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Test-Bank
Psychological Research (University of Toronto)
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TEST BANK
Cultural Psychology
THIRD EDITION
Benjamin Y. Cheung
UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
W • W • NORTON & COMPANY • NEW YORK • LONDON
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W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton
and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education
division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute,
publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars
of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and college texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s, the
Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and today—with a staff of four hundred
and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year—W. W. Norton &
Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees.
Copyright © 2016 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Associate editor: Stefani Wallace
Production manager: Jane Searle
Composition by: Westchester Publishing Services
Special thanks to:
Matt J. Goren, University of California, Berkeley
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10110-0017
wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd.
Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT
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CONTENTS
Assessment Guidelines Based on the Science of Learning
vii
Chapter 1  What Is Cultural Psychology?
1
Chapter 2  Culture and Human Nature
7
Chapter 3  Cultural Evolution
13
Chapter 4  Methods for Studying Culture and Psychology
19
Chapter 5  Development and Socialization
25
Chapter 6  Self and Personality
31
Chapter 7  Living in Multicultural Worlds
38
Chapter 8  Motivation
45
Chapter 9  Cognition and Perception
52
Chapter 10  Emotions
59
Chapter 11  Interpersonal Attraction and Close Relationships
65
Chapter 12  Morality, Religion, and Justice
71
Chapter 13  Physical Health
78
Chapter 14  Mental Health
84
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ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES BASED ON THE SCIENCE OF
LEARNING
When was the last time you were pleased with the consistency and quality of the assessment supplements
that come with introductory texts? If you are like most professors, you probably find that these assessment
packages do not always meet your needs. To address this issue, Norton collaborated with Valerie Shute
(Florida State University) and Diego Zapata-Rivera (Electronic Testing Services) to develop a methodology
for delivering high-quality, valid, and reliable assessment through our test banks and extensive suite of
support materials.
Our Approach
In evaluating the test banks that accompany introductory texts, we found four substantive problem areas
associated with the items: (a) misclassified item types; (b) a prevalence of low-level questions that may
misrepresent the goals of the course; (c) unevenly distributed topics—where trivial topics are tested via
multiple items while important topics are not tested at all; and (d) links to topics that are often at a very
general level, thus preventing diagnostic use of the item information.
To eradicate these issues from our test banks, we conducted a focus group to create a new model for
assessment. A good assessment tool must (a) define what students need to know and the level of
knowledge and skills expected of them to be competent in the concepts about which they are learning; (b)
include test items that provide valid and reliable evidence by assessing the material to be learned at the
appropriate level; and (c) enable instructors to accurately judge what students know and what they do not
know and to what degree, allowing instructors to focus on areas where students need the most help.
Each question in this test bank measures and links explicitly to a specific competency and is written with
clear, concise, and grammatically correct language that suits the difficulty level of the specific competency
being assessed. To ensure the validity of the questions, no extraneous, ambiguous, or confusing material is
included, and no slang expressions are used. In developing the questions, every effort has been made to
eliminate bias (e.g., racial, gender, cultural, ethnic, regional, disability, age, and so on) to require specific
knowledge of the material studied, not general knowledge or experience. This ensures accessibility and
validity.
How It Works
The test bank authors developed questions designed to test students’ knowledge of a particular learning
objective from the text. By asking students questions that vary in both type and level of difficulty,
instructors can gather different types of evidence, which will allow them to more effectively assess how well
students understand topics.
SIX QUESTION TYPES
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1. Remembering questions—Can students recall or remember the information in the same form it was
learned?
2. Understanding questions—Can students explain ideas or concepts?
3. Applying questions—Can students use learned information in another task or situation?
4. Analyzing questions—Can students distinguish among the different parts?
5. Evaluating questions—Can students justify a stand or decision?
6. Creating questions—Can students create a new product or point of view?
THREE DIFFICULTY LEVELS
1. Easy questions—require a basic understanding of the concepts, definitions, and examples presented in the
textbook.
2. Moderate questions—direct students to use critical thinking skills and to demonstrate an understanding
of core concepts independent of specific textbook examples.
3. Difficult questions—ask students to synthesize textbook concepts with their own experiences, making
analytical inferences about historical topics and more.
READING THE TEST ITEM NOTATION
Each question in the test bank is tagged with five pieces of information designed to help instructors create
the most ideal mix of questions for the quizzes or exams. These tags are:
ANS: This is the correct answer for each question.
DIF: This is the difficulty assigned to the problem.
REF: This is the number of the page in the textbook from which a question is drawn.
OBJ: This is the learning objective that is tested by the question.
MSC: This is the question type (see above) that the question is designed to test.
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CHAPTER 1
WHAT IS CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
1.1. Explain two ways in which culture can be conceptualized
1.2. Compare general psychology to cultural psychology
1.3. Discuss evidence supporting cultural psychology’s assertion that the mind and culture make each
other up
1.4. Define the four degrees of psychological universality
1.5. Understand how WEIRD samples impact the generalizability of results from psychological research
1.6. Contrast how the color-blind approach affects people differently than the multicultural approach
1.7. Explain how ethnocentrism affects our understanding of other groups’ cultures
1.8. Describe the historical development of cultural psychology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A cat teaches another cat in the same alley to hold a mouse a certain way so that the mouse can be
more easily eaten. Based on the definitions of culture used in the textbook, can this example be said
to be “culture”?
a) Yes, because the information was passed on by social learning between cats.
b) Yes, because a habit or practice can be said to be “culture.”
c) Yes, because the cats belong to a group of cats from the same alley.
d) No, because the information was passed on in isolation.
e) More than one of the choices is true.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Culture?
OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Evaluating
2. In an African Studies research paper that you are writing for publication, you use the word “culture” to
refer to a South African people. Which of the following is NOT a challenge to using this definition of
culture to indicate “South Africans”?
a) Some South Africans have likely been exposed to ideas from many other countries, such as the
United States and China.
b) Present-day South Africans are likely very different from South Africans in the early twentieth
century.
c) All South Africans share the same political and environmental contexts, leading them to have very
similar experiences.
d) There is too much variability within the South African population to warrant a single “South African”
category.
e) South Africa is economically very similar to its neighbor, Botswana.
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ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: What Is Culture?
OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Evaluating
3. According to the definition offered in the textbook, which of the following would NOT be a good
example of “culture”?
a) A child mimics her brother by using a tablet computer to watch a movie.
b) A child learns how to tie her shoes from her mother.
c) A child improves on her friend’s tool by tying a rock to one end.
d) A child figures out a novel solution to a new puzzle she has never seen before, all the while listening
to her sister play the piano.
e) A child learns to raise her hand in class to get the teacher’s attention.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: What Is Culture?
OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Applying
4. A chimpanzee learns from his human zookeeper to wash carrots in the artificial river in his habitat
before eating them. Based on the definitions of culture used in the textbook, can this example be said
to be “culture”?
a) Yes, the information was passed on by social learning.
b) Yes, because a habit or practice can be said to be “culture.”
c) Yes, because the chimpanzee belongs to a group of chimpanzees kept in zoos.
d) No, because he learned the practice from a member of a different species.
e) No, because he is the only member of his group to adopt this habit.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: What Is Culture?
OBJ: 1.1 MSC: Evaluating
5. A key difference between “cultural” psychologists and “general” psychologists is that
a) general psychologists study people whose culture has been statistically controlled for.
b) cultural psychologists study people from different cultures, whereas general psychologists study
people from one culture.
c) cultural psychologists believe that the mind is interdependent with context and content, whereas
general psychologists believe that the mind is independent from context and content.
d) general psychologists believe that people everywhere are born with similar brains, whereas cultural
psychologists believe that people are born with different kinds of brains in different cultures.
e) general psychologists believe that experiences shape the mind, whereas cultural psychologists
believe that experiences do not shape the mind.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Is the Mind Independent from, or Intertwined with, Culture? OBJ: 1.2
MSC: Analyzing
6. Your friend is doing a series of visual tasks. In one task, she had to track an object sliding across the
screen (slide task). In another task, she had to track an object that popped up on the screen and then
disappeared (pop task). According to a brain scan taken during the tasks, her left inferior parietal lobule
and right precentral gyrus showed greater activation during the slide task than during the pop task.
What does this mean?
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a) Your friend found the slide task easier than the pop task.
b) Your friend found the slide task more difficult than the pop task.
c) Your friend was better at the slide task than at the pop task.
d) Your friend was worse at the slide task than at the pop task.
e) Your friend was more confused during the slide task than during the pop task.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Is the Mind Independent from, or Intertwined with, Culture? OBJ: 1.3
MSC: Applying
7. A key belief of the Sambia is that
a) people are born homosexual and become heterosexual with experience.
b) there are no differences between women and men, so both women and men engage in warfare.
c) the primary purpose of sexual activity is for pleasure, so they try to maximize the amount of pleasure
for each person.
d) heterosexual intercourse and pregnancy are not related.
e) boys become men by acquiring semen from older boys and men.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Case Study: The Sambia
OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering
8. In the Sambian context, the cultural emphasis on boys to go through rituals such as piercing their
noses and thrashing them with sticks suggest that, for the Sambia,
a) men must work hard to maintain their innate maleness.
b) women need to work toward obtaining a femaleness essence.
c) pain is not associated with masculinity.
d) masculinity is something that boys gain from certain behaviors.
e) there is also a strong emphasis on sexuality being rigid and unchangeable.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Case Study: The Sambia OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering
9. According to the Sambia,
a) men can get jerungdu from certain trees.
b) femaleness is acquired.
c) men can produce semen, while boys must acquire it.
d) heterosexuality is a positive part of life.
e) maleness is innate.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Case Study: The Sambia
OBJ: 1.3 MSC: Remembering
10. After an exhaustive study, you find no cultural variation across all samples explored in terms of
sleeping in a tree at night. This finding would best be labeled as a(n)
a) nonuniversal.
b) existential universal.
c) functional universal.
d) accessibility universal.
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e) conditional universal.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Psychological Universals and Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.4
MSC: Understanding
11. Which of the following levels of psychological universals was NOT proposed by Norenzayan and Heine?
a) statistical universal
b) nonuniversal
c) accessibility universal
d) existential universal
e) functional universal
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Psychological Universals and Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.4
MSC: Remembering
12. All cultures congratulate their members’ achievements to make them feel good about themselves, but
some cultures are much more willing to do this than others. According to Norenzayan and Heine, what
is this an example of?
a) existential universal
b) accessibility universal
c) functional universal
d) nonuniversal
e) conditional universal
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Psychological Universals and Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.4
MSC: Understanding
13. Assume that the act of giving gifts to neighbors has been documented in every culture that exists in
the world. Which of the following is definitely true about the act of gift giving?
a) It does not lead to evidence for cultural differences.
b) It serves the same purpose across all cultures.
c) It happens more in some cultures than in others.
d) It solves the same evolutionary problem in all cultures.
e) It is not a nonuniversal.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Psychological Universals and Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.4
MSC: Analyzing
14. Your research team found evidence that people in multiple cultures walk with their shoes on their
heads, but this “shoe-on-head” way of walking is activated for different reasons across cultures. This
would be evidence of a(n)
a) nonuniversal.
b) existential universal.
c) functional universal.
d) accessibility universal.
e) conditional universal.
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ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Psychological Universals and Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.4
MSC: Understanding
15. People from all cultures use umbrellas, but in some cultures umbrellas are used only to block rainwater,
whereas in other cultures umbrellas are used only to block the sun. The use of umbrellas across
cultures would thus be classified as a(n)
a) statistical universal.
b) nonuniversal.
c) accessibility universal.
d) existential universal.
e) functional universal.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Psychological Universals and Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.4
MSC: Understanding
16. You grew up learning that nodding your head means “yes,” and most people you know do the same;
however, you recently learned that people in some cultures nod their heads when they mean to say
“no.” Nodding your head would thus be characterized as a(n)
a) existential universal.
b) functional universal.
c) nonuniversal.
d) accessibility universal.
e) statistical universal.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Psychological Universals and Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.4
MSC: Understanding
17. Celebrating birthdays is a functional universal. This means that in two cultures, the purpose of
birthdays is _____________ across the cultures and how important birthdays are is _____________ across
the cultures.
a) different; the same
b) different; different
c) the same; the same
d) the same; different
e) There is not enough information to answer this question.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Psychological Universals and Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.4
MSC: Applying
18. You review all of the studies that you’ve done in your career and realize that they all use WEIRD
samples. Based on this characteristic of your samples, which of the following challenges is the most
applicable to your work?
a) determining universality
b) countering ethnocentrism
c) getting jerungdu
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d) overcoming the Müller-Lyer illusion
e) defining culture
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Psychological Database Is Largely WEIRD OBJ: 1.5
MSC: Analyzing
19. You want to raise your child so that she will not be susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion. Based on what
the textbook discusses as being the reason for why some people are more susceptible to this illusion
than others, what should you do to make your child less susceptible to it?
a) Train her and drill her on it as soon as she can talk.
b) Remove her from North America.
c) Raise her in an environment without corners.
d) Find a place with a high point of subjective equality, and make sure to raise her somewhere else.
e) This cultural difference is genetically inherited, so little can be done to make one less susceptible.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Psychological Database Is Largely WEIRD OBJ: 1.5
MSC: Applying
20. Jarad wants to make sure that he does not raise children who are susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion.
As such, he should
a) first establish whether that susceptibility is an existential universal.
b) adopt the perspective of a general psychologist.
c) make sure his children are low on ethnocentrism.
d) raise his children in places where corners are uncommon.
e) put his children through the Russian cultural-historical school of psychology.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: The Psychological Database Is Largely WEIRD OBJ: 1.5
MSC: Applying
21. You decide to start a new research project investigating the universality of drinking alcohol. To do so, you
investigate two different cultures from two different continents (the Netherlands and Canada). You find
evidence that people in both countries drink beer to the same extent and for the same reasons. Which of
the following conclusions can you make about drinking alcohol?
a) It is an accessibility universal.
b) It is a functional universal.
c) It is an existential universal.
d) It is a nonuniversal.
e) No definite conclusion can be made.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Psychological Universals and Levels of Analysis  The Psychological Database Is
Largely WEIRD OBJ: 1.4  1.5
MSC: Analyzing
22. The boss of a company in the United States has instituted a new policy requiring all interactions
between workers, who are predominantly white Americans, to take a culture-blind approach. This
means that the
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a) boss wants the workers to treat each other as individuals, with individual experiences and individual
histories.
b) boss belongs to the Russian culture-historical school.
c) ethnic minority workers will be more engaged with their work than they were before the new policy
was instituted.
d) boss wants the workers to focus on aspects of psychology that are considered nonuniversals.
e) white American workers will act in less prejudicial ways toward ethnic minority workers.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Why Should We Study Cultural Psychology? OBJ: 1.6
MSC: Understanding
23. As the incoming CEO of a company where people of different ethnicities work in the same workspace,
you have been given the task of creating a positive and friendly work environment. This means that
people of different ethnicities should have trust in the company and have positive emotions toward
each other. To do so, you plan to give a speech. According to the textbook, which of the following is the
ideal approach to take in that speech?
a) “There are no racial differences here—only one human race.”
b) “Treat everyone the same—as a friend—to make this workplace a friendlier place.”
c) “Everyone is special and brings his or her uniqueness to the table. We should treasure and treat
everyone similarly.”
d) “Company parties every Friday night!”
e) “Every race brings a different piece of the puzzle that, together, will help us accomplish great
things.”
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Why Should We Study Cultural Psychology? OBJ: 1.6 MSC: Applying
24. Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?
a) “I grew up eating fish raw, but people from Culture X like to eat fish cooked. Different countries just
have different food preferences.”
b) “I do not understand. How come we keep dogs as pets, but people from Culture X keep llamas as pets?”
c) “Those people from Culture X are weird. Rather than using forks to eat like we do, like people are
supposed to, they like to pick things up using sticks to eat.”
d) “We should be more tolerant of different ethnicities, and make that the key goal of the company.”
e) “Some cultures are better than others—that is a fact.”
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: You Are a Product of Your Own Culture  Why Study Cultural Psychology?
OBJ: 1.6  1.7 MSC: Applying
25. Which of the following statements about ethnocentrism is true?
a) It is necessary for clearer definitions of what constitutes a cultural group.
b) It is when a person can use multiple cultural standards by which to judge behaviors.
c) It means that behaviors that do not seem normal tend to be viewed as less desirable.
d) It suggests an understanding that what may be natural to one may not be natural to others.
e) It suggests an understanding that one takes a purely objective perspective when examining cultural
differences.
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ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: You Are a Product of Your Own Culture OBJ: 1.7
MSC: Understanding
26. While chatting over coffee with your friend, you overhear someone say, “I don’t understand how
those Hindus let cattle wander around their cities and not eat them. Where I come from, cattle are
raised, branded, and then turned into steak and burgers. What the Hindus do just isn’t normal.” Which of
the following does this situation best demonstrate?
a) segregation
b) ethnocentrism
c) integrationism
d) discrimination
e) assimilationism
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: You Are a Product of Your Own Culture OBJ: 1.7 MSC: Analyzing
27. Your friend subscribes to the notion that people interact with their environments through the humanmade ideas that have been passed down to them over time. Your friend is most likely to be associated
with which of the following?
a) Wilhelm Wundt’s Elements of Folk Psychology
b) the Russian cultural-historical school
c) culture and personality studies
d) early theories in social psychology
e) Jerome Bruner and the launching of the cognitive revolution
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Where Does Cultural Psychology Come From? OBJ: 1.8
MSC: Analyzing
28. The Russian cultural-historical school emphasized that
a) mind and culture are mutually constituted.
b) a culture is the sum of its members’ individual personalities.
c) the mind has a universal layer and a culturally specific layer.
d) people interact with their environments via culturally acquired tools.
e) the psychological effects of cultural learning are best evident by contrasting people from different
historical periods.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Where Does Cultural Psychology Come From? OBJ: 1.8
MSC: Remembering
29. What did the cognitive revolution NOT entail?
a) rejection of behaviorism
b) a revival of cultural psychology
c) a focus on the mind
d) an emphasis on meanings that people drive from their surroundings
e) moving away from stimulus-response relations
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Where Does Cultural Psychology Come From? OBJ: 1.8
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MSC: Remembering
30. Who is credited with laying out the theoretical foundations for cultural psychology?
a) Wilhelm Wundt
b) Jerome Bruner
c) Lev Vygotsky
d) Solomon Asch
e) Richard Shweder
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Where Does Cultural Psychology Come From? OBJ: 1.8
MSC: Remembering
SHORT ANSWER
1. The Chinese abacus is a cultural invention that leads to the use of a hexadecimal numeral system (i.e.,
base 16, rather than the base 10 numeral system commonly used throughout the world). Therefore, the
hexadecimal numeral system is a very unique cultural practice that few other cultures have. Choose
the position of either a general psychologist or a cultural psychologist; then, as your chosen
psychologist, generate an explanation for the capacity to use the hexadecimal numeral system.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Is the Mind Independent from, or Intertwined with, Culture?  Psychological Universals and Levels
of Analysis OBJ: 1.2  1.4
MSC: Creating
2. Choose the position of either a general psychologist or a cultural psychologist; then, as your chosen
psychologist, generate an explanation for cultural variability in susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer illusion.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Is the Mind Independent from, or Intertwined with, Culture?  The Psychological Database Is
Largely WEIRD OBJ: 1.2  1.5
MSC: Creating
3. Name each degree of universality based on Norenzayan and Heine’s model. For each degree of
universality, provide one example for each degree, and justify why your examples are relevant for each
level.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Difficult
REF: Psychological Universals and Levels of Analysis
OBJ: 1.4 MSC: Creating
4. Most companies in multicultural societies such as Canada and Great Britain are staffed with people
from different cultural backgrounds. The best approach in dealing with group differences in terms of
fostering work engagement and trust toward the company is the _____________.
ANS: Multicultural approach DIF: Easy
REF: Why Should We Study Cultural Psychology?
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OBJ: 1.6 MSC: Analyzing
5. Your new job in a culturally diverse company requires you to figure out how to deal with this cultural
diversity in such a way that yields the most benefits for the company. Your two options are to take the
color-blind approach or the multicultural approach. Choose one, and justify your response based on the
research presented in the textbook.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Why Should We Study Cultural Psychology?
OBJ: 1.6 MSC: Evaluating
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CHAPTER 2
CULTURE AND HUMAN NATURE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
2.1. Discuss evidence of culture in different members of the animal kingdom
2.2. Understand how prestige bias facilitates cultural learning among humans
2.3. Differentiate between imitative learning versus emulative learning
2.4. Describe the role of theory of mind in cultural learning among humans
2.5. Define the process called the ratchet effect
2.6. Explain the ratchet effect in the context of cumulative cultural learning
2.7. Generate examples of the ratchet effect
2.8. Discuss how group size (large and small) affects cumulative cultural learning
2.9. Discuss the role of brain evolution in cultural learning
2.10.
Understand the costs and benefits of larger brains
2.11.
Critique the major theories that explain how primates’ brains became big
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Why is there NOT much cumulative culture among chimpanzees?
a) Chimpanzees have even more theory of mind than humans.
b) Chimpanzees have poor working memory.
c) Chimpanzees are incapable of cultural transmission.
d) Chimpanzees are not a social species.
e) Chimpanzees are not very good at imitative learning.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Is Culture Unique to Humans?  Theory of Mind  Language Facilitates
Cultural Learning  Cumulative Cultural Evolution
OBJ: 2.1 MSC: Understanding
2. Which of the following statements is FALSE about animals and culture?
a) Humans appear to be the only species that uses symbolic coding.
b) Culture is found in several species of primates, but not in other animals.
c) There are behaviors common in chimpanzees in one location that are absent from chimpanzees in
another location.
d) Chimpanzees show good emulative learning but poor imitative learning, compared with humans.
e) Aside from humans, no other species shows evidence for much cumulative culture.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Is Culture Unique to Humans?  Theory of Mind  Cumulative Cultural
Evolution OBJ: 2.1  2.4  2.6 MSC: Understanding
3. If a child wants to be a great ice hockey player and chooses to learn from Wayne Gretzky as the
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prestigious model, what aspect(s) of Wayne Gretzky is the child most likely to imitate?
a) Wayne Gretzky’s playing style during an ice hockey game
b) Wayne Gretzky’s hairstyle
c) idolizing the same person Wayne Gretzky idolized as a child
d) Wayne Gretzky’s off-ice workout program
e) everything that Wayne Gretzky does, both related and unrelated to hockey
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Cultural Learning
OBJ: 2.2 MSC: Analyzing
4. When humans engage in the prestige bias, they also tend to copy everything that a prestigious model
does, because humans
a) engage in emulative learning.
b) just love to learn.
c) engage in imitative learning.
d) have large neocortices.
e) have a small encephalization quotient.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Learning
OBJ: 2.3  2.4 MSC: Understanding
5. A team of scientists observes that a new species (Species X) tends not to copy exactly how a model
uses a new tool; instead, species members are very adept at figuring out on their own how to best use
the tool. Conversely, another new species (Species Y) does tend to copy exactly how a model uses a
new tool, paying attention to the behavioral strategies of the model. Based on this observation, what
trajectory should we expect each species’s respective cultural development to be like?
a) Species X will likely not have cumulative culture and Species Y will likely have cumulative culture.
b) Species X will likely have cumulative culture and Species Y will likely not have cumulative culture.
c) Both species will likely have cumulative culture.
d) Neither species will likely have cumulative culture.
e) The scientists’ observations have no relationship to accumulation of culture.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Theory of Mind  Cumulative Cultural Evolution
OBJ: 2.3  2.4 MSC: Understanding
6. Homer sharpens a rock and uses it to shave. Schick adds a handle to the rock for better grip. Gillette
then changes the rock to a titanium blade for durability. The progression of improvements made to the
shaving utensil is an example of
a) cultural adaptation.
b) emulative learning.
c) the eureka effect.
d) cultural bootstrapping.
e) the ratchet effect.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Theory of Mind  Cumulative Cultural Evolution OBJ: 2.3  2.5
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MSC: Understanding
7. Which child(ren) below demonstrate(s) the existence of theory of mind?
a) a child who hides his toys so his mother will not find them
b) a child who likes to ride the family dog like a rodeo bull
c) a child who assumes that everyone knows everything she knows
d) all of these children
e) none of these children
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Theory of Mind
OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Applying
8. An infant of Species X sees a model use a new tool to achieve a goal. Which of the following scenarios
best demonstrates that the infant is engaging in emulative learning?
a) The infant tries to determine the model’s intent in using the tool in a specific way.
b) The infant tries to determine what it is about the tool that allowed the model to achieve the goal.
c) When given the tool, the infant figures out on her own how to use the tool to achieve the same goal.
d) When given the tool, the infant mimics exactly how the model used the tool to achieve the goal.
e) The infant stares blankly at the model.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Theory of Mind
OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Applying
9. An infant of Species X sees a model use a new tool to achieve a goal. Which of the following
demonstrates that the infant is engaging in imitative learning?
a) When given the tool, the infant figures out on his own how to use the tool to achieve the same goal.
b) The infant tries to determine which of the model’s actions was most relevant in using the new tool to
achieve the goal.
c) When given the tool, the infant mimics exactly how the model used the tool.
d) The infant stares blankly at the model.
e) The infant tries to determine what it is about the tool that allowed the model to achieve the goal.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Theory of Mind
OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Applying
10. Which of the following statements is true regarding chimpanzees living in the wild?
a) They do not show conclusive evidence for a theory of mind.
b) They communicate with a vocabulary of about 60 recognizable words.
c) They bring others to locations so that they can observe things there.
d) They point to outside objects.
e) All of the statements are true.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Theory of Mind
OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Understanding
11. Emulative and imitative learning can be contrasted in that
a) in the short term, imitative learning leads to better solutions than emulative learning.
