Decline in National Identity: Factors............................................................. 97 .......................................................................................................... 99 Hong Kong’s Widening Wealth Gap: Causes ............................................................................... 101 04 ............................................................................................................................ 104 2- Functions of Mass Media ............................................................................................................... 106 VS ..................................................................................................................... 108 21 -1 New media vs Traditional media ................................................................................................... 109 ........................................................................................ 110 20 Does the mass media harm public interests? ................................................................................. 112 ................................................................................................................ 114 Feasibility of Referendum in HK ................................................................................................... 116 ................................................................................................ 119 Should Democracy be Prioritized over Social Stability? ............................................................... 121 .................................................................................... 123 Whether HK Core Values are Protected or Harmed ...................................................................... 125 ............................................................................................................ 127 Core Values being Harmed: Impacts ............................................................................................. 128 .................................................................................................................... 129 Reasons for more radical movements to arise ............................................................................... 130 ............................................................................................................................ 131 HK political movements ................................................................................................................ 133 © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 3 SAMPLE .................................................................... 136 E Concept of “Men should work & women should be housewives” in Hong Kong ........................ 137 N ................................................................................................................................ 139 Imbalance in Medical Services ...................................................................................................... 141 ................................................................................................ 143 HK Elderly Suicide Problem: Factors and Problems ..................................................................... 145 ................................................ 147 y Do Traditional Chinese Family Concepts help alleviate elderly suicide problem? ....................... 149 .................................................................................................................... 152 Factors leading to the medical service burden ............................................................................... 154 .................................................................................................... 156 Hong Kong’s Policies to Alleviate the Medical Service Burden ................................................... 158 ............................................................................................................ 161 Voluntary Medical Insurance Scheme: Disadvantages.................................................................. 163 ............................................................................................................ 165 Voluntary Medical Insurance Scheme: Advantages ...................................................................... 166 04 ................................................................................................ 168 21 -1 2- HK youths lack upward mobility – Reasons.................................................................................. 170 20 ........................................................................................................................................ 174 Rural Reform ................................................................................................................................. 176 ........................................................................................................................................ 178 Opening-up Policies ....................................................................................................................... 179 ................................................................................................................ 181 Factors Leading to Reform & Opening Up.................................................................................... 183 ............................................................................................................................ 185 Impacts Of Reform And Opening Up ............................................................................................ 188 ................................................................................................ 