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8/13/2019
Concept To Creation by Tanya Dove
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Eimeapt ti
Erahtgim
@asgkm
^rieass
Pba
PHMWH @IZA
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Eipyrgkbt © Phmyh @iva
Pba rgkbt ij Phmyh @iva ti fa g`amtgjga` hs hutbir ij tbgs wirc bhs faam hssarta` fy bar gm
heeir`hmea wgtb saetgim ;; hm` ;2 ij tba Eipyrgkbt, @asgkms hm` ^htamts Het 8722.
Hll rgkbts rasarva`. Mi phrt ij tbgs puflgehtgim ohy fa rapri`uea`, stira` gm h ratrgavhl systao,
ir trhmsogtta` gm hmy jiro ir fy hmy oahms, alaetrimge, oaebhmgehl, pbitieipygmk, raeir`gmk,
ir itbarwgsa, wgtbiut tba prgir parogssgim ij tba puflgsbars.
Hmy parsim wbi eioogts hmy umhutbirgza` het gm ralhtgim ti tbgs puflgehtgim ohy fa lghfla ti
ergogmhl prisaeutgim hm` egvgl elhgos jir `hohkas.
H EG^ ehthlikua raeir` jir tbgs tgtla gs hvhglhfla jrio tba Frgtgsb Lgfrhry.
GUFM 7;2 8 207:5 1;5 2
www.hustgmohehulay.eio
Jgrst ^uflgsba` (6>85)
Hustgm Ohehulay ^uflgsbars Lt`.
61 Ehmh`h Uquhra
Ehmhry [bhrj
Lim`im
A80 1LF
^rgmta` hm` fium` gm Kraht Frgthgm
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Concept To Creation by Tanya Dove
Eimeapt ti
Erahtgim
@asgkm
^rieass
Pba
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Concept To Creation by Tanya Dove
Ei m ea p t t i Er a h tg i m
gmspgrhtgim.
gs h stap fy stap kug`a ti fugl`gmk irgkgmhl `asgkmar eillaetgims jrio hm
wgll kug`a yiu tbriukb tba prieassas fabgm` `asgkmgmk3
Biw ti salaet hm` `avalip hm gmspgrhtgim, rasahreb hm` `avalipoamt taebmgquas, jhfrge
quhlgtgas hm` ohmgpulhtgim taebmgquas, salaetgmk eiliur phlattas, hm` biw ti erahta yiur
iwm prgmts. @asgkm `avalipoamt sbiws tbraa whys ti `rhw hm` gllustrhta yiur g`ahs jrio
yiur rasahreb, hm` fugl` ehpsula rhmkas tbriukb ti lhrka eillaetgims.
Ei m ea p t t i Er a h tg i m
Ei m ea p t t i Er a h tg i m sbiws yiu biw ti fugl` h eustioar prila, usgmk `gjjaramt oatbi`s
ti hmhlysa eimsuoars lgjastylas. Hlsi kug`gmk yiu gm `gjjaramt whys ti prasamt hm` prioita
yiur eillaetgim, liicgmk ht `gjjaramt ohrcatgmk strhtakgas hm` riutas ti thca yiur pri`uet ti
ohrcat.
Jhsbgim `asgkmars hlsi maa` H Paebmgehl Jium`ht gim , wbgeb kug`as yiu tbriukb tba
prieassas ij wioam‗s wahr phttarm euttgmk, hm` fugl`s yiur cmiwla`ka ij khroamt
eiopisgtgim, eimstruetgim, sbhpa hm` pripirtgim.
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GMPVI@QEPGIM
wgll lah` yiu tbriukb tba prieassas ij `asgkm. Uthrtgmk wgtb hm gmspgrhtgimhl
tipge gt kug`as yiu biw ti `avalip tbgs gmspgrhtgim hm` eimeapt gmti `asgkms. Gm hll al`s ij `asgkm h
sgoglhr prieass gs hlwhys jilliwa`, wbara `asgkmars khgm gmspgrhtgim hm` `avalip tbagr g`ah gmti
taxturas, sbhpas, eiliurs, hm` sglbiuattas. Ei m ea p t t i Er a h tg i m jieusas im jhsbgim `asgkm, hltbiukb
tba prgmegplas ij `avalipgmk hm gmspgrhtgim gs tba shoa gm hll al`s ij `asgkm, gmtargir `asgkm,
pri`uet `asgkm hm` hll jiros ij vgsuhl eiooumgehtgim.
Ei m ea p t t i Er a h tg i m
Pi`hy, jhsbgim `asgkm eillaetgims rhmka jrio bgkb-am` `asgkmar eillaetgims saam im ehtwhlcs, ti bgkb
straat ohss-pri`uea` `asgkms gm tba bgkb straat. Fu`kat rathglars hm` suparohrcats sallgmk elitbgmk
ti fiutgqua stiras sallgmk `asgkmar rhmkas. Pba jhsbgim gm`ustry gs oivgmk si jhst tbht jhsbgim tram`s
ehm oiva hs qugecly hs h waacly eyela, jhsbgim tram`s fagmk h ‒bgkb tram`‗ jir h sbirt tgoa imly.
Jhsbgim stylas hm` tram`s usa` ti fa `gethta` fy `asgkmar eillaetgims im tba ehtwhlcs ij tba wirl`,
hra miw hlsi fagmk gmuamea` hm` `graeta` fy straat jhsbgim, ealafrgtgas, pip sthrs hm` klifhl
aeimiogehl gmuameas.
[gtb si oueb eiopatgtgim gm tba al` ij jhsbgim, hm` jhsbgim tram`s fagmk heeassgfla ti tba ohssas,
maw `asgkmars amtargmk tba al` maa` ti hmhlyza tbagr eustioar‗s lgjastyla ti fa hfla ti `asgkm
eillaetgims tbht hra eiooareghlly vghfla hm` umgqua amiukb ti kgva tbao vgthl pisgtgimgmk gm tba
ohrcat plhea.
Pi fugl` h `asgkmar eillaetgim raqugras h jium`htgim ij jhsbgim cmiwla`ka3 jrio h taebmgehl
jium`htgim ti hm um`arsthm`gmk ij bgstirgehl jhsbgim hm` eistuoa, stylas hm` tram`s. Pba psyebiliky
ij eiliur - wbht eiliur oahms ti us, hm` biw ti fugl` eiliur phlattas. [hys ti ohrcat, prioita hm`
sall yiur eillaetgim hm` fugl` yiur lhfal. @asgkmars oust fugl` im tbgs jium`htgim ij eira prgmegplas,
hm` tba hfglgty ti trhmslhta tbagr g`ahs gmti mgsba` eiooareghlly vghfla khroamts.
Ohmy alaoamts ij jhsbgim rum gm eyelas, sioa fagmk sbirt, hm` sioa lhstgmk limkar.
Pypgehl ti tbasa eyelas hra4 Lamktbs
Jhfrges
Uglbiuattas
Eiliurs
Bgstirgehl Gmuameas
Mit hll jhsbgim `asgkmars erahta jrio tba shoa gmspgrhtgimhl siurea, avam tbiukb sioa ehtwhlc
eillaetgims hppahr ti bhva h sgoglhr gmspgrhtgim. Pbgs gs `ua ti stylas hm` tram`s rasahreb sgtas, wbgeb
hra wg`aly usa` fy `asgkmars, hm` hm um`arsthm`gmk ij phst jhsbgims ti pra`get tba jutura tram`s.
Pba prass hlsi plhys h sgkmgehmt phrt gm `graetgmk tba ohss ohrcat gm maw stylas, eiliurs hm` tram`s
fy hmhlyzgmk ehtwhlc sbiws jrio hrium` tba wirl` hm` pgecgmk up im sgoglhrgtgas, wbgeb tbay tbam
trhmslhta gm jhsbgim ohkhzgmas hs tba tram`s ij tba jirtbeiogmk sahsim.
wgll kug`a yiu tbriukb tba prieassas fabgm` `asgkmgmk, sbiwgmk gm `athgl biw ti
fugl` im aheb hrah ij `avalipoamt ti hebgava h `asgkmar eillaetgim hm` biw ti thca yiur pri`uet ti
ohrcat.
Ei m ea p t t i Era h t gi m
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Pbgs fiic wgll eivar tba jilliwgmk hrahs ti amhfla `asgkmar ti thca h Eimeapt ti Erahtgim4 -
Pba @asgkm ^rieass
Biw ti salaet hm gmspgrhtgimhl tipge hm` `avalip gt gmti h jhsbgim eillaetgim.
Frhgmstirogmk taebmgquas
@aeh`as ij @asgkmars. Cmiwgmk tba phst ti `asgkm jir tba jutura. H frgaj ivarvgaw.
Vasahreb hm` @avalipoamt
Biw ti `avalip yiur gmspgrhtgim usgmk h vhrgaty ij `gjjaramt taebmgquas hm` oa`guos.
Pba tbairy ij eiliur gm jhsbgim `asgkm. Pi fa hfla ti fugl` eillaetgims hm` eiliur phlattas, `avalipgmk
hm um`arsthm`gmk ij tba fhlhmea ij eiliurs, hm` biw tbay gmtarhet wgtb aheb itbar.
Ubhpa hm` eiopisgtgim ti `avalip prgmt `asgkms
Paxturgmk taebmgquas
Paxtgla
@avalipoamt
Qm`arsthm`gmk
tba tbraa jhfrges quhlgtgas, tbagr pripartgas hm` irgkgms3 wivam, darsay hm` cmgtwahr
Jhfrges gm pgeturas.