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b) chimpanzees can perform well at tasks involving imitative learning, but not at tasks involving
emulative learning.
c) emulative learning does not require imitating a model’s behavioral strategies.
d) emulative learning is a necessary precondition for cultural accumulation.
e) 2-year-old children tend to solve tasks with emulative learning of behavioral strategies, whereas 1year-olds do not.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Theory of Mind
OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Analyzing
12. A child observes a model using a new tool to crack open an acorn. The child does not copy exactly what
the model does, nor does the child understand that the model wanted to crack acorns. The child simply
sees that the tool can be used to crack acorns and tries to figure out on his own how to use the tool to
crack acorns. What is the child exhibiting?
a) simple mimicry
b) observational learning
c) emulative learning
d) theory of mind
e) imitative learning
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Theory of Mind
OBJ: 2.4 MSC: Understanding
13. Which of the following (historically inaccurate) examples best demonstrates the process of the ratchet
effect?
a) Ke$ha brushes her teeth with a bottle of whiskey, but Lady Gaga gives her a tube of toothpaste
because it cleans teeth better.
b) Wolverine and Thor independently create the first hammers. Wolverine’s hammer is simply a rock,
whereas Thor’s hammer has a metal head and a long handle.
c) Wayne Gretzky demonstrates how to use a hockey stick to shoot pucks, and everyone then tries to
figure out how the stick can be used to shoot pucks.
d) Marx creates a new political ideology, Lenin builds on that ideology, and Stalin further expands on it.
e) Rafael Nadal demonstrates how to use a tennis racquet to hit a ball, and everyone mimics Rafael’s
movements with his or her racquet.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Cumulative Cultural Evolution OBJ: 2.6 MSC: Applying
14. You and a small handful of people have split off from a large and technologically advanced society to
settle on another island. According to Henrich’s mathematical model, what will most likely happen to
the development of cultural technology in your splinter group?
a) The cultural technology of your group will likely ratchet up due to a concentrated effort among this
handful of people.
b) The cultural technology of your group will remain the same.
c) The cultural technology of your group will exceed the technological complexity of the original
society.
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d) The cultural technology of your group will likely devolve due to a lack of skilled models.
e) Splitting from a larger group has nothing to do with the development of cultural technology.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Cultural Learning
OBJ: 2.8 MSC: Applying
15. According to Henrich’s mathematical model, why would complex cultural knowledge deteriorate, as
was the case in eighteenth-century Tasmania?
a) An influx of outsiders into a population dilutes the population’s cultural knowledge.
b) If malnutrition occurs, the neocortex ratio needed for the ratchet effect cannot develop.
c) Immigration creates confusion as to what qualifies as cultural knowledge.
d) Shrinkage in the population leads to a lack of skilled models for people to copy.
e) It is in the nature of cultural evolution that some cultural ideas fall out of favor in time.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Cultural Learning
OBJ: 2.8 MSC: Remembering
16. How does one find an animal’s encephalization quotient (EQ)?
a) It is a complex conversion from an animal’s intelligence quotient.
b) It is the ratio of an animal’s brain weight to the brain weight predicted for a comparable animal with
the same body size.
c) It is the ratio of an animal’s brain weight to its body size.
d) It is the ratio of the volume of an animal’s neocortex to the volume of its brain.
e) It is the difference between the volume of an animal’s brain and the volume of its neocortex.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: You and Your Big Brain
OBJ: 2.9 MSC: Remembering
17. Among three newly discovered species of primates, Species A’s diet is based fully on fruits, Species B’s
diet is based fully on food that requires extractive foraging methods, and Species C lives in highly
social complex groups. Which species probably has the largest EQ?
a) Species A
b) Species B
c) Species C
d) All three species have the same EQ.
e) The answer cannot be determined with the available information.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: You and Your Big Brain  What Is the Evolutionary Advantage of a Large
Brain? OBJ: 2.9 MSC: Applying
18. After studying four species of Martian animals that have the same body size, the scientists obtained the
following data:
Specie
s
Brain weight
(g)
Neocortex volume
(cm3)
A
120
120
B
86
23
C
134
67
D
95
125
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Which species has the largest encephalization quotient? (no calculator needed)
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
e) The answer cannot be determined with the available data.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: You and Your Big Brain
OBJ: 2.9 MSC: Evaluating
19. On Planet X, you observe that a primate-like species is undergoing rapid evolution, with their brains
having grown significantly in volume. Based on the textbook’s discussion about a similar process that
took place in human evolution, what physiological changes to this alien species would you NOT expect
to accompany this growth in brain volume? Assume that body size has not changed.
a) decreased muscle mass
b) shorter fingers and limbs
c) diminished energetic demands elsewhere on the body
d) increased encephalization quotient
e) shortened digestive tract
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Humans Versus Chimpanzees OBJ: 2.10 MSC: Analyzing
20. A 2.5-year-old human child, a chimpanzee, and an orangutan are presented with the same problemsolving task—they must figure out how to use a tool to reach the top of a cabinet and nudge a wooden
block that will knock over a banana. Based on Hermann and colleagues’ findings, which of the three
participants will outperform the others?
a) the human child
b) the chimpanzee
c) the orangutan
d) None will be able to complete the task.
e) They will all perform equally well.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: What Is the Evolutionary Advantage of a Large Brain? OBJ: 2.9
MSC: Applying
21. After studying four species of newly discovered primates that have the same body size, the scientists
obtained the following data:
Specie
s
Brain volume
without
neocortex
(cm3)
Brain
surface
area
(cm2)
Neocortex
volume
(cm3)
A
80
120
90
B
25
86
84
C
66
134
67
D
22
95
84
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Rank order the species by their expected social group size, from greatest to smallest, according to the
social brain hypothesis. (no calculator needed)
a) D  B  A  C
b) A  B  D  C
c) C  A  B  D
d) B  D  A  C
e) The answer cannot be determined with the available data.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: What Is the Evolutionary Advantage of a Large Brain? OBJ: 2.9
MSC: Analyzing
22. You examine four newly discovered primate species that have the same body size and obtain the
following data:
Based
NOT
on
Specie
s
Brain volume
without
neocortex
(cm3)
Brain
weight
(g)
Neocortex
volume
(cm3)
A
80
120
90
B
25
95
84
C
66
70
67
D
22
86
84
reasonably
these observations, what can you
infer given what is discussed in
the textbook?
a) Species B has the second-largest encephalization quotient.
b) Species C deals with the lowest levels of social complexity.
c) Species D and C have, respectively, the largest and the smallest neocortex ratios.
d) Species A has the largest neocortex ratio.
e) Species D and B have the same volume of neocortex.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: What Is the Evolutionary Advantage of a Large Brain? OBJ: 2.9
MSC: Analyzing
23. Which of the following is NOT direct evidence for the social brain hypothesis?
a) Humans outperform other primates in social problem-solving tasks.
b) More social species of whales and birds have larger brains.
c) Humans have a large encephalization quotient.
d) Less social animals have fewer cognitive skills.
e) As predicted by the neocortex ratio, the average human social group size in subsistence societies is
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around 150 members.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: What Is the Evolutionary Advantage of a Large Brain?
OBJ: 2.9  2.11 MSC: Evaluating
24. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a) Primate species that rely heavily on fruit in their diets have larger neocortex ratios than primate
species that do not rely much on fruit.
b) Primates have larger brains as a function of their body weight than most other mammals.
c) Primate species with large social networks have larger neocortex ratios than those with smaller
social networks.
d) Human brains require more caloric energy than the brains of most other species.
e) All of the statements are true.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: What Is the Evolutionary Advantage of a Large Brain? OBJ: 2.10
MSC: Remembering
25. What theory is best supported for why primates evolved such large brains?
a) They tend to eat foods that are rich in protein, which can support expansive neural development.
b) They tend to eat fruit, and need to be clever enough to remember where the fruit trees were that
would be ripe at each point in the season.
c) They tend to eat foods that require ingenuity to extract, such as nuts and termites.
d) They tend to live in large social groups, which requires intelligence to function effectively.
e) The number of males and females is unequal, so individuals need to outsmart their competitors to
attract mates.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: What Is the Evolutionary Advantage of a Large Brain? OBJ: 2.10
MSC: Analyzing
26. After measuring the neocortex ratio of two species, it was determined that Species A has a ratio of 0.25,
whereas Species B has a ratio of 0.20. Based on the evidence discussed in the textbook, which of the
following can one most likely conclude about these two species?
a) Species A’s diet contains more fruit than Species B’s diet.
b) Species B has higher intelligence than Species A.
c) Species A uses more extractive techniques to get food than Species B.
d) Species B lives in a smaller social group than Species A.
e) Species A has a larger brain relative to its body size than Species B.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: What Is the Evolutionary Advantage of a Large Brain? OBJ: 2.11
MSC: Analyzing
27. According to Dunbar, why would larger social groups be associated with the evolution of larger brains?
a) Larger groups provided more protection for survival, allowing for evolution of larger brains.
b) Smaller groups tended to be too cohesive and unwilling to adopt new ideas, leading to stagnant
brain evolution.
c) Smaller groups were more vulnerable to predation and defeat in warfare, preventing the evolution of
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larger brains.
d) Larger groups were more successful in hunting, and the additional food led to the evolution of larger
brains.
e) Larger groups had greater social complexity, driving the evolution of larger brains to handle such
complexity.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: What Is the Evolutionary Advantage of a Large Brain? OBJ: 2.11
MSC: Evaluating
28. According to the social brain hypothesis, which of the following is true?
a) The large brains of primates allow them to have larger societies.
b) Evolution favored primates who did well in maintaining social relationships.
c) The neocortex ratio in primates limits population groups to 150 members.
d) Students who study social sciences are mentally healthier than those who do not.
e) The neocortex ratio in primates allows for population groups to exceed 150 members.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: What Is the Evolutionary Advantage of a Large Brain? OBJ: 2.11
MSC: Remembering
29. Which of the following is true of the relationship specifically between human brains and group size,
according to the social brain hypothesis?
a) Human brain size is not related to group size but rather to humans’ diet.
b) The neocortex ratio in humans gives them the capacity to keep track of about 150 relationships.
c) The smaller the group size, the faster the brain deteriorates into goo.
d) Humans with larger brains have an affinity for larger groups.
e) Living in larger social groups tends to lead to larger neocortex ratios.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: What Is the Evolutionary Advantage of a Large Brain? OBJ: 2.11
MSC: Remembering
30. After studying four species of Neptunian animals, the scientists obtained the following data:
Specie
s
Brain volume
without
neocortex
(cm3)
Neocortex volume
(cm3)
to
A
45
90
Dunbar’s
hypothesis, which
B
80
84
species
C
20
67
D
82
84
According
largest
social
needed)
a) A
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groups?
social
should
(no
brain
have
the
calculator
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b) B
c) C
d) D
e) The answer cannot be determined with the available data.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: What Is the Evolutionary Advantage of a Large Brain? OBJ: 2.11
MSC: Evaluating
SHORT ANSWER
1. You are trying to determine whether Mimi, a young child, engages primarily in imitative or emulative
learning. Design a study that will allow you to figure it out.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Theory of Mind OBJ: 2.3 MSC: Creating
2. Define the ratchet effect and generate an example for it (excluding the example of the hammer in
the textbook).
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: Cumulative Cultural Evolution OBJ: 2.7 MSC: Creating
3. There are three explanations posited to explain how primates developed such big brains. Name the
three explanations and generate a study design that tests these competing explanations.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate REF: You and Your Big Brain  What Is the Evolutionary Advantage
of a Large Brain? OBJ: 2.11
MSC: Creating
4. David posits that, because nuts require ingenuity to harvest them, animals that rely on a diet of nuts
will require more complexity in mental abilities, thus leading to the evolution of a larger brain. Evaluate
whether David’s assertion makes sense based on existing evidence.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: What Is the Evolutionary Advantage of a Large Brain? OBJ: 2.11 MSC: Evaluating
5. You measured the brain of an animal species and found that it was 30 cm 3. The brain itself weighs 40
grams. You want to artificially enhance the mean group size for this animal species. To do that, only the
_____________, and not other parts of the brain, needs to increase in size.
ANS: Neocortex DIF: Moderate REF: What Is the Evolutionary Advantage of a Large Brain?
OBJ: 2.11 MSC: Analyzing
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CHAPTER 3
CULTURAL EVOLUTION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
3.1. Understand how a group’s ecology impacts the evolution of cultural norms
3.2. Define proximal causes and distal causes of cultural evolution
3.3. Differentiate between proximal and distal causes of cultural evolution
3.4. Summarize Jared Diamond’s arguments from Guns, Germs, and Steel
3.5. Provide evidence for proximal and distal causes in support of Jared Diamond’s arguments
3.6. Define transmitted culture and evoked culture
3.7. Differentiate between how transmitted and evoked culture emerge
3.8. Compare and contrast biological evolution versus cultural evolution
3.9. Explain why and how some ideas spread
3.10.
Discuss the ways in which cultures have been changing around the world
3.11.
Explain how cultures have been changing
3.12.
Discuss the ways in which cultures have been persisting around the world
3.13.
Explain how cultures have persisted
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Ecology and sex roles are related in the sense that
a) men strive to change the surrounding ecology more than women.
b) in harsher climates, there are more egalitarian sex roles than in more benign climates.
c) cold weather is associated with increases in aggression and warfare among men.
d) egalitarian sex roles are more common where food is plentiful and easily acquired.
e) the most chauvinistic societies tend to be in areas with the most variable rainfall.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Ecological and Geographical Variation OBJ: 3.1 MSC: Analyzing
2. Which of the following is an example of a proximal cause?
a) Two psychologically different groups of immigrants settled in two different areas of the same country.
Eight centuries later, those two areas still exhibit the same psychological differences.
b) The presence of dairy farming in Europe led people to develop a genetic mutation that digests
lactose in milk, while the absence of dairy farming in East Asia meant people did not develop this
mutation, leading to lactose intolerance.
c) Living along a continental axis allowed people in the Fertile Crescent to engage in agriculture.
d) An Egyptian pharaoh brought in horse-drawn chariots, which allowed his army to out-maneuver and
defeat his enemy in battle.
e) The modern hammer that has evolved over millennia is based on the original rocks that prehistoric
humans used as hammers.
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ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Small Differences Can Have Large Effects OBJ: 3.2  3.4
MSC: Applying
3. In a gardening competition, the Martian’s steel tools allowed them to easily defeat the Earthlings,
who used wooden tools. Which of the following best describes why the Martians defeated the
Earthlings?
a) geographic variation
b) distal cause
c) ecological variation
d) proximal cause
e) Martians are smarter than Earthlings.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Small Differences Can Have Large Effects OBJ: 3.3
MSC: Understanding
4. What is a proximal cause for why a small group of Spaniards was able to conquer the Incan empire?
a) The Spaniards had better weapons than the Incans.
b) The Spaniards had more domesticated animals than the Incans.
c) The Eurasian continent stretches largely from east to west, whereas the Americas stretch largely
from north to south.
d) The Incans had few species of cultivatable plants in contrast to the Spaniards.
e) The Spaniards lived closer to livestock for thousands of years, unlike the Incans.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Small Differences Can Have Large Effects OBJ: 3.3  3.5
MSC: Analyzing
5. Whereas _____________ describe(s) explanations using factors that occurred a long time ago,
_____________ describe(s) explanations using factors that have direct and immediate effects.
a) distal causes; proximal causes
b) evoked culture; transmitted culture
c) direct causes; indirect causes
d) biological evolution; cultural evolution
e) vertical transmission; horizontal transmission
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Small Differences Can Have Large Effects  Transmitted Versus Evoked Culture 
Parallels Between Biological and Cultural Evolution OBJ: 3.3  3.6  3.8 MSC: Analyzing
6. East Asia is at a similar latitude to a region with many easily domesticated plants and animals. These
early conditions benefit East Asian cultures such that they propelled these cultures to prosperity today.
What is this scenario an example of?
a) proximal causes
b) transmitted culture
c) distal causes
d) evoked culture
e) epidemiology of ideas
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Small Differences Can Have Large Effects OBJ: 3.3  3.7
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MSC: Understanding
7. Which of the following depicts an evoked culture?
a) A culture promotes harmony with the environment to appease the gods.
b) Males from a village in the West Indies find thick lips to be attractive because thick lips evoke the
most physiological arousal from males in the village.
c) Tribe members learn from recent fatalities not to eat red salamanders.
d) A culture uses the possession of meat as a status symbol due to the abundance of vegetation.
e) Hockey players learn from the media that it is cowardly to fight wearing helmets.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Transmitted Versus Evoked Culture OBJ: 3.2  3.4 MSC: Applying
8. The considerable cultural differences between the large Nuer tribes and the smaller, less powerful
Dinka tribes of southern Sudan indicates that
a) the effects of transmitted culture are substantial.
b) there are few existential universals.
c) evoked culture is a stronger force than transmitted culture.
d) there is much genetic variability, even within regions.
e) cultures take on identities that contrast them with their neighbors.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Transmitted Versus Evoked Culture OBJ: 3.3 MSC: Analyzing
9. The finding that the prevalence of parasites in a region correlates positively with the degree that
people value physical attractiveness is argued to be evidence for
a) theory of mind.
b) transmitted culture.
c) the ratchet effect.
d) the Flynn effect.
e) evoked culture.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Transmitted Versus Evoked Culture OBJ: 3.3  3.7
MSC: Understanding
10. According to Jared Diamond, why were the germs brought by the Spaniards so much deadlier to the
Incans than the Incan germs were to the Spaniards?
a) The Spaniards had developed cleaner habits than the Incans.
b) The Incans lived closer together, so the Spanish germs were transmitted far more easily.
c) The Spaniards had lived in close proximity to domesticated animals for much longer than the Incans.
d) The large Eurasian continent allowed the Spaniards to be exposed to a larger variety of germs than the
relatively smaller South American continent of the Incans.
e) The Spanish diet contained more antibiotic agents than the Incan diet.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Small Differences Can Have Large Effects OBJ: 3.4 MSC: Remembering
11. A key difference between evoked culture and transmitted culture is that
a) the majority of cultural differences are evoked rather than transmitted.
b) evoked culture is more likely found in nonliterate societies, whereas transmitted culture is more
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common in literate societies.
c) evoked culture reflects more psychological differences, whereas transmitted culture reflects more
behavioral differences.
d) evoked culture spreads much quicker than transmitted culture.
e) evoked culture is limited to a specific geographical setting, whereas transmitted culture can move
across different ecologies.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Transmitted Versus Evoked Culture OBJ: 3.7 MSC: Analyzing
12. Which of the following does NOT show the importance of transmitted culture?
a) The Nuer and Dinka share the same ecological conditions, but they have widely different cultures.
b) Latin American culture is very similar to indigenous cultures of South and Central America.
c) The crew of Captain Sir John Franklin survived in the cold for two years without the help of the natives.
d) Evoked culture speaks to what has been biologically encoded into us, but transmitted culture does
not.
e) Roald Amundsen, the Norwegian explorer, lived two years in the Arctic due to the knowledge given
to him by the Netsilik.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Transmitted Versus Evoked Culture OBJ: 3.7 MSC: Evaluating
13. Takeshi discovers a lot of tips and tricks to give him an easier time playing his favorite computer game,
which he proceeds to tell all of his gaming buddies. Which of the following does this best illustrate?
a) pluralistic ignorance
b) emotional ideas spread more easily
c) horizontal transmission
d) the autokinetic effect
e) vertical transmission
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Parallels Between Biological and Cultural Evolution OBJ: 3.8
MSC: Understanding
14. Which of the following is NOT a plausible response to the argument that cultural evolution is somehow
better than biological evolution?
a) Cultural evolution can occur faster than biological evolution.
b) Biological evolution chooses what has a selective advantage to pass on; cultural evolution does not.
c) Cultural evolution allows for more ideas to be transmitted.
d) Biological evolution is more faithful in transmission than cultural evolution.
e) Cultural evolution allows for more ways of transmission than biological evolution.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Parallels Between Biological and Cultural Evolution OBJ: 3.8
MSC: Evaluating
15. In biological evolution, the unit of transmission is a gene. In cultural evolution, the unit of transmission
is an idea. Comparing biological and cultural evolution, which of the following is FALSE?
a) The unit of transmission is copied with a high degree of fidelity in one type of evolution, but not the
other.
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b) The unit of transmission in both types of evolution enjoy a selective advantage.
c) In only one type of evolution can its unit of transmission be transmitted horizontally.
d) Mutations are more common with one type of evolution than the other.
e) The unit of transmission for both types of evolution must be adaptive to be transmitted.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Parallels Between Biological and Cultural Evolution OBJ: 3.8
MSC: Analyzing
16. Which of the following is true in comparing biological evolution with cultural evolution?
a) Both types of evolution occur extremely quickly, within a single generation.
b) Biological evolution is faithful, while cultural evolution is not faithful.
c) Both forms of evolution only result in greater numbers of surviving offspring.
d) Biological evolution is quicker than cultural evolution because the possibility of horizontal cultural
transmission from multiple people overwhelms learners.
e) Biological evolution leads to more useful ideas than cultural evolution does.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Parallels Between Biological and Cultural Evolution OBJ: 3.8
MSC: Applying
17. Based on research about cultural transmission, which of the following YouTube advertisements is the
LEAST likely to be spread to other people?
a) a car commercial that was extremely weird and did not feature any cars
b) a home renovation company’s advertisement that contains useful tips on how to do home repairs
c) a fraternity’s recruitment advertisement that is full of racial stereotypes
d) an insurance company’s advertisement that induces a lot of fearful emotions for the audience
e) a mayor’s election campaign video using clear, succinct points describing her platform
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Factors That Cause Ideas to Spread OBJ: 3.9 MSC: Applying
18. A few townsfolk begin a movement promoting social harmony. Over time, they expand the movement
by interacting with other townsfolk. Soon, they have influenced the whole town to join in the
movement. This best illustrates which of the following?
a) Shweder’s definition of cultural psychology
b) Triandis’s individualism-collectivism model
c) Latané’s dynamic social impact theory
d) cultural evolution
e) vertical cultural transmission
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Communicable Ideas Spread OBJ: 3.9 MSC: Understanding
19. Army recruits are assigned randomly into specific sleeping quarters, where they do a lot of
socializing during break time and at night. The political and religious attitudes of the recruits were
surveyed before they were assigned sleeping quarters, and then again after several weeks of
training. The generals found that the recruits’ political and religious ideas tended to form clusters
based on sleeping quarters. Which of the following can best explain this situation?
a) Useful ideas spread more easily.
