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Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Epidemiology,
Pathogenesis, and Treatment
Introduction
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M. tuberculosis is gram-positive rods, aerobic, non-motile, non-sporeforming, intracellular bacteria.
It has fastidious growth requirements, growth is enhanced by CO2 (5%-10%),
divides slowly (up to 8 weeks), because of the complex cell wall.
The common culture medium is Lowenstein- Jensen (composed with homogenized
egg in the base nutrient), colonies appear after 3-6 weeks, they are rough, dry & light
brownish yellow color colonies.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis colonies on Lowenstein- Jensen medium
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Cell Structure – It is rich in lipids, with hydrophobic exteriors which provide
resistance against various disinfectants, stains, acids & alkalis.
It is different from a typical gram-positive cell wall structure :
 In the plasma membranes, phosphatidylinositol mannosidises, proteins,
and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) are anchored.
 LAM has a functional association with the O-antigenic
lipopolysaccharide that exists in bacteria.
 Porins and Transport protein span across the cell wall.
 The proteins have biological significant antigens, triggers the host’s
cellular immune response, also used for diagnosis purposes as purified
protein derivatives (PPDs).
The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pathogenesis
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M. tuberculosis can cause lifelong infection, it affects the respiratory tract.
When exposed, M. tuberculosis enters the respiratory airways & penetrates the
alveoli, gets phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages.
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Bacteria prevents phagosome fusions with lysosomes (by blocking
early endosomal autoantigen 1(EEA1).
 Instead phagosome fuse with intracellular vesicles (permit access to
nutrients & replication).
Macrophage secretes interleukin-12(IL-12) & tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in
response to the infection.
Cytokines increasing localized inflammation ( recruits T cells, NK cells, required
interferons)
People who have decreased productions of cytokines (IL-12 & TNF-α) or defects in
cytokines receptors are at major risk of mycobacterial infections.
Fused macrophages / Langhans giant cells/epithelial cells, with mycobacterium, form
a necrotic mass (present in core) surrounded by a thick wall of macrophages & NK T
cells, CD4 & CD8 which is completely called a granuloma.
 It prevents the further spread of the infection.
 Less antigenic burden leads to the formation of the small granuloma with
minimal tissue damage.
 More bacteria are present, large necrotic granulomas are formed,
encapsulated within fibrins which provide resistance against macrophage
killing. (Bacteria can remain in a dormant stage and reinfect when the
host immune system is weakened (old age or diseasecalled Reactivation).
Epidemiology
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The natural reservoirs are humans and primates.
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The mode of transmission is by person-to-person contact (by inhaling infectious
droplets).
According to WHO, 1/3 rd of the population is infected by the disease tuberculosis.
The mortality rate per year is 2 million / yr and new cases are 9 million worldwide.
The highest incidence includes regions such as sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe &
Southeast Asia.
People susceptible to disease caused by M.tuberculosis are drug & alcohol abusers,
HIV patients, also health care workers.
Sign & Symptoms
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The primary infection of tuberculosis is majorly asymptomatic or clinical symptoms
like fever & malaise occur.
The infiltrates in the lung (mid-zone) & enlarged lymph nodes can be observed by
radiographs. It occurs in Pulmonary tuberculosis.
The symptoms include dry cough (main), as a disease progresses there is sputum
production, mixed with blood (known as hemoptysis), fever, sweating, malaise,
fatigue, & weight loss comes along with the further disease progression
The disease can also involve other organs such as bone, kidneys, brain, meninges &
bowel.
The untreated progressive disease usually takes 2-5 yrs to cause death but is rapid in
HIV or immunocompromised patients.
Diagnosis
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A very common diagnostic test to find out the exposure to the organism is
the Tuberculin test (test for PPD) & Interferon -γ release, these are sensitive
markers.
Detection can be done by using microscopic observation of clinical specimens
(sputum) smeared with Ziehl- Neelsen procedure.
Rod shape mycobacterium can be
observed by the acid-fast staining method
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Molecular probes are quite helpful in the diagnostic procedure.
Treatment
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M. tuberculosis is susceptible to various effective antimicrobial agents as follows:
First Line Drug
Second Line Drug
Isoniazid (Disrupts
mycolic acid)
Para-Aminosalicylic
acid
Ethambutol (affects
LAM element in the cell
wall)
Ethionamide
Rifampin
Cycloserine
Pyrazinamide
Fluoroquinolones (e.g.,
ciprofloxacin &
ofloxacin)
Streptomycin (Inhibits
cell wall synthesis)
Kanamycin
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Second lines drugs are used in combinations with the first lines drugs if resistance or
toxicity prevails.
The oral chemotherapy treatment (Isoniazid & Ethambutol) of the disease, is
usually continued for 18- 24 months.
The time period of treatment is shortened by 6 months by using isoniazid, rifampin
& pyrazinamide.
For prevention, the BCG vaccine (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) is available.
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