@avalipgmk taxtgla ohmgpulhtgims3 raoivgmk jrio tba jhfrge, h``gmk imti tba jhfrge, ebhmkgmk tba liic
hm` prgmtgmk taebmgquas.
Paxtgla ohmgpulhtgims `avalipa` jrio yiur rasahreb erahtas irgkgmhl jhfrge g`ahs jir `asgkm.
Khroamt heeassirgas gm pgeturas
@asgkm @avalipoamt
Pba tbraa oatbi`s ij `avalipgmk `asgkms - taebmgehl `rhwgmks, `rhpgmk axpargoamts hm` gllustrhtgims
Pba @asgkm ^rieass ― Hm axhopla jrio gmspgrhtgim ti `asgkm.
Khroamt
hm`
pripirtgim
hm`eiopisgtgim
`athglgmk ― tba hfglgty ti `rhw gm parjaet `athgl yiur `asgkms wgtb h jieus im
Khroamt ehtakirgas hm` `athgls ― gm pgeturas
Eillaetgim Fugl`gmk
Pba @asgkm ^rieass ― h raehp
Fugl`gmk Ehpsula rhmkas
Eiliur phlattas hm` salaetgmk eiliur mhoas
Jhsbgim Eillaetgim sahsims
Eustioar ^rijlas
Hmhlyzgmk hm` fugl`gmk h eustioar kriup fhsa` im lgjastyla, hm` maa`s varsus whmts
Eustioar oitgvhtgims hm` Eimsuoar kriupgmks
Eillaetgim ^rasamthtgim
^irtjilgi Fugl`gmk3 @asgkm Fihr`s3 Liic Fiics3 Paebmgehl phecs hm` spaegehtgim sbaats
^ri`uet ti Ohrcat
Pba ^ri`uetgim Eyela4 ^rgegmk Utrhtakgas3 Uhlas hm` @gstrgfutgim3 Ohrcatgmk Utrhtakgas
^rioitgimhl Ohtarghls3 Lakhl Paros ij Uhlas
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8. PBA @AUGKM ^VIEAUU
Pba `asgkm prieass ehm fa `gvg`a` gmti jiur hrahs ij `avalipoamt. Hll eillaetgims maa` ti sthrt wgtb
hm gmspgrhtgimhl tipge tbht gs rasahreba` hm` `avalipa`. Jrio yiur `avalipoamt ij taxturas, eiliurs,
sbhpas hm` sglbiuattas yiu wgll fugl` h jium`htgim ij irgkgmhl g`ahs lgmca` ti yiur tipge.
@asgkmgmk h rhmka ij taxtglas jrio yiur gmspgrhtgim, jrio sgopla g`ahs ti eioplgehta` prgmts hm`
aofrig`ary `asgkms wgll kgva hll maw `asgkmars tbagr iwm “bhm`wrgtgmk‟ gm tba al` ij `asgkm hm` ohca
tbagr eillaetgim umgqua. Fugl`gmk h eillaetgim ij `asgkms hrium` yiur iwm rasahreb wgll hkhgm amhfla yiur
eillaetgim ti fa umgqua. Pbara hra jiur hrahs ti rasahreb hm` `avalip wbam fugl`gmk h maw eillaetgim4h.
@avalipgmk Gmspgrhtgim
f.
@avalipgmk Vasahreb
e.
@avalipgmk Paxtglas
`.
@avalipgmk @asgkms
@asgkmgmk eillaetgims hlsi raqugras h jium`htgim ij cmiwla`ka gm eioplgoamthry hrahs ti jhsbgim
`asgkm.
H Paebmgehl Jium`htgim
Cmiwla`ka ij biw ti erahta khroamts ehm ambhmea yiur hfglgty hs h `asgkmar. Cmiwgmk tba eimstruetgim,
eiopisgtgim, sbhpa hm` pripirtgim hm` whys ti mgsb yiur khroamts wgll amhfla yiu ti erahta axhetly
wbht yiu `asgkm. Avam gj hs h `asgkmar yiu wirc wgtb phttarm ohcars hm` ohebgmgsts cmiwgmk biw elitbas
hra oh`a hm` mgsba` wgll amhfla yiu ti hebgava tba rahlgzhtgim ij yiur eillaetgims.
Paxtglas
Cmiwla`ka ij jhfrges hm` biw tbay wgll wirc gm `gjjaramt khroamts wgll amhfla `asgkmars ti ohca tba
rgkbt ebigea jir tbagr eillaetgims. [bht jhfrges wgll kgva yiu tba sbhpa hm` sglbiuatta tbht gs rgkbt jir
yiur `asgkm. Jhfrges hra hs gopirthmt gm `asgkm hs tba `asgkm gtsalj. Pba wrimk ebigea ij jhfrge tbht `ias
mit kgva yiu wbht yiu wara liicgmk jir wiul` fa h whsta ij tgoa hm` oimay. [bara hs tba rgkbt ebigea
ij jhfrge ehm ahsgly ohca hmy khroamt mit imly liic fut jaal fahutgjul. [bam `asgkmgmk khroamts tbht
usa oira tbhm ima jhfrge yiu hlsi maa` ti cmiw biw tbasa twi jhfrges wgll rahet tikatbar. Uioa
eioplgoamt wall fut itbars rahet hkhgmst aheb itbar `ua ti tba mhtura ij tba fars.
Bgstiry ij Eistuoa
Pbriukbiut bgstiry, eistuoa hm` `asgkms bhva hlwhys faam prasamt gm iur lgvas. ^aipla bhva hlwhys wirm
elitbas jir maeassgty rst hm` tbam hppahrhmea/sieghl sthtus. Cmiwla`ka ij tba phst kgva us hm g`ah ij
biw iur hmeastirs lgva` hm` balp us ti um`arsthm` biw elitbgmk hm` jhsbgim bhs `avalipa` gm tgoa, hm`
gs eimtgmuiusly `avalipgmk. [gtb cmiwla`ka ij bgstirgehl eistuoa `athgls, taebmgquas hm` scglls, tikatbar
wgtb cmiwla`ka `avalipa` ij tba prasamt `hy, yiu sbiul` fa gmspgra` hs h `asgkmar ti erahta tba stylas
hm` tram`s ij tba jutura.
Pram`s
Pbara hra eyelas gm jhsbgim, tram`s, wbgeb iw gm hm` iut ij jhsbgim, tbam fhec gm hkhgm. Jhfrges,
sglbiuattas, bgstirgehl `rass. Jir axhopla Lhea jhfrge eioas hm` kias hrium` avary 1 yahrs. Flhec hs h
eiliur raohgms gm jhsbgim jir h limk tgoa, pargi`gehlly raplhea` fy friwm ir kray, fut tba tram`s qugecly
kias fhec ti flhec hkhgm. Pba `aeh`as ij jhsbgim gmspgra gm eyelas hlsi, jrio sglbiuattas ti atbmge
gmspgrhtgim, hm` spaege stylas gmspgra` jrio oivaoamts hm` suf-eulturas hs wall hs tba ohgm straho
jhsbgim ij tba tgoa. Hll `asgkmars sbiul` fa hwhra ij tba jhsbgim tram`s hm` eyelas wbam `asgkmgmk maw
eillaetgims.
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Gmspgrhtgim
Pbgs ehm eioa jrio hmywbara. Gt ehm fa h pargi` ij tgoa, h earthgm styla ij eistuoa (umgjiros,
pargi` eistuoas ate), mhtura, hm` hrebgtaetura, hloist hmytbgmk hrium` yiu. Gt ehm fa h earthgm
wir` hm` wbht tbht wir` ohcas yiu tbgmc ij. Hm gmspgrhtgimhl eimeapt tbht yiu ehm `avalip jrio
tba sbhpas, sglbiuattas, eiliurs hm` taxturas - tbriukb ti taxtgla ohmgpulhtgims, jhfrges hm` khroamt
`asgkms.
Jir axhopla ― Praas ― yiu ehm axplira tba `gjjaramt sbhpas ij lahvas, tba `gjjaramt eiliurs tbriukb
tba sahsims. Liic ht tba fhrc ij tba traas ― tbgs eiul` gmspgra jhfrges lgca lgmam hm` sluf wahvas, riukb
taxturas. Liic ht trgoogmks tbht eiul` fa gmspgra` fy tba fhrc. Liic ht tba frhmebas ij tba traas,
biw tbay sthm` araet jrio tba traa, ir biw tbay twgst hm` turm. Biw tba lahvas `rhpa jrio tba
frhmebas. Pba ma lgmas im tba lahvas eiul` gmspgra tipstgteb `athglgmk. Liic ht tba pripirtgim ij tba
frhmebas hkhgmst tba lahvas hm` tbam hkhgmst tba traa trumc. Eimsg`ar hlsi tba fhlhmea ij wagkbts ij
tba `gjjaramt alaoamts ij tba traa. Ima trumc, fgk hm` sohll frhmebas hkhgmst bum`ra`s ij lahvas.
Gmspgrhtgim sbiul` stgoulhta tba ogm` hm` aoitgims ti h bgkb laval ij jaalgmk ir hetgvgty.
Zgsuhl
+
^geturas, Eiliurs,
Jhfrge, Paxturas
Aoitgimhl
^hssgim, Diy, Uh`mass
Axegtaoamt, Jahr
Zgsuhl gohkary
Eimeapt & Bgstiry ― frhgmstiro yiur eimeapt ― `i yiu cmiw amiukb, ehm yiu tbgmc ij amiukb tbgmks
ti `i wgtb tbgs g`ah9 Pba bgstiry ij yiur ebisam gmspgrhtgim wgll balp axphm` yiur cmiwla`ka jurtbar.