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b) Minimally intuitive ideas are more transmittable.
c) People in close quarters and contact tend to influence each other.
d) Early conditions have disproportionate influences.
e) Small differences lead to large effects.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Communicable Ideas Spread OBJ: 3.9 MSC: Understanding
20. Dynamic social impact theory can explain why
a) cultural norms for manners have changed over time.
b) residents of one community have more conservative political attitudes than residents of a nearby
community.
c) Pizarro and a small band of Spanish soldiers were able to conquer the Incan empire.
d) cultural evolution can occur much faster than biological evolution.
e) people score higher on IQ tests today than they did a generation ago.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Communicable Ideas Spread OBJ: 3.9 MSC: Understanding
21. The kinds of ideas that are best remembered over time are those that
a) are intuitive.
b) are counterintuitive.
c) are mostly intuitive, with the occasional counterintuitive idea included.
d) are mostly counterintuitive, with the occasional intuitive idea included.
e) initially appear counterintuitive but later seem intuitive.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Minimally Counterintuitive Ideas Persist OBJ: 3.9 MSC: Remembering
22. Minimally counterintuitive ideas tend to persist within a culture because
a) they do not violate expectations at all.
b) religions make use of minimally counterintuitive ideas.
c) they tend to be remembered more than intuitive ideas.
d) they are completely outlandish statements.
e) they are useful and emotional ideas.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Minimally Counterintuitive Ideas Persist OBJ: 3.9 MSC: Applying
23. Your friends are debating whether culture has been changing or not over the last few decades. Which of
the following responses is NOT supported by research?
a) It has been changing—people are scoring higher on the Raven’s Matrices Test.
b) It has not been changing—the slave trade that occurred centuries ago in Africa still affects their trust
in others until this day.
c) It has been changing—greater intercultural contact has changed all cultures that interact with each
other.
d) It has not been changing—collectivistic cultures have, overall, remained just as collectivistic as they
were decades ago.
e) It has been changing—there has been greater tribalism over the last several decades.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: How Have Cultures Been Changing?  In the Face of Change, How Do Cultures
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Persist? OBJ: 3.10  3.12 MSC: Evaluating
24. Which of the following is true about cultural change in the United States?
a) Elderly Americans are less socially engaged now than they were forty years ago.
b) On average, Americans are less likely to belong to formal organizations than they were forty years
ago.
c) Americans socialize more now than they did forty years ago.
d) Americans are more trusting now than they were forty years ago.
e) Few Americans bowl now, whereas forty years ago the vast majority of American adults bowled.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Many Cultures Are Becoming More Individualistic OBJ: 3.10
MSC: Remembering
25. Which of the following is true about cultural change in the United States?
a) Americans today score higher on the SAT than they did a generation ago.
b) All intelligence quotient (IQ) tests reveal trends that Americans have higher IQs today than they did a
generation ago.
c) “Culture-bound” IQ tests have shown increases in American intelligence over the past generation,
but “culture-free” IQ tests have not shown any changes.
d) IQ increased among Americans in the first half of the twentieth century, but has been decreasing
since.
e) None of the statements are true.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: People in Many Cultures Are Becoming More Intelligent OBJ: 3.10
MSC: Remembering
26. Which of the following is NOT a proposed explanation for the Flynn effect?
a) People are getting more nutrition in their diets now than before.
b) The modern world is becoming increasingly complex, requiring more learning and problem-solving
skills.
c) Modern popular culture has become more challenging for consumers than in previous generations.
d) IQ scores have been increasing around the world over the last century.
e) The amount of education required for jobs has increased for both men and women.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: People in Many Cultures Are Becoming More Intelligent OBJ: 3.10
MSC: Remembering
27. The textbook describes the relationship between IQ changes across time and television viewing as
showing
a) decreases in verbal intelligence but increases in problem-solving intelligence.
b) decreases in problem-solving intelligence but increases in pattern-recognition skills.
c) increases in intelligence for the elderly, but decreases in intelligence for children and adolescents.
d) increases in all kinds of intelligence for everyone.
e) decreases in all kinds of intelligence for everyone.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: People in Many Cultures Are Becoming More Intelligent OBJ: 3.12
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MSC: Remembering
28. It is not at all unusual for the officers at Police Station 54 to observe their colleagues using
confrontational interview techniques. Even though they do not personally like the technique, many
officers believe that the practice is widely approved of by others and expected of them. This is an
example of
a) pluralistic ignorance.
b) fundamental attribution error.
c) a contemporary legend.
d) conformity.
e) the autokinetic effect.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Pluralistic Ignorance
OBJ: 3.13 MSC: Understanding
29. Pluralistic ignorance is likely to lead to
a) rapid cultural evolution.
b) an overall drop in IQ scores.
c) persistence of particular cultural practices.
d) intraregional cultural variation.
e) accurate perceptions of the popularity of cultural norms.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Pluralistic Ignorance
OBJ: 3.13 MSC: Applying
30. Which of the following is an example of pluralistic ignorance?
a) Boston continues to reflect its Puritan origins, whereas Philadelphia continues to reflect its Quaker
origins.
b) the increasing globalization of world cultures
c) Baseball in Japan retains some distinctive Japanese elements.
d) the binge drinking habits among underage college students
e) Southern Italy remains less civic compared with northern Italy in ways that reflect the regional
differences that were evident eight hundred years ago.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Pluralistic Ignorance
OBJ: 3.13 MSC: Applying
SHORT ANSWER
1. Justify why the cultural practice of eating seal blubber among many indigenous populations in the
Arctic is both an evoked culture and a transmitted culture.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy
REF: Transmitted Versus Evoked Culture OBJ: 3.7
MSC: Evaluating
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2. On Planet Belia, two civilizations (the Edinia and the Elash) have coexisted for centuries in the same
environmental context. Both civilizations have marriage rituals (for this question, assume that
marriage rituals can only be either monogamous or polygamous). You know that Edinians believe that
polygamy is generally better than monogamy, so there are more polygamists than monogamists in
Edinia. To determine whether evoked culture or transmitted culture plays a bigger role in affecting
marriage rituals, you visit Edinia and Elash and try to find the proportion of marriages that are
monogamous versus polygamous. Draw a bar graph of what your data would look like if evoked
culture plays a bigger role than transmitted culture.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: Transmitted Versus Evoked Culture OBJ: 3.7
MSC: Creating
3. Your professor wants to upload a video of talking horses, and he wants it to go “viral” (i.e., spread very
quickly to many people). Based on the different factors that cause ideas to spread, give examples of
what the video would need to include for it to have the highest likelihood of spreading.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Difficult REF: Factors That Cause Ideas to Spread OBJ: 3.9
MSC: Creating
4. Vancouver has many different neighborhood areas, including Richmond and Strathcona. Richmond is
politically more conservative, while Strathcona is politically more liberal. Create an account based on
dynamic social impact theory to explain how these different neighborhoods seem to have different
forms of political culture.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: Communicable Ideas Spread OBJ: 3.9 MSC: Creating
5. While chatting with your friend, she says that people nowadays have less intelligence than people used
to. Evaluate whether this claim is true—be sure to use empirical data to address this issue.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: People in Many Cultures Are Becoming More Intelligent
OBJ: 3.10  3.11 MSC: Evaluating
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CHAPTER 4
METHODS FOR STUDYING CULTURE
AND PSYCHOLOGY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
4.1. Understand the role of methodological importance in cross-cultural research
4.2. Explain how generalizability is of particular importance to cultural psychology
4.3. Define statistical power
4.4. Differentiate between independent variables and dependent variables
4.5. Understand the relationship between statistical power, independent variables, and dependent
variables
4.6. Discuss the pros and cons of the back-translation method
4.7. Discuss the impact of, and solutions to, different biases that respondents have to questionnaires
4.8. Explain the advantage of the experimental method over straightforward questionnaire studies
4.9. Differentiate between between-group and within-group manipulations
4.10.
Recognize what constitutes neuroscientific evidence
4.11.
Describe different research methodologies that have been particularly useful for cultural psychology
4.12.
Distinguish between the different analyses that situation sampling allows researchers to do
4.13.
Distinguish between culture-level and individual-level measures
4.14.
Discuss the utility of “unpackaging” cultural findings
4.15.
Justify the claim that Nisbett and Cohen’s study on the culture of honor demonstrates several
methodological concepts discussed in the textbook
4.16.
Understand how, through Nisbett and Cohen’s study on the culture of honor, large-scale
sociocultural contexts can affect psychology at the individual level
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. One advantage of experimental methods over survey methods in cultural psychological research is
that
a) experimental methods are cheaper and easier to conduct than survey methods.
b) experimental methods allow one to investigate more cultures at one time than survey methods.
c) cultural differences in response biases are controlled better with experimental methods than with
survey methods.
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d) experimental methods allow one to focus on comparing means across cultures, whereas survey
methods allow one to focus on comparing patterns of means across cultures.
e) experimental methods are more easily understood than survey methods.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Considerations for Conducting Research Across Cultures OBJ: 4.8
MSC: Analyzing
2. (?)Steven is a new English-speaking cultural psychologist who only uses questionnaires. He wants to
first establish methodological equivalence when studying cultural differences in “happiness” between
rural Nigerians and urban South Koreans. To do that, he must
a) have all the Nigerians and South Koreans in his sample practice taking questionnaires.
b) translate his questionnaires from English into the languages spoken in the target countries.
c) ask his participants to provide examples of when they experience happiness within their own
cultures.
d) ensure that participants from both countries answer the questionnaire in English.
e) reverse-code half of the items on his questionnaires.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Contrasting Highly Different Cultures Versus Similar Cultures
OBJ: 4.1 MSC: Applying
3. Which of the following is one problem especially associated with studies using WEIRD samples?
a) Researchers cannot use effective independent variables.
b) They are very difficult to unpackage.
c) It is difficult to find powerful dependent variables.
d) They have very low generalizability.
e) They make it especially impractical to use multiple methods.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Contrasting Highly Different Cultures Versus Similar Cultures OBJ: 4.2
MSC: Analyzing
4. Dr. G is conducting a study to see whether people can be made to think in terms of East Asian and
Western thoughts. Using college students in two cultures as participants, and using a very insensitive
cultural prime for each participant, Dr. G measured how much they believe in Chinese medicine. A
sample of the dataset is given below.
This study employs a _____________ manipulation, has low _____________, and the prime is classified as a(n)
_____________ variable.
a) between-groups; generalizability; independent
b) between-groups; power; independent
c) between-groups; generalizability; dependent
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d) within-groups; power; independent
e) within-groups; generalizability; independent
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Contrasting Highly Different Cultures Versus Similar Cultures  Conducting
Cross-Cultural Research with Experiments
OBJ: 4.2  4.4  4.9 MSC: Analyzing
5. Your study does not have enough power. To maximally increase power in your study, which of the
following should you do?
a) get a more sensitive independent variable and keep the dependent variable the same
b) get a less sensitive independent variable but a more sensitive dependent variable
c) keep things the way they are—you cannot increase power
d) get a more sensitive independent variable but a less sensitive dependent variable
e) get a more sensitive independent variable and a more sensitive dependent variable
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Contrasting Highly Different Cultures Versus Similar Cultures OBJ: 4.3
MSC: Applying
6. If an independent variable has more variance, is it more difficult or easier to detect an effect on the
dependent variable?
a) more difficult, but only if the dependent variable also has lots of variance
b) easier, but only if the dependent variable has much less variance
c) more difficult
d) easier
e) The answer cannot be determined.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Contrasting Highly Different Cultures Versus Similar Cultures
OBJ: 4.3 MSC: Evaluating
7. Dr. G is conducting a study to see whether people can be made to think in terms of East Asian and
Western thoughts. Using very insensitive cultural primes for each participant, Dr. G measured how
much they believe in Chinese medicine. A sample of the dataset is given below.
This study employs a _____________ manipulation, has _____________, and “belief in Chinese medicine” is
classified as a(n) _____________.
a) between-groups; high power; independent variable
b) between-groups; low generalizability; dependent variable
c) within-groups; low power; dependent variable
d) within-groups; high generalizability; independent variable
e) between-groups; low generalizability; culture-level measure
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ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Contrasting Highly Different Cultures Versus Similar Cultures  Conducting
Cross-Cultural Research with Experiments
OBJ: 4.3  4.4  4.9 MSC: Analyzing
8. What is a problem with using the “back-translation” method?
a) One may inadvertently prime participants to think in ways that are similar to English speakers.
b) The literal meaning of the words is sometimes lost.
c) The researcher has no way of identifying whether the translators faithfully captured the meaning.
d) The translation may sound very unnatural and may contain idioms that are unintelligible.
e) Participants might not have good enough language skills to understand the materials.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Translation of Questionnaire Items OBJ: 4.6 MSC: Remembering
9. After examining surveys you collected from Culture X, you find that people’s responses tend to gather
toward the center of your scale. This phenomenon is known as the _____________ bias.
a) acquiescence
b) social desirability
c) moderacy
d) deprivation
e) extremity
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Moderacy and Extremity Biases OBJ: 4.7 MSC: Understanding
10(?). After examining surveys that you collected from Culture X, you notice that everyone’s responses
tend to cluster at both ends of the scale. How do you correct this?
a) Split the scores into high versus low.
b) Reverse-score half of the items.
c) Ensure that the items are thoroughly back-translated.
d) Use a scale with an odd number of response options.
e) Specify a reference group for comparison.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Moderacy and Extremity Biases OBJ: 4.7 MSC: Applying
11. While helping your colleague analyze data, you realize that she has turned the participants’ responses
into z-scores. Based on the response biases in the textbook, for what is she most likely trying to
account?
a) prestige bias
b) the deprivation effect
c) moderacy bias
d) the reference-group effect
e) ingroup bias
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Moderacy and Extremity Biases OBJ: 4.7 MSC: Understanding
12. In your initial study, you noticed that your participants tended to say they strongly agreed with all of
the items on your questionnaire. When doing a follow-up study, how would you tell that your original
participants suffered from acquiescence bias?
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a) Use concrete as opposed to subjective response options.
b) Use a scale with an odd number of response options.
c) Ensure that the items are thoroughly back-translated.
d) Reverse-score half of the items.
e) None of these choices will correct the problem.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Acquiescence Bias
OBJ: 4.7 MSC: Applying
13. After examining surveys you handed out in a given culture, you find that many people in the culture
tend to agree with both the positively worded item “I strongly support the prime minister’s policies”
and the negatively worded item “I disagree with the prime minister’s policies.” What is this an
example of?
a) deprivation effects
b) acquiescence biases
c) moderacy biases
d) agreement biases
e) reference-group effects
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Acquiescence Bias
OBJ: 4.7 MSC: Understanding
14. After examining the surveys you collected from people in Culture A, you find that people tend to answer
“yes” to all the questions, regardless of the content. How do you deal with this problem in the future so
this does not recur?
a) establish methodological equivalence
b) reverse-code half of the items
c) thoroughly back-translate the items
d) provide a middle “neutral” option
e) make sure a middle “neutral” option is not provided
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Acquiescence Bias
OBJ: 4.7 MSC: Applying
15. Reference-group effects in cross-cultural research occur because
a) people use social comparison to evaluate themselves.
b) people do not really know how they feel.
c) people from different cultures have different response styles.
d) people value what they are most in need of.
e) some words do not translate well into other languages.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Reference-Group Effects
OBJ: 4.7 MSC: Understanding
16. What is a strategy for avoiding problems with the reference-group effect?
a) standardizing people’s responses
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b) combining the cultures’ respective reference groups
c) reverse-scoring half of the items
d) counterbalancing the order of the items
e) using concrete response options
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Reference-Group Effects
OBJ: 4.7 MSC: Remembering
17. You want to study how large people’s faces are in Cultures X and Y. To do this, you simply ask people,
“On a scale of 1 (small) to 10 (large), how large is your face?” To your surprise, most people in Culture
X think they have small faces, even though their faces are much larger than those in Culture Y.
Conversely, most people in Culture Y think they have large faces. How can you address this problem of
trying to assess cultural differences in how large people’s faces are?
a) Use a scale with an odd number of response options.
b) Use concrete as opposed to subjective response options.
c) Reverse-score the item.
d) Ensure that the items are thoroughly back-translated.
e) Use bilingual samples.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Reference-Group Effects OBJ: 4.7 MSC: Applying
18. The tendency for people living in conditions with a real threat of starvation to report valuing food more
than those living in conditions where food is abundant is an example of
a) the reference-group effect.
b) social desirability norms.
c) acquiescence biases.
d) unsynchronized sample selections.
e) the deprivation effect.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Deprivation Effects
OBJ: 4.7 MSC: Understanding
19. If you wanted to do a study using a within-groups manipulation to examine whether European
Canadians can be made to think like Canadians and East Asians, which of the following would be the
most relevant and appropriate methodology?
a) random assignment
b) standardization
c) between-groups manipulation
d) acculturation
e) cultural priming
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Conducting Cross-Cultural Research with Experiments  Cultural Priming OBJ:
4.9  4.11 MSC: Analyzing
20. You are having trouble publishing results from your latest study, but you remember reading about how
people are more easily convinced by neuroscientific evidence. To add neuroscience to your study, you
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decided to
a) unpackage why you obtained your results from the original study.
b) measure the heart rates of new participants.
c) work with researchers in the Faculty of Science.
d) get fMRI data from new participants.
e) expose new participants to pictures of brains.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Neuroscience Methods
OBJ: 4.10 MSC: Applying
21. An advantage of the situation-sampling method is that it
a) can be used with more than one culture at a time.
b) does not require the experimenter to translate any materials.
c) controls for cultural differences in response biases.
d) allows researchers to see how people in different cultures would respond if they were in the other
groups’ cultural worlds.
e) equates the reference group across cultures.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Situation Sampling
OBJ: 4.11 MSC: Remembering
22. You want to do a study to examine whether Greek participants view their parenting experiences as
being different from those of Chinese participants, and vice versa. What is the most appropriate
methodology for testing this?
a) cultural priming
b) culture-level measuring
c) within-groups manipulation
d) between-groups manipulation
e) situation sampling
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Situation Sampling
OBJ: 4.11  4.12 MSC: Analyzing
23. Your new research project is to examine the extent to which a culture values freedom. You decided that
the simplest way to measure this is to use culture-level measures. As such, which of the following
would you do?
a) Average a group of people’s scores on a measure of “attitude toward freedom.”
b) Add up the frequency with which the word “freedom” appears in magazines.
c) Ask people to rate how much other people around them value freedom.
d) Scan for the parts of people’s brains that show increased activity in response to words related to
freedom.
e) Take an online survey to gather data from as many people as possible regarding how much they
value freedom.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Culture-Level Measures
OBJ: 4.11 MSC: Applying
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24. Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-level measure?
a) song lyrics
b) a journal entry
c) television programs
d) school books
e) magazine advertisements
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Culture-Level Measures
OBJ: 4.13 MSC: Evaluating
25(?). A group of researchers wants to learn about the characteristics of home-cooking recipes in Culture
X. What is this type of method an example of?
a) within-groups manipulation
b) between-groups manipulation
c) culture-level measuring
d) situation sampling
e) cultural priming
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Culture-Level Measures OBJ: 4.13 MSC: Understanding
26. Dr. H wants to unpackage the cultural difference between Japanese and American horror movies. What
is Dr. H trying to find out?
a) Japanese and Americans’ opinions about Japanese and American horror movies
b) what the Japanese think about American horror movies, and vice versa
c) how much statistical power this difference has
d) the underlying reasons for this difference
e) the generalizability of this difference
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Challenge of Unpackaging OBJ: 4.14 MSC: Understanding
27(?). As seen in the textbook, finding that U.S. southerners respond aggressively to insults more than
northerners because of underlying differences in measures of honor would be an example of
a) unpackaging a cultural difference.
b) a within-groups experimental design.
c) a situation-sampling study.
d) a quasi-experimental finding.
e) None of these describe the finding.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Case Study: The Culture of Honor in the Southern United States
OBJ: 4.14  4.15 MSC: Analyzing
28. A strength of Nisbett and Cohen’s research program into the impact of a culture of honor on regional
differences in violence between the U.S. South and North is that
a) they accounted for biases between the two groups.
b) they were able to manipulate all of their independent variables.
c) they were able to cause northerners to respond like southerners.
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d) there are no response bias differences between these two groups.
e) they used multiple methods across their studies.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Case Study: The Culture of Honor in the Southern United States OBJ: 4.15
MSC: Evaluating
29. According to a culture of honor account, the U.S. South has historically been more violent than the
North because
a) the South is hotter than the North.
b) there was a more extensive slave trade in the South than the North.
c) the South is poorer than the North.
d) there were more herders in the South than in the North.
e) there are more guns available in the South than in the North.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Case Study: The Culture of Honor in the Southern United States
OBJ: 4.16 MSC: Remembering
30. Nisbett and Cohen’s archival studies in the United States found that
a) the homicide rate within the rural U.S. South is larger in the moist plains than in the hills and dry
plains.
b) prior to the Civil War, there were more slaves in the hills and dry plains than in the moist plains.
c) the difference in argument-related homicide rates between the U.S. South and North is more pronounced
between large cities in the South and North than it is between rural areas within the South and North.
d) all kinds of homicide rates are higher in the U.S. South than in the North.
e) None of these statements are correct.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Case Study: The Culture of Honor in the Southern United States
OBJ: 4.16 MSC: Remembering
SHORT ANSWER
1. Canada and the United States are two countries that, in many ways, are very similar to each other,
particularly in terms of the personality trait called extraversion. A researcher wants to study whether
there is a cultural difference between Canada and the United States in terms of how much the people
like to socialize with friends, which is related to extraversion. From the information provided, determine
what the independent variable(s) and dependent variable(s) are, write about whether you think this
study is high or low in power, and justify why you would ascribe high or low power to this study.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Contrasting Highly Different Cultures Versus Similar Cultures OBJ: 4.5 MSC: Analyzing
2. Create a six-item questionnaire about “happiness” such that it counters the acquiescence bias. Also,
discuss how you would analyze the data to make it less susceptible to the extremity bias.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Moderacy and Extremity Bias  Acquiescence Bias OBJ: 4.7 MSC: Creating
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3. You are hoping to study how people from Denmark and people from Russia differ on levels of
happiness. You are concerned about your study being susceptible to the reference-group effect. What
is one way of measuring happiness that lessens your study’s susceptibility?
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy
REF: Reference-Group Effects OBJ: 4.7
MSC: Creating
4. Using cultural priming, come up with a within-groups study design involving American and Japanese
participants that examines whether independent or interdependent mind-sets affect their feelings of
connectedness with their friends (ignore response biases as a consideration for this question).
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Difficult REF: Conducting Cross-Cultural Research with Experiments 
Cultural Priming OBJ: 4.9  4.11
MSC: Creating
5. Tom comes from a family of cattle herders, while Jack comes from a rice-farming family. They are
both recruited to participate in a study that uses a within-subjects manipulation. In the study, the
researchers want to see how angry they would get if they were insulted versus if they were not
insulted. Anger was measured using blood pressure. Based on Nisbett and Cohen’s research on the
culture of honor, draw a graph of what you would expect the data to look like.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Conducting Cross-Cultural Research with Experiments  Case Study: The Culture of Honor in the
Southern United States OBJ: 4.9  4.16
MSC: Creating
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CHAPTER 5
DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIALIZATION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
5.1. Discuss empirical evidence for a sensitive period for language acquisition
5.2. Discuss empirical evidence for a sensitive period for cultural acquisition
5.3. Describe how age of immigration and years in the host culture can affect one’s identification with
the host culture
5.4. Discuss how the emergence of cultural differences can be subject to developmental trajectories
5.5. Understand how different cultures prioritize different values in creating sleeping arrangements
5.6. Define each value demonstrated to impact sleeping arrangements
5.7. Compare and contrast each parenting style
5.8. Understand the different outcomes resulting from different parenting techniques across various
cultures
5.9. Define noun bias
5.10.
Explain why cultural differences exist regarding the emergence of the terrible twos
5.11.
Discuss why there is cultural variation in expectations about adolescent rebellion
5.12.