191 Response to Social Problems Brought by Reform & Opening up ................................................. 193 ........................................................................................................ 195 Rapid economic development in China: Problems ........................................................................ 197 ............................................................................................................................ 199 © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 4 SAMPLE East-West Disparity ....................................................................................................................... 201 ........................................................................................................................................ 203 . Urban-rural Disparity ..................................................................................................................... 205 ............................................................................................................................ 207 China Reform & Opening up ......................................................................................................... 209 ............................................................................................................ 211 Why Economic Reform?................................................................................................................ 213 ................................................................................................................................................ 215 National Strength ........................................................................................................................... 219 .................................................................................................................................... 223 Sustainability.................................................................................................................................. 225 」 ........................................................................................................ 227 How Corruption harms Quality of Life ......................................................................................... 229 .................................................................................................................... 232 Suggestions for Tackling Corruption ............................................................................................. 235 ............................................................................................................ 238 04 Lack of Human Rights: Impacts on National Power ..................................................................... 240 ................................................................................ 243 2- Is Protecting Human Rights more Important than Promoting Social Stability .............................. 246 .................................................................................................................................... 249 21 -1 Scientific Outlook on Development............................................................................................... 251 ........................................................................................................ 253 20 Problems Hindering Sustainability in China.................................................................................. 255 .................................................................................................... 258 Pro & Cons of Having Diversified Political Parties ...................................................................... 260 ................................................................................................ 262 Why China should slow down its economic development? .......................................................... 264 ........................................................................................................................ 267 How to Conserve Cultural Heritage ............................................................................................... 269 ............................................................................................................................ 271 y Changes of Chinese Family ........................................................................................................... 273 y ............................................................................................................................ 275 Traditional Chinese Family............................................................................................................ 277 a ................................................................................ 279 Should marriage be given higher priority than personal freedom & happiness? ........................... 281 © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 5 SAMPLE ........................................................................................................................ 285 - ................................................................................................... 285 China Labor Shortage: Reasons ..................................................................................................... 287 China government – How to Tackle Labor Shortage?................................................................... 287 > 7 ................................................. 289 Globalization in Modern China: Pros and Cons on the Environment (Stance: Pros > Cons) ....... 291 7 < ............................................. 294 Globalization in Modern China: Pros and Cons on the Environment (Stance: Pros < Cons) ....... 