Vasahreb yiur gmspgrhtgim3 biw itbar hrtgsts bhva usa` tbgs fajira yiu, wbht gs tba fheckrium` ij tbgs
tipge.
Uglbiuatta ir Ubhpa ― yiur gmspgrhtgimhl tipge sbiul` privica sbhpa hm` sglbiuatta.
^ripirtgim & @athgls ― Liic gmti tba gmspgrhtgim ti saa tba pripirtgim ij tbgmks hkhgmst aheb itbar, tba
`athglgmk wgtbgm yiur eimeapt.
Eiliur phlatta ― liic ht tba eiliur‗s tbht hra wgtbgm yiur gmspgrhtgimhl pgeturas. Avam tba sohllast ij
eiliur‗s eiul` fa usa` wgtbgm yiur eiliur phlatta.
Jhfrgehtgim & Paxtura ― yiur gmspgrhtgim sbiul` privica sioa cgm` ij taxtura, wbatbar gt gs ht hm`
sbgmmy
irgmspgra
jull ij krhgm
lgmas
ate.jir
[bht
taxturas
ehmgmspgra
yiu m`
wgtbgm
yiur
gmspgrhtgim9
Biw ehm
taxturas
jhfrges9
[ii`
axhopla
eiul`
lgmam
jhfrge
hm`
cmgtwahr. Klhss
ehmtbasa
gmspgra
ebgjjim ir irkhmzh.
Aoitgimhl jaalgmks
Axprassgim ij tba Eimeapt ― wbht `i yiu jaal wbam yiu tbgmc hfiut yiur gmspgrhtgim9
[bht `i yiu tbgmc gs trygmk ti fa shg` fy tbgs tipge9 Fahuty, sh`mass, bhppgmass ate
Jliw ir Oivaoamt ― [bht gs tba jaalgmk ij tba gmspgrhtgim pgetura9
Itbar tbhm yiur aoitgimhl jaalgmk, `i tba pgeturas bhva oivaoamt, ir hra tbay oitgimlass9
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Gmuameas im Jhsbgim
Pbara hra eiooim tbaoas tbht ohmy `asgkmars vgsgt hs h siurea ij gmspgrhtgim.
[bam yiu hra eimsg`argmk hm gmspgrhtgimhl tipge rstly eimsg`ar wbht yiu whmt ti hebgava wgtb yiur
eillaetgim.
Uprgmk Uuooar ir Hutuom [gmtar ― tbgs eimsg`arhtgim kug`as tba typas ij jhfrges yiu wgll usa
Phglirgmk, avamgmkwahr ir spirtswahr ate ― wbht typa ij elitbas yiu whmt ti fa `asgkmgmk
Eiliurs ― frgkbt suooar ir `ull wgmtar eiliurs ― gmspgrhtgim bil`s tba cay ti yiur eiliur phlatta.
Hrebgtaetura gs pra`iogmhmtly `ull krays, flhecs, wbgtas. Jliwars hra frgkbt suooar eiliurs.
Fy eimsg`argmk tbasa tbgmks wgll balp yiu ebiisa tba rgkbt typa ij gmspgrhtgim jir yiur eillaetgim.
Bgstirgehl Jhsbgim
Bgstirgehl eistuoa gs h pipulhr gmspgrhtgim jir `asgkmars hs gt bhs h vhst hoiumt ij rajaramea ohtarghls ―
jrio sbhpas, sglbiuattas, `athglgmk, eiliur, jhfrges hm` aoitgimhl hm` eulturhl eimtamt. Gt gs hm
gmspgrhtgim tbht ehm ahsgly gmspgra hm` fa friukbt up ti `hta hm` “jrasb‟ wgtb oi`arm taebmgquas hm`
taebmiliky. Fy thcgmk alaoamts hm` mit fagmk tii lgtarhl gm `asgkm wgll amhfla `asgkmars ti kgva h maw
hppriheb ti tba bgstirgehl eistuoa hm` pargi`.
Hrebgtaetura
Hrebgtaetura gs jiro hm` jumetgim. Fugl`gmks oh`a ij h salaetgim ij lgmas hm` spheas. Gt gs h lgogtlass
gmspgrhtgim jir `asgkm wbam jieusgmk im tba `athglgmk ij fugl`gmks hm` tba ohtarghls usa` hm` biw tbay
gmtarhet wgtb aheb itbar. H parjaet gmspgrhtgim jir thglirgmk wbara lgma, jiro hm` t hra cay alaoamts
ti `asgkm. Eimsg`ar tba gmsg`a struetura ij tba fugl`gmk hs wall hs tba iutsg`a. Fugl`gmks hlsi bhva
aoitgimhl eimtaxt, gs tba fugl`gmk thll hm` slgo, ir ivar piwargmk wgtb gts jiro9 ^uttgmk tba fugl`gmk gm
parspaetgva ij gts surrium`gmks gs hlsi hm gmspgrhtgimhl siurea hm` hm hrah ti fa axplira`.
Hrebgtaetura hs hm gmspgrhtgimhl siurea ehm axphm` gmti phrt oh`a fugl`gmks, eimstruetgim sgtas wbara
fugl`gmks hra fagmk erahta` ir `aoilgsba`.
Hrtgsts
Hrtgsts jrio heriss tba spaetruo gmuameas jhsbgim. Jrio tba Hrt @aei pargi` ti ^ip Hrt, jrio tba
hrtgsts styla ij phgmtgmk ti biw tbay erahta` h seulptura. Agtbar bhvgmk h jieus im h spaege parsim‗s
styla ir h pargi`/oivaoamt gm tgoa hrtgsts tbriukbiut tgoa bhva gmuamea` jhsbgim `asgkmars hs h
siurea ij gmspgrhtgim.
Mhtura
Mhtura gs jull ij si ohmy eiliurs, taxturas, sbhpas hm` sglbiuattas. Mhtura privg`as gmspgrhtgimhl
siureas jrio gmsaets hm` hmgohls ti traas, jirasts, plhmts hm` iwars. Viec jirohtgims ti Gea
seupturas, oiumthgms ti rgvars. Jrio h sgmkla traa ti Hmthretgeh, mhtura bhs ima ij tba wg`ast siureas
ij gmspgrhtgim ti `avalip eillaetgims jrio.
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Atbmge Eistuoa
Pba sohllar tba wirl` jaals, tba oira wa hra axpisa` ti `gjjaramt atbmge eulturas hm` trh`gtgims.
Prgfhl elitbgmk gs h vhst siurea ij gmspgrhtgim jir eiliur, taxtura, sbhpa hm` sglbiuatta. Aofrig`ary
`asgkms, prgmts hm` oitgj hra plamtgjul gm atbmge elitbgmk. ^uttgmk tba eistuoas gmti tba eulturhl hm`
bgstirgehl eimtaxt ij tbagr siurea wgll hlsi gmspgra. Atbmge eistuoa gs h frih` gmspgrhtgimhl siurea,
jrio tba eistuoas ti dawalary hm` heeassirgas, fi`y h`irmoamt, `hmea hm` jastgvhls. Hs wgtb
bgstirgehl eistuoa, hm gmspgrhtgimhl siurea gs h siurea, hm` sbiul` mit fa thcam lgtarhly jir
`asgkmars. Gmspgrhtgim ehm fa khgma` jrio alaoamts hm` friukbt up ti `hta gm h oi`arm
eimtaopirhry eillaetgim, wbgeb hppahls ti tba ohssas. Qsgmk `athgls, alaoamts, eiliurs hm`
`asgkmgmk hrium` tbgs wgtb oi`arm jhfrges hm` oatbi`s.
Utraat Utylas
Jrio alaoamts ij tba straat ti straat jhsbgim hm` suf eulturas, tba straat bil`s h oultgtu`a ij
gmspgrhtgimhl siureas. Krhjtg hm` itbar typas ij straat hrtwirc, straat `hmegmk ir tba straat hm`
fugl`gmks tbaosalvas, wbatbar `aralget hrahs ir oi`arm hphrtoamt fliecs, gmspgrhtgim gs hll hrium`
us. [gtbgm jhsbgim tbara hra suf eulturas, sohllar kriups ij paipla wgtb tbagr iwm umgqua stylas hm`
tram`s. Pbasa suf eulturas ehm gmspgra `asgkmars hm` frgmk tba straat stylas ti tba ehtwhlc.
Paebmiliky
Paebmilikgehl h`vhmeaoamts gm jhsbgim `asgkm gs avilvgmk gm tba al` ij jhfrges, hm` wbht gs `ama`
hs jhsbgim jhfrges. Prh`gtgimhl mhturhl fars hra miw fagmk ogxa` hm` raplhea` wgtb ohm oh`a
fars, irkhmge fars hm` jhfrges fagmk oh`a jrio maw ohtarghls. Jhfrges miw bhva fars ti caap
us eiil wbam wara bit, hm` whro wbam wara eiil. Paebmiliky gm jhfrges jir jhsbgim gs hlsi avilvgmk
usgmk amkgmaargmk ti lgmc elitbgmk ti iur sohrt pbimas, lgmc LA@ lgkbtgmk ti khroamts hm` ebhrka iur
sohrt taebmiliky. Pbgs gs ima al` tbht gs eimtgmuiusly avilvgmk.
Mhturhl fars bhva tbagr iwm pripartgas tbht hra sthpla gm tba al` ij jhsbgim `asgkm, fut maw
taebmiliky gs hlwhys axegtgmk ti `gseivar maw `avalipoamts hm` wbht ehm miw fa usa` ti ohca
khroamts.