Explain the reasons behind cultural differences in math performance
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Research with infants and the perception of phonemes reveals that
a) very young infants cannot distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language, whereas
older infants can distinguish them.
b) from birth, infants slowly accumulate a growing number of phonemes that they can recognize, until they
have learned all of the phonemes in their language.
c) the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two
phonemes from that language as they get older.
d) 1-year-old infants can distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language, whereas 6year-olds cannot.
e) infants from one language group cannot understand the phonemes used by an unfamiliar language
group.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Sensitive Periods for Language Acquisition OBJ: 5.1 MSC: Remembering
2. What can be said about sensitive windows for language acquisition?
a) Children do not start to acquire any language input before the age of one year.
b) People can learn to speak languages equally well, regardless of age of acquisition.
c) Some aspects of language, such as accents, do not show any evidence for sensitive windows for
acquisition.
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d) People who are raised bilingually have two distinct language centers in their brain that do not
overlap.
e) Learning a sign language is subject to a similar sensitive window constraint as learning a spoken
language.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Sensitive Periods for Language Acquisition OBJ: 5.1 MSC: Understanding
3. In what way does exposure to a language at a young age affect our abilities to discriminate between
different sounds?
a) Infants have poor ability to distinguish between similar phonemes; however, with exposure in their
first year of life, they learn how to make distinctions between sounds in their own languages.
b) Infants have the ability to distinguish between similar phonemes; however, starting from the age of
six years old, they begin to have difficulty distinguishing between similar phonemes that are not in
their own language.
c) People who grew up speaking different languages may differ in their perceptions of some
consonants, but not in terms of their perceptions of some vowels.
d) Infants as young as one year differ in their perception of some phonemes compared with those
raised to speak a different language.
e) Infants perceive sound categories categorically, but later lose those categories with repeated
exposure to the first language.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Sensitive Periods for Language Acquisition OBJ: 5.1
MSC: Remembering
4. Korean differs from English in that English has an /f/ and a /p/ phoneme, whereas Korean lacks the /f/
phoneme. To many Koreans, these two phonemes sound the same. Applying what is discussed in the
textbook about language acquisition to Ji-su, a Korean, which of the following would you most likely
expect to occur?
a) If Ji-su learns English, Korean and English will both be represented in separate, non-overlapping areas
in the brain up to a certain age.
b) Ji-su will be able to perceive the difference between /f/ and /p/ up to a certain age.
c) Ji-su can learn to master English grammar, but will not be able to perceive /f/ and /p/ differently,
regardless of age of acquisition.
d) Ji-su will have Korean and English both represented in the same area in the brain.
e) Ji-su can learn to perceive the difference between /f/ and /p/ well, regardless of age of acquisition.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Sensitive Periods for Language Acquisition OBJ: 5.1
MSC: Understanding
5. Lee Hom and Eason are 25-year-old Hong Kong natives who have recently moved to Canada after
having lived in Hong Kong all their lives. Based on research into a sensitive period for cultural
adjustment, which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada?
a) The longer they stay in Canada, the more they identify with being Canadian.
b) The longer they stay in Canada, the less they identify with being Canadian.
c) The shorter their stay in Canada, the more they identify with being Canadian.
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d) There is no relationship between how long they stay in Canada and how much they identify with
being Canadian.
e) The younger they are when they move to Canada, the more they identify with being Chinese.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Sensitive Periods for Acquiring Culture OBJ: 5.2 MSC: Understanding
6. Xing, a Chinese stockbroker, and Joe, a Canadian stockbroker, are being asked to predict the trend of a
stock that has been gaining value for the past three years. Xing likely thinks the stock will
_____________, and Joe likely thinks the stock will _____________.
a) continue to go up; continue to go up
b) continue to go up; go down
c) go down; continue to go up
d) go down; go down
e) make your professor rich; bankrupt your professor
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Cultural Differences in Psychological Processes Emerge with Age
OBJ: 5.4 MSC: Understanding
7. American and Chinese children were recruited for a study. All children were either thirteen years old or
five years old. They were first told that a child was happy every day the past week; then they were
asked to predict the likelihood that the child would be happy tomorrow. To analyze the data,
researchers matched 13-year-old American children’s responses to those of the 13-year-old Chinese
children. The same was done with the 5-year-old children’s responses. Which of the following would be
most likely to occur with this analysis?
a) Everyone would equally likely predict that the child would continue to be happy tomorrow.
b) Everyone would equally likely predict that the child would be much less happy tomorrow.
c) Chinese children would predict that the child would continue to be happy tomorrow; American
children would predict that the child would be much less happy tomorrow.
d) The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children has a consistent
magnitude throughout the age groups.
e) The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children is much greater for
the 13-year-olds than for the 5-year-olds.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Differences in Psychological Processes Emerge with Age
OBJ: 5.4 MSC: Analyzing
8. Shweder and colleagues found that Indian parents are more likely to sleep in the same room with their
children than are American parents. Given their studies, which of these is the most compelling
explanation for their results?
a) American houses have more rooms than Indian ones.
b) Americans are more fearful of smothering their babies by rolling on top of them.
c) Americans are more concerned about avoiding incest.
d) Americans place more value on providing parents with exclusive sleeping space.
e) Indian parents place more value on the moral good of interpersonal harmony.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Infant’s Personal Space
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OBJ: 5.5 MSC: Evaluating
9. Which of the following is/are accessibility universals?
a) noun biases
b) the “terrible twos”
c) protection of the vulnerable
d) adolescent rebellion
e) incest avoidance
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Infant’s Personal Space OBJ: 5.5 MSC: Applying
10. The Parkers are an American family planning for how their family members will be sleeping. The moral
value that will NOT be reflected in their sleeping arrangements is
a) protection of the vulnerable.
b) incest avoidance.
c) the autonomy ideal.
d) the sacred couple.
e) All of these are values reflected in American sleeping arrangements.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Infant’s Personal Space
OBJ: 5.6 MSC: Analyzing
11. The Blurgs, an alien family from Neptune, want to build a new house. This family consists of a father, a
mother, a 20-year-old son, a 10-year-old son, and a baby daughter. When deciding on sleeping
arrangements, the people of Neptune greatly value respect for hierarchy, as defined by Shweder and
colleagues in their study examining cultural differences between the Americans and Indians in sleeping
arrangements. Which of the following most accurately reflects this value?
a) The parents sleep in their own room while the children all sleep in the same room.
b) The oldest person in the family gets a room to him/herself.
c) The younger brother decides to sleep in the same room as the older brother.
d) Everyone sleeps in his or her own room.
e) The older brother sleeps in his own room.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Infant’s Personal Space
OBJ: 5.6 MSC: Applying
12. The Singhs, an Indian family, are trying to decide on room arrangements for a new house that they
are building. Which of the following moral principles is likely to be the LEAST important for this
family?
a) protection of the vulnerable
b) the sacred couple
c) female chastity anxiety
d) respect for hierarchy
e) incest avoidance
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Infant’s Personal Space
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OBJ: 5.6 MSC: Analyzing
13. Jack and Jill are two parents who place great emphasis on the value of the sacred couple. They also
have a postpubescent son, a prepubescent daughter, and a toddler son. What sleeping arrangement
are they most likely going to have?
a) Everyone sleeps in his or her own room.
b) They would sleep with the toddler son in one room, the other son and daughter in another room.
c) They would sleep in the same room, separate from their children.
d) The parents sleep in the same room as the daughter; the two sons sleep in the same room.
e) The mother and daughter share one room, and the father and sons share another room.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Infant’s Personal Space
OBJ: 5.6 MSC: Applying
14. The Westermarcks, a large American family with growing sons and daughters, need to build a new
house, and are particularly concerned about making appropriate sleeping arrangements. Based on
Shweder and colleagues’ research, which moral principle will the family consider the most important?
a) hierarchy maintenance
b) female chastity anxiety
c) incest avoidance
d) protection of the vulnerable
e) the autonomy ideal
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Infant’s Personal Space OBJ: 5.6 MSC: Analyzing
15. Which of the following statements is true about parent-child interactions across cultures?
a) Children in every culture lead their interactions with their mothers, and their mothers play a
supporting role.
b) Children in every culture see themselves as relational beings and respond to their mothers.
c) Urban European mothers generally have less face-to-face contact with their infants than do rural
mothers.
d) Urban European mothers spend less time in physical contact with their infants, as compared with
rural mothers.
e) Mothers from all cultures spend at least half of their time in contact with their infants.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Infant’s Personal Space OBJ: 5.6 MSC: Evaluating
16. Two parents are trying to plan sleeping arrangements for their three children: a 15-year-old daughter, a 3year-old son, and a 2-year-old daughter. They decide that the 2-year-old would sleep alone, while the 15year-old and the 3-year-old would sleep in the same room. The parents would sleep separately. According
to this arrangement, which of the following principles was violated?
a) respect for hierarchy
b) female chastity anxiety
c) incest avoidance
d) the sacred couple
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e) protection of the vulnerable
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Infant’s Personal Space OBJ: 5.6 MSC: Analyzing
17. Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian
parenting styles is true?
a) Both lead the child to be psychologically maladjusted.
b) Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting.
c) Authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting involve similar levels of parental warmth.
d) Authoritative parenting makes the child less happy than authoritarian parenting.
e) Both help the child to be psychologically well adjusted.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Parenting Styles
OBJ: 5.7 MSC: Evaluating
18. Shawna, a mother from the United Kingdom, is trying to determine which parenting style she should
use with her child to maximize the child’s school achievement, autonomy, and self-reliance. According
to Baumrind’s typology as found among Western samples, which parenting style should she use?
a) Tiger Mom parenting
b) jiào xun parenting
c) permissive parenting
d) authoritarian parenting
e) authoritative parenting
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Parenting Styles
OBJ: 5.7 MSC: Analyzing
19. As a parent, Leslie thinks that he should place as few restrictions on his children as possible, and give
them the warmth and responsiveness that children need. What parenting style is this indicative of?
a) authoritative parenting
b) permissive parenting
c) authoritarian parenting
d) jiào xun
e) None of these are the parenting style described.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Parenting Styles
OBJ: 5.7  5.8 MSC: Analyzing
20. Wan-Ying wants to use the jiào xun type of parenting on her child. What is she NOT likely to do?
a) devote lots of time to nurture her child’s musical talents
b) show her child that he must bow when speaking to his grandparents
c) try to ensure that her child steers away from socially undesirable behaviors
d) allow her child to play games, while watching him like a hawk
e) watch her child closely while he does his homework
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Parenting Styles
OBJ: 5.8 MSC: Applying
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21. A 7-year-old East Asian child is likely to have all of the following EXCEPT a(n)
a) lack of family cohesion from strong parental control.
b) tendency not to meet his or her mother’s expectations for school.
c) inability to distinguish all human phonemes.
d) expectation of nonlinear trends.
e) desk at home.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Parenting Styles
OBJ: 5.8 MSC: Understanding
22. Yuexi, a Chinese mother, wants to use strong parental control with her child. Based on the textbook,
which of the following would most likely NOT occur as a result?
a) Her child feels a lack of family cohesion.
b) Her child is less happy than with less parental control.
c) Her child perceives more parental warmth than with less parental control.
d) Her child has better academic achievement than with less parental control.
e) Her child feels more parental acceptance than with less parental control.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Parenting Styles
OBJ: 5.8 MSC: Evaluating
23. Xiao, a 7-year-old Chinese child, and Jess, a 7-year-old American child, are each listening to an audio
tape in their individual rooms. At one point, the audio on both tapes gets covered by static. Xiao and
Jess are asked to guess what was said. Which of the following is the likeliest to happen?
a) They both guess that the inaudible part refers to a noun.
b) Xiao guesses that the inaudible part refers to a verb; Jess guesses that the inaudible part refers to
a noun.
c) Xiao guesses that the inaudible part refers to a noun; Jess guesses that the inaudible part refers to a
verb.
d) They both guess that the inaudible part refers to a verb.
e) There is no reason to expect that their guesses would either be the same or different.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Noun Biases
OBJ: 5.9 MSC: Applying
24. The term “noun bias” means that
a) people describe themselves more with nouns than with adjectives.
b) the first words children learn tend to be nouns rather than other kinds of words.
c) people attend more to nouns than to other words in conversations.
d) nouns can be dropped in many languages, while still preserving the meaning of a sentence.
e) East Asian children tend to remember nouns better than do North American children.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Noun Biases
OBJ: 5.9 MSC: Remembering
25. Shuang is a Chinese mother. Compared with Shuang, Alex, an American mother, is more likely to
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a) lead interactions with her children.
b) introduce topics.
c) acknowledge her children’s perspectives.
d) discuss her children’s failures.
e) focus on relationships in discussions with her child.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Noun Biases OBJ: 5.9
MSC: Understanding
26. The “terrible twos” is a developmental stage that
a) signals adolescent rebellion later in life.
b) is an existential universal.
c) is a nonuniversal.
d) is an accessibility universal.
e) is a functional universal.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: The Terrible Twos
OBJ: 5.10 MSC: Analyzing
27. Adolescent rebellion
a) is observed in the vast majority of the world’s cultures.
b) is more pronounced in societies with more role distinctions and opportunities.
c) is especially pronounced in collectivistic societies.
d) is universal, although adolescent violence is not.
e) may be seen in different societies, but it serves a different purpose in every culture.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Adolescent Rebellion
OBJ: 5.11 MSC: Remembering
28. Which of the following does NOT explain why children at East Asian schools tend to do better at math
than children at American schools?
a) East Asian mothers spend more time teaching their kids math before their kids start kindergarten.
b) East Asian students are at school for more hours per year than American children.
c) East Asian mothers tend to demand higher standards of achievement than American mothers.
d) East Asian teachers tend to use more concrete examples when teaching math than American
teachers.
e) East Asian children get more math homework than American children.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Case Study: East Asians and Math Education OBJ: 5.12
MSC: Evaluating
29. Cross-cultural research on math achievement at school reveals that
a) East Asian children perform better than American children on arithmetic but not trigonometry.
b) the cultural differences in math achievement are pronounced in elementary school but largely
disappear by the time of high school graduation.
c) East Asian teachers teach more hours per day on average than American teachers.
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d) Americans spend more hours on math homework per week than do East Asians.
e) Americans are more satisfied with their math performance than are East Asians.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Case Study: East Asians and Math Education OBJ: 5.12
MSC: Remembering
30. According to Stevenson and Stigler’s study on cultural differences in math performance at school, if
American parents wanted their children to do well in math, what aspect of Chinese parenting should
they mimic?
a) provide a desk at home for their children
b) teach their children numbers and math before entering kindergarten
c) give their children less schooling
d) learn how to do math in English
e) let the children set their own learning paces
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Case Study: East Asians and Math Education OBJ: 5.12
MSC: Applying
SHORT ANSWER
1. Vladimir, Vassily, and Valentina are three siblings who immigrated with their parents to Canada from
Russia. At the time of immigration, Vladimir was four, Vassily was eighteen, and Valentina was twenty.
Based on research by Cheung, Chudek, and Heine regarding sensitive periods, draw a graph predicting
how each sibling’s identification with Canadian culture will change as he or she spends more years in
Canada?
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: Sensitive Periods for Acquiring Culture OBJ: 5.3
MSC: Creating
2. Kosuke is a 3-year-old Japanese boy who scores a 3 out of 7 on a measure of interdependence. Jeremy
is a 3-year-old American boy who also scores a 3 out of 7 on a measure of interdependence. In general,
the Japanese are more interdependent than Americans. Draw a graph to predict how each child’s score
on the measure of interdependence will change (or not change) as he or she gets older (until age
eighteen).
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: Cultural Differences in Psychological Processes Emerge with Age
OBJ: 5.4 MSC: Creating
3. The Randhawa family is an Indian family who just bought a new house with three bedrooms. There are two
parents (a mother and a father), a 3-year-old daughter, a 17-year-old (postpubescent) daughter, and a 20year-old (postpubescent) son. Based only on the values of female chastity anxiety and respect for
hierarchy, design a floorplan for their arrangement of bedrooms that satisfies both values. Be sure to note
who sleeps in each bedroom.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Infant’s Personal Space OBJ: 5.5
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MSC: Creating
4. Compare and contrast authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting, making sure to include
associated parental attributes.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Parenting Styles OBJ: 5.7 MSC: Analyzing
5. You overhear a mother talking about her adolescent son being rebellious, but she does not seem
bothered by his rebelliousness. Instead, she says that it is a universal phenomenon that adolescents
are rebellious. Do you agree or disagree? Please justify your response with empirical evidence.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Adolescent Rebellion OBJ: 5.11
MSC: Evaluating
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CHAPTER 6
SELF AND PERSONALITY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
6.1. Understand how self-descriptors tend to vary across different cultures
6.2. Differentiate between independent and interdependent views of self
6.3. Differentiate between individualism and collectivism
6.4. Understand how various cultural variables explain cultural differences in gender equality
6.5. Define gender essentialism
6.6. Understand how one’s self-concept may differ across different contexts
6.7. Explain the relationship between cognitive dissonance and cultural differences in self-consistency
6.8. Differentiate between subjective and objective self-awareness
6.9. Differentiate between incremental and entity theories of self
6.10.
Understand the Five Factor model of personality
6.11.
Differentiate between the five factors of the Five Factor model of personality
6.12.
Reconcile the difference between cultural variability and universality of personality structures
6.13.
Discuss general cultural differences in self-concepts
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. When completing the Twenty-Statements Test, people from non-Western cultures, in contrast with
people from Western cultures, are more likely to put down which of the following?
a) “I am a charitable person.”
b) “I am a student.”
c) “I am very hungry.”
d) “I am always very generous.”
e) “I am someone who likes to eat.”
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Who Am I?
OBJ: 6.1 MSC: Applying
2. Based on Ma and Schoeneman’s study with Americans and Kenyans, which of the following would be
expected?
a) Kenyan undergrad: “I am a resourceful person.” Kenyan tribesman (e.g., the Samburu): “I am a
member of an association.”
b) All Kenyan populations: “I am a resourceful person.”
c) American undergrad: “I am a thoughtful person.” Kenyan undergrad: “I am a member of an
association.”
d) All Samburu: “I am a charitable person.”
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e) All Kenyan populations: “I am a member of group X.”
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Who Am I?
OBJ: 6.1  6.13 MSC: Analyzing
3. Based on Ma and Schoeneman’s study with Americans’ and Kenyans’ self-descriptions, which of the
following is the most accurate in describing the Samburu?
a) collectivistic
b) subjective self-awareness
c) independent view of the self
d) entity theory of the self
e) scores highly in “social potency”
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Who Am I?
OBJ: 6.1  6.13 MSC: Analyzing
4. Ambrose has an independent self, and Hayden has an interdependent self. Which of the following is
true about Hayden?
a) He draws a weaker distinction between a stranger at the bus stop and his brother.
b) He feels that his identity is based largely on his sense that he’s an outgoing and extraverted
person.
c) He acts the same way regardless of the context or situation.
d) He is more motivated to be different and unique from others.
e) He is more likely to activate the same brain regions when thinking about himself and his mother.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Independent Versus Interdependent Views of Self OBJ: 6.2
MSC: Understanding
5. Jaden has a strong sense of his own identity and does not see any sort of divide between strangers he
has just met and his family members. What is this characteristic of?
a) incremental theory of self
b) entity theory of self
c) interdependent view of self
d) independent theory of self
e) objective awareness of self
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Independent Versus Interdependent Views of Self OBJ: 6.2
MSC: Analyzing
6. You are chatting with a stranger in a coffee shop. Every time you ask him something about himself, he
talks about associations to which he belongs and clubs he has joined. He rarely talks about his own
attributes. Which of the following best describes him?
a) individualistic
b) incremental theory of self
c) interdependent view of self
d) low in self-awareness
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e) high in conscientiousness
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Independent Versus Interdependent Views of Self OBJ: 6.2
MSC: Analyzing
7. You are introduced to a person who is said to have an independent view of self. Based on Markus and
Kitayama’s model, which of the following would you LEAST expect the person to say?
a) “I love playing hockey.”
b) “I am a responsible person.”
c) “I am a member of a ballet dance group.”
d) “I am my own person and am not defined by others.”
e) “I am hungry.”
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Independent Versus Interdependent Views of Self OBJ: 6.2
MSC: Applying
8. The most collectivistic states of the United States are
a) states from the Mountain West and the Midwest.
b) Alaska and the states of the Confederate South.
c) states on the West Coast and the East Coast.
d) Hawaii and Utah.
e) Arizona and New Mexico.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Individualism and Collectivism OBJ: 6.3  6.13
MSC: Remembering
9. Comparisons of men and women from East Asia and the United States reveal that
a) the most individualistic people are East Asian males.
b) gender is not related to any factors underlying individualism and collectivism.
c) women and men are similar in most factors underlying individualism and collectivism.
d) sex differences in the various factors underlying individualism and collectivism are larger than
cultural differences.
e) men generally score higher on agency than women.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Gender and Culture
OBJ: 6.3  6.13 MSC: Remembering
10. According to research using the Sex Role Ideology inventory, which of the following situations does NOT
agree with the research findings?
a) Poland, a primarily Christian country, has more egalitarian gender values than Azerbaijan, a primarily
Muslim country.
b) Uruguay, a country south of the equator, has more egalitarian gender values than Estonia, a country
north of the equator.
c) Mahalapye, a rural township, has less egalitarian gender values than Bobirwa, an urban city.
d) Kiribati, a collectivistic society, has less egalitarian gender values than Nauru, a society that is more
individualistic than Kiribati.
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e) All of these statements agree with the research findings.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Gender and Culture
OBJ: 6.4  6.13 MSC: Applying
11. Given Bosterup’s thesis about agricultural methods centuries ago affecting gender attitudes now, what
is this type of relationship between agricultural methods and gender attitudes an example of?
a) power distance
b) distal cause
c) vertical collectivism
d) evoked culture
e) entity theory of self
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Gender and Culture
OBJ: 6.4  6.13 MSC: Analyzing
12. One difference between Americans and Hindu Indians is that in the United States
a) the male identity is essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the female identity is essentialized.
b) the female identity is essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the male identity is
essentialized.
c) both male and female identities are essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians only the female
identity is essentialized.
d) neither male nor female identities are essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the male identity
is essentialized.
e) both male and female identities are essentialized, whereas among Hindu Indians the male identity is
essentialized, but only among children.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Gender and Culture
OBJ: 6.5  6.13 MSC: Remembering
13. Why do motivations for self-consistency appear weaker among East Asians than among Westerners?
a) Westerners who are consistent earn more money than those who are not.
b) East Asian parents tend to punish their children when they act consistently.
c) In the West, self-consistency correlates more strongly with subjective well-being and with being liked
by others than it does in East Asia.
d) East Asians tend to complete self-report scales with more extreme opinions than do Westerners.
e) Motivations for self-consistency are not weaker among East Asians than among Westerners.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Self-Consistency
OBJ: 6.6  6.13 MSC: Understanding
14(?). Which of the following was NOT found in Suh’s research on Koreans and Americans?
a) Koreans describe themselves more differently across situations than Americans.
b) Koreans who are more consistent across situations have lower subjective well-being than Koreans
who are less consistent.
c) Consistent Americans are viewed as more likable than inconsistent Americans.
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d) Consistent Americans are viewed as having more social skills than inconsistent Americans.
e) More benefits can be gained when Americans are consistent than when Koreans are consistent.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Self-Consistency
OBJ: 6.6  6.13 MSC: Evaluating
15. You work for an international charity foundation and are in charge of seeking donations from Americans
and Poles. Based on Cialdini’s research on the importance of consistency with the self and with peers,
which of the following would you use to secure the most donations from the two populations?
a) use the foot-in-the-door technique because it is a powerful technique with both Poles and
Americans
b) ask Americans for more money because they are more easily influenced than Poles
c) remind Americans of their past donations, but remind Poles of their peers’ donations
d) do not use the door-in-the-face technique because it does not work with either Americans or Poles
e) ask Americans for more money because they like to donate more than Poles do
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Self-Consistency
OBJ: 6.6  6.13 MSC: Applying
16. Foot-in-the-door is a persuasion technique whereby the requester makes a relatively small request of a
target. Once the target says yes, the requester will make more, and incrementally more costly,
requests. This works because people are motivated to be self-consistent. Your friend is a big fan of this
technique, and thinks that this sales tactic is equally effective everywhere, no matter where he goes.
