DAO THI KIM THOA
Department of Petroleum Processing, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University
of Technology, HCMC National University
Office: 109 B2
Lab: 104 B2
How to over come ?
Being active
53,36 USD/barrel
You are aware, petroleum is a complex mixture of
hydrocarbons formed by the decomposition of fossil
remains. It exists as a liquid (crude oil), gas (natural gas)
or as solids (oil shales) and is found deep underground or
below seabed.
You have also studied that petroleum is refined to several
useful fractions, which are used as fuel (LPG, petrol,
diesel, etc.) or lubricants.
Out of luck
About 10% of the petroleum is used to prepare a
range of chemicals called petrochemicals.
Some gaseous hydrocarbons are also obtained as a by product
during petroleum refining. These hydrocarbons may contain one to
five carbon atoms, for example, methane, ethane, propane, butane,
iso-butane, pentane, etc. Methane (CH4) is also a major
hydrocarbon component of natural gas, which occurs in association
with petroleum.
At one time these gaseous hydrocarbons were of almost no use and
the only way to dispose them was to burn them. With passage of
time these gaseous hydrocarbons have found important use as
starting material to produce a large variety of petrochemicals. Today,
the demand of petrochemicals and the materials derived from
petrochemicals is so great that we need to deliberately convert
higher hydrocarbons to smaller gaseous hydrocarbons by the
process of cracking.
Some important petrochemicals are methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol,
acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetone, benzene, toluene,
xylenes, phenol, vinyl chloride, etc. some of these can be used directly
or as raw materials for the manufacture of other useful products. These
are used to manufacture a vast variety of useful materials like solvents,
adhesives, antifreezes, synthetic rubbers, synthetic fibers, nylon,
polyester, plastics, synthetic detergents, rocket fuels, etc
Since every area of human activity makes use of
petrochemicals or the materials made from
petrochemicals, our life without petrochemicals would be
very different and less comfortable.
Learning Outcomes
Selection of feedstock and process for specific chemical.
Can read a PFD.
Compare the advantages and disadvantages of ethane cracking and
naphtha cracking for ethylene manufacture.
Distinguish between synthetic plastic,
rubber, and fibre.
What are the various methods for
polyethylene manufacture?
What are the raw materials used for the manufacture of polyethylene
terephthalate? Mention the methods of manufacturing these raw
materials.
Suggest why pure formaldehyde is not produced in the
process?
Why do we need a settling tank after the acid wash
unit associated to the crude ethylene dichloride?
Why ethylene dichloride is dried before entering the
cracking furnace?
Why quenching is carried out?
Distingue refrigerating, cooling and quenching ?
What are the various types of nylons available? Mention
the method of
manufacture of nylon 6,6
What are the various types of moulding methods used for
plastic goods?
What is a preform
What do you understand by vulcanisation of
rubber?
Quiz
Midterm
Final
The rest
10%
30%
50%
?
The chemistry of petrochemical processes
Sami Matar, Lewis F. Hatch
2014 Petrochemical Processes Handbook
2011 Refining Processes Handbook
Zeolites in Industrial Separation and Catalysis
Santi Kulprathipanja
Petrochemicals in nontechnical language, Donald L.
Burdick, William L. Leffler
Methane and Its Derivatives
Sunggyu Lee
Through refining, petroleum can be turned into many types of
petrochemicals. One of these is synthetic (man-made) fibers, which
can be woven into curtains and carpets. Man-made fibers are often
wrinkle-free, so they look better. Many also do not absorb water,
so mold and mildew are much less of a nuisance.
A candle is made from wax. Wax is a raw
petroleum product. It is used to make candles,
milk cartons and polishes.
A very large carved Thai candle,
similar to those used in the Ubon
Ratchathani Candle Festival.
•
Compact discs and cassette tapes are made using petroleum
products. All plastic products (many of the materials used to
make the clothes you wear, or the carpet you walk on, plus
hundreds of the other products we take for granted) are made
from petrochemicals. As the name implies, a main ingredient in
petrochemicals is oil.
Synthetic shoes are made from a petroleum product. Many rubber soles are also
made from petroleum. Natural rubber becomes sticky when hot and stiff when
cold, but man-made rubber stays much more flexible. Car tires are made from
synthetic rubber, which makes them much safer to drive on. Today, the demand
for synthetic rubber is four-times greater than for natural rubber.
You will probably be surprised to know that a plastic bottle is made from the
same petrochemical as the fiber we call polyester!
All plastic products, many of the materials used to make the clothes you wear,
or the carpet you walk on, plus hundreds of the other products we take for
granted, are made from petrochemicals. As the name implies, a main ingredient
in petrochemicals is oil.
The plastic of the bandage is made from oil. Also, the non-stick pad that
covers the wound is man-made cloth which is manufactured from
petrochemicals. The medical industry relies heavily on oil-based products to
improve much of their equipment and medicine.
Ethylene is one of the byproducts of distilling oil. (Distilling simply
means heating. Since oil is made of various substances, these
substances will boil off at different temperatures as oil is heated). It
can be made softer and used for film and garbage bags, or harder to
make milk crates.
Food additives are yet another petrochemical. Many of these additives
increase the shelf-life of canned food. They keep the food fresh longer,
and allows more people throughout the world to eat healthy.
Make-up, nail polish and lipstick are all made, at least partly, from oil. They
are mixtures of such compounds as oils, waxes, perfumes, and colors, many
of which can be made from petrochemicals. Nail polishes, for instance, are
mixtures of pigments, solids, and solvents. The pigments give the polish its
color, and the solids form the film that sticks to the nail and provides gloss
and flexibility. Hair dye is also created using petroleum products.
Fertilizers increase crop yields, as well as make the plants in your
windowsill look nice. Some of the chemicals in this fertilizer came from
petroleum products.
Pesticides are among the many chemicals that my be used to protect crops.
Much like fertilizers, oil is an important ingredient in many pesticides. Some
people think that our food production would only be half of what it is today
if pesticides were not used. Without the use of pesticides, food would cost
much more than at present, and many people would have to pay more to eat
nutritious meals.
Detergents are substances that act as cleansing agents when mixed with
water. There are two main types of detergents: soapy and soapless. Most
soapless detergents are made from oil products. The soapless detergents
include powders and liquids used to wash clothes and dishes in a
dishwasher. Some are made using petrochemicals, while others are made
using alcohols and ethylene oxide that are petrochemical products.
Some medicines, such as penicillin, are made by organisms, but most are
manufactured from chemicals, and many of these are made from petroleum
products. Acetylsalicylic acid, or ASA, is the active ingredient in many of the
well-known, over-the-counter pain relievers. ASA is manufactured from
petrochemicals. One of the first uses of oil, dating back thousands of years, was
as medicine. Other early uses included illumination and as a boat resin to help
keep ships sea-worthy.
The color of most pen ink is the result of dyes. These dyes are
made from petrochemicals.
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
VS
PETROCHEMISTRY