Geims
Jrio Hu`ray Bapfurm, Ohrglym Oimria ti Oh`immh, tbara hra ohmy geims gm lgja wbi bhva gmspgra`
kamarhtgims. Jrio tba elitbas tbay wira ti tba siegaty tbay lgva` gm. Jrio oivga sthrs, pip sthrs
hm` ealafrgtgas. Pbagr eiliurjul parsimhlgtgas ehm gmspgra h eillaetgim jrio gmvastgkhtgmk gmti tba why
tbay lgva` tbagr lgvas, hm` tba gmuameas tbay bh` im jhsbgim hm` tba tgoas.
Jglos
Oivgas hm` oivga bari‗s hm` barigmas ehm gmspgra eillaetgims jrio tba aoitgimhl eimtaxt ij tba
oivga. Oivgas erahta tba seama, tba elitbgmk, lgjastyla hm` surrium`gmks. Biwavar, wgtb hll
gmspgrhtgimhl siureas maw eillaetgims sbiul` fa h siurea ij gmspgrhtgim hm` mit thcam tii lgtarhlly.
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8. @AEH@AU IJ @AUGKMAVU
Fy stu`ygmk tba bgstiry ij jhsbgim hm` eistuoa wa ehm fugl` up h fattar um`arsthm`gmk ij tba
jumetgims, gopirthmea, `asgkm, `athgl hm` tba usa ij eistuoas tbht ehm gmspgra hm` gmuamea jhsbgim
`asgkmars ti`hy.
Pi fa h jhsbgim `asgkmar ij tba jutura, gt gs gopirthmt ti um`arsthm` tbht jhsbgim lahrms jrio tba
phst gm ir`ar ti `asgkm jir tioirriw. [gtb tba cmiwla`ka ij bgstirgehl eistuoa `athgls, taebmgquas
hm` scglls, tikatbar wgtb cmiwla`ka `avalipa` ij tba prasamt `hy, yiu sbiul` fa gmspgra` hs h
`asgkmar ti erahta tba stylas hm` tram`s ij tba jutura.
Pbriukbiut bgstiry, eistuoa ir jhsbgim bhs hlwhys faam prasamt gm iur lgvas. ^aipla bhva hlwhys
wirm elitbas jir maeassgty rst hm` tbam hppahrhmea/sieghl sthtus. Cmiwla`ka ij tba phst kgva us hm
g`ah ij biw iur hmeastirs lgva` hm` balp us ti um`arsthm` biw elitbgmk hm` jhsbgim bhs `avalipa`
gm tgoa, hm` gs eimtgmuiusly `avalipgmk. Bgstiry ij eistuoa sbiws us tba siegiliky, psyebiliky hm`
pbglisipby fabgm` tba arh hlimk wgtb tba taebmilikgehl `avalipoamts oh`a tbriukbiut tgoa.
Pba jilliwgmk gs h lgst ij sioa ij tba ohgm gmuamea im hm` rahsims jir elitbgmk4
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Elgohta
^ritaetgim
Mhturhl rasiureas
Prh`gtgimhl eustios hm` eultura
Prh`a
Paebmiliky
Hrtgstge axprassgim
Uaxuhl httrhetgim
Lgsta` hra sioa bgstirgehl eistuoa hm` `asgkmars. Fy mi oahms eioplata ir eioprgsa. Pbara hra
ohmy fiics hm` gmtarmat siureas im tba Bgstiry ij Eistuoa. Fiics im `asgkmars hm` itbars im stylas
hm` `aeh`as. Pba lgst gs hm gmspgrhtgimhl siurea jir `asgkmars ti gmvastgkhta jurtbar.
^rabgstirge Eistuoa
Pba rst hetuhl taxtgla, hs ippisa` ti scgms sawm tikatbar whs prifhfly jalt. Uurvgvgmk axhoplas ij
Málafgm`gmk, hmitbar ahrly taxtgla oatbi`, `hta jrio :1>> FE.
Hmegamt Akypt Eistuoa ― Egreh 581> FE
Avg`amea axgsts jir pri`uetgim ij lgmam elitb gm Hmegamt Akypt gm tba Mailgtbge pargi`, e. 11>> FE.
Eultgvhtgim ij `ioastgehta` wgl` hx, prifhfly hm gopirt jrio tba Lavhmt, gs `ieuoamta` hs ahrly
hs e. :>>> FE Itbar fhst fars gmelu`gmk rusb, raa`, phlo, hm` phpyrus wara usa` hlima ir wgtb
lgmam ti ohca ripa hm` itbar taxtglas.
Pba ohgm jahturas ij Akyptghm eistuoa wara `rhpgmk, wrhppgmk, plahtgmk, tygmk hm` tba usa ij
`aeirhtgim ― aofrig`ary hm` `ygmk. Pba Chlhshrgs whs prifhfly tba oist `gstgmetgva pgaea ij fitb
wioam‗s hm` oam‗s elitbgmk hm` whs tba fhsge khroamt jrio hfiut 8>>>FE. Pba Akyptghms fitb `ya`
hm` aofallgsba` tbagr khroamts fut tbay hlsi plhea` h lit ij aopbhsgs im dawallary, h maw typa ij
sthtus syofil. [ioam‗s dawallary eimsgsta` ij eillhrs, maeclheas, hro hm` hmcla frhealats, ahrrgmks,
dawala` kgr`las hm` rgmks.
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Oasipithogh ― Egreh 58>>FE
Pba jrgmka gs hloist lgca h trh`aohrc ij tbgs arh hs avam tba Fhfylimghms hm` Hssyrghms h`hpta` tbgs
`aeirhtgva `athgl ti hll tbagr sufsaquamt elitbgmk. Hmitbar pipulhr khroamt whs tba Chumhcas, h sbhkky
wiil khroamt rasaoflgmk jhca jur. Pbay wiul` tbrah` strhm`s ij wiil tbriukb h eihrsaly wivam phmal
hm` frusb tba strhm`s ij wiil gmti tujts. Pba fhsge khroamt, ehlla` tba Ehm`ys, whs h strhgkbt tumge
sbhpa a`ka` wgtb jrgmkas wbgeb bumk agtbar sbirt ir limk. H jrgmka` sbhwl, wbgeb ehoa gm `gjjargmk sgzas,
whs hlsi eiooim. Pbgs mhtgimhl jiro ij `rass whs eut lgca tba Akyptghm chlhshrgs. Pba sehrj faehoa tba
gtao jhvira` fy tba Fhfylimghms hm` Hssyrghms. Pbgs sehrj whs h limk jrgmka` stila, wbgeb wium` rium`
tba wahrar. @aeirhtgim eimsgsta` ij jrgmkas, aofrig`ary hm` `asgkms sueb hs risattas. Eilir whs
gopirthmt. Vgeb ra`s, kraams, fluas hm` purplas wara usa`.
Ogmihm Eistuoa ― Egreh 81>>FE
Pba Ogmihm egvglgzhtgim whs ht gts bagkbt `urgmk 8;1> hm` 812> FE. [ioam wira scgrts tbht jall strhgkbt
jrio tba bgps hm` tbam lla` iut ti h wg`a bao, gm h sirt ij fall sbhpa. Pba scgrt bh` ohmy tgars ir
‒vilhmts‗.
Egmeb
falts,
wbgeb
tgkbt,tba
heeamtuhta`
tbagr
whgsts
ehrrga`
h
`iufla hprim
tbht
jall gm
jrimtwara
hm` wirm
fhec ivar
scgrt. Hfiva
tba tgmy
scgrt,
tbay hm`
wirasioatgoas
h tgkbt ttgmk
sbirt
slaava` fi`gea. Ohtarghls usa` wara lgmam, wiil ir flam`s ij tba twi. Pbay hlsi usa` aofrig`ary,
taebmgquas. Ogmihm wioam liva` eilir hm` `gsplhy gm tbagr jhfrge. @asgkms wara ohgmly kaioatrge fut
mhturhl tbaoas wgtb iwars, sb hm` fgr`s wara usa` hlsi.
Hmegamt Kraaea - Egreh 881> ― 5>>FE
Pba pargi` sthrta` wgtb h egvglgzhtgim ij paipla `rassa` gm fall-sbhpa` scgrts hm` tgkbtly tta`
fi`geas hm` am`a` wgtb h eultura `rassa` gm `rhpa` elitbas, tba eistuoas wa miw hssieghta wgtb tba
Kraacs hm` Viohms. Kraac elitbgmk gs kamarhlly `gvg`a` gmti twi pargi`s kamarhlly rajarra` ti hs Hrebhge
hm` Elhssgehl. [gtbgm tbisa twi pargi`s twi `gjjaramt stylas axgsta`. Pbasa wara4
•
@IVGE (@irge ^aplis ir Ebgtim) elitbgmk wirm ht tba fakgmmgmk ij tba hrebhge pargi`. [irm up
umtgl :tb Eamtury FE. Gt whs oh`a jrio h raethmkla ij wivam wiil. Pba jhfrge whs wrhppa` rium` tba
wahrar wgtb tba axeass jhfrge jil`a` ivar tba tip.
•
GIMGE - Pbgs jilliwa` im jrio tba @irge. Pba wiillam jhfrge whs raplhea` fy tbgm lgmam ir
ieehsgimhlly sglc. Pba Gimge whs oh`a jrio h sgmkla raethmkla ij ohtarghl fut wg`ar tbhm tbht tba @irge
ht 6.1 oatars. Pbgs lajt hm ipam saho agtbar sg`a ij tba maec, wbgeb rhm heriss tba sbiul`ars hm` `iwm
tba hros ti jiro alfiw-¬lamktb slaavas. Avamtuhlly gt faehoa twi pgaeas sawm tikatbar hm` whs
jraquamtly plahta` hm` lajt limk hm` trhglgmk.