Based on research by Cialdini and colleagues, is this true or false?
a) True—there are no cultural differences in need for self-consistency, only peer-consistency
b) True—susceptibility to the foot-in-the-door technique is an accessibility universal
c) False—the foot-in-the-door technique would work better in the United States than in Poland
d) False—the foot-in-the-door technique would work better in interdependent cultures than independent
cultures
e) False—susceptibility to the foot-in-the-door technique is a cultural invention
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Self-Consistency
OBJ: 6.6  6.13 MSC: Evaluating
17. You want to persuade your friend to help you. You recently learned about cognitive dissonance in your
psychology class, and you want to try out the effectiveness of using that to persuade others. How
might you implement cognitive dissonance in persuading someone to help you?
a) remind him or her of how consistently he or she acts across different social situations
b) remind him or her of how unimportant the issue is that requires his or her help
c) remind him or her of what you may think of him or her
d) remind the target that he or she had helped you before
e) put a mirror in front of the person from whom you are seeking help
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Self-Consistency
OBJ: 6.7 MSC: Applying
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18. A group of Japanese and North Americans are in a restaurant late at night. Some people ordered for
themselves, and some people ordered for friends who had not yet arrived. Because the restaurant was
about to close, it had run out of everything they ordered. Instead, they had to choose between the only
two dishes that remained, both of which were deemed to be average dishes by everyone. Which of the
following is the most likely to result from this scenario?
a) All would end up liking the “average dish” they picked for themselves more than the “average dish”
they did not pick for themselves.
b) The “average dish” that the North Americans would end up liking the least is the one they ordered
for themselves.
c) The “average dish” that the Japanese would end up liking more is the one they ordered for themselves
compared to the one they did not order for themselves.
d) The “average dish” that the Japanese would end up liking more is the one they ordered for their
friends compared to the one they did not order for their friends.
e) The “average dish” that the North Americans would end up liking more is the one they ordered for
their friends compared to the one they did not order for their friends.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Self-Consistency
OBJ: 6.8  6.13 MSC: Applying
19. When Americans and Japanese evaluate themselves in front of a mirror,
a) Americans have more positive views of themselves than they normally do.
b) Japanese have more positive views of themselves than they normally do.
c) Americans have more negative views of themselves than they normally do.
d) Japanese have more negative views of themselves than they normally do.
e) Japanese self-evaluations are more positive than are American self-evaluations.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Self-Awareness
OBJ: 6.8  6.13 MSC: Remembering
20. Yuan, a Chinese mother, and Alexis, a Euro-Canadian mother, both decided to read their children’s
diaries. How might the memories of Yuan’s child differ from the memories of Alexis’s child?
a) Yuan’s child has more positive memories than Alexis’s child, if the memories include other people.
b) The memories of Alexis’s child have more third-person imagery than the memories of Yuan’s child.
c) The memories of Yuan’s child seem to be more consistent and similar to each other than the
memories of Alexis’s child.
d) The memories of Alexis’s child seem to be filled with scenarios in which he is by himself.
e) The memories of Yuan’s child have more third-person imagery than the memories of Alexis’s child.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Self-Awareness
OBJ: 6.8  6.13 MSC: Analyzing
21. Jack was talking to his friend Jane about all his positive characteristics. In the middle of the
conversation, he took a prescription pill for a sore throat. This pill has an interesting side effect—it
alters the way Jack thinks. After taking the pill, he no longer talked about his positive characteristics;
instead, he talked about how he needed to improve on his shortcomings and the disappointment that
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his mother has about many of his qualities. Which of the following most accurately characterizes the
side effect of this pill?
a) It makes him less interdependent.
b) It gives him more subjective self-awareness.
c) It makes him more independent.
d) It reduces his feelings of inconsistency.
e) It gives him more objective self-awareness.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Self-Awareness
OBJ: 6.8  6.13 MSC: Analyzing
22. Participants are sitting in their own separate testing rooms and have been asked to write statements
about what they think about themselves. After a while, a mirror magically appears on a wall in each
room. Comparing their self-descriptions before and after the mirror appeared, how much do they differ?
a) Participants from all cultures became more self-critical after the mirror appeared.
b) American participants viewed themselves more positively before the mirror appeared, and Japanese
participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror showed up.
c) American participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared, and Japanese
participants viewed themselves more positively after the mirror appeared.
d) American participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared, and Japanese
participants did not change their views after the mirror appeared.
e) Participants from all cultures viewed themselves more positively after the mirror appeared.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Self-Awareness
OBJ: 6.8  6.13 MSC: Applying
23(?). Lurrr comes from the planet Omicron Persei 8. The culture there fosters an incremental theory of
self, with a focus on seeing oneself from a first-person perspective. Lurrr currently describes himself as
extraverted, conscientious, and a lover of cats—attributes that Lurrr wants to change. Based on this, if
Lurrr is asked to describe what he will be like in the future, which of the following is he most likely to
say?
a) His memories will contain more third-person imagery.
b) He will ensure that he is consistent across social situations.
c) He will continue to be extraverted and conscientious.
d) He will be neither extraverted nor conscientious.
e) He will no longer have objective self-awareness.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Implicit Theories Regarding the Nature of the Self OBJ: 6.8  6.9
MSC: Understanding
24. Someone with an incremental theory of the self
a) thinks that he or she will be a different person in the future than he or she is now.
b) thinks his or her traits are central to his or her identity.
c) is very high on need to have self-consistency.
d) is more likely than entity theorists to be low on neuroticism.
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e) has a very weak distinction between the in-group and the out-group.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Implicit Theories Regarding the Nature of the Self OBJ: 6.9  6.13
MSC: Understanding
25. Your friend recently entered a few chess competitions, but lost them all really badly. If he has an entity
theory of self, what is he most likely to do?
a) put in a lot of work to overcome his weaknesses
b) chalk up the losses as being due to bad luck
c) think he has bad chess “genes”
d) review video of his matches to find his mistakes
e) question the fairness of the matches
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Implicit Theories Regarding the Nature of the Self OBJ: 6.9  6.13
MSC: Applying
26. The Big Five personality traits
a) are only clearly observed in Western cultural contexts.
b) do not vary significantly in magnitude across cultures.
c) are believed to be unique to humans.
d) emerge identically across cultures, regardless of the language from which the trait terms are
derived.
e) do not cover the full extent of personality traits in other cultures, but is still cross-culturally robust.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: The Five Factor Model of Personality OBJ: 6.10
MSC: Remembering
27. Which of the following statements about the Big Five model of personality is FALSE?
a) Openness to experience is one of the personality traits within this model.
b) As people age, they tend to become more neurotic.
c) People around the world largely share the same five personality traits based on this model.
d) As people age, they tend to become more agreeable.
e) Factor analysis led to the emergence of the five underlying personality traits.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Five Factor Model of Personality OBJ: 6.11  6.13 MSC: Evaluating
28. You have saved up a lot of money over the last few years and have decided to travel the world. In
interacting with people from different cultures all over the world, which of the following are you most
likely to find?
a) The Big Five explains personality adequately everywhere, but does especially well explaining
personality in the West.
b) The Big Five only emerges reliably in cultures characterized by independent views of self.
c) You find that the only trait that emerges reliably across all cultures is neuroticism.
d) The only trait of the Big Five that does not emerge reliably across cultures is neuroticism.
e) Western cultures have a number of personality factors in addition to the Big Five that are not found
in cultures characterized by interdependent views of self.
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ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Five Factor Model of Personality OBJ: 6.12  6.13
MSC: Understanding
29. Xing scores high on the Chinese personality trait of “dependability.” Based on Cheung, Cheung, Leung,
Ward, and Leong’s findings about Chinese personality constructs, with what would Xing’s
“dependability” score be correlated?
a) social responsibility
b) agreeableness
c) relatedness
d) neuroticism
e) social potency
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: The Five Factor Model of Personality OBJ: 6.12  6.13
MSC: Understanding
30. You meet a new Chinese friend, Huang. You find that Huang is responsible, optimistic, and trustworthy.
After having just learned about Chinese personality constructs in class, you decide to figure out on which
construct he scores highly. Which of the following constructs best encompasses the three traits that you
know about Huang?
a) interpersonal relatedness
b) dependability
c) extraversion
d) agreeableness
e) conscientiousness
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: The Five Factor Model of Personality OBJ: 6.12  6.13
MSC: Analyzing
SHORT ANSWER
1. Compare and contrast an independent view of self versus an independent view of self according to
Markus and Kitayama in relation to main points about self-identities and in-group/out-group
relationships.
ANS: Answers will vary. Student responses should be similar to the responses provided in the table
below.
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DIF: Easy REF:
Interdependent Views
Analyzing
2. Jack and Jill are best
different from each other.
very interdependent. His
mother, his best friend
while his out-group
thinks of herself as a
Independent view of
self:
Interdependent view of
self:
- Identities experienced
as largely distinct from
their relationships
- Identities closely
connected with others, not
experienced as distinct,
unique entities
- Aspects of self grounded
in relationships with others
- Important aspects of
the self lie within the
individual
- Individual is selfcontained and exists as
coherent, inviolate
entity
- People can move
between boundary of
in/out-group easily
- Identity is fluid across
different situations
Independent Versus
of Self OBJ: 6.2 MSC:
friends, but they are very
Jack thinks of himself as
in-group includes his
(Jill), and his baby brother,
includes his doctor. Jill
- People do not easily
become in-group members;
in-group members do not
very independent person.
Her in-group includes her brother, her best friend (Jack), and her husband, while her out-group includes
her coworker. Based on Markus and Kitayama’s model, draw a diagram for Jack and Jill, separately, that
depicts their relationships with other people.
ANS: Answers will vary. The student’s graph should be similar to the figures below.
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DIF: Easy REF: Independent Versus Interdependent Views of Self OBJ: 6.2 MSC: Creating
3. In establishing a new tyrannical society, your tyrant, Teresa, is going to decide how people will go about
performing their tasks. Teresa appears to have strong opinions about everything—except for
agriculture. She does not care whether it is done in a method that requires immense strength and
working with dangerous animals or one that is more laidback and only requires simple tools. She
believes that this is especially irrelevant for gender relations in the future. According to Boserup’s
hypothesis that gender norms tend to be preserved when societies shift from agricultural to industrial,
do you agree or disagree with Teresa’s perspective—and why?
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Culture and Gender Equality OBJ: 6.4
MSC: Evaluating
4.You are in a store with your friend Sarah, and you want to figure out whether she is motivated to strive
for consistency within herself, or with others, by asking her how much she likes a stuffed animal in the
store. Design a study, with her appraisal of the stuffed animal being the dependent variable. Then,
graph the different patterns of results associated with whether Sarah strives for consistency within
herself or with others.
ANS: Design should resemble Heine & Lehman’s (1997b) study on pages 232–233; graphs should
resemble figure 6.13 on page 234.
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DIF: Difficult REF: Self-Consistency OBJ: 6.7
MSC: Creating
5. As a graduate student in the Department of Music, your thesis seeks to answer the question of whether
a singer’s anxiety level during performance is associated with different forms of self-awareness. Design
a study that would allow you to examine this question. In your response, make sure to use the
appropriate terms for the different forms of self-awareness.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Self-Awareness OBJ: 6.8 MSC: Creating
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CHAPTER 7
LIVING IN MULTICULTURAL WORLDS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
7.1. Appreciate the difficulty of engaging in research on acculturation
7.2. Differentiate between how the U- and L-shaped curves represent attitudes toward different host
cultures
7.3. Explain how acculturation can be affected by cultural distance, cultural fit, and acculturation
strategies
7.4. Explain John Berry’s model of four different acculturation strategies
7.5. Understand how acculturation can lead to negative consequences
7.6. Compare and contrast how identity denial and stereotype threat have consequences in multicultural
contexts
7.7. Differentiate between blending and frame-switching
7.8. Define bicultural identity integration
7.9. Explain the relationship between bicultural identity integration and frame-switching
7.10.
Understand how multicultural experiences affect creativity
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The findings from acculturation research are less coherent than many other topics largely because
a) one cannot put people through an acculturation experiment—it is all correlational research.
b) there are no validated acculturation measures.
c) people’s circumstances vary so much that it makes it difficult to identify common patterns.
d) there is no consensual definition on what acculturation means.
e) immigrants do not like to have their experiences studied by researchers.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Difficulties in Studying Acculturation OBJ: 7.1
MSC: Understanding
2. When will you NOT see an adjustment phase after experiencing culture shock?
a) when the person endorses an integration acculturation strategy
b) when the person endorses an assimilation acculturation strategy
c) when the person is introverted
d) when the person moves to a homogenous society
e) when the person has an interdependent self-construal
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Changes in Attitudes Toward the Host Culture OBJ: 7.2
MSC: Remembering
3. Imagine that Georgi moved to Canada from Bulgaria about a year ago. We might expect that he
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a) is having a more difficult time acculturating than his neighbor, who moved from a small tribe from
the Amazon.
b) is adjusting to Canadian life and is fully integrated into the community.
c) is having the time of his life and is reveling in his new and exotic home.
d) is struggling, as he feels a bit homesick and has not yet made many Canadian friends.
e) has already picked up curling as his favorite sport.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Changes in Attitudes Toward the Host Culture OBJ: 7.2
MSC: Understanding
4. Which of the following people is most likely to experience an L-shaped acculturation curve?
a) Crystal-Joy, who has moved to a culturally homogeneous society
b) Lydia, who has an interdependent self-concept, while people in the host culture have an independent
self-concept
c) Magda, who is feeling a lot of cultural distance between her heritage culture and the host culture
d) Timothy, who identifies with his heritage culture but not his host culture
e) Noriko, who habitually engages in frame-switching
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Changes in Attitudes Toward the Host Culture OBJ: 7.2
MSC: Applying
5. Idra, a European university student, has moved to another country indefinitely to start a new career. He
is currently experiencing anxiety, helplessness, and homesickness. Based on research on acculturation
curves, what do you expect to happen with Idra next?
a) He will maintain these feelings if the host culture is homogenous.
b) He will maintain these feelings if the host culture is extraverted.
c) He will bounce back and adjust to the new culture if the host culture is homogenous.
d) He will bounce back and adjust to the new culture if the host culture is extraverted.
e) The answer cannot be determined from the information given.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Changes in Attitudes Toward the Host Culture OBJ: 7.2
MSC: Applying
6. How does cultural distance differ from cultural fit?
a) Cultural fit refers to culture-culture matching of variables, whereas cultural distance refers to personculture matching of variables.
b) Cultural distance refers to culture-culture matching of variables, whereas cultural fit refers to personculture matching of variables.
c) Cultural fit refers to cultures that endorse an assimilative acculturation strategy.
d) Cultural distance refers to cultures that endorse a separation acculturation strategy.
e) The two are different ways of communicating the same concept.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Who Adjusts Better?
OBJ: 7.3 MSC: Analyzing
7. The First Nations tribe that has been most successful (of the ones studied) at adjusting to mainstream
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Canadian settler traditions has been the
a) Eastern Cree.
b) Tsimshian.
c) Carrier.
d) Haida.
e) Mohawk.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Cultural Distance
OBJ: 7.3 MSC: Remembering
8. The Kingdom of Zorblax is about to colonize a bunch of aboriginal tribes living on a foreign continent. The
culture of Zorblax is characterized by a system in which people live on collective farms and take what
they need from those farms. Which of the following foreign aboriginal tribes will experience the LEAST
amount of acculturative stress under the Kingdom of Zorblax?
a) the Ngouma, a coastal tribe that is accustomed to fishing for food
b) the Divan, a tribe that lives in the forest and subsists on hunting large animals
c) the Moche, an individualistic tribe that engages in social facilitation
d) the Remala, a tribe that is very extraverted
e) the Poranga, a tribe that heavily engages in communal sharing
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Cultural Distance
OBJ: 7.3 MSC: Analyzing
9. Which of the following is reliably associated with reduced acculturative stress?
a) extraversion
b) an interdependent view of self
c) an independent view of self
d) conscientiousness
e) cultural fitness
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Cultural Fit OBJ: 7.3
MSC: Understanding
10. Miley is an extremely agreeable person who is very considerate and polite to others. She thinks that
her agreeableness will make her well-suited for adjusting to any culture to which she goes. Based on
research, how true is her rationale?
a) False—Miley’s agreeableness actually makes her annoy people, hindering her acculturation
b) True—Miley’s agreeableness will allow her to make more friends, helping her with her acculturation
c) False—There is no correlation between agreeableness and adjustment to any type of host culture
d) True—Miley’s agreeableness aids acculturation by promoting bicultural identity integration
e) False—Miley’s agreeableness will only be useful for host cultures that generally endorse being
agreeable
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Fit
OBJ: 7.3 MSC: Evaluating
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11. Given the current research on personality and acculturation, you can predict that
a) Jaedong, who is introverted, will acculturate more successfully than his friend Sehoon, who is
extraverted.
b) Jaedong, who is extraverted, will acculturate more successfully than his friend Sehoon, who is
introverted.
c) Jaedong, who is extraverted, will proceed through a more severe period of culture shock on the
acculturation curve compared with his friend Sehoon, who is introverted.
d) Jaedong, who is introverted, will fare worse early on in the acculturation process, whereas his friend
Sehoon, who is extraverted, will fare worse over the long run.
e) Jaedong, who is introverted, will acculturate more successfully in an introverted country than
Sehoon, who is extraverted.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Fit
OBJ: 7.3 MSC: Analyzing
12. Your friend Pedram is planning to immigrate somewhere and wants to go to a place where he will have
the best chance of adjusting to the new culture. Which of the following should you recommend as being
the best place for him?
a) a society that is homogenous, where everyone has a well-defined role
b) a society that espouses values that match Pedram’s personality
c) a society in which he will be a visible minority
d) a society that encourages people to code-switch
e) a society in which he will be a nonvisible minority
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Cultural Fit OBJ: 7.7
MSC: Applying
13. Varun is a Fijian immigrant to Canada. After observing him over time, his friends felt like he was not
really participating in Canadian culture, nor did he seem to have much to do with his Fijian roots. Which
of the following best describes Varun?
a) L-shaped curve
b) adjustment
c) separation strategy
d) marginalization strategy
e) culture shock
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Acculturation Strategies
OBJ: 7.4 MSC: Analyzing
14. Bjorn is a nonvisible minority member, while Trang is a member of a visible minority. Trang is more
likely than Bjorn to
a) experience an L-shaped acculturation curve.
b) have his acculturative stress be influenced by his initial experiences in the host culture.
c) have a personality with poor cultural fit.
d) have separation acculturation strategies.
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e) use blending.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Acculturation Strategies OBJ: 7.4 MSC: Analyzing
15. Given current research on acculturation and health, which of the following would you expect?
a) Jessica acculturated more quickly than Jasmine to the host culture, which means Jessica will likely
live longer.
b) How much acculturative stress Maggie experiences is unrelated to her overall health.
c) Candice has acculturated to the host culture with poor diets, which means she may develop
unhealthy habits that lead to adverse health outcomes.
d) John has decided to completely take on the host culture while ignoring his heritage culture, which
means he will have the most positive health outcomes.
e) The more friends Harold has, the more acculturated he will be, and the better his health will be.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Some Pitfalls of Acculturation OBJ: 7.5 MSC: Understanding
16. According to the textbook, which of the following has NOT been noted as a result of becoming more
acculturated to North American culture?
a) increased rate of obesity
b) increased delinquency behavior
c) decreased risk of coronary heart disease
d) decreased discrimination
e) decreased school performance
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Some Pitfalls of Acculturation OBJ: 7.5 MSC: Remembering
17. Stereotype threat occurs because
a) it is damaging to a person’s self-esteem if others share negative stereotypes of his or her group.
b) people are at risk for sometimes acting in ways consistent with stereotypes and thereby proving
the stereotype and creating a self-fulfilling prophecy.
c) all believe in the content of stereotypes, even if they will not consciously admit it.
d) people apply stereotypes to groups that they do not like.
e) stereotypes are vulnerable to being disproved by counter-stereotypical information.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Different but Often Unequal OBJ: 7.6 MSC: Remembering
18. Stereotype threat is
a) largely in people’s minds and does not affect actual behavior.
b) limited to the experiences of racial groups that are discriminated against.
c) the result of people being unaware of the stereotypes that exist for their groups.
d) experienced most acutely by people low in bicultural identity integration.
e) measured using dependent variables such as task performance and physiological signs.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Different but Often Unequal OBJ: 7.6 MSC: Understanding
19. Yamazonia is a society dominated by homosexual women. Based on this information alone, which of the
following people living in Yamazonia is most likely to identify with his or her group membership?
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a) Jayden, a member of the ruling class
b) Jared, a male worker
c) Justice, a homosexual female
d) Jordan, a social worker
e) Jamie, a nonvisible minority
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Different but Often Unequal OBJ: 7.6 MSC: Applying
20. If I told you that Jamie, an African American from New York (i.e., a member of a visible cultural minority
within the United States), experienced identity denial yesterday, this means that, of the following
situations, he experienced
a) a man asking to see Jamie’s ID when he went to the liquor store.
b) a woman doubting whether Jamie actually likes watching movies.
c) someone of European descent not believing that Jamie was born in New York, insisting that he must
have been born somewhere in Africa.
d) his African American friend insisting that they listen to some German rock music.
e) his mother making him food that his grandmother used to make.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Different but Often Unequal OBJ: 7.8 MSC: Applying
21. Among people who immigrate before they are adults, self-esteem is related to acculturation in that
a) the more acculturated an individual is, the higher his or her self-esteem.
b) people with high self-esteem tend to acculturate more quickly than people with low self-esteem.
c) people’s self-esteem comes to approximate the self-esteem norms in the host culture as they
acculturate.
d) separation attitudes are associated with the highest self-esteem.
e) greater self-esteem hinders one’s ability to acculturate to the host culture.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Evidence for Blending
OBJ: 7.7 MSC: Remembering
22. Which of the following people is the best example of blending?
a) Loni is able to jump back and forth between her Hawaiian heritage cultural views and her Texan host
cultural views.
b) Dongraegu has embraced both the cultural values of his Korean heritage culture as well as those of
his Canadian host culture.
c) Bjorn is from a Swedish town where many people immigrate, leading to a very multicultural atmosphere.
d) Sarah gained a much more interdependent self-construal after spending the last ten years in China,
albeit less than that shown by the Chinese.
e) Jürgen has decided to accept the cultural values of his American host culture to fit in better,
disregarding values from his German heritage culture.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Evidence for Blending OBJ: 7.7 MSC: Applying
23. Quang Giáp is from a society where people tend to attribute the behaviors of others as being the result
of external pressures. After living in the United States for many years, however, Quang Giáp often finds
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himself increasingly attributing the behaviors of others as being the result of internal factors. What is
this an example of?
a) cultural fit
b) blending
c) marginalization
d) frame-switching
e) cultural distance
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Evidence for Blending OBJ: 7.7 MSC: Analyzing
24. Which of the following scenarios would most likely lead to Basdeo using frame-switching more than
Mel?
a) if Basdeo adopts a separation strategy while Mel adopts an assimilative strategy
b) if Basdeo were a bicultural and Mel were a monocultural
c) if Basdeo were low in bicultural identity integration and Mel were high in bicultural identity
integration
d) if Basdeo were more extraverted than Mel
e) if Basdeo were more conscientious than Mel
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Frame-Switching
OBJ: 7.7 MSC: Analyzing
25. Your friend immigrated more than a decade ago. While walking on the streets with your friend, he
suddenly encounters a store that reminds him of his heritage culture. Which of the following is likeliest
to result from that?
a) Your friend will, at that moment, choose to develop more of a separation acculturation strategy.
b) Your friend is more likely to think in ways consistent with his heritage culture, at least temporarily.
c) Your friend will be prevented from entering the adjustment phase of acculturation, if he had not
entered it already.
d) Your friend will experience heightened acculturative stress.
e) Your friend will temporarily feel like he was less acculturated than he had ever been.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Frame-Switching
OBJ: 7.7 MSC: Understanding
26. Jee-Yeong is a bicultural Korean-Canadian who is high in bicultural identity integration. Compared with
other bicultural Korean-Canadians who are low on bicultural identity integration, Jee-Yeong
a) will show less acculturative stress.
b) is more likely to score high on measures of cultural distance.
c) is less likely to acquire undesirable cultural habits.
d) will engage in more frame-switching.
e) will more likely adopt an assimilative strategy.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Frame-Switching
OBJ: 7.9 MSC: Analyzing
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27. Ryosuke, a Japanese-Canadian born in Vancouver, Canada, is high on bicultural identity integration.