296 ................................................................................................................................ 299 One-child policy............................................................................................................................. 301 ................................................ 304 N Is selective two-child policy the Best Method to tackle ageing population & gender imbalance?306 ........................................................................ 309 Does China’s Participation in International Affairs world Promote Stability? ............................. 311 .................................................................................................................... 313 China’s International Challenges ................................................................................................... 315 .......................................................................... 317 04 /% Does China’s participation in international/ regional affairs promote Economic Development? . 318 ............................................................................................................ 319 2- o Food Safety Incidents in China: Causes ........................................................................................ 321 VS -1 o ............................................................................................. 323 21 Food Safety: Effectiveness of Legislation VS Education .............................................................. 325 ................................................................................................ 327 20 Situation of Chinese citizens Expressing Demand to the Government ......................................... 329 .................................................................................................................... 331 Causes of Mass Incidents in China ................................................................................................ 333 ................................................................ 335 Suppression Is An Ineffective Means To Maintain Social Stability .............................................. 337 」 ........................ 339 Does Prioritizing Economic Development over Social Development Bring more harm than good to the Quality of Life of Chinese ....................................................................................................... 341 ............................................................................................................ 343 Should China give up the Use of Nuclear Power? ......................................................................... 345 ........................................................................ 347 Difficulties that Chinese government may face when tackling Smog Problem ............................ 349 © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 6 SAMPLE .................................................................................... 351 E .................................................... 352 y 20 21 -1 2- 04 How is Globalization Causing Electronic Waste Problem in China? ............................................ 354 © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 7 SAMPLE 基本原則 獨立性 三權分立 ● ● ●0 法律面前 如果違反法律 人 平等 處罰 每個人都 相同的法律保護 ● ● 04 ● 2- 無罪 -1 公開審判 20 21 陪審制度 訴權 允許 不 法律所 禁止 公職人員 ● ● ● © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 52 遵守法律 à SAMPLE / 消除歧視 只提供最低限度的保護 內地 不受種族歧視條例保護 權力限制 行政主 導 社會群體的利益平衡 沒有足 律知識 2- 04 資源分配不公平 -1 提交 21 示威和集會 20 公共論壇 和平與非暴力手段 拒 接受不公正 守法 © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 53 和法 SAMPLE Rule of Law Angle Sub-angle Sub-sub-angle Basic Judicial independence Separation of power Principles (J- ● Legislature E-N-F-A-P) ● Judiciary ● Executive Equality before law Everyone is punished equally if violates laws Everyone is under same legal protection ● Legal Aid 04 ● Duty-lawyer service ● Tel-Law Scheme 2- Non-retroactivity Presumption of innocence -1 Fair & Equal 21 Open trial 20 Jury system Right to appeal Anything not forbidden by law is permitted Public power restricted Public officers abide by laws by law HK © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 54 SAMPLE ● Judicial review to monitor legitimacy ● Legislative councilors must review a law 3 times before it is passed ● Independence of judiciary Functions Protect minority rights Free from discrimination /Limitations Only provide minimum protection Mainlanders not protected by 04 Race Discrimination Ordinance Check & balance between power authorities 2- Restriction of arbitrary -1 Executive-Led 20 21 ● Chief Executive can dissolve legislative council Balance interests of social groups Maintenance of social stability Promotion of justice Poor people do not have money & legal knowledge Resources not fairly allocated © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 55 SAMPLE Methods to Amend the law settle clashes Judicial interpretation Express opinions to Submissions government Demonstrations and assemblies Public forums Civil disobedience Peaceful & non-violent means Deliberating reject abiding by unjust laws ① Existence of laws Levels 04 ② Abide by laws ③ Limitation from law 20 21 -1 2- ④ Justice through law © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 56 SAMPLE 優點 基本法 立法會 法 法 義 V 權利 20 21 -1 2- 04 E 例 政策 駁斥 防止 只 © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 實施 57 à SAMPLE 】 】 > 駁斥 N 20 21 -1 2- 04 > © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 58 N SAMPLE Judicial Review Angle Sub-angle Sub-sub-angle Pros Check and balance Government policies must between different comply with the Basic Law authorities (separation of powers) New laws must be passed by the Legislative Council (3 readings) Limitation from law Justice through law 04 Improve the status of Kong is different from