Hmegamt Vioa ― Egreh 2>>FE ― 0>>H@
Viohm wioam `rassa` gm lhyars. Pba rst lhyar whs tba Pumgeh gmtgoh, wbgeb whs hm um`arkhroamt lgca
h slgp. Gt whs oh`a ij iir lamktb raethmklas sawm tikatbar. Uioa varsgims bh` slaavas hm` itbars wara
slaavalass. Pba Utilh whs wirm im tip ij tba tumgeh gmtgoh. Mirohlly oh`a jrio lgmam ir sijt, lgkbt
wiil. Pba ^hllh whs, hm iut`iir heeassiry, irgkgmhlly lgca tba tikh, gt khgma` gts maw mhoa ti sbiw gt
whs h jaohla gtao ij elitbgmk. Eimsgstgmk ij h limk raethmkulhr sehrj ir sbhwl gt whs `rhpa` hrium` tba
fi`y hm` sioatgoas ivar tba bah`.
Pumgeh - Pba Pumgeh whs h wg`a t-sbhpa` sbgrt-lgca um`arkhroamt, irgkgmhlly slaavalass. Gt eiul` fa oh`a
jrio lgmam ir eittim wbgeb wbam hrrhmka` whs cmaa-lamktb.
Pikh - Pba tikh faehoa tba sgkm hm` syofil ij h Viohm egtgzam. Pba tikh whs wiil, hm` mirohlly wbgta
jir tba egtgzam. Pba oatbi` ij `rhpgmk whs eioplax wbara tba jil`s aheb bh` h spaege mhoa. Gt whs
wirm ivar h tumgeh.
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Oa`gavhl Eistuoa - Egreh H@ 007―81>>
Hrium` tba yahr 850> tbara whs h ebhmka gm wioam‗s elitbgmk, ti tgkbtar-ttgmk khroamts, liwar
maeclgmas, hm` oira eurvheaius sglbiuattas3 “tgkbt lhegmk whs usa` im wioam‗s elitbas ti erahta h
jiro ttgmk sbhpa wbgeb, kgr`la` ht tba bgps, erahta` h limk-whgst hppahrhmea.
@aeirhtgim faehoa hm gopirthmt phrt ij Oa`gavhl hm` Kitbge elitbgmk. [gtb tba kraht h`vhmeas gm
wahvgmk hm` tba pri`uetgim ij mar jhfrges, maw taebmgquas aoarka` ohcgmk jhfrge `asgkm oira
eioplax. Aofrig`ary whs hm gopirthmt hrt gm tba og``la hkas, oist aofrig`ary whs wirca` im lgmam
wgtb wiil hm` sglc tbrah`s.
Fyzhmtguo - Egreh :1; FE
Gm tba lhtar sthkas ij tba Viohm Aopgra, Fyzhmtgma gs tba taro usa` ti `asergfa tba `rass ij tba
ahstarm aopgra. Irmhta, stgjj, alhfirhta sglc `hohsc hm` frieh`a jhfrges usa` im khroamt stylas tbht
raaeta` tba irgamthl gmuamea krh`uhlly raplhea` tba `rhpary ij sijtar jhfrges usa` gm trh`gtgimhl
Viohm eistuoa.
Fitb saxas wira h limk strhgkbt tumge wgtb limk slaavas. Gt whs oh`a ij sglc ir lgmam hm` wirm wgtb
h kgr`la hrium` tba whgst. Pba kgr`la gtsalj whs oh`a iut ij agtbar lahtbar ir sohll plhquas ij kil`
lgmca` tikatbar hm` amerusta` wgtb stimas. [gtb tba Fyzhmtgma pargi` wa saa hm axplisgim ij phttarm
hm` `aeirhtgim. [ivam, aofrig`ara` hm` fah`a` surjhea aofallgsboamts wara usa`.
Pu`ir Amklhm` 8021 - 8:>5
[gtb tba h`vamt ij tba Pu`ir Cgmks hm` Xuaams wa fakgm ti saa `rhohtge ebhmka gm eistuoa.
Vakgimhl eistuoa whs kgvgmk why ti mhtgimhl eistuoa. Aofrig`ary whs usa` axtamsgvaly, aspaeghlly im
tba khroamts ij riyhlty. @aeirhtgim whs h sura sgkm ij h parsim‗s wahltb hm` sthtus.
Algzhfatbhm
Arh - 8112―8:>5
Algzhfatb‗s ragkm bhs faam saam hs h kil`am hka ij Amklhm` hm` tbgs gs raaeta` gm tba eistuoa ij tba
tgoa. Vgeb jhfrges hm` dawals eimvaya` wahltb, piwar hm` prastgka. Elitbgmk whs usa` ti goprass
paipla. Algzhfatbhm jhsbgim stgll rathgma` h Uphmgsb gmuamea fut um`ar Algzhfatb jhsbgims faehoa
bgkbly axtrhvhkhmt. Elitbgmk ij tba pargi` whs kamarhlly vary stgjj wgtb sohll whgsts fagmk
jhsbgimhfla. Im tba wbila jhsbgim faehoa oira alhfirhta hm` fusy. Pba rujj whs h ohrc ij
hrgstierhtge prgvglaka. Gt faehoa jhsbgimhfla hoimkst wioam jir tba rujj ti fa ipam gm tba jrimt.
Pba rujj faehoa rhgsa` ht tba fhec. Gt usa` sthreb hm` lhea gm gts eimstruetgim.
Vamhgsshmea 80>> ― 8:>>
Pba ahrly Vamhgsshmea saas h eima sbhpa sglbiuatta, wbgeb avamtuhlly faehoa mhrriwar. Ohmy maw
typas
ij aofrig`ary
gm Elhsps
tbgs pargi`
hm`
whs oira
avarhofar,
hm assamtghl
eistuoa
`aeirhtgim. `avalipa`
Futtims hm`
- oh`a
ijgtkil`,
sglvar,tbhm
amhoal,
erysthljiro
hm`ij
pahrls.
Lhea whs gmvamta` `urgmk tbgs pargi`. Vgeb jhfrges sueb hs frieh`as, aofrig`ara` valvats, shtgms,
`hohscs hm` elitb ij kil` aofrig`ara` wgtb pahrls wara usa`. Jhfrges wgtb lhrka-sehla phttarms wara
eiooim. @asgkms wara hfstrhet ir stylgza` oitgjs sueb hs risa, pioakrhmhta lahj hm` jahtbar.
Lh`gas Kiwms wara smuk ttgmk wgtb h sbirt whgst fi`gea. Pbgs friukbt hfiut tba wahrgmk ij h bahvytta` lgmam eirsat. Ulaavas wara limk hm` tgkbt hm` lhtar faehoa pujja` hm` slhsba` ti ravahl h sbaar
um`arkhroamt. Eimtrhstgmk slaavas wara h``a` ti khroamts ti ebhmka tbagr hppahrhmea.
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Fhriqua ― Egreh 8:>>
Hm gopirthmt `aeirhtgva jahtura ij tba pargi` whs tba jhllgmk eillhr, wirm fy oam hm` wioam. Gt
raplhea` tba, rujj ij tba pravgius eamtury. Gt ijtam bh` h fir`ar ij axpamsgva lhea. Pba liic whs
oueb sijtar tbhm tbht ij tba Vamhgsshmea. [ioam‗s `rass eimsgsta` ij tba fi`gea, pattgeiht ir scgrt
hm` kiwm. Pba fi`gea whs ijtam lhea` wgtb h sglc rgffim gm tba jrimt. Pba maeclgmas wara ijtam eut
vary liw fut tbgs whs phrtly eivara` fy tba eillhr ij fahutgjul lhea. Pba tbraa-quhrtar-lamktb slaava
wgtb lhea turm-ups faehoa jhsbgimhfla. Pba scgrt-eiul` hlsi fa oh`a up, ij twi scgrts. Pba ivar
scgrt whs khtbara` up ti ravahl tba scgrt um`armahtb. Pba biip `gshppahra` hm` tba fi`gea faehoa
lass eimmgmk. [hgstlgmas risa slgkbtly hfiva tba mhturhl whgstlgma.
Vieiei hm` Vavilutgim ― Egreh 8;>>
Pba 82tb Eamtury whs h tgoa ij kraht ebhmka sieghlly hm` pilgtgehlly. Jhsbgim bh` h kraht ohmy
gmuameas gmelu`gmk tba Vieiei Hrt oivaoamt wgtb gts ug`gty lgkbtmass hm` maielhssgegso. Auripa
ht tbgs tgoa whs ebhmkgmk jhst. Uglc whs stgll tba prajarra` jhfrge ij tba 82tb E. Jlirhl frieh`as hm`
`hohsc wara tba oist pipulhr. Pba Uhec Kiwm - Gts ohgm jahtura whs tbht gt bh` h liisa fhec, wbgeb
jall strhgkbt jrio tba sbiul`ars gm twi `iufla fix plahts. Gt whs wirm wgtb h stiohebar, wbgeb whs h
v sbhpa` pgaea ij ohtebgmk ir eimtrhstgmk jhfrge, wbgeb lla` tba khp gm tba fi`gea. Pba jrimt ij tba
kiwm scgrt whs hlsi ipam hm` h pattgeiht sbiwa` tbriukb. Fy vhrygmk tba jhfrge ij tba pattgeiht ir
stiohebar, ima `rass eiul` fa up`hta` hm` oh`a ti liic `gjjaramt.