This means that, due to his high bicultural identity integration, he
a) is able to quickly switch between his Japanese frame and his Canadian frame.
b) will engage in an assimilationist acculturation strategy.
c) will experience a U-shaped curve.
d) will not experience stereotype threat.
e) demonstrates a lot of blending in his responses on psychological tests.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Evidence for Frame-Switching OBJ: 7.9 MSC: Understanding
28. Kartika is a professor in Germany who is trying to decide which applicant to accept as a graduate
student. She wants a graduate student who will come up with creative ideas. Which of the following
applicants should have the most creative ideas?
a) Meanne, who is highly agreeable
b) Kharah, who has visited and observed many cultures around the world
c) Laura, who comes from a culture that has no cultural distance from Indonesia
d) Kate, who is very extraverted
e) The attributes listed cannot predict which of these applicants will have the most creative ideas.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Multicultural People May Be More Creative OBJ: 7.10 MSC: Applying
29. Your friend Basdeo would like to become more creative. Which of the following would you recommend to
him?
a) go observe another culture
b) be more extraverted
c) adopt an L-shape acculturation curve
d) go to a culture that is culturally distant from his current culture
e) You would not recommend any of these choices.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Multicultural People May Be More Creative OBJ: 7.10
MSC: Applying
30. Amy’s daughter, Sophia, is going to be an architect. In order to increase her creativity, Amy wants
Sophia to live temporarily in a few other countries for a year in each place, living among the citizens,
before starting her job. Based on research on the relationship between multiculturalism and creativity,
will Amy’s plan for Sophia work?
a) No, Sophia would count as a sojourner, and the creativity of sojourners does not benefit from
intercultural contact.
b) Yes, because these experiences will lead to greater levels of networking, which is associated with
creativity.
c) No, because if there is a poor cultural fit between Sophia and potential host cultures, then she would
be too unhappy to gain creativity.
d) Yes, because this plan will lead to greater integrative complexity, which partially leads to higher
levels of creativity.
e) No, Sophia is prone to experiencing L-shaped curves, making it difficult for her to benefit from her
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experience.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Multicultural People May Be More Creative OBJ: 7.10
MSC: Evaluating
SHORT ANSWER
1. At the customs gate of your country’s busiest international airport, two people are arriving as landed
immigrants. As an immigrant support worker, you are tasked with determining how best to allocate
resources in helping different immigrants. To do that, you must first determine how successfully each
person will be at acculturating. Looking at the files for the landed immigrants, you see that Grace is
coming from the United States, a country that is very similar to your country. On the other hand, Cecilia
is coming from Mongolia, a country that is very dissimilar to your country. Based on the concept of
cultural distance, draw the expected acculturation pattern (feelings toward host culture over time) for
each person, assuming that both people do acculturate. For the purpose of this question, the
heterogeneity/homogeneity of the host culture is irrelevant.
ANS: Both Cecilia and Grace have a simple positive linear relationship between time spent in host
culture on x-axis and feelings toward host culture on y-axis, although Grace’s line should be steeper
than that of Cecilia’s. DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Distance OBJ: 7.3 MSC: Creating
2. Mike and Steph are a married couple who will soon be moving to a new country. This new country has a
culture in which the population is generally pretty low on extraversion. Mike is very high on
extraversion; Steph is very low in extraversion. Based on the concept of cultural fit, draw the expected
acculturation pattern (feelings toward host culture over time) associated with each person, assuming
that both people do acculturate. For the purpose of this question, the heterogeneity/homogeneity of
the host culture is irrelevant.
ANS: Both Mike and Steph should have a simple positive linear relationship between time spent in host
culture on x-axis and feelings toward host culture on y-axis, although Steph’s line should be steeper
than that of Mike’s. DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Fit
OBJ: 7.3 MSC: Creating
3. Your new research project is studying cultural differences between European-Canadians and JapaneseCanadians in terms of self-awareness. Your research partner decides to give all your participants an
English questionnaire, thinking that the language of the questionnaire does not affect how the
Japanese-Canadians would think. According to research about frame-switching, do you agree with your
research partner’s perspective? Why or why not?
ANS: Answers will vary based on figures 7.10 and 7.11 from the textbook.
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DIF: Moderate REF: Evidence for Frame-Switching
OBJ: 7.7 MSC: Evaluating
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4. As a CEO of a multinational graphics design company, you are tasked with looking for the most creative
applicant. Before you are three equally qualified applicants with one important difference regarding their
travel history: Michael has lived for several years in each of two different countries; Stephanie has lived in
one country and has only visited four others as a tourist (each visit was for one week); and Robert has only
ever lived in one country. You give them a creative task by giving the following instructions: “Here is a brick.
Write down as many uses for this brick as you can think of.” Higher numbers of responses mean greater
creativity. Draw a graph to depict what results you would expect from each applicant.
ANS: Group differences are not absolute, only the relative differences are important. The graph may
look something like this:
DIF: Moderate REF: Multicultural People May Be More Creative OBJ: 7.10 MSC: Creating
5. Your father wants to encourage you to travel to as many places as possible and stay in each place as
long as possible. It does not matter what cultures you live in—it will all benefit your creativity. Based on
research on culture and creativity, do you agree with his assertions? Why or why not?
ANS: Answers will vary based on the graphs in figure 7.18.
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DIF: Moderate REF: Multicultural People May Be More Creative OBJ: 7.10 MSC: Evaluating
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CHAPTER 8
MOTIVATION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
8.1. Understand how self-esteem relates to self-enhancement
8.2. Explain various processes in which people will engage to satisfy their self-enhancement motivations
8.3. Describe how self-enhancement differs between cultures
8.4. Explain how the Protestant Reformation led to self-enhancement motivations
8.5. Define face
8.6. Differentiate between promotion and prevention orientation
8.7. Explain how face relates to promotion and prevention orientation
8.8. Understand Max Weber’s thesis on the relationships between the Protestant Reformation, work ethic,
and the development of capitalism
8.9. Differentiate between entity theory of the world and incremental theory of the world
8.10.
Differentiate between primary and secondary control
8.11.
Understand how different cultures construe primary and secondary control
8.12.
Describe cultural differences in the perception of choice
8.13.
Understand the consequences of learned helplessness
8.14.
Explain how fitting in and standing out are perceived differently across different cultures
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following statements about self-esteem is most accurate?
a) There is very little variation in self-esteem across cultures.
b) In interdependent cultures, interdependence is negatively related to self-esteem, whereas in
independent cultures, interdependence is positively related to self-esteem.
c) Independence is positively related to self-esteem.
d) Interdependence is positively related to self-esteem.
e) Self-esteem is higher among children than adults in Eastern cultures; however, self-esteem is higher
among adults than children in Western cultures.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Motivations for Self-Enhancement and Self-Esteem OBJ: 8.1
MSC: Analyzing
2. Raquel habitually engages in self-enhancement. She recently did poorly on a sociology exam. Which of
the following would you NOT expect her to do?
a) disregard the importance of sociology
b) blame her poor performance on her professor for not writing a fair exam
c) think about how the student with the lowest score in class did
d) focus on how other classmates from her track and field team did really well
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e) compare herself with how the best student in her class did
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Motivations for Self-Enhancement and Self-Esteem OBJ: 8.2
MSC: Understanding
3. Based on the biases self-enhancers have, which of the following is someone who self-enhances most
likely to say after failing a chemistry test?
a) “Even though I failed this chemistry test, I can still do well in physics.”
b) “I failed this chemistry test, so I have to study even harder in this class.”
c) “This test was fair; I just did not work hard enough.”
d) “Chemistry is still very important to me.”
e) “Lex did so well! I need to work to be more like him.”
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Motivations for Self-Enhancement and Self-Esteem OBJ: 8.2
MSC: Applying
4(?).
If a person basks in the reflected glory of his or her group, which of the following is most likely?
a) The person will not engage in self-serving biases.
b) The person has a stronger endowment effect than East Asians would exhibit.
c) The person has a prevention orientation.
d) The person has an entity theory of the world.
e) The person is not someone who engages in self-enhancement.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Motivations for Self-Enhancement and Self-Esteem OBJ: 8.2
MSC: Understanding
5. What is one distinction between “predestination” and “calling”?
a) They are synonyms of each other.
b) “Predestination” refers to a goal that one works toward in one’s lifetime; “calling” refers to the way
by which one achieves the goal.
c) “Predestination” refers to what one has to do to go to heaven; “calling” refers to the fact that one is
preordained to go to heaven.
d) “Predestination” refers to when one will die; “calling” refers to what a person does in life to prepare
for his or her death.
e) “Predestination” refers to something after death; “calling” refers to something before death.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Motivations for Self-Enhancement and Self-Esteem  Religion and Achievement
Motivation OBJ: 8.4  8.8
MSC: Analyzing
6(?).
Group-enhancing biases are
a) more pronounced among East Asians than Westerners.
b) more pronounced among Native Americans than Euro-Americans.
c) more pronounced among Westerners than East Asians.
d) weaker than self-enhancing biases for people from all cultures.
e) evident with equal levels in all cultures.
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ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Variation in Self-Enhancing Motivations OBJ: 8.3
MSC: Remembering
7. Ichiro, a Japanese student, wants to sell his used book that he’s had for a decade. Kent, an American
student, wants to sell the exact same book, which he has also owned for a decade. They price their
respective books depending on how much they think the books are worth. The books themselves are
valued at $50. Which of the following best predicts what the two price tags will most likely be?
a) Ichiro: $50; Kent: $50
b) Ichiro: $20; Kent: $15
c) Ichiro: $60; Kent: $50
d) Ichiro: $70; Kent: $20
e) Ichiro: $30; Kent: $60
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Cultural Variation in Self-Enhancing Motivations OBJ: 8.3
MSC: Applying
8(?).
How is the Protestant Reformation relevant to the question of why Westerners self-enhance so
much?
a) The Christian doctrine that all of God’s creations should be respected requires that people respect
themselves and come to view themselves in unrealistically positive terms.
b) Because God loves everybody, it follows that people should also love themselves.
c) Catholicism emphasizes confession, which involves a recognition of one’s faults. The shift to
Protestantism led Protestants to avoid thinking about their faults.
d) People are motivated to believe that they are predestined to go to heaven, and this leads them to
interpret their behavior in an unrealistically positive light.
e) None of these statements are relevant.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Origins of Cultural Differences in Self-Enhancement OBJ: 8.4
MSC: Understanding
9. Which of the following statements is true of face?
a) People can increase their face by focusing on their positive qualities.
b) All people have roughly the same amount of face.
c) Face is more easily lost than it is gained.
d) Face is negatively correlated with self-esteem.
e) The importance of face is unrelated to collectivism.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Motivations for Face and Self-Improvement OBJ: 8.5 MSC: Remembering
10. Kosuke is a Japanese student who just won a drawing competition. Kent is a Canadian student who
also just won a drawing competition. Immediately after their victories, they were asked to create
another drawing. Compared to Kosuke, what is Kent more likely to do?
a) spend more time drawing than Kosuke
b) stop drawing earlier than Kosuke
c) draw for about the same amount of time as Kosuke
d) spend less time drawing than he would if he had not won
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e) move on to a different task
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Motivations for Face and Self-Improvement OBJ: 8.6 MSC: Applying
11. Claudia and Hideki are math students. Claudia has a self-enhancement orientation, whereas Hideki has
a self-improvement orientation. The best way to make them both continue to put in effort to learn math
is to give
a) both students a very difficult math test that is rigged to make them do poorly.
b) both students a very easy math test that is rigged to make them do well.
c) Claudia a very easy math test so she is rigged to do well, but give Hideki a very difficult math test so
he is rigged to do poorly.
d) Claudia a very difficult math test so she is rigged to do poorly, but give Hideki a very easy math test
so he is rigged to do well.
e) both students a very easy math test, but do not tell them their scores.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Motivations for Face and Self-Improvement OBJ: 8.7 MSC: Applying
12(?). Which of the following people would you expect to feel the need to maintain face?
a) “I go along with what other people want to do, and make myself enjoy it.”
b) “I really like to make myself feel good about myself.”
c) “I prefer to avoid negative outcomes from happening.”
d) “I cannot change who I am—I am who I am.”
e) “I like to compare myself with those who are worse off than I am.”
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Motivations for Face and Self-Improvement OBJ: 8.7
MSC: Understanding
13. Which of the following was NOT a belief to emerge from the Protestant Reformation?
a) People have an individualized relationship with God.
b) People are inherently good.
c) It has been decided, before someone is born, whether he or she will go to heaven or to hell.
d) People have specific purposes to fulfill during their lives.
e) People must work hard at their callings.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Religion and Achievement Motivation OBJ: 8.8 MSC: Analyzing
14.(?) A study comparing Protestants and non-Protestants in their interactions with others in a working
context found that Protestants
a) paid more attention to relational cues than non-Protestants, regardless of condition.
b) did not work as hard at the task compared with non-Protestants.
c) worked harder at the task than non-Protestants when it was a fun task, but the two groups did not
differ in their work when it was a serious work task.
d) paid less attention to relational cues than non-Protestant men in a serious work task.
e) worked less hard than non-Protestants when it was a serious work task.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Religion and Achievement Motivation OBJ: 8.8
MSC: Remembering
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15.(?) Based on Sanchez-Burks’s research on relational styles and work, how does religion affect
relational styles?
a) Protestantism leads people to work harder, regardless of condition, than non-Protestants.
b) Protestants work harder than non-Protestants, but only when they are reminded of their religion.
c) Protestantism leads people to work as hard as non-Protestant people do; however, they do so
without attending to their relationships, regardless of condition.
d) Protestantism leads people to attend less to relationships than do non-Protestant religions when
engaged in a work task.
e) Protestants have less fun than non-Protestants when engaged in a casual task.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Religion and Achievement Motivation OBJ: 8.8
MSC: Analyzing
16. A Catholic and a Protestant walk into a bar. Their names are Jon and Jack, respectively. They start
discussing everything from social issues to psychological research. They agree that they have many
similarities and differences. Based on the textbook’s research on Catholics and Protestants, which of
the following is likely similar or different between the two of them?
a) Both Jon and Jack equally find overweight people to be lazy.
b) Jack is much more individualistic than Jon.
c) Jon has a high-status nonmanual occupation, while Jack does not.
d) Jack is more accepting of overweight people than Jon.
e) Jon was self-reliant at a much younger age than Jack.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Religion and Achievement Motivation OBJ: 8.8
MSC: Understanding
17. A person is building a road to connect two towns, but the road is stopped by a mountain. The person
can either build the road so that it follows the side of the mountain and continues on from the other
side, or the person can just tunnel through the mountain. This person decides that people should not
get pushed around by nature, so decides to tunnel through the mountain. Which of the following terms
best describes this way of thinking?
a) secondary control
b) self-enhancement
c) maintaining face
d) self-serving bias
e) incremental theory of the world
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Agency and Control
OBJ: 8.9 MSC: Analyzing
18. Which combination of different ways of thinking is most conducive to developing learned
helplessness?
a) low entity theory of the self; high primary control
b) high self-esteem; high need for many choices
c) high tendency to engage in self-serving biases; low in ability to exert secondary control
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d) high entity theory of the world; low in ability to exert primary control
e) low incremental theory of the self; low entity theory of the world
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Agency and Control
OBJ: 8.9  8.10  8.13 MSC: Analyzing
19. Which of the following would be an example of secondary control?
a) You work hard at your studies in the beginning of the term so that you do not have such a busy time
at the end of the term.
b) You try to convince your friends that they should move their planned hiking trip to the following
weekend because that would fit better with your schedule.
c) You convince yourself that taking the bus to work is not so bad after all.
d) You return the sweater that you just bought because you decide it does not look very good on you.
e) You start showing up at work before your boss does in an effort to get a raise.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Primary and Secondary Control OBJ: 8.10 MSC: Understanding
20. Several real estate agents have been convicted of several counts of real estate fraud. The most
plausible reaction from American and Japanese news outlets is that Japanese newspapers are likelier
than American ones to
a) recommend strong punishment of the agents.
b) view the real estate companies to be at fault.
c) predict similar events will happen in the future.
d) remove their assets from the companies involved.
e) perceive the agents as having exercised choice.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Primary and Secondary Control OBJ: 8.10 MSC: Applying
21. Which of the following would be the best example of primary control?
a) You and your friends decide as a group to spend a day at the amusement park.
b) You choose to paint your house yellow after your partner tells you about her strong preference for
yellow.
c) You cook spaghetti and meatballs because your parents are in town and it is their favorite dish.
d) You return a computer game to the local computer store because it did not excite you as much as
you wanted it to.
e) You buy a dog as a pet.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Primary and Secondary Control OBJ: 8.10 MSC: Applying
22. You are a teacher who assesses your students’ science knowledge by having them play one of many
science games available on the computer, so you want them to take this task seriously. Your class is
comprised fully of Asian American and Euro-American children. How would you maximize their
motivation to play these science games?
a) Allow all the children to choose the game that they want.
b) Let other classmates choose the game for the Asian American students, but let the Euro-American
students choose for themselves.
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c) Let the Asian American children’s mothers choose the game for them, and let the Euro-American
children’s classmates choose for them.
d) Let the Euro-American students choose for themselves, and ask students from another school to
choose for the Asian American students.
e) Let both the Euro-American and Asian American parents choose for their children.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Making Choices
OBJ: 8.12 MSC: Applying
23. One frozen yogurt parlor has ten flavors from which to choose (Parlor X), and another parlor has more
than one hundred flavors (Parlor Z). You ask people to choose which one they want to patron. Which of
the following is most indicative of people’s preferences, given the research on choices as described in
the textbook?
a) Americans, like people from other Western cultures, would always prefer to go to Parlor Z.
b) Europeans prefer Parlor Z more than Americans do.
c) Although Americans may say that they prefer Parlor Z, they actually would have a more difficult time
choosing a flavor from Parlor Z than from Parlor X.
d) Americans would prefer it if their significant others choose for them.
e) Europeans would have no preference for either parlor.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Making Choices
OBJ: 8.12 MSC: Applying
24. Working-class and upper-middle-class Americans differ in that
a) working-class Americans are happier than upper-middle-class Americans.
b) although working-class Americans do not have as many choices available to them, they desire
choice, and respond to choices made by others, in the same way that upper-middle-class Americans
do.
c) upper-middle-class Americans employ more primary and more secondary control than do workingclass Americans.
d) working-class Americans use more primary control than upper-middle-class Americans, but there is
no difference in the use of secondary control.
e) working-class Americans respond to a choice being taken away from them better than do uppermiddle-class Americans.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Making Choices
OBJ: 8.12 MSC: Remembering
25. At an academic debate, you overhear one researcher say, “Based on Iyengar and colleagues’ work on
choice across cultures, Asian Americans have a stronger preference for everyone else to make choices
for them rather than making choices for themselves.” Do you agree?
a) Disagree. Asian Americans prefer choices that are chosen for them by an in-group member, but not
by an out-group member.
b) Disagree. Asian Americans prefer to make choices for themselves rather than have someone else
choose for them.
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c) Agree. Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of who that
someone else is—because they are high in agreeableness.
d) Agree. Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of who that
someone else is—because they are high in collectivism.
e) Disagree. Asian Americans prefer to make choices for others rather than for themselves.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Making Choices
OBJ: 8.12 MSC: Evaluating
26. Research conducted on East and West Germany found that
a) West Germans employed more secondary control strategies than did East Germans.
b) although they had fewer choices available to them, East Germans were happier than West Germans.
c) East Germans preferred having choices made for them by their governments, whereas West
Germans preferred having choices made for them by their families.
d) East Germans showed more achievement motivation than West Germans.
e) East Germans displayed more behaviors associated with learned helplessness than West Germans.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Making Choices
OBJ: 8.13 MSC: Remembering
27. According to Snibe and Markus’s study, working-class Americans liked the pen they were given,
regardless of whether they chose it or not, unlike upper-middle-class Americans, who much preferred
the pen that they chose. This can be explained by
a) upper-middle-class Americans scoring higher on entity theory of the world than working-class
Americans.
b) working-class Americans engaging in more secondary control than upper-middle-class Americans.
c) working-class Americans having more of a calling than upper-middle-class Americans.
d) upper-middle-class Americans having more of a prevention orientation than working-class
Americans.
e) working-class Americans wanting to save face more than upper-middle-class Americans.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Making Choices
OBJ: 8.12 MSC: Analyzing
28. In a study, five people are asked to taste test three dishes, one of which tastes like garbage. They must
then judge which dish was the best. However, four of the people are confederates and are told to
always say that the garbage dish is the best. The real participant (the fifth person) is then asked to
give his or her judgment. This study is done in both an individualistic and a collectivistic culture. Based
on the results obtained using Asch’s paradigm across cultures, what do you expect to happen in this
case?
a) Participants from the individualistic culture would most likely not say that the garbage dish is the
best one.
b) Participants from both cultures would be equally likely to say that the garbage dish is the best one.
c) Participants from the individualistic culture would be more likely to say that the garbage dish is the
best one if the first four participants were friends.
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d) A lot of participants from the individualistic culture would say that the garbage dish is the best one,
but even more participants from the collectivistic culture would say the same.
e) No participants from either culture would say that the garbage dish is the best one.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Motivations to Fit In or Stick Out OBJ: 8.14 MSC: Understanding
29. A group of East Asians and Americans have won a contest, and each person is allowed to pick a car
from a selection of cars. All cars are of the same make, model, and year. The only thing that differs
between them is that they can be one of two colors. Furthermore, there is an extremely unequal
proportion between the two colors, making the minority color very unique. Given this scenario, which of
the following statements is true?
a) East Asians will choose their cars randomly.
b) Americans will choose cars with the brightest colors.
c) East Asians will choose unique-colored cars.
d) Americans will choose minority-colored cars.
e) East Asians will choose white cars.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Motivations to Fit In or Stick Out OBJ: 8.14 MSC: Understanding
30. You are an executive for a Korean advertising agency and you have been asked to create a TV
commercial for a new condominium, targeting people from Korea. Based on Kim and Markus’s research
on advertisements in Korea and the United States, which of the following would you most likely use in
your commercial?
a) “No need for stockpiled money—Condo X is cheap and affordable!”
b) “Condo X—there’s nothing else quite like it.”
c) “The architecture of this condo blends in well with the buildings surrounding it.”
d) “This condo was designed by an architect who has a unique style.”
e) “Need a place to live? Try our condo!”
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Motivations to Fit In or Stick Out OBJ: 8.14 MSC: Applying
SHORT ANSWER
1. Ariana and Misha looked at the music charts. Ariana compared herself to Adelle (Ariana thinks she is
worse than Adelle), while Misha compared herself to Mariah (Misha thinks she is better than Mariah).
Name and define the processes in which Ariana and Misha engaged, respectively. Then, draw a graph
that shows Ariana’s and Misha’s self-esteem before and after they make their comparisons. Assume
that Ariana and Misha start out with the same level of self-esteem.
ANS: Ariana engaged in upward social comparison, or the act of comparing oneself to someone who is
doing better than him or her. Misha engaged in downward social comparison, or the act of comparing
oneself to someone who is doing poorer than him or her. The graph should resemble the figure below.
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DIF: Moderate REF: Motivations for Self-Enhancement and Self-Esteem OBJ: 8.2
MSC: Creating
2. In a political pamphlet being handed out to students on campus, the writer is suggesting that
capitalism is a product of the trades and activities of Islamic merchants. According to Weber’s thesis
that capitalism grew out of a belief system rooted in cultural ideas of the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, do you agree or disagree with the pamphlet? Why or why not?
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Religion and Achievement Motivation OBJ: 8.8
MSC: Evaluating
3. Jessica and Jonathan are best friends. Jessica is very individualistic, while Jonathan is very collectivistic.
Based on research regarding primary and secondary control, draw a graph for each person that shows
the relationship between the amount of anxiety they would feel based on how much personal control
they have in any given situation.