China globalized city who adopts rule by law 2- Hong Kong as a -1 Protect rights of merchants Attract investments to Hong 21 20 Foreigners will think Hong Kong Improve government policies Improve political News will very likely report awareness judicial review matters, which can spread messages to citizens quickly and arouse their attention © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 59 SAMPLE E.g. Queen’s Pier Cons Hinder governance New policies will take time to be implemented Day-to-day operations will be hindered when certain laws/ policies are under review Hinder governance à Regulations are in place to Rebuttal prevent Maintenance à Seldom misused 04 Only on policies that not Increase monetary E.g. Due to judicial review of costs (legal fees/ the HK-Zhuhai-Macau project delay fees) Bridge, the project has been delayed, which has incurred 20 21 -1 2- included in the Basic Law huge costs Monetary costs à Quality of policy is more Rebuttal important than spending money in the short term © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 60 SAMPLE - Long-term benefits of a good policy > short-term monetary costs - e.g. HK-Zhuhai-Macau 20 21 -1 2- 04 Bridge © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 61 20 21 -1 2- 04 SAMPLE ● ● 1200 ● ● ● © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 71 SAMPLE ● M ● ● ● ● ● 20 21 -1 2- 04 ● © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 72 SAMPLE Good Governance & Evaluation of Hong Kong’s Governance Angle Sub-angle Criteria Political stability Sub-sub-angle (PEOPLEREACT) Participation Legitimacy Responsiveness Consultation & feedback Effectiveness Policy formulation & implementation 04 Credibility Corruption Transparency Rule of law (JENFAP) Judicial independence Equality before law 20 21 -1 2- Accountability Non-retroactivity Fair & equal Anything not forbidden is permitted Public power restricted by law © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 73 SAMPLE Evaluation of HK Negative Lack of legitimacy governance ● No universal suffrage ● The election committee is consisted of 1200 members only à lack representativeness Responsiveness ● Low transparency of feedback ● Low participation 04 rate among the public Rule of law 2- ● Freedom of press is -1 declining 21 ● Increasing 20 interference from central government Positive Deterring corruption effectively ● ICAC Rule of law ● Equality before law ● Fair & equal ● Separation of power © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 74 SAMPLE Effectiveness ● Social welfares: free medical services, 12 years of free education, etc. 20 21 -1 2- 04 ● Free economy © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 75 SAMPLE 0 20 21 -1 2- 04 o ↑ © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 76 SAMPLE Lack of Equal Participation → Impacts on Governance Angle Sub-angle Political instability Citizens tend to use Sub-sub-angle protests to express opinions Social polarization Discourage normal ways of political participation Legitimacy Only recognized by little people 04 May face a lot of oppositions 20 21 -1 2- Responsiveness Effectiveness Does not know public’s opinions Only represent minority’s opinions Cannot tackle root problem Incomprehensive Harm the interests of most of the stakeholders Slow implementation © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 77 Filibustering SAMPLE Strong public opposition Credibility Low recognition Less confidence in governance Violate rule of law Equality before law Public power restricted by law 20 21 -1 2- 04 Fair & equal © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 78 Pro-establishment ↑ SAMPLE 2011 T o 2014 2016 à à 2- 04 à 20 21 -1 2006 2010 〜 2011 2012 2013 2014 2014 2015 © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 131 2 SAMPLE 2015 à 2016 2017 7 8 à à 20 21 -1 2- 04 2019 © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 132 7 SAMPLE HK political movements Angle Sub-angle Trend More Sub-sub-angle participation among young people Legislative Council members are 04 becoming more radical 2011 2- Radical means 20 21 Council -1 within Legislative Examples 2014 Wong Yuk Man threw T-shirt at secretary for security Wong Yuk Man threw glass cup at CY Leung 2006 Opposition to the demolition of the Queen’s Pier 2010 Opposition to the Shenzhen HK Railway system 2011 Occupying the headquarter of HSBC 2012 Anti-National Education movement © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 133 SAMPLE 2013 Kwai Chung loading port 2014 Anti-North-Eastern development 2014 Umbrella movement (Occupy Central) 2015 Anti-North-Eastern development court’s decision: Civic Passion’s Huang Yangda was convicted of "participating in illegal assembly" 2015 Tuen Mun Retrocession: a voluntary action against mainland parallel goods traders à 13 people were arrested 2016 Mong Kok riots: core members from 2017 and Civic Passion, such as Lin Yixuan, Liang Tianqi and Huang Taiyang arrested The Black Bauhinia incident: Huang Zhifeng, Zhou Ting, Liang Guoxiong 20 21 -1 2- 04 Scholarism, Hong Kong Indigenous wrapped the Golden Bauhinia sculpture with black cloth à protesting against the decline of "one country, two systems" 2019 Civil Human Rights Front organized a demonstration (with 130,000 people participating according to Civil Human Rights Front) to protest against the © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 134 SAMPLE Hong Kong Government's amendment of the Extradition Ordinance à Worried that China will widely apply for extradition after the implementation à Worried that Hong Kong’s “one country, two systems” will be 20 21 -1 2- 04 destroyed © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 135 SAMPLE / à 08 M 2 20 21 -1 2- 04 e 2 n n © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 243 → SAMPLE > … y ↓ y 20 21 -1 2- 04 / → © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 244 SAMPLE $ 7000 / 20 21 -1 2- 04 à © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 245 SAMPLE Is Protecting Human Rights more Important than Promoting Social Stability Stance: Yes Angle Sub-angle Sub-sub-angle Prerequisite E.g. Liu Xiaobo Eventually facing criticize government political prosecution (Charter 08) à such right was exploited by the Central Government 04 Zhao Lianhai’s ‘Shield for Kidney babies’ 2- Disrupts the goal of -1 preventing the 20 21 government to be overly powerful If people feel that their basic rights are being respected, they will respect the government in return, which promotes social stability © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 246 SAMPLE Maslow’s hierarchy of Basic rights → Society need People being convinced and voluntarily abiding by law is more valuable than being forced to abide by law Harm global image Universal Values Now = Exploit people’s Collectivism > individualism China=World’s 2nd Focuses on economic largest economy development only 04 rights Sarcasm that it has 2- become advanced in -1 terms of economic 20 21 development, but not in other aspects Authoritarian nation Credibility ↓ Government efficiency/ Does not respond to credibility lowered people’s needs Public dissatisfaction Corruption Petitioning situation Bureaucracy Petition village (Beijing) © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 247 SAMPLE Threatening people using violence 5th power: monitoring → rule of law Counter Argument: With human rights well Stability promotes protected, stability will economic development be improved as a result Solely promoting $7000 billion per year stability via violence/ just to maintain social forces is harming the orders economy à does not 04 China now uses around 20 21 -1 2- tackle the root problem © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 248 SAMPLE / à . à / à 。 à 10 N E 2- 04 . 20 21 -1 à ↑ ↓à E à ● © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 262 SAMPLE = ↑ ● / N . ↑ ↓ ↓ 20 21 -1 2- 04 % © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 263 SAMPLE Why China should slow down its economic development? Angle Sub-angle Sub-sub-angle Economic Cultural industry Urbanization à less heritage à hinder tourism development/ cultural industry in the long term Financial Confidence of investors à worried about the burst of asset bubbles 04 Harm to ecology à directly leading to a 20 21 -1 2- loss of 10% of China’s GDP Logistics Less foreign trade Tourism Less people will visit China due to the heavy pollution Cultural heritage s are demolished due to urbanization Environmental Pollution à health problems Ecology © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved Ecological disaster 264 SAMPLE E.g. Songhuajiang incident Energy Exhaustion Hampers further development Political Internal If Environment ↑ and pollution ↓ à People will identify more with the government External International image ● 2nd largest CO2 04 emission country à negative to China’s 2- global image 21 -1 Protection = in line 20 Social with universal values Medical Medical burden ↑ ● respiratory diseases due to air pollution Regional inequality East=resources West=lags behind Urban-rural disparity Social discontents Wealth gap ↑ Industrial waste in rural areas © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 265 SAMPLE Cultural Heritage demolished Inheritance of 20 21 -1 2- 04 traditional culture ↓ © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 266 Sense of belonging ↓ SAMPLE ↓ 0 ↑ 04 ● -1 2- ● 20 21 ● ● ● © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 267 」 SAMPLE y 20 21 -1 2- 04 ● © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 268 SAMPLE How to Conserve Cultural Heritage Angle Sub-angle “Hard” method Protection zone Sub-sub-angle (Regulations) Enhance enforcement More resources to of existing laws monitor Penalty ↑ Implement new laws “Soft” method Education in school (Education) Promote importance in school curriculum Promote intangible 04 cultural heritage ● Calligraphy 2- ● Paper-cutting -1 Promote civic 20 21 awareness ● seminars Education through Short-term media ● special functions (e.g. Cultural Heritage Day) Long-term ● advertisement - TV - Leaflets © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 269 SAMPLE - Seminars ● promote civic awareness NGO Collaboration Encourage them to participate in protecting heritage Business sector Developing the new Create new products cultural industry using old cultures Help develop tourism and use the funding 20 21 -1 Long-term 2- 04 generated from tourism to protect cultural heritage Establish guidelines to protect heritage Obtain knowledge about conservation from foreign countries Tackle root problem Carry out assessments to understand what the deficiencies are in protecting cultural heritage © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 270 SAMPLE usually lack legal contracts • Difficult for China to gain real help from other 20 21 -1 2- 04 countries © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 298 SAMPLE 、 / + à / à l 04 e à e 20 21 -1 2- l 20302050 0.2 à 36 à 15 - 20 © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 304 ↑4200 SAMPLE l ↑ l à à l 04 〜 21 -1 2- e 20 à l = © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 305 y SAMPLE Is selective two-child policy the Best Method to tackle ageing population & gender imbalance? Angle Sub-angle Sub-sub-angle Yes Counter Argument: the This policy can solve effect if limited + no the problem gradually immediate effect to reduce the side effects If fully loosen one-child policy, population will rise rapidly à disrupt current social structure/ 04 welfare system female baby Increases the labor Reduce the social force burden to cater the elderly