Pba Jrameb Vavilutgim ij 8;27 bh` h kraht gophet im Jhsbgim. Pba thsta jir rgeb hm` jirohl elitbas
khva why ti h lgcgmk jir sgoplar, oira prhetgehl khroamts wgtb h tbgm sglbiuatta. Hmy istamthtgius ir
rgeb liicgmk `athgl whs `rippa`, elitbgmk whs phtrgitge hm` oira gmjirohl. Maielhssgehl styla, wbgeb
whs raaeta` gm jurmgtura hm` hrebgtaetura gm tba 82tb eamtury, gmuamea` wioam‗s elitbgmk hm`
eimtgmua` gmti tba maxt eamtury.
8;71-826>
- Vakameywioam‗s
^argi`elitbgmk stylas wara fhsa` im tba Aopgra sglbiuatta, `rassas
Gm tbgs pargi`, jhsbgimhfla
wara elisaly tta` ti tba tirsi dust um`ar tba fust, jhllgmk liisaly faliw. Pba bgkb whgstlgma ij
8;71―826> stylas tiic httamtgim hwhy jrio tba mhturhl whgst, si tbht tbara whs tbam mi pigmt ti tba
tgkbt “whsp-whgst‟ eirsatgmk ijtam eimsg`ara` jhsbgimhfla `urgmk itbar pargi`s. [gtbiut tba eirsat,
ebaogsa `rassas `gsplhya` tba limk lgma ij tba fi`y, hs wall hs tba eurvas ij tba jaohla tirsi.
Pba Viohmtge ^argi` - 82>> ti 820>
@urgmk tba Viohmtge pargi` h maw sat ij vhluas, lgjastylas hm` oatbi`s ij hrtgstge axprassgim wara
`avalipa` hm` tbasa wara raaeta` gm elitbgmk stylas. Earthgm `asgkm jahturas shw h ravgvhl sueb hs
maec rujjs, slaava stylas hm` dawallary jrio ahrlgar pargi`s. @urgmk tbgs tgoa elitbgmk faehoa
gmtarmhtgimhl wgtb lass hm` lass `gjjarameas fatwaam eiumtrgas. [ioam‗s jhsbgims faehoa bgkbly
`aeirhtgva hm` riohmtge. Pba whgstlgma `rippa` ti gts mhturhl laval, scgrts fakhm ti wg`am hm`
slaavas pujja` iut gmti tba lak-ij-outtim sbhpa. [hgsts fakhm ti kat sohllar wgtb fall sbhpa` scgrts.
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Zgetirghm Arh ― 825; - 87>8
Fy 87>;, elitbgmk whs gmerahsgmkly jhetiry-oh`a hm` ijtam sil` gm lhrka, xa` prgea `aphrtoamt
stiras. Eustio sawgmk hm` bioa sawgmk wara stgll sgkmgehmt, fut im tba `aelgma. Maw ohebgmary
hm` ohtarghls ebhmka` elitbgmk gm ohmy whys.
Pba gmtri`uetgim ij tba liec-stgteb sawgmk ohebgma gm og`-eamtury sgoplga` fitb bioa hm`
fiutgqua `rassohcgmk, hm` amhfla` h jhsbgim jir lhvgsb hpplgehtgim ij trgo tbht wiul` bhva faam
pribgfgtgvaly tgoa-eimsuogmk gj `ima fy bhm`. Lhea ohebgmary oh`a lhea ht h jrhetgim ij tba eist ij
tba il`.
Gm tba 820>s hm` 821>s, wioam‗s kiwms `avalipa` wg`a pujja` slaavas. @rassas wara sgopla hm`
phla. ^attgeihts, eirsats, ebaogsas wara wirm um`ar kiwms. Fy tba 821>s tba muofar ij pattgeihts
whs ra`uea` hm` tba ergmilgma whs wirm3 hs sueb tba sgza ij tba scgrts axphm`a`. @hy `rassas bh` h
silg` fi`gea hm` avamgmk kiwms bh` h vary liw maeclgma hm` wara wirm ijj tba sbiul`ar wgtb sbhwls.
Gm tba 82:>s, tba scgrts faehoa httar ht tba jrimt hm` pridaeta` iut oira fabgm` tba wiohm. @hy
`rassas
bh` wg`a
slaavashm`
hm`wara
bgkb maeclgmas
ir thtta`
eillhrs.lhea
Avamgmk
`rassas bh`
liw maeclgmas
hm`phki`h
sbirt slaavas,
wirm wgtbwgtb
sbirtlhea
klivas
ir mkarlass
ir eriebata`
ogtts.
Gm tba 82;>s, um-eirsata` tah kiwms wara gmtri`uea` jir gmjirohl amtarthgmgmk ht bioa hm` stah`gly
kraw gm pipulhrgty. Fustlas wara usa` ti raplhea tba ergmilgma ti bil` tba scgrts up fabgm` tba
wiohm. Gm tba 82;>s, tba jh` ij biip scgrts bh` jh`a` hm` wioam strgva` jir h slgooar styla. Pba
`rassas wara axtraoaly tgkbt hrium` tba eirsata` tirsi hm` tba whgst hm` uppar laks
Gm tba 827>s, [ioam‗s wahr gm tba lhst `aeh`a ij tba Zgetirghm Arh whs ebhrhetargza` fy bgkb
eillhrs, bal` gm plhea fy eillhr sthys, hm` stgjj staal fimgmk gm limk lgma fi`geas. Fy tbgs tgoa, tbara
wara magtbar ergmilgmas mir fustlas. [ioam ipta` jir tba tgmy whsp whgst gmstah`.
Pba sglbiuatta ebhmka` imea hkhgm hs tba Zgetirghm arh `raw ti h elisa. Pba sbhpa whs assamtghlly hm
gmvarta` trghmkla, wgtb h wg`a-frgooa` bht im tip, h jull uppar fi`y wgtb pujja` slaavas, mi fustla,
hm` h scgrt tbht mhrriwa` ht tba hmclas.
A`whr`ghm Arh ― Egreh 87>>
Pbgs `aeh`a ohrca` tba jull iwargmk ij ^hrgsghm bhuta eiutura hs tba hrfgtar ij stylas hm`
sglbiuattas jir wioam ij hll elhssas. Gm 87>2, h maw sglbiuatta aoarka` jrio Ehllit Uiaurs,
gimmat ht tba biusa ij @iueat, hm` oist gopirthmtly, ^hul ^igrat. Pba maw stylas jahtura`
jiro-ttgmk kiwms wgtb bgkb ir um`ama` whgsts, ir hmcla-lamktb scgrts hm` limk tumge-lgca dhecats,
hm` raqugra` h `gjjaramt “strhgkbt lgma‟ eirsat. Pba uppar elhssas aofrhea` lagsura spirts, wbgeb
rasulta` gm rhpg` `avalipoamts gm jhsbgim, hs oira oifgla hm` axgfla elitbgmk stylas wara maa`a`.
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Pba Biusa ij [irtb
Pba Biusa ij [irtb gs h Jrameb biusa ij bgkb jhsbgim tbht spaeghlgzas gm bhuta eiutura, rah`y-tiwahr elitbas, hm` parjuoas. Pba bgstirge biusa whs jium`a` gm 8212 fy `asgkmar Ebhrlas Jra`argec
[irtb. Hjtar ipamgmk bgs iwm biusa ba whs gmtri`uea` ti tba Aoprass Aukamga hm` hppigmta` eiurt
`asgkmar. Bar phtrimhka gmerahsa` bgs raputhtgim hm` fusgmass sueeass. Ba hlsi `rassa` lah`gmk
parjiroars ij tba `hy4 Uhrhb Farmbhr`t, Lgllga Lhmktry, Dammy Lgm`, hm` Mallga Oalfh. [irtb hlsi
erahta` umgqua spaeghl avamt pgaeas jir bgs fast elgamts, sueb hs ohsquarh`a fhll eistuoas hm`
wa``gmk `rassas.
^hul ^igrat
[bgla h taamhkar, ^igrat tiic bgs scatebas ti Oh`alagma Ebçrugt, h priogmamt `rassohcar, wbi
purebhsa` h `izam jrio bgo. ^igrat eimtgmua` ti sall bgs `rhwgmks, avamtuhlly ti ohdir ^hrgsghm
eiutura biusas, umtgl ba whs bgra` fy Dhequas @iueat gm 827:. Bgs rst `asgkm, h ra` elitb ehpa,
sil` 0>> eipgas. ^igrat lhtar oiva` ti tba Biusa ij [irtb, wbara ba whs raspimsgfla jir `asgkmgmk
sgopla, prhetgehl `rassas.
^igrat asthflgsba` bgs iwm biusa gm 87>5, hm` oh`a bgs mhoa wgtb tba eimtrivarsghl cgoimi eiht.
Ba `asgkma` hofiyhmt wgm`iw `gsplhys hm` tbraw lakam`hry phrtgas ti `rhw httamtgim ti bgs wirc3
bgs gmstgmet jir ohrcatgmk hm` frhm`gmk whs umohteba` fy hmy pravgius `asgkmar.
87>>‗s
Iutts ij tba eiuturgars ij tba tgoa wara gmera`gfly axtrhvhkhmt, alhfirhta, irmhta, hm`
phgmsthcgmkly oh`a. Pba eurvheaius U-Fam` sglbiuatta `iogmhta` jhsbgim up umtgl hrium` 87>2.
Piwhr` tba am` ij tba `aeh`a tba jhsbgimhfla sglbiuatta krh`uhlly faehoa sioawbht oira strhgkbt
hm` slgo, phrtly `ua ti ^hul ^igrat‗s bgkb-whgsta`, sbirtar-scgrta` @graetigra lgma ij elitbas.
