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Principles of Chemistry
Chapter 1
Introduction to
Chemistry
Dr. Hasmerya Maarof
Department of chemistry
Faculty of Science, UTM
What Is Science?
• Science is a development of knowledge which study
the properties of everything appeared/observed in
universe.
• Science is just exploring nature.
• A scientists is just a person exploring
• The science knowledge develops stepwise based on
direct or indirect observation through experimental
work.
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Role of Scientist
• As a scientist
✓Must be curious
✓Try to explain with nature observed
✓Communicate and debate ideas with other
scientists/people.
✓The Truth is revealed through experimentation
– Scientist is not a philosopher
Principles of Chemistry
Chemistry is
• central to modern science, and to almost all
•
•
•
•
human endeavors.
important to all sciences - biology, geology,
physics, engineers, etc.
a natural science.
a language with its own vocabulary.
a way of thinking.
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What is Chemistry
• Pure Chemistry: gathers knowledge for the sake of
knowledge
• Applied Chemistry: using chemistry to attain
certain goals, in fields like medicine, agriculture and
manufacturing – leads to an application
• Nylon
• Aspirin – relieve pain
• Detergent
Principles of Chemistry
What Is Chemistry?
• Observation: is sand different than water
• Test the similarities and differences between
sand and water.
✓Composition
➢Types & number of atoms, structure,
✓Properties
➢Chemical: how hot, how fast
➢Physical: size, ability to loose/gain electrons
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What Is Chemistry?
• Chemistry is the study of the composition of
matter (anything with mass and occupies
space), its composition, properties, and the
changes it undergoes
✓Example: Burning of fuel
C2H5OH + 3O2
2CO2 + 3H2O + energy
Principles of Chemistry
Structure Determines Properties
• Everything is made of tiny particles called atoms and
molecules.
• Chemists study these particles, looking at the kinds,
numbers, structure, size which produce varying
chemical and physical properties.
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5 Major Areas of Chemistry
• Analytical Chemistry: concerned with the
composition of substances
• Inorganic Chemistry: deals with substances without
carbon
• Organic Chemistry: essentially all with substances
containing carbon
• Physical Chemistry: describes the behaviour of
chemicals
• Biochemistry: chemistry of living things substances
Principles of Chemistry
1. Organic Chemistry
• Organic is the study of matter
that contains carbon
• Organic chemists study the
structure, function, synthesis,
and identity of carbon
compounds
• Useful in petroleum industry,
pharmaceuticals, polymers
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2. Inorganic Chemistry
• Inorganic is the study
of matter that does
NOT contain carbon
• Inorganic chemists
study the structure,
function, synthesis, and
identity of non-carbon
compounds
• Polymers, Metallurgy
3. Biochemistry
• Biochemistry is the
study of chemistry in
living things
• Cross between biology
and chemistry
• Pharmaceuticals and
genetics
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4. Physical Chemistry
• Physical chemistry
is the physics of
chemistry… the
forces of matter
• Much of p-chem is
computational
• Develop theoretical
ideas for new
compounds
5. Analytical Chemistry
• Analytical
•
•
chemistry is the
study of high
precision
measurement
Find composition
and identity of
chemicals
Forensics, quality
control, medical
tests
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Activity 1.1
• Why study Chemistry?
✓Journey where we explore nature
✓Loves research around her (curiosity) – how to
do ice-cream, perfume
✓Like chemistry subject (passion)
✓Love sharing knowledge – lecturer to be
✓Score the most in chemistry subject – Pakar
kimia
✓Fav subject, kesian dgn cikgu sebab kawan tak
suka subjek ni Introductory Chemistry
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Activity 1.2
• Why Chemistry is important any aspects in
life?
✓Everything in our life need explanation and
chemistry can explain all
✓Knowledge chemistry sentiasa berkembang
✓Can create new things by chemistry knowledge
✓Apply knowledge to solve chemical problem
Introductory Chemistry
Why Study Chemistry?
• Everyone and everything around us involves
chemistry – explains our world
• Make the world a better place
• New materials to fit specific needs
✓Perfume, steel, ceramics, plastics, rubber,
paints, non-stick cooking utensils, polyester
• Sources of energy
✓Fossil fuels, solar, batteries, nuclear, hydrogen
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Why Study Chemistry?
• Medicine and Biotechnology
✓Medicine and material for treating patients vitamin C, penicillin, aspirin
✓Bacteria producing insulin
✓cloning
• Agriculture
✓World’s food supply, better productivity, plant
growth hormones, ways to protect crops
Principles of Chemistry
Why Study Chemistry?
