INTRODUCTION I will firstly explain what ethic is then get into detail, ethic this is the applied discipline of morals to know what is good or bad and wrong from right. In the situation of Mr. James St. Patrick, I would advise for him to go through with the euthanasia, only if he is certain with it, because his opinion matters, if he doesn’t and only the family agrees to it, then they will be committing murder. In a case where he agrees to do it he will be saving the family and the wife less money to spend on medical bills, Mrs. Patrick should have an abortion because it’s the fetus that got destroyed and not her womb, she can have another child later in time even though the husband might not be around she can possibly get married. Apart from applied ethics there three other brunches which are, Meta Ethics, Normative Ethics and Descriptive Ethics. Meta Ethics Meta ethics is the study of things that exist in the universe such as rocks and trees it aslp involves the non-physical things such as Gods and spirits. Psychological Issues in Meta Ethics. This looks at psychology on our morals, judgment and conduct particularly I a situation where we question ourselves why we do the things we do. Egoism and Altruism This is the area of psychology that deals with the concern inheritance of selfishness. In the 17 century British philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that, “If not all of our action are prompted by selfish desires,” the 18th century philosopher Joseph Bulter agreed that instinctive selfishness and pleasure prompt much of our conduct. Whoever he also urged that we inherent psychological altruism and maintain some of our actions are motivated by instinctive kindness. Emotions and Reasons This deals with reason and motivating moral actions, the 18th century British Philosopher David Hume argued that moral assessment involves our emotions ad not our reasons, we can make all the reasons we want but not constitute the moral assessment. Male and Female Morality This focuses on whether there is a distinctly female approach to ethic that is psychologically differs between both genders. Normative Ethics Normative ethics involves moral standards that regulate wright or wrong conduct. The golden rule is a classic example of a normative principle, this rule is the rule that establishes a single principle or a set of good character traits. Virtue Theories. This theory believes that morality consists of pricelessly defined rules such as do not commit murder or do no steal, whoever less special importance on learning rules and instead importance of developing good habit character, Plato emphasized four virtues in particular which later in time were called cardinal virtues, wisdom, courage, temperance and justice. Other important virtues are generosity, self-respect and generosity. In addition to advocate good habits of character virtue theorist hold that we should avoid bad character traits and develop in one’s youth therefore adults are important for installing good virtue in young ones. Duty Theories Duty theory is based on specific fundamentals principles of obligation, these theories are at times called deontological from the Greek word dean of duties in the views of obligation, they are four central duty theories. The first one is championed by 17th century German philosopher Samuel Pufendorf who classified dozen of duties to one’s self and towards others. He urged that they are two types, firstly theoretical to know the nature or God and secondly a practical duty on both inward and outward worship God. Conditional duties which results on contrast between people absolute are three sorts, avoid wronging others, treat people equally and promote the good of others. Consequentialist Theories Consequentialism, an action is morally right if the consequence of that action and more favorable than unfavorable. Consequentialist normative principles require that we tally both good and bad, consequences outweigh the bad consequences, theories become popular in the 18th century by philosopher who wanted to quick away moral asses action by appealing to experience rather than appealing to get institutions or long questionable duties. The three sub divisional consequences emerge, Ethical Egoism this means an action is morally right if the consequence of that action is more favorable only to the agent performing the action. Ethical Litruism this means an action is morally right if the consequence of that action are more favorable than the unfavorable to everyone except the agent. Lititrainism, an action is morally right if the consequence of that action are more favorable than the unfavorable to everyone all these theories focus on the consequences of actions for for different groups of people. Ethical Egoism and Social Contract Theory This is the type of ethical rule according to Hobbes for pure selfish reasons the agent is better of leaving in a world with moral rule, we are subjected to the whims of people’s selfish interest. Descriptive Ethics This describes what moral beliefs exist, in general this approach attempts to describe and explain moral action, moral decision making and moral phenomena. Descriptive theories seek to understand rationality by describing in statistical terms and decisions that people make. In the following I’m assigned to briefly explain the deontological ethical theory according to Emmanuel Kant’s. According to Emmanuel Kant’s ethics are organized around the motion of categorical imperative which is an inverse ethical principle stating that one should always respect the humanity, in other ways we should not act in accordance with rules that can’t hold for everyone and all humans must be as inherently worthy of respect and dignity. Firstly I would like to explain what Utilistrasm is, it’s the theory that advocates an action that foster happiness or pleasure that cause unhappiness or harm. In the situation of Mr. James St Patrick he shouldn’t undergo euthanasia because if he does undergo it will only cause less harm to him but the family will remain in grief, as for Mrs. Patrick’s she should keep the pregnancy because if she does terminate the child she will be traumatized and forever feel guilty and maybe the child’s complications can be medically handled. INTRODUCTION In the following Ill briefly explain the term Epistemology and elaborate the theory of knowledge. Epistemology is a theory of knowledge, it is concerned with the minds relation to reality, in expanded words it is the philological study of the origin and limits of knowledge. Empiricism as a theory of knowledge this is the knowledge that is gained from experience rather than innate ideas or deductive reasoning. In the following I’m going to explain the terms, Fallibism, Skepticism, truth correspondence theory of truth and pragmatic theory of truth. Fallibism This is the view that no belief can be rationally supported or justified in an exclusive way, in other words some parts of knowledge claims to be wrong. Skepticism This is the attitude of doughting knowledge, claims set forth in various areas, in other words to suspend a belief I other ethical judgment until you’ve had a chance to work your judgment through. Truth Correspondence Theory of Truth This is the view of the truth that truth is correspondence to with a fact a view that was advocated by Rusell and Moore in the early 12th century. Pragmatic Theory of Truth This is based on the theory that the usefulness, workability, practicality of ideas policies and proposals are the criteria of their merit, in other words it’s the effect of shifting attention away from what makes a statement true towards what people mean or do in describing a statement as true. Coherent Theory of Truth This is the theory of truth according to which belief is true just in case or the extent that it coheres with the system of other beliefs . REFFERENCES Plato Stanford.com www.rit.edu www.quora.com www.palgrave.com iep.utm.edu CONCLUSION The above information states the three brunches of ethics, brief explanation on Deontological ethical theory according to Emmanuel Kant’s, it also defines Epistemology and elaborated on empiricism as a theory of knowledge and explains the terms fallibilism, skepticism, truth correspondent theory of truth coherent theory of truth and pragmatic theory of truth. ASSIGNMENT BRIEF AND FEEDBACK FORM STUDENT No. 088-235 LECTURER: Mr. Chileshe MODULE: Fundamentals of Philosophy MODULE CODE: ASSIGNMENT NUMBER: DATE HANDED OUT: DATE DUE IN: PHY11 1 13.09.2021 14.10.2021 ASSIGNMENT BRIEF In this assignment the subject is to aline apart from applied ethics, to state and explain three brunches of ethics learned in class, briefly explain DEONTOLOGICAL ETHIC THEORY according to Emmanuel Kant, to briefly define Epistemology and elaborate on empiricm as the theory of knowledge and the explain the terms Fallibilism, Skepticism, Truth correspondent theory of truth, Coherent theory of truth and pragmatic theory of truth.