Pba Ohgsim Va`jarm whs tba rst jhsbgim biusa ti ijjar wioam h thglira` sugt fhsa` `graetly im gts
ohla eiumtarphrt hm` tba axtraoaly prhetgehl hm` sifarly alakhmt khroamt siim faehoa hm
gm`gspamshfla phrt ij tba whr`rifa ij hmy wall-`rassa` wiohm.
878>‗s
@urgmk tba ahrly yahrs ij tba 878>s tba jhsbgimhfla sglbiuatta faehoa oueb oira lgtba, ug` hm`
sijt tbhm gm tba 87tb eamtury. [bam tba Fhllats Vussas parjiroa` Uebabarhzh`a gm ^hrgs gm 878>, h
erhza jir Irgamthlgso amsua`. Pba eiuturgar ^hul ^igrat whs ima ij tba rst `asgkmars ti trhmslhta
tbgs vikua gmti tba jhsbgim wirl`. ^igrat‗s elgamts wara ht imea trhmsjiroa` gmti bhrao kgrls gm
iwgmk phmthliims, turfhms, hm` vgvg` eilirs hm` kagsbhs gm axitge cgoimi.
Pba Hrt @aei oivaoamt fakhm ti aoarka ht tbgs tgoa hm` gts gmuamea whs avg`amt gm tba `asgkms ij
ohmy eiuturgars ij tba tgoa. Pwi ij tba oist gmuamtghl jhsbgim `asgkmars ij tba tgoa wara Dhequas
@iueat hm` Ohrghmi Jirtumy.
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876>‗s
Uiim hjtar tba Jgrst [irl` [hr, h rh`gehl ebhmka ehoa hfiut gm jhsbgim, `rassas wgtb limk trhgms khva
why ti hfiva-tba-cmaa pgmhjiras. Eirsats wara hfhm`ima` hm` wioam firriwa` tbagr elitbas jrio
tba ohla whr`rifa hm` ebisa ti `rass lgca fiys. H fustlass, whgstlass sglbiuatta aoarka` hm`
hkkrassgva `rassgmk-`iwm whs ogtgkhta` fy jahtbar fihs, aofrig`ary, hm` sbiwy heeassirgas. Pba
hppar styla faehoa vary pipulhr hoimk yiumk wioam.
Gmuamtghl @asgkmars
Dahmma Lhmvgm
Dahm ^htiu
Oh`alagma Zgimmat - 876>‗s - 875>‗s
Alsh Uebghphrallg - 876>‗s - 875>‗s
Khfrgalla Ebhmmal - 876>‗s - 87:>‗s
875>s
Gm tba 875>s, hs tba puflge fakhm ti jaal tba ajjaets ij tba Kraht @aprassgim, jhsbgim faehoa oira
eiopriogsgmk. Hspgrgmk ti prasarva jaogmgso‗s vgetirgas wbgla ra`gseivargmk h suftla hm` rahssurgmk
alakhmea hm` sipbgstgehtgim. Ivarhll, 875>s elitbgmk whs siofar hm` oi`ast, raaetgmk tba `gjeult
sieghl hm` aeimioge sgtuhtgim ij tba `aeh`a. Pba whgstlgma whs rastira`, baolgmas `rippa`, tbara whs
ramawa` hppraeghtgim ij tba fust, hm` fheclass avamgmk kiwms hm` sijt, slgo-ttgmk `hy `rassas
faehoa pipulhr.
Gmuamtghl @asgkmars
Alsh Uebghphrallg
Oh`alagma Zgimmat
Oh`hoa Kras
Ohgmfiebar, tba rst Hoargehm `asgkmar
Baroâs fakhm ti sall bhm`oh`a prgmta` sglc squhra sehrvas gm tba ahrly 875>s
870>‗s
Ohmy jhsbgim biusas elisa` `urgmk tba ieeuphtgim ij ^hrgs `urgmk [irl` [hr GG, gmelu`gmk tba Ohgsim
Zgimmat hm` tba Ohgsim Ebhmal. Uavarhl `asgkmars, gmelu`gmk Ohgmfiebar, parohmamtly raliehta` ti
Maw Wirc. Baolgmas erapt upwhr` gm fitb avamgmkwahr hm` `hy wahr. Jrio 870> imwhr`, mi oira tbhm
jiur oatars ij elitb whs parogtta` ti fa usa` jir h eiht hm` h lgttla ivar ima oatar jir h fliusa. ALLA
ohkhzgma wbgeb whs rst puflgsba` gm 8701. Hoargehm Fahtmgc.
Gmuamtghl @asgkmars
Ebrgstghm @gir - Pba Maw Liic
Ebhmal
Elhgra OeEhr`all - 870>‗s - 871>‗s
Mirohm Mirall - 870>‗s - 871>‗s
Ergstifhl Fhlameghkh - 870>‗s - 871>‗s
Dhequas Jhtb, Ohkky Viujj, Ohreal Viebhs
Dahmma Lhjhurga, Mgmh Vgeeg
Oh`alagma Zrhohmt, Zarh Ohxwall, Hmma Clagm, Ehsbgm
870>‗s Geims
Vgth Bhywirtb, Chtbhrgma Bapfurm, hm` Ohrlama @gatrgeb
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871>‗s
Gmuamtghl @asgkmars
Bufart @a Kgvameby 871>‗s - 87:>‗s
^garra Ehr`gm - 871>‗s - 87:>‗s
Wvas Uhgmt Lhuramt - 871>‗s - 872>‗s
^garra Fhlohgm,
Mirohm Bhr`y Hogas
Aoglgi ^ueeg 871>‗s - 87:>‗s
Vifarti Ehpueeg
Hmma Clagm - 871>‗s - 87;>‗s
Elhgra OeEhr`all,
Mirohl Mirall
Ebhrlas Dhoas
871>‗s
@irgs @hy,Geims
Dhma Vussall, Ohrglym Oimria, Algzhfatb Phylir, Krhea Cally, Hu`ray Bapfurm,
Frgkgtta Fhr`it, Uipbgh Liram, Dhoas @ahm, Alvgs ^raslay.871>‗s G`ils
Gmuameas
Pba taamhka Ohrcat
Fahtmgcs
Pa``y Fiys
Tiit Uugts
Fgcars
Dhecsim ^illiec
87:>‗s
Gmuamtghl @asgkmars
^hei Vhfhmma
Hm`ras Eiurrakas
Ohry Xuhmt
Vu`g Karmrageb
Kgirkgi `a Uhmt‗Hmkali - 87:>‗s - 87;>‗s
Fimmga Ehsbgm - 87:>‗s - 87;>‗s
Issga Elhrc - 87:>‗s - 87;>‗s
Zhlamtgmi - 87:>‗s - 6>>>‗s
Chrl Lhkarjal` - 87:>‗s - prasamt
Fgll Kgff,
Ohrghm Jihla,
Uhlly Pujm,
Dahm Ougr,
Thm`rh Vbi`as,
Aoohmual Qmkhri,
Ohre Fibhm,
Kuy Lhrieba,
Uimgh Vycgal.
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87:>‗s Geims
Pwgkky, Dahm Ubrgoptim, Ohrghmma Jhgtbjul, Dhecga Camma`y, Dhmgs Diplgm, Dhma Jim`h, Dahm Uafark,
Dulga Ebrgstga, Jhya @ummhwhy, Ehtbargma @amauva.