à more 20 21 -1 2- Avoid abortion of children to share the cost of financially supporting their parents Replace the retired population 2030-2050: GDP estimated to increase by 0.2% due to policy © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 306 SAMPLE No Birth rate increases à After 36 years à ↑ 42 alleviate ageing million in working population population No immediate effect At least 15-20 years for the effects to show Requires more social and education resources before they become part of labor force Cost of raising children policies ↑ 04 Affected by other Even with the loosening 2- of policy à not -1 necessarily tackle 21 problems as some 20 couples may choose not to give birth to children at all due to heavy economic burden Cannot tackle the root Even if there are 2 problem of values quotas, as people value males over females, couples may choose to give birth to boys only © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 307 SAMPLE à still abort female fetus Values males over females Counter Argument: The effect is small à Loosening the one- Some couples may child policy can bring choose not to give birth in more young to children at all due to population heavy economic burden Ageing population = 04 unavoidable consequence when the 2- country grows to 20 21 -1 become more mature © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 308 SAMPLE / 04 / y d 20 21 -1 2- y E PIIGS / 「à à 121 © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 309 y SAMPLE à APEC + ↑ 20 21 -1 2- 04 % © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 310 SAMPLE Does China’s Participation in International Affairs world Promote Stability? Stance: Yes Angle Sub-angle Sub-sub-angle Political Shows that China is willing to bear global responsibilities Prevalent saying: China’s Skeptical about China’s rise threat theory China’s Involve in more political e.g. Playing an important affairs role as the mediator in the 04 responsibility theory Israeli-Palestinian conflict -1 2- Eliminate suspects from 20 21 Economic China Conspiracy Theory other countries Helps stabilize the economy US/European à may face PIIGS economic instability in the future à causing global financial crisis Lehman brother China participation Low interest loans to 121 countries à provide financial support for them © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 311 SAMPLE China’s free trade zone Help world’s economy recover Socio-political Global crisis North Korean nuclear crisis China’s efforts Invite North Korea to the six-party talk Shanghai Cooperation organization Lower chance of outbreak Environmental Raise awareness e.g. reduce CO2 emission 04 of wars Earth Summit China 2- Kyoto Protocol 20 21 -1 East Asia Summit APEC Western industrialization + China’s reform & opening up © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 312 Pollution ↑ SAMPLE -1 2- 04 / % 20 21 % o u o à © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 319 SAMPLE y 6 20 21 -1 2- 04 o © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 320 SAMPLE Food Safety Incidents in China: Causes Angle Sub-angle Sub-sub-angle Reform & opening up: Industrialization Crops irrigated by pollution polluted water Chemicals/ heavy metals Emphasis on economic No clear regulations growth Ideology: maximize profits & reduce costs Businessmen neglect 04 the health of citizens Companies bribe Do not get prosecuted government officials even when pollutant level exceeds the 20 21 -1 2- Corruption standard Quality of food products is not checked Food companies are not prosecuted if they establish political connections with local governments © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 321 SAMPLE Social: many poor Must accept people who cannot contaminated food even afford safe good when they harm health People can only afford cheap food Media is interfered By businessmen who bribed the officials By government which Do not allow the media wants to protect to report news related national image to food safety problem Food scandals are 20 21 -1 2- 04 hidden from the public © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 322 SAMPLE VS ↑ ↓ ↓ à à N à ↑ ↓ 2- 04 o à 21 -1 ● 20 ● % o à à % © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 323 SAMPLE ● ● à u VS ↑ % ↓ N ↓ / 20 21 -1 2- 04 o ↑ à © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 324 SAMPLE Food Safety: Effectiveness of Legislation VS Education Angle Sub-angle Sub-sub-angle Opposition Education ↑ Does not harm people Legislation ↓ Workers income ↓ Problematic companies à facing closedown à workers lose jobs Strong resistance from the public Coverage Legislation ↑ Applies to all food companies à comprehensive 04 Education ↓ Not feasible to provide food safety education to the whole 2- population Positive: change ● Deterrent effect/ serious 21 -1 Incentive for behavioral Legislation 20 punishment Negative: ● Some food companies can bribe local government officials and escape from the laws Education Positive: Raise awareness of people à health is a strong incentive © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 325 SAMPLE Negative: ● No monetary incentive à Companies are not motivated to change their food safety practices ● People will not change buying habits even if they are educated à still purchase cheap food due to limited income Long-term vs short- Education ↑ in the long term Introduce safer methods in food production in the long term Legislation ↓ 20 Immediate effect? Effect removed when law is removed 21 -1 2- 04 term Induce ethical food production No attitude change Education ↓ Difficult to check on all food products quickly Attitude change/ habit forming Legislation ↑ Immediate effect, especially when few food companies are caught à deterrent effect © 2019 M.T. Education Limited All Rights Reserved 326