ANS: Student’s graph should be similar to the figure below.
DIF: Easy REF: Primary and Secondary Control
OBJ: 8.11 MSC: Creating
4. Your school’s counseling department emphasizes the importance of convincing people to gain control by
asserting themselves in their environment. Regardless of one’s cultural background, everyone feels a
greater sense of power when changing the environment to suit himself or herself. Based on empirical
research, do you agree with your counseling department’s perspective? Why or why not?
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Primary and Secondary Control OBJ: 8.11
MSC: Evaluating
5. Xiao Mao is an interdependent Chinese-American child in elementary school, and Kitty is an
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independent Canadian child. They are in the mall with their fathers picking out board games as
presents. How would their motivations to play the board games compare if they chose the games
themselves versus if their fathers chose the games for them? Draw a graph to demonstrate the
pattern of results that you would expect.
ANS: Xiao Mao would be more motivated to play with a board game chosen by her father than by
herself. The opposite would be true of Kitty. The graph would resemble this:
DIF: Easy REF: Making Choices OBJ: 8.12
MSC: Creating
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CHAPTER 9
COGNITION AND PERCEPTION
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
9.1. Differentiate between analytic thinking and holistic thinking
9.2. Differentiate between field dependence and field independence
9.3. Differentiate between dispositional attributions and situation attributions
9.4. Relate thinking styles with underlying attributions
9.5. Define the fundamental attribution error
9.6. Relate the fundamental attribution error to underlying attributions
9.7. Differentiate between rule-based reasoning style and associative reasoning style
9.8. Define naïve dialecticism
9.9. Discuss the ways in which cultures differ in their creative thinking
9.10.
Relate cultural differences in creative thinking to underlying cultural dimensions
9.11.
Explain why cultures differ in the relationship between talking and thinking
9.12.
Differentiate between high-context cultures and low-context cultures
9.13.
Explain the impact that language has on various domains, according to the Whorfian hypothesis
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which one does not belong: a human, a giraffe, and a car?
a) analytic thinker: human; holistic thinker: car
b) analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: human
c) analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe
d) analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: car
e) analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: giraffe
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Analytic and Holistic Thinking OBJ: 9.1 MSC: Applying
2. Analytic thinking is best characterized by
a) taxonomic categorization.
b) thematic categorization.
c) multiple-level categorization.
d) any form of categorization.
e) synthetically integrating theses and antitheses.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Analytic and Holistic Thinking OBJ: 9.1 MSC: Remembering
3. During a professional ice hockey game, fans from around the world saw Tony Bertram, a professional
hockey player, punch an unsuspecting player in the face and throw him onto the ice. According to
analytic versus holistic thinking styles, which of the following do you think is most likely to happen?
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a) East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony’s family problems.
b) East Asians will blame Tony’s family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony’s nasty personality.
c) East Asians will blame Tony’s nasty personality, and Westerners will blame Tony’s family problems.
d) East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony’s nasty personality.
e) East Asians will blame Tony’s family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony’s teammates.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Analytic and Holistic Thinking  Understanding Other People’s Behaviors
OBJ: 9.1  9.4 MSC: Applying
4. An American student, Ronald, and his Chinese friend, Rui, are looking up at the clear blue sky, where
just a few clouds are visible. Coincidentally, the clouds are all grouped into one cluster just above
Ronald and Rui. The two start naming shapes that they see in the clouds. According to cultural
differences in attentional style, which of the following is most likely to happen in this scenario?
a) Rui will give more responses that are diagnostic of psychological disorders than Ronald.
b) Rui will give more visual descriptions than Ronald, who will give fewer descriptions in general.
c) Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald, who will base his
answers more on a single cloud.
d) Rui will give more creative answers than Ronald, who will give more mundane answers.
e) Rui will give more colorful descriptions than Ronald, whose descriptions will be more black and white.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Attention OBJ: 9.2
MSC: Applying
5. Which of the following most accurately portrays field dependence?
a) someone who is better at the relative-line task than the absolute-line task
b) someone who is better at the absolute-line task than the relative-line task
c) someone who is good at both the relative-line and the absolute-line tasks
d) someone who cannot do well on either the relative-line task or the absolute-line task
e) someone who performs inconsistently on the relative-line and absolute-line tasks across trials
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Attention OBJ: 9.2
MSC: Understanding
6. People who are especially field dependent tend to be
a) introverted.
b) from Western cultures.
c) hunters or herders.
d) from large, industrialized cities.
e) holistic thinkers.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Attention OBJ: 9.2
MSC: Analyzing
7. A Chinese art critic, Weiwei, and his American counterpart, William, are both looking at a painting of a
group of people standing behind a vase in the middle foreground. If you were to compare the eye gazes
of Weiwei and William, what would you find?
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a) Their gazes initially start out in different places on the painting, but become more similar over time
attending to an object.
b) William shifts his attention around more than Weiwei.
c) Weiwei and William describe the painting differently, but they are actually looking at the objects
quite similarly.
d) William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.
e) The people standing in the background appear blurrier to William than they do to Weiwei.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Attention OBJ: 9.2
MSC: Applying
8. Two families are claiming to be the family of a lost mystery child. You are a judge who uses holistic
reasoning, and must determine which family is the correct one. This is before the days of DNA analysis,
so you must use family resemblance as your guide. Based on research about reasoning styles, what do
you do to establish a familial relationship?
a) ask the child which group of people look the most familiar, to activate the child’s implicit memory
b) focus on one feature that is shared between one family and the child
c) consider what is best for the child and choose the family that looks wealthier
d) look at which family has approximately the same combination of features as the child
e) decide that the case cannot be determined because the two conflicting claims make them equally
convincing
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Reasoning Styles
OBJ: 9.1 MSC: Applying
9. You are walking with your friend when both of you see a person on the street trip and fall. You think that
the person is a clumsy person, but your friend thinks the person was distracted by something across
the street. In this situation, which of the following more accurately captures what you are engaging in?
a) an argument
b) dispositional attribution
c) inferential judgment
d) conclusion making
e) field dependence
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Understanding Other People’s Behaviors OBJ: 9.3 MSC: Analyzing
10. Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with
a) field dependence.
b) family resemblance reasoning.
c) dispositional attributions.
d) high horizons in drawings.
e) None of these answers is correct.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Analytic and Holistic Thinking  Understanding Other People’s Behaviors
OBJ: 9.4 MSC: Analyzing
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11. Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the
following EXCEPT
a) Indians become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older.
b) cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults.
c) Indian adults show evidence for a reverse fundamental attribution error.
d) Americans do not become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older.
e) All of these statements are true.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The Fundamental Attribution Error OBJ: 9.5 MSC: Remembering
12. Brittany is arguing with Michael about his article in the school newspaper, in which Michael advocates
raising student tuition. Michael claims that Brittany is committing the fundamental attribution error.
This means that Brittany did which of the following?
a) assumed that Michael was not really pro tuition increase, and agreed that Michael only wrote the
article because the editor asked him to write the article
b) thought that Michael wrote the article equally because he is pro tuition increase and because he is
personally pro tuition
c) thought that Michael’s perspective on tuition increase depended on the perspectives of people
around him
d) ignored the fact that Michael was asked by the editor to write the article, and asserted that Michael
wrote it only because he is personally pro tuition increase
e) thought that Michael’s perspective on tuition increase was due to both situational and dispositional
attributions, in equal amounts
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: The Fundamental Attribution Error OBJ: 9.5 MSC: Applying
13. Mandia met a friend called Martina in university. Martina’s boyfriend likes to go to bars to drink, and
makes Martina go to bars with him. Mandia knows that Martina’s boyfriend makes her go to bars, but
still thinks that Martina goes because she likes to go to bars. The term that best describes Mandia’s
thoughts is
a) situational attributions.
b) naïve dialecticism.
c) dispositional attributions.
d) articulatory suppression.
e) fundamental attribution error.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: The Fundamental Attribution Error OBJ: 9.6 MSC: Analyzing
14. When it comes to analytic reasoning tasks, East Asians
a) choose family-resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and similarity-based
judgments.
b) on average, have much difficulty with them relative to Westerners.
c) typically provide holistic answers.
d) are usually unable to solve them.
e) tend to be poorer at using analytical skills than Westerners.
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ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Reasoning Styles
OBJ: 9.7 MSC: Understanding
15. Research on cultural differences in reasoning reveals that
a) East Asians use analytic reasoning strategies in most math and science problems.
b) Westerners are less likely to use analytic reasoning strategies than East Asians when there is a
conflict between analytic and holistic solutions.
c) East Asians are more likely than Westerners to reason on the basis of abstract rules.
d) when there is a conflict between analytic and holistic solutions, Westerners are likely to make
judgments based on similarity.
e) East Asians are unable to engage in analytic reasoning strategies.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Reasoning Styles
OBJ: 9.7 MSC: Remembering
16. Jade, a European-Canadian real estate agent, and Jing, a Chinese real estate agent, are trying to figure
out what to tell their clients about the market’s outlook. Compared to Jade, Jing will
a) have predictions that are consistently more pessimistic.
b) have predictions that are consistently more optimistic.
c) have predictions that follow smoothly more from past patterns.
d) have predictions that are less linear given past patterns.
e) not be able to have predictions because multiple alternatives could be possible for East Asians.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Tolerance of Contradiction OBJ: 9.8 MSC: Applying
17. Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization of marijuana. Horatio has a strong argument for legalization,
while Gil has a weak argument against it. Zhang, a Chinese student, is watching the debate. Compared to
how Zhang would perceive the arguments if he were to encounter just one argument, how will he
perceive the arguments if they are both presented to him?
a) Zhang would be less confident that either argument is true.
b) Zhang would become more convinced that each argument is true.
c) Zhang would become less convinced that Horatio’s argument is true, but become more convinced
that Gil’s argument is true.
d) Zhang would become more committed to his initial position, whatever it may be.
e) Zhang would become more convinced that Horatio’s argument is true, but become less convinced
that Gil’s argument is true.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Tolerance of Contradiction OBJ: 9.8 MSC: Understanding
18. Ayumi is a Japanese student, and Alice is a European-Canadian student. They are both participating in a
study in which they are asked to provide some self-descriptions. Which of the following is the likeliest
outcome of this study?
a) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is an introverted person across different situations.
b) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is both considerate and selfish.
c) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to focus on her individual characteristics, such as intelligence.
d) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to be optimistic over the long term.
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e) Ayumi is likelier than Alice to reference her physiological states.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Tolerance of Contradiction OBJ: 9.8 MSC: Understanding
19. Jeremy and Jason took a test to see how high their individualism and collectivism scores are. Jeremy’s
individualism score is 9 out of 18, and his collectivism score is 11 out of 18. Jason’s individualism score
is 12 out of 18, and his collectivism score is 8 out of 18. Which of the following statements is true?
a) Jeremy is likelier than Jason to engage in analytic reasoning.
b) Jason is likelier than Jeremy to engage in field dependence.
c) Jason is likelier than Jeremy to create novel inventions.
d) Both are equally likely to engage in naïve dialecticism.
e) Both are equally likely to engage in anthropocentrism.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Creative Thinking
OBJ: 9.9 MSC: Analyzing
20. You are leading a group of researchers from Japan and the United States to come up with a new
invention based on current designs for the car, so that your company can submit a patent. Based on
cultural differences in creative thinking, which of the following is the most likely to happen?
a) Japanese researchers’ preference for the status quo will lead them to think that current car designs
are sufficient; American researchers will focus on making only slight adjustments to make cars more
functional.
b) Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car
designs.
c) Japanese researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car designs; American
researchers will want the status quo and keep current car designs.
d) Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making minor adjustments to current car
designs to make cars more functional.
e) Japanese researchers will focus on making minor adjustments to cars to make them more functional;
American researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to them.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Creative Thinking
OBJ: 9.9 MSC: Understanding
21. Yasmin is an executive at a company, and she wants to hire the most creative applicant for a new
position. She decides to hire someone from an individualistic culture because she feels that
individualists are more creative than collectivists. You _____________ with her statement because
_____________.
a) agree; the higher need for uniqueness among individualists makes them generally more creative
than collectivists
b) disagree; being more concerned about improving the lives of others makes collectivists generally
more creative than individualists
c) agree; the higher level of analytic thinking among individualists makes them generally more creative
than collectivists
d) disagree; individualists and collectivists are better at different types of creative thinking
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e) agree; having less naïve dialecticism makes individualists generally more creative than
collectivists
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Creative Thinking
OBJ: 9.9 MSC: Evaluating
22. The Department of Chemistry is trying to understand how people solve problems in organic chemistry
classes. Students are given a series of complex organic chemistry problems to solve. Which of the
following will characterize the students’ performance?
a) East Asian students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their
thinking process, but their performance will be relatively unaffected if they recite their own names
repeatedly.
b) Western students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their
thinking process, or if they recite their own names repeatedly.
c) Verbally articulating their thought processes enhances the performance of East Asian students on
the problems.
d) Reciting their names repeatedly enhances the performance of Western students on the problems.
e) Any student who verbally expresses anything unrelated to the problems will do poorly on them.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Talking and Thinking OBJ: 9.11 MSC: Applying
23. Comparisons of Asian Americans and Euro-Americans in their performance on Raven’s progressive
matrices reveals that
a) Asian Americans tend to outperform Euro-Americans.
b) Euro-Americans do worse on the task if they are reciting the alphabet.
c) Euro-Americans consistently do better on the task if they are saying something than if they are
silent.
d) Asian Americans do better on the task if they are reciting the alphabet than if they are silent.
e) thinking and talking are largely unrelated for Euro-Americans.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Talking and Thinking OBJ: 9.11 MSC: Remembering
24. With which of the following is a low context culture most closely associated?
a) implicit communication
b) explicit communication
c) incremental theory of the world
d) entity theory of the self
e) incremental theory of self
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Explicit Versus Implicit Communication OBJ: 9.12 MSC: Analyzing
25. Your roommate is from a high context culture. As a result, which of the following is most likely to be an
exchange between the two of you?
a) You ask your roommate if you can use her hairdryer. She does not want you to, but she says, “I guess
so,” with a very subtle disapproving expression.
b) Your roommate asks you if she can use your yoga mat, and you reply, “I will think about it,” because
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you are unsure.
c) Your roommate does not want you to practice dancing in the living room, so she leaves you a note on
your door to let you know.
d) You ask your roommate why she seems upset with you, and she responds by telling you exactly what
she is thinking, providing the whole context for you to understand.
e) Your roommate does not plan on coming home for dinner and calls ahead of time to tell you.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Explicit Versus Implicit Communication OBJ: 9.12 MSC: Understanding
26. Which of the following examples most accurately portrays research on cultural differences in
communication style?
a) Hamada and Matsumoto, who are both Japanese, communicate with each other only by
complimenting each other and do not criticize each other.
b) Endo, who is Japanese, cannot reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka’s cell phone is off, but Endo
has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka’s voice mail.
c) Yamazaki, who is Japanese, much prefers to communicate with his friends by writing, more so than
his American friend, Claudia.
d) Eric, who is American, is more likely to speak in an indirect, roundabout way with his friends than is
Itao, who is Japanese.
e) Tetsuya, who is Japanese, prefers to write to his friends more so than does his American friend, Mike.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Explicit Versus Implicit Communication OBJ: 9.12
MSC: Understanding
27. Recent fieldwork suggests that the Saami people (an indigenous people living in parts of northern
Europe) have almost 100 words to describe various kinds of reindeer. English, on the other hand, has
only a tiny fraction of words used to describe reindeer. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, what
cultural difference between English and Saami speakers would result from this disparity in reindeerrelated vocabulary size?
a) English speakers are better able to identify the different odors of reindeer.
b) Saami speakers engage in spatial reasoning differently than English speakers.
c) English speakers have less numerical cognitive abilities than do Saami speakers.
d) Saami speakers are better able to categorize reindeer than English speakers.
e) English speakers view time as flowing in a different direction than do Saami speakers.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Linguistic Relativity
OBJ: 9.13 MSC: Applying
28. A researcher asks a participant to organize a series of pictures in temporal sequence. The person
organizes the pictures so that the temporal sequence goes from right to left. Which of the following
most likely describes the participant?
a) His mother language has a writing system that goes from left to right.
b) He is facing south and conceptualizes time as going from east to west.
c) He sees time as going from south to north, and is currently facing west.
d) He uses two spatial markers on his body—his head and his feet—to indicate how time passes.
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e) He conceptualizes time as going from east to west, and is facing north.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Linguistic Relativity
OBJ: 9.13 MSC: Analyzing
29. Color terms from different cultures around the world
a) vary in arbitrary ways.
b) are pretty much the same everywhere, with the exception of colors in the blue-green spectrum.
c) vary in that some cultures only have color words for red and green, whereas other cultures only have
color words for blue and yellow.
d) all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms.
e) do not consistently contain a word for “black.”
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Linguistic Relativity
OBJ: 9.13 MSC: Remembering
30. People from cultures that do not have words for numbers beyond two or three
a) can still detect changes in the number of objects in the same way as those who have words for a
complete number set.
b) are unable to discriminate between different quantities.
c) are able to discriminate between rough proportions, but not for precise numbers.
d) can still do basic counting, but not basic addition or subtraction.
e) have no conception of what amount is visually greater than or smaller than another.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Linguistic Relativity
OBJ: 9.13 MSC: Remembering
SHORT ANSWER
1. Generate a set of three items, such that there is one that does not belong with the other two (these
must not be items used as examples in the textbook). Importantly, the three items must yield a singledout response that is different for analytic and holistic thinkers. In your answer, please include an
explanation for why an analytic thinker and a holistic thinker would arrive at their respective selections.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: Analytic and Holistic Thinking OBJ: 9.1 MSC: Creating
2. Eric and Andy are sitting on a park bench, watching people. They decide to play a game in which they
try to explain the behaviors of the people around them (e.g., why did that person kick the dog?). Given
that Eric is an analytic thinker and Andy is a holistic thinker, draw a graph that represents what
proportion of their attributions you expect to be dispositional attributions. For this question, just graph
the expected pattern of results; exact numbers are not important.
ANS: Student’s graph should be similar to the figure below.
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DIF: Easy REF: Understanding Other People’s Behaviors OBJ: 9.5  9.10 MSC: Creating
3. The following is a graph showing a decline in the popularity of Sony laptop computers between the
years 2013 and 2015. Complete the graph by drawing two lines: one line corresponds to what a
dialectical person would predict will happen between 2016 and 2019, and one line corresponds to what
a nondialectical person would predict will happen between 2016 and 2019.
ANS: Dialectical line should go in the opposite direction (i.e., positive slope) or have a weaker slope.
Nondialectical line should be a linear continuation of the line. DIF: Easy REF: Toleration of
Contradiction OBJ: 9.8 MSC: Creating
4. Your graduate school supervisor, Dr. Schick, wants to accept the most creative graduate student into
the program. To that end, Dr. Schick proposes that the school administers a measure of
individualism/collectivism to graduate students, so that he can accept highly individualistic applicants
with the assumption that they are more creative than highly collectivistic applicants. Based on research
on culture and creativity, do you agree with Dr. Schick’s assumption? Why or why not?
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate REF: Creative Thinking OBJ: 9.10 MSC: Evaluating
5. A cognitive psychologist is teaching a course in which he teaches that humans have cognitive abilities
that exist at birth—it does not matter what language a person speaks, because language has minimal
impact on people’s psychology. Critique this psychologist’s perspective by providing empirical evidence
showing three domains that are affected by the language that one speaks.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Difficult REF: Linguistic Relativity OBJ: 9.13 MSC: Evaluating
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CHAPTER 10
EMOTIONS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
10.1. Differentiate between the James-Lange theory of emotions and the two-factor theory of emotions
10.2. Identify the universal emotions
10.3. Explain how display rules and ritualized displays lead to different types of cultural variability in facial
expressions of emotions
10.4. Discuss the relationship between emotional experiences and expressions
10.5. Explain how linguistic relativity affects emotional categorization across cultures
10.6. Discuss how emotions are experienced and conceptualized differently across cultures
10.7. Differentiate between positive/negative interpersonally engaged/disengaged emotions
10.8. Discuss the different factors that affect cultural differences in perceived subjective well-being (life
satisfaction) levels
10.9. Describe cultural differences in preferences for ideal affect
10.10. Understand the consequences of cultural differences in ideal affect
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following precedes an emotion in a
scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time?
a) the assumptions that Ed makes about past experiences with his previous bosses
b) how Ed interprets his profuse perspiration upon seeing his boss
c) the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences upon seeing his boss
d) how Ed appraises an event, but only if the event is relevant to other people
e) the disgust that Ed experienced upon seeing his boss
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The James-Lange Theory of Emotions OBJ: 10.1 MSC: Applying
2. Which of the following is an example of someone defining emotions using the James-Lange theory of
emotions?
a) Ryan thinks he is in love with Cheryl because she makes him happy every time he sees her.
b) Ryan thinks he is happy because it is one of the basic emotions.
c) Ryan thinks he feels sadness because his long-time pet had just passed away.
d) Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a
minute while under water in the pool.
e) Ryan thinks he feels fearful of sharks because his heart was racing after he encountered a shark
during his dive, and he knew that the shark was dangerous.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The James-Lange Theory of Emotions OBJ: 10.1 MSC: Understanding
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3. The facial feedback hypothesis most closely approximates what theoretical perspective?
a) Ekman’s basic emotions
b) James-Lange theory of emotions
c) two-factor theory of emotions
d) interdependent self-construal
e) holistic thinking style
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: The James-Lange Theory of Emotions  Facial Feedback Hypothesis
OBJ: 10.1  10.4 MSC: Analyzing
4. Leslie is going on a date and wants to maximize the likelihood of her date, Jessica, feeling happy about
her. Leslie decides to take Jessica to watch a highly rated comedic film. Jessica feels very happy from the
film, but attributes her happiness to Leslie. Which of the following explains Jessica’s attribution of her
happiness to Leslie?
a) James-Lange theory of emotion
b) linguistic relativity of emotional experience
c) universal emotions
d) two-factor theory of emotions
e) facial feedback hypothesis
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: The Two-Factor Theory of Emotions OBJ: 10.1 MSC: Analyzing
5.(?)
Davina was walking on the street when she happened to glance into a flower store. Upon seeing a
particular flower through the window, she noticed that her heart rate sped up. To her, an increased heart
rate means that she is excited, so she concluded that she must be feeling excited right now. A two-factor
theorist would _____________ with her conclusion because _____________.
a) disagree; emotions cannot be determined from interpreting psychological reactions
b) disagree; she lacks the experience to determine what her psychological reactions mean
c) disagree; increased heart rate has nothing to do with being excited
d) agree; increased heart rate is always indicative of excitement
e) agree; seeing flowers always leads one to have excited feelings about them
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: The Two-Factor Theory of Emotions OBJ: 10.1 MSC: Evaluating
6.(?)
Based on the results from Schacter and Singer’s experiment on the two-factor theory of emotion,
under which of the following situations would Darryl feel the most excitement?
a) when he is with someone who is trying to get him to feel giddy
b) when he eats a sugar pill that he was told would make him feel aroused
c) when he ingests a stimulant that he was told would make him feel aroused
d) when he ingests a stimulant that he was told would not affect his arousal
e) when he ingests some stimulant that he was told would make him feel less aroused
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: The Two-Factor Theory of Emotions OBJ: 10.1
MSC: Understanding
7. Schacter and Singer’s study of emotions found that people
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a) sense clear physiological indicators of anger but not of euphoria.
b) attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.
c) who took epinephrine felt the strongest emotions.
d) with independent views of self attend more to their bodily sensations than those with interdependent
views of self.
e) have an accurate understanding about the link between their physiological states and their emotions.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: The Two-Factor Theory of Emotions OBJ: 10.1
MSC: Remembering
8. Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman’s basic emotions?
a) pride
b) disgust
c) surprise
d) fear
e) All of these are basic emotions.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Evidence for Cultural Universals in Facial Expressions OBJ: 10.2
MSC: Remembering
9. What can the basic emotions best be characterized as?
a) nonuniversals
b) at least existential universals
c) at least functional universals
d) ritualized displays
e) display rules
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Evidence for Cultural Universals in Facial Expressions OBJ: 10.2
MSC: Analyzing
10.(?) Because Mariana, a Brazilian woman, had a terrible morning, she was very angry when she got to
work at the office. As a result, her facial expression greatly resembled the basic anger expression. She
walked by two coworkers on her way to her desk: Felipe (who is Brazilian) and Satoru (who is Japanese).