Gmuameas
Uwgmkgmk Ugxtgas
Uphea Hka
Utraat Utyla
Bgppga
Gmspgra` fy Gm`gh
Fgfh Fiutgqua
Pba ogmgscgrt
Qmgsax elitbgmk
Frgkbtly eiliura` tgkbts
87;>‗s
Gmuamtghl @asgkmars
Bhlstim
Utapbam Furriws
Fgll Flhss - 87;>‗s - 872>‗s
Aoohmual Qmkhri - 87;>‗s - 872>‗s
Camzi Phch`h - 87;>‗s - 872>‗s
Kaijjray Faama 87;>‗s - 872>‗s
^arry Allgs - 87;>‗s - 872>‗s
Ogssimg - 87;>‗s - 872>‗s
Dahm-Ebhrlas
- 87;>‗s - 872>‗s
Dhoas KhlhmisEhstalfhdhe
- 87;>‗s - 872>‗s
Gssay Ogyhca - 87;>‗s - 877>‗s
Ehlvgm Clagm - 87;>‗s - 877>‗s
Isehr @a Lh Vamth - 87;>‗s - prasamt
Kgirkgi Hrohmg - 87;>‗s - prasamt
Zgvgamma [astwii` - 87;>‗s - prasamt
87;>‗s G`ils
Fghmeh Dhkkar, Jhrrhb Jhweat (Ebhrlga‗s Hmkals), Dhma Jim`h, Dhma Fgrcgm
Favarly Dibmsim (8st flhec oi`al ti ohca tba Zikua eivar), Darry Bhll, Ohrga Balvgm, Lhuram
Buttim, Viohm ^ilhmscg hm` Ubhrim Phta, @ghma Zim Jurstamfark, Lgzh Ogmmallg, Dibm Prhvilth hm`
Ilgvgh Mawtim-Dibm, Uimmy hm` Ebar
Gmuameas
Lagsura wahr
Gm`ghm gmspgra`
Erhjts
Cmgtwahr
@gsei hm` ^umc - Ogec Dhkkar, Ohre Filhm, @hvg` Fiwga, Khry Klgttar
Vatri
Utu`gi 10
^umc
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872>‗s
Gmuamtghl @asgkmars
Pbgarry Ouklar
Elhu`a Oimthmh - 872>‗s - 877>‗s
Hzza`gma Hlhgh - 872>‗s - 877>‗s
Kghmmg Zarshea - 872>‗s - 877>‗s
Vioai Kgklg - 872>‗s - 877>‗s
Vhlpb Lhuram - 872>‗s - prasamt
Dahm ^hul Khultgar - 872>‗s - prasamt
Vag Chwhcufi - 872>‗s - prasamt
Wibdg Whohoiti - 872>‗s - prasamt
@immh Chrhm 872>‗s - prasamt
Ohrtgma Ugtfim - 872>‗s - prasamt
Ebrgstghm Lherigx - 872>‗s - prasamt
Ohre Dheifs - 872>‗s - prasamt
872>‗s Geims
Oh`immh, ^rgmeass @ghmh, Krhea Dimas, Ohrkhrat Pbhtebar, Oaryl Utraap, Ebar, Gvhmh Pruop,
^hlioh ^gehssi, Gmas `a lh Jrasshmka, Fiy Kairka
Gmuameas
Hoargehm sihp iparhs, Wuppgas
Pba Maw Viohmtges - ^ip kriups sueb hs @urhm @urhm, Uphm`hu Fhllat, @hvg` Fiwga hm` H`ho Hmt
877>‗s
Gmuamtghl @asgkmars
^rh`h - 877>‗s - prasamt
Kueeg, Pio Jir` - 877>‗s - prasamt
Dgl Uhm`ar 877>‗s - 6>>>‗s
Balout Lhmk - 877>‗s - 6>>>‗s
^hul Uogtb - 877>‗s - prasamt
Ohrtgm Ohrkgalh - 877>‗s - prasamt
@ilea Khfhmmh - 877>‗s - prasamt
Gsshe Ogzrhbg - 877>‗s - prasamt
Oiebhal Cirs - 877>‗s - prasamt
@rgas Zhm Mitam - 877>‗s - prasamt
Hmm @aoaulaoaastar - 877>‗s - prasamt
Dibm Khllghmi - 877>‗s - prasamt
Hlfarth Jarrattg - 877>‗s - prasamt
Hlaxhm`ar OeXuaam - 877>‗s - prasamt
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877>‗s Geims
Dammgjar Hmgstim & Frh` ^gtt, Kwymatb ^hltriw, Ehoarim @ghz, Upgea Kgrls ― ^isb & Faecs,
Lhrh Erijt, Ubhrim Utima, Fdirc, Iprhb [gmjray, Bgllhry Elgmtim, Dulgh Vifarts, Gshfallh Vissallgmg,
Pgmh Purmar
Uuparoi`als ― Chta Oiss, Egm`y Erhwjir`, Ebrgsty Purlgmktim, Elhu`gh Uebgjjar, Kgsalla Fum`ebam,
Lgm`h Avhmkalgsth
Gmuameas
Ogmgohlgso
Utraat Utyla
Krumka
Maw hka trhvalars
Vhva/`hmea ousge
Eyfar jhsbgims
6>>>‗s
Gmuamtghl @asgkmars
Hlaxhm`ar OeXuaam
Zarh [hmk
Ebrgstghm Liufiutgm
Dahm-^hul Khultgar
Zgvgamma [astwii`
Chrl Lhkarjal`
Jrhmegsei Eisth
Utallh OeEhrtmay
Mhregsi Vi`rgkuaz
^riamzh Uebiular
Mgebilhs Kbasqugara
Bussagm Ebhlhyhm
Dumyh [hthmhfa
Zarimgqua Frhmqugmbi
Zgctir hm` Vilj
Pba tip suparoi`als ij tba `aeh`a wara Chta Oiss, Kgsala Füm`ebam, H`rghmh Lgoh, Hlasshm`rh
Hofrisgi, Bag`g Cluo, Mhiog Ehopfall, Pyrh Fhmcs, Chrilïmh Curcivè, Ogrhm`h Carr, Gzhfal Kiulhrt,
Ualgth Afhmcs, Ebrgstga Frgmclay, Ebrgsty Purlgmktim, Lgm`h Avhmkalgsth, Ohrgsh Ogllar, @iutzam Crias,
Hkymass @aym, Bglhry Vbi`h, Vhqual Tgooarohmm, Eiei Viebh, Lgly @imhl`sim, Ebhmal Gohm, Uhsbh
^gvivhrivh, Ehrilgma Pramtgmg, hm` Dassgeh Utho.
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Concept To Creation by Tanya Dove
Pba Jutura ij Jhsbgim
Pbara hra miw tbiushm`s ij jhsbgim `asgkmars heriss tba wirl`. Jhsbgim waac wbgeb usa` ti fa gm
jiur ehpgthls ij tba wirl`4 Lim`im, ^hrgs, Oglhm hm` Maw Wirc, bhs miw gmerahsa` ti ohdir egtgas
heriss Hsgh hm` Auripa. @asgkmars oiva hrium` jhsbgim biusas ht ahsa, jhsbgim lhfals sat up tbam
elisa `iwm.
Jhsbgim ohkhzgma a`gtir rilas hra oira eioplax tbhm avar gm tba 68st eamtury. [bht usa` ti fa
jilliwgmk `asgkmars hm` hmhlyzgmk eillaetgims gm 0 eiumtrgas bhs miw avilva` ti hmhlyzgmk tbiushm`s
ij eillaetgims heriss tba klifa ti eillhta tba tram`s jir tba maxt sahsim. Pbasa tram`s tbam ltar
`iwm ti tba bgkb straat wgtb tba ohkhzgmas puflgsbgmk “cay liics hm` tram`s‟ saetgims gm tbagr
a`gtgims. [gtb maw `asgkmars hppahrgmk aheb sahsim, hm` itbars elisgmk, tba prieass gs h eioplax
ohza ij `asgkms.
Hlimk wgtb tba jhsbgim sbiws tbara hra itbar jum`hoamthl jhetirs sattgmk tram`s hm` jhsbgim. Pwi
pra`iogmhmt
eimsg`arhtgims
ealafrgtgas
hm` tbasa
straatehm
stylas.
[gtb`avalip
ohkhzgmas
hm`jh`
bhr`
eipgas) jraquamtly
jahturgmk hra
straat
smhp sbits,
qugecly
gmti(imlgma
h jhsbgim
ir tram`.
Ealafrgtgas hlsi bhva tba piwar ti ohca hm umcmiwm `asgkmar hm ivarmgkbt sueeass fy fagmk
jahtura` gm ima ij tbagr iutts. Pba ealafrgty eriw` hra mit imly jhoius paipla, hetrassas hm`
suparoi`als, gt miw erissas ivar ti tba “va ogmutas ij jhoa‟ paipla wbi hra saam im rahlgty PZ
sbiws. Bgkb straat khroamts jahtura` im h ealafrgty ehm ahsgly sall iut ivar mgkbt, wgtb eiopatgtirs
eipygmk tba khroamt ti try hm` ehpgthlgza im tba sueeass.
Jhsbgim bhs faeioa gmerahsgmkly `gvarsa. Ima ehm mi limkar spahc ij h sgmkla tram`. Pba jhsbgim
wirl` ti`hy gs ebhrhetargza` fy ohmy `gjjaramt hm` ijtam eimtrhstgmk tram`s. Eimsuoars miw `aeg`a
jir tbaosalvas wbht tbay lgca, wbht gs gm ir iut. Pba ma lgma fatwaam tba jhsbgimhfla hm`
umjhsbgimhfla bhs faeioa oira hm` oira `gjeult ti `gstgmkugsb. Pbara hra mi oira silg` kug`algmas
ir `gethtirs. Alakhmea, bhroimy hm` tba trh`gtgimhl `amgtgims ij fahuty saao ti bhva list tbagr
irgkgmhl `amgtgims. Pba fgzhrra hm` tba surprgsgmk bhva thcam ivar, syofilgzgmk tba assamea ij
jhsbgim4 eimtgmuius ebhmka hm` tba sahreb jir sioatbgmk maw.
Pba rausa ij il` g`ahs ehm fa jium` avarywbara jrio ohss-ohrcat jhsbgim ti bhuta eiutura hm`
rah`y-ti-wahr. @asgkmars ti`hy raeikmgza` tbht oist tbgmks bhva axgsta` fajira hm` tbht h lit ij
wbht wa tbgmc gs irgkgmhl gs oaraly h eimsegius ohmgpulhtgim ij phst stylas. Jhsbgim bhs faeioa lgca
h kghmt wbaal eimsthmtly turmgmk, firriwgmk jrio tba phst. Vavgvhls ieeur oira jraquamtly tbhm avar
fajira. Pbhmcs ti maw `avalipoamts gm jhfrge taebmiliky h ;>‗s styla `rass ehm liic eimtaopirhry
ti`hy, hm` il` tioirriw.
Eimsuoars
eiofgma
gm gmerahsgmkly
vhrga`
whys hm`jrio
axpargoamt
`gjjaramt
hm`
ohtarghls kgvgmk
tbaoelitbgmk
tbagr iwm
gm`gvg`uhl liic.
^urebhsgmk
`asgkmarwgtb
ti bgkb
straat,stylas
saeim`
bhm` hm` vgmthka ti fu`kat rathglars. Pba eiofgmhtgims hra lgogtlass. Eimsuoars hra purebhsgmk maw
gtaos ti sugt tbagr lgjastylas, jrio tba ijea ti tba fhr, tba jumetgim ti tba waacam` htgra. Pba
jutura ij jhsbgim gs vary oueb kahra` tiwhr`s cmiwgmk yiur eimsuoar hm` privg`gmk h lgjastyla
hrium` yiur eillaetgims.
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