• Environment
✓ Pollution, global warming
• Astronomy and Space Exploration✓composition of the planets
✓analyze moon rocks
✓planet atmospheres
✓life on other planets?
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The Scientific Method
• Humans are by nature curious.
• Have you ever heard a 3-year old repeatedly ask
•
“why?”
Science is just exploring nature.
• Chemistry – alchemy, medicine, technology
✓Practical - technique
✓Mystical - Concepts
Principles of Chemistry
The Scientific Method
• 1500s – a shift from alchemy to science
• Scientists encouraged to use more experimental
evidence and not philosophical debates
• Lavoisier – transformed chemistry from science
of observation to the science of measurement
➢Long debate about burning – Oxygen
was required!!!
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The Scientific Method
• A logical approach to solving problems or
answering questions
• You begin to organize your thoughts into
Observation, you group those observations into
Hypotheses, using Experimentation, and
formulate Laws or Theories.
Principles of Chemistry
Observation
• Acquiring information or data
• Some observations are simple
descriptions
✓ “The soda pop is a liquid with a brown
color and a sweet taste. Bubbles are seen
floating up through it.”
• Some observations compare a
characteristic.
✓ “A 240-mL serving of soda pop contains
27 g of sugar.”
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Hypothesis
• Looking at your observations:
✓The sweetness of soda pop is due to the presence of
➢Sugar or
➢Aluminum
• Formulating hypothesis (ideas)
✓Possible explanation for observation, or educated
guess to the cause of the problem
Principles of Chemistry
Experiments
• Test your hypotheses with a taste test: sugar and
•
aluminum.
Controlled experiment – designed to test
hypothesis (right or wrong)
Modify hypothesis – repeat cycle
•
• Variables – factors that can change
➢Manipulated (independent variable) – one
that we change
➢Responding (dependent variable) – observed
during experiment
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Theory
• Results to be accepted, experiment needs to
always produce the same results
➢Sugar is sweet
• Theory
– A set of well-tested hypotheses that give an
overall explanation of some natural
phenomenon or why things behave a certain
way.
Principles of Chemistry
Laws
• Typically a fact of nature, often a math
constant/number and unit.
✓Law of Conservation of Mass— “In a chemical
reaction matter is neither created nor destroyed.”
✓Speed of Light, E = mc2, Dalton’s Gas Law,
Universal Gas Constant, etc…
• Unlike Malaysian laws, you cannot choose to
violate a scientific law ☺
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Using your senses to
obtain information
The procedure that is used
to test the hypothesis
Hypothesis is a
proposed explanation;
should be based on
previous knowledge; an
“educated” guess
A well-tested explanation for
the observations; cannot be
proven due to new discoveries
Tells what happened
Theories
• Explains how nature behaves.
✓Newton’s Gravitational Theory
✓Dalton’s Atomic Theory:
✓Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
✓Einstein's Theory of Relativity
• Used to predict future observations.
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What’s the Difference Between a
Law and a Theory?
• Laws: Very specific, “What will happen”
•
often expressed in mathematical equations.
Theories: Very general, “Why it will
happen,” often includes many “Laws”
Introductory Chemistry
Observations
Hypothesis
Theory
(Model)
Modify
Experiment
Prediction
Law
Experiment
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How to succeed in Chemistry?
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•
•
•
•
•
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Don’t give up
Passion
Rajin buat experiment
Sabar, patient
Curious
Read & understand
Sharing & discuss
Introductory Chemistry
How to Succeed in Chemistry
• Curiosity and your
imagination are your allies
✓Explore and investigate.
• Quantify and calculate
✓Even small differences can
be important!
• Commitment
✓Work regularly and carefully.
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The Best Approach to Learning Chemistry
• Learn the vocabulary of chemistry.
✓ Definitions and terms.
✓ How common vocabulary is applied to chemistry.
• Memorize important information.
✓ Names, formulas, and charges of polyatomic ions.
✓ Solubility rules.
• Learn and practice processes.
✓ Systematic names and formulas.
✓ Dimensional analysis.
• Do the questions and exercises in the chapter to test
your understanding and help you learn the patterns?
Introductory Chemistry
Problem Solving in Chemistry
• Numerical
➢ Analyze
• Identify known factors, unknown, units,
relate factors and choose an equation (use
table or graph and given information)
➢ Calculate
• Perform the mathematics, use calculator
➢
correctly, rearrange equation, conversion of
units
Evaluate
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Problem Solving in Chemistry
• Conceptual problem
➢ Analyze
• Identify and link known factors to
unknown
• No calculations
➢ Solve
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