Which of the following is most likely to occur?
a) Both coworkers are equally likely to recognize that Mariana is angry.
b) Neither coworker will recognize that Mariana is angry.
c) Felipe is more likely than Satoru to focus on Mariana’s eyes in determining her emotional state.
d) Satoru is more likely than Felipe to recognize that Mariana is angry.
e) Felipe is more likely than Satoru to recognize that Mariana is angry.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Evidence for Cultural Variability in Facial Expressions OBJ: 10.3
MSC: Analyzing
11. Joon-ha, a Korean child, is trying to facially express that he is upset. Which of the following people
would be best at identifying that Joon-ha is upset?
a) Person A, who is American
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b) Person B, who is also feeling upset
c) Person C, who is able to ignore contextual cues
d) Person D, who is Korean
e) Person E, who is expressing sadness
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Evidence for Cultural Variability in Facial Expressions OBJ: 10.3
MSC: Understanding
12. Kartika abides by the idea that people should have emotional “smoothness.” This means that she
a) feels no emotions.
b) transitions easily from one emotion to another.
c) has emotional highs and lows.
d) tries to not have strong displays of emotions.
e) thinks that people should consistently feel positive emotions.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Evidence for Cultural Variability in Facial Expressions OBJ: 10.3
MSC: Understanding
13. Shawn displays something that can be characterized as being a ritualized display of excitement. What
does this imply?
a) Shawn had to practice a lot to be able to make this display.
b) Shawn did not need to learn to make this display.
c) Shawn dampened his expression of excitement so as to not upset those around him.
d) People from other cultures likely cannot recognize that he is excited.
e) This display is one of the expressions identified by Ekman and his colleagues.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Cultural Display Rules
OBJ: 10.3 MSC: Understanding
14. The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues—an expression not recognized elsewhere—
reflects
a) feelings of sadness.
b) a basic emotion.
c) a reflexive emotional expression.
d) a ritualized display.
e) an accessibility universal.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Cultural Display Rules
OBJ: 10.3 MSC: Analyzing
15. An expression that is considered a ritualized display is best categorized as a(n)
a) functional universal.
b) existential universal.
c) nonuniversal.
d) accessibility universal.
e) human universal.
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ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Cultural Display Rules
OBJ: 10.3 MSC: Analyzing
16. Just for fun, Mary decided to tape the corners of her mouth so that she would appear to be smiling for
the duration of that day. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following emotions is
Mary most likely to experience as a result?
a) happiness
b) sadness
c) anger
d) disgust
e) surprise
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Facial Feedback Hypothesis OBJ: 10.4 MSC: Applying
17. A classroom is full of European-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians, and they are all watching a movie that
is intended to induce a lot of anger. According to research on cultural differences in anger responses, one
would expect
a) differences in the intensity of their facial expressions, but not in their emotional experiences.
b) the Chinese-Canadian students to not show any physiological anger response, whereas the
European-Canadian students will.
c) differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return to baseline.
d) that the Chinese-Canadian students will show more of an extreme physiological response, despite
reporting being less angry than the European-Canadian students.
e) that the Chinese-Canadian students’ physiological responses will fluctuate much more than the
European-Canadian students’ physiological responses.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Variation in Intensity of Emotional Experience OBJ: 10.4
MSC: Applying
18. Mike is an Asian-Canadian who just got shoved in the mall by another person. Compared to a EuropeanCanadian who experiences the same thing, Mike is
a) more likely to dampen his physiological response to this event.
b) more likely to chase after the person who shoved him.
c) less likely to understand what happened to him.
d) less likely to understand why the man shoved him.
e) more likely to raise the issue with security guards on duty.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Variation in Intensity of Emotional Experience OBJ: 10.4
MSC: Applying
19.(?) Mototeru is a Japanese teenager who reports feeling very positive emotions. According to research
by Kitayama and colleagues on emotions associated with happiness, what other emotions is Mototeru
likely experiencing for him to feel such positive emotions?
a) respect
b) shame
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c) positive interpersonally disengaged emotions
d) negative interpersonally engaged emotions
e) happiness
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Variation in Kinds of Emotional Experiences OBJ: 10.6
MSC: Applying
20.(?) Comparisons of Surinamese and Turkish immigrants to Holland with mainstream Dutch citizens of
Holland reveal that
a) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants expressed more relational concerns than Dutch citizens.
b) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants display their emotions more intensely than Dutch citizens.
c) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants are less happy than Dutch citizens.
d) Surinamese and Turkish immigrants who were more acculturated had more similar emotional
experiences to Dutch citizens than did those immigrants who were less acculturated.
e) None of these statements is true.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Cultural Variation in Kinds of Emotional Experiences OBJ: 10.6
MSC: Remembering
21. As an American exchange student in Japan, Michael is trying to understand the cultural differences
that he is noticing. In particular, he finds that his new Japanese friend, Michiru, has very different
emotional experiences than his European-American friends back home. Based on research regarding
cultural differences in emotional experiences, which of the following is the likeliest difference for him to
notice?
a) Michiru experiences more respect than his European-American friends.
b) Michiru experiences a broader range of emotions than his European-American friends.
c) Michiru feels better than his European-American friends when he is experiencing respect.
d) His European-American friends experience both shame and anger more than Michiru.
e) Michiru reports feeling more intense positive feelings than his European-American friends.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Variation in Kinds of Emotional Experiences OBJ: 10.6  10.7
MSC: Applying
22. Different languages from around the world
a) all have words that correspond to the basic emotions, but often not for the nonbasic emotions.
b) sometimes do not have emotion words that correspond with each of the basic emotions.
c) may have words for the same emotions as in English, but do not necessarily experience those
emotions similarly to English speakers.
d) all have hundreds of words to express different emotions.
e) all have a word for disgust.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Emotion and Language OBJ: 10.5 MSC: Remembering
23. Based on Kitayama and colleagues’ study of emotions among Japanese and Americans, one would
expect that, between Jun, who’s Japanese, and Jerry, who’s American,
a) Jun would feel more happiness than Jerry.
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b) Jun would feel more life satisfaction than Jerry.
c) Jun would feel more anger than Jerry.
d) Jun would feel more extreme emotions than Jerry.
e) Jun would feel more shame than Jerry.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Cultural Variation in Kinds of Emotional Experiences OBJ: 10.7
MSC: Understanding
24. Research reveals that, in contrast to Westerners, the most desired kinds of emotional states among
East Asians are
a) low arousal positive states.
b) feelings of group pride.
c) feelings of interpersonal connection.
d) future positive emotional states.
e) purely positive affective states.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Cultural Variation in Subjective Well-Being and Happiness OBJ: 10.8
MSC: Remembering
25. Which of the following situations would predict greater subjective well-being for Alex, who is from a
collectivistic culture?
a) Alex’s parents are doing very well in their business.
b) Alex feels a great deal of excitement.
c) Alex has a vast network of friends.
d) Alex abides by his culture’s norms.
e) Alex receives a prize from his school’s prize draw.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Variation in Subjective Well-Being and Happiness OBJ: 10.8
MSC: Understanding
26.(?) Based on research about the different roles and functions of happiness across cultures, how can one
categorize the assumption that people necessarily want to be happy?
a) It is an accessibility universal.
b) It is a naïve pursuit.
c) It is a nonuniversal.
d) It is a functional universal.
e) It is an existential universal.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Variation in Subjective Well-Being and Happiness OBJ: 10.8
MSC: Analyzing
27.(?) Derp has lived a privileged life and has always had very high subjective well-being. He is ready to
change—he wants to be unhappy and have low subjective well-being. Based on the dynamic social
impact theory, to which region of the United States should Derp move if he wants to become less
happy and have low subjective well-being?
a) East South Central
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b) West North Central
c) West South Central
d) the Mountain West
e) New England
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Cultural Variation in Subjective Well-Being and Happiness OBJ: 10.8
MSC: Applying
28. The relation between money and happiness is that
a) there is no relation between money and happiness.
b) people who are richer than their neighbors are happier, but absolute levels of money do not predict
happiness.
c) money does predict happiness consistently across all levels of income.
d) money is positively related to happiness in poor countries, but negatively related to happiness in rich
countries.
e) money is positively related to happiness at very low levels of wealth but becomes less related in
developed countries.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Cultural Variation in Subjective Well-Being and Happiness OBJ: 10.8
MSC: Remembering
29.(?) Don is from an individualistic culture, and Juan is from a collectivistic culture. According to a study
by Suh and colleagues on the relationship between life satisfaction and positive affect, which of the
following scenarios regarding subjective well-being is to be expected?
a) Having more money makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
b) Experiencing more positive affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
c) Experiencing less negative affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
d) Having more extreme emotional experiences makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
e) Having more harmonious interpersonal relations makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Cultural Variation in Subjective Well-Being and Happiness OBJ: 10.8
MSC: Understanding
30. Two friends from two collectivistic cultures, Jorge (Latin American) and Sayako (Japanese), are visiting
club booths at school to decide what clubs to join. Based on research regarding preferences for
emotions, which of the following scenarios is likeliest to happen?
a) Both Jorge and Sayako will choose a Zen meditation club that promotes serenity and calmness.
b) Jorge will choose a Zen meditation club that promotes serenity and calmness, and Sayako will choose
a rollerblading club that endorses rollerblading at a leisurely pace.
c) Jorge will choose a choir club that features a lot of energetic and exciting music, and Sayako will
choose a Buddhist reading club that features a lot of calming books.
d) Jorge will choose an action movie club that features a lot of fast-paced action movies, and Sayako
will choose a club that teaches its members to self-criticize and feel bad about themselves.
e) Both Jorge and Sayako will choose a high-tempo Salsa dance class that promotes excitement and
exhilaration.
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ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Variation in Subjective Well-Being and Happiness OBJ: 10.10
MSC: Applying
SHORT ANSWER
1. Your mother is suggesting that people’s emotions come about simply due to the physiological signs
that people experience. Each emotion is accompanied by its own specific set of physiological signs. By
reading those signs, we are able to identify our emotional states. As a person who subscribes to the
two-factor theory of emotions, based on empirical findings, do you agree with what your mother said?
Why or why not?
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate REF: What Is an Emotion? OBJ: 10.1 MSC: Evaluating
2. In a debate with your friend, he believes that Asian-Canadians actually experience the same emotions
with the same intensity as do European-Canadians. He believes that even when Asian-Canadians say
that they are experiencing an emotion less intensely, they actually feel the emotion as intensely as
European-Canadians. Critique his claim by providing empirical evidence to support your perspective.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy REF: Cultural Variability in Intensity of Emotional Experience
OBJ: 10.6 MSC: Evaluating
3. There are four people participating in a study—two Japanese participants (Masatoshi and Hitoshi) and
two European-American participants (Mason and Harry). They are all discussing their emotional
experiences. Masatoshi and Mason both experience a lot of respect for others; Hitoshi and Harry both
experience a lot of pride. Based on this information, and empirical evidence on cultural differences in
emotional experiences, draw a graph that shows the extent to which each person feels positive feelings
in general.
ANS: The student’s graph should resemble the figure below.
DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Variation in Kinds of Emotional Experiences OBJ: 10.6 MSC: Creating
4. Subjective well-being is linked to a lot of important consequences and is correlated with a lot of other
variables. Draw a graph representing the relationship between GDP and subjective well-being. In your
graph, the units for GDP should be in terms of percentage of the GDP of the United States.
ANS: Student’s graph should be similar to the following figure. The key is that the infection point should
be at 40%.
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DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Variation in Subjective Well-Being and Happiness OBJ: 10.8
MSC: Creating
5. Methamphetamine is a drug that enhances mood and increases energy, putting users into an excitatory
state. Morphine is a drug that slows down one’s heart rate and respiration rate, putting users into a more
sedated but euphoric/positive mood state. According to empirical evidence of cultural differences in ideal
affect, draw a graph that shows the drug preference of American and East Asian populations,
respectively, for methamphetamine and morphine.
ANS: Student’s graph should be similar to the figure below.
DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Variation in Subjective Well-Being and Happiness OBJ: 10.9
MSC: Creating
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CHAPTER 11
INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION AND
CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
11.1. Discuss the different universal and culturally variable factors that predict attractiveness
11.2. Explain how the propinquity effect enhances perceived attractiveness
11.3. Define the mere exposure effect
11.4. Explain the similarity-attraction effect
11.5. Differentiate between the four elementary forms of relationships
11.6. Discuss how friends and enemies are conceptualized differently across different cultures
11.7. Explain how relational mobility and residential mobility affect one’s psychology
11.8. Discuss the social consequences of cultural differences in simpático
11.9. Explain the evolutionary advantages of love and romantic love
11.10. Explain how love is conceptualized differently across cultures
11.11. Discuss the different factors that predict whether a culture favors love marriages versus arranged
marriages
11.12. Contrast the emotional consequences of love and arranged marriages
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following products or services does NOT capitalize on universal bases of attraction?
a) makeup that covers skin blemishes
b) photo-editing software that can mix different body shapes together
c) creams that get rid of acne and pimples
d) laser procedures that remove scars
e) photo-editing software that can mix different faces together
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Interpersonal Attraction
OBJ: 11.1 MSC: Analyzing
2. Four single Japanese people are participating in a dating TV show. Three of them serve as targets, and
they each spend time with the remaining person (the chooser). The chooser must then decide which
person he or she wants to date. Which of the following people is the chooser most likely to choose?
a) If the chooser is male, he will choose the one who is most similar to him.
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b) Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person with the average body.
c) Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person who is most similar to him or her.
d) If the chooser is female, she will choose the person who is most similar to her.
e) Regardless of gender, the chooser will choose the person with the most bilateral facial symmetry.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Interpersonal Attraction  Similarity-Attraction Effect
OBJ: 11.1  11.4 MSC: Applying
3. Which of the following people would NOT be considered universally to be physically attractive?
a) a person whose face does not have features of abnormal size
b) a person with an average-size body
c) a person whose left side of the face is the same as the right side of the face
d) a person with blemish-free skin
e) All of these people would be considered universally attractive.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Physical Attractiveness
OBJ: 11.1 MSC: Understanding
4. Which of the following characteristics would one think is attractive, regardless of what culture he or she
is from?
a) blemish-free skin
b) athletic body types
c) people who are moderately similar to each other
d) people who are greatly different from each other
e) a body that is very average in terms of how much body fat one has
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Physical Attractiveness OBJ: 11.1 MSC: Understanding
5. Jinro walks along the same street every day and sees the same red tree swing during his walk. The
more he is exposed to this tree swing, the
a) more likely he will become bored with it and find it unattractive.
b) more he will like it if he is from a collectivistic culture, whereas the reverse would hold true if he is
from an individualistic culture.
c) more likely he is to recognize it correctly.
d) more pleasant affect he will experience when processing it.
e) less he will like it if he is from a collectivistic culture, whereas the reverse would hold true if he is
from an individualistic culture.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Other Bases of Interpersonal Attraction OBJ: 11.2 MSC: Applying
6. According to the propinquity effect, which of the following people are most likely to become friends?
a) Jaedong and Fox, who live in neighboring apartment units
b) Betty and Bulma, who work in different departments of the same company
c) Amy and Alyssa, who meet each other at the bus stop every day
d) Malcolm and Maurice, two people who both drive the same model of car
e) Lara and Lindsay, who are both psychology majors
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ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Other Bases of Interpersonal Attraction OBJ: 11.2
MSC: Applying
7. Which of the following can be considered an accessibility universal?
a) arranged marriage
b) simpático
c) the mere exposure effect
d) market pricing
e) love marriage
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Other Bases of Interpersonal Attraction OBJ: 11.3
MSC: Analyzing
8. Homare is a Japanese student and Heidi is a Canadian student. They are both trying to make new
friends. Given the findings from research comparing Japanese and Canadians, we would expect that
a) Heidi, more so than Homare, would like a new person who is similar to her.
b) Homare, more so than Heidi, would travel longer distances in an effort to find new friends.
c) Heidi, more so than Homare, would persist in her friendship-making efforts longer, even when her
efforts are not successful.
d) Homare, more so than Heidi, would be more likely to be attracted to people with average faces.
e) Heidi, relative to Homare, would be less motivated to form new friends, given her loyalty to her older
friends.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Similarity-Attraction Effect OBJ: 11.4 MSC: Applying
9. Marina is going on a first date with someone who has moved to many different cities in the last few
years. Marina’s date will like her the most if she
a) exhibits a lot of simpático.
b) dislikes local coffee shops in favor of national chain ones.
c) has a heavier body shape.
d) is low on relational mobility.
e) has an interdependent self-construal.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Similarity-Attraction Effect  Residential Mobility OBJ: 11.4  11.7
MSC: Applying
10. Sending your boss a Christmas card after he had first sent you one would best be seen as an example
of
a) communal sharing.
b) authority ranking.
c) equality matching.
d) market pricing.
e) vertical collectivism.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Four Elementary Forms of Relationships OBJ: 11.5
MSC: Analyzing
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11. You and a friend run into each other on the street, and you see that he is carrying a fish that he has just
caught. You would love to get that fish home and cook it to make your wife happy. You and your friend
agree that the fish is equivalent to the corn you are carrying in your bag. The two of you then exchange
the fish for the corn before heading off to your respective homes. What is this an example of?
a) authority ranking
b) communal sharing
c) market pricing
d) equality matching
e) big-gun diplomacy
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: The Four Elementary Forms of Relationships OBJ: 11.5
MSC: Analyzing
12. An example of communal sharing is
a) people exchanging Christmas gifts with each other.
b) buying something from eBay, where the seller’s relationship with the buyer is independent of price.
c) a family in which each person takes turns taking out the garbage.
d) an office with a jar of coins, where workers can take or put in as many coins as they like.
e) the elder of a community giving away his wealth.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: The Four Elementary Forms of Relationships OBJ: 11.5
MSC: Applying
13. A person says, “I do not need to maintain my friendships. I know that they will always be friends with
me, and I will always be friends with them.” According to the textbook, this person is likely to
a) engage in market pricing relationships.
b) have more friends than enemies.
c) not care so much whether a friend is like him or her.
d) be naïve and immature.
e) be in a relationship characterized by equality matching.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Friends and Enemies
OBJ: 11.1 MSC: Analyzing
14. Trust toward strangers
a) is unusually low among Americans.
b) steadily decreases across the life span in all cultures.
c) is correlated with feelings of self-esteem.
d) is weaker in collectivistic cultures.
e) fluctuates across the life span in all cultures.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Friends and Enemies
OBJ: 11.6 MSC: Remembering
15. What is Adams’s argument for why West Africans are more concerned about enemies than North
Americans?
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a) Africa is a more physically dangerous environment than is North America, so that any harmful
behaviors of enemies are potentially more dangerous to the individual.
b) Africans have more of a prevention orientation than North Americans.
c) North Americans only create relationships if they stand to benefit from them, and enemies are not a
benefit to them.
d) North Americans are more self-enhancing and are convinced that everyone loves them. Even though
people often have enemies, they incorrectly perceive them to be their friends.
e) None of these answers is correct.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Friends and Enemies
OBJ: 11.6 MSC: Remembering
16. Lumusi is a Ghanaian teenager who reports having more enemies than does her American counterpart,
Lisa. According to research discussed in the textbook on Ghana, which of the following explains why
Lumusi reports having more enemies than Lisa?
a) There is more conflict in their lives, so Ghanaians need to be more wary about enemies.
b) Ghanaians have more relationships than Westerners, so it follows that they will also have more
enemies.
c) Enemies are desirable in Ghanaian contexts, so people there seek them out.
d) Ghanaians are less likely to choose their relationship partners.
e) Lumusi may report having more enemies, but she actually does not.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Friends and Enemies
OBJ: 11.6 MSC: Understanding
17. Your friend feels that there are few opportunities for him to make new friends and that he is
permanently connected to the friends he has. Knowing this, you can expect that your
a) friend only has positive relationships.
b) friend’s social circle is much larger than it would have been if he felt that there were many
opportunities for him to make new friends.
c) friend is choosier about the friends he makes than if he felt there were many opportunities for him to
make new friends.
d) friend only has negative relationships.
e) friend does not prefer friends who are similar to him over friends who are less similar to him.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Friends and Enemies
OBJ: 11.7 MSC: Analyzing
18. How does the similarity-attraction effect relate to the conditionality of one’s relationships?
a) Both account for communal sharing.
b) Both are accounted for by relational mobility.
c) Similarity-attraction effect causes greater conditionality of one’s relationships.
d) Similarity-attraction effect has a negative relationship with conditionality.
e) There is no relationship between them.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Friends and Enemies
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OBJ: 11.7 MSC: Analyzing
19. Jeremiah has moved around to ten different states in the United States within five years due to his job.
This means that, compared to someone who has not moved around at all before, Jeremiah will
a) see his personality traits as more fluid and dependent on specific relationships.
b) be more open to trying out different local coffee shops.
c) be more unconditionally committed to the local sports team.
d) buy more things from national chain stores.
e) experience less similarity-attraction effect.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Residential Mobility
OBJ: 11.7 MSC: Applying
20. Because Juan Daniel, who is Latin American, scores very highly on a measure of simpático,
a) only other Latin Americans will enjoy smooth social interactions with Juan Daniel.
b) its impact will not be evident in Juan Daniel’s workplace.
c) he socializes with people more than his European-American friends do.
d) he is more likely to have an independent self-construal than an interdependent self-construal.
e) he will exhibit a Protestant work ethic when he is in social situations.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Simpático
OBJ: 11.8 MSC: Understanding
21. Romantic love, discussed within the context of monogamous human relationships in the textbook,
exists because it was evolutionarily advantageous for our ancestors. True or false?
a) True—more children from parents who experienced romantic love survived to pass on their genes,
compared to parents without romantic love.
b) False—romantic love hindered an individual’s ability to spread one’s genetic material.
c) True—romantic love led people to become more skilled hunters and gatherers, allowing for greater
survivability.
d) False—someone experiencing romantic love was more likely to hunt more dangerous prey than
someone not experiencing romantic love.
e) True—romantic love meant more sex with more partners, and this meant one would have a greater
number of viable babies.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Love OBJ: 11.9
MSC: Evaluating
22. Romantic love was evolutionarily advantageous because it
a) brought parents closer together to ensure survival of the child.
b) allowed people to exercise their personal agencies.
c) was a necessary foundation for marriages to have in order for the marriage to succeed.
d) promoted relational mobility.
e) led to greater social complexity.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Love OBJ: 11.9
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MSC: Understanding
23. Romantic love is
a) a recent phenomenon in some human cultures.
b) something that appears to exist in all cultures.
c) a product of individualism and a concern with meeting an individual’s unique needs.
d) something that grows with age until the birth of children.
e) a product of collectivism and a concern with accommodating both parties in a relationship.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Love OBJ: 11.10
MSC: Remembering
24. Which of the following is true about arranged marriages?
a) Within every culture that has them, they are more successful in the long run, on average, than love
marriages.
b) In preindustrial societies, the most common form of marriage is parents choosing the partner, with
the individuals unable to object.
c) Rates of arranged marriages have been increasing over the past several years in India.
d) Many preindustrial societies rely on love marriages rather than arranged marriages.
e) Arranged marriages do not allow for love to develop because love in a relationship is dependent on
the personal choice of partner.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Love OBJ: 11.11
MSC: Remembering
25. Arranged marriages
a) are associated with unhappy marriages for both men and women.
b) are increasing in frequency throughout the world.
c) are unusual in preindustrial societies.
d) are less common in cultures with nuclear families as opposed to extended families.
e) prevent love from developing.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Love OBJ: 11.12
MSC: Remembering
26. Sanjay is an Indian male who has been in an arranged marriage for fifteen years. Sana is an Indian
female who has been in a love marriage for more than ten years. Based on research by Gupta and
Singh, which person is likely to be happier?
a) Sanjay
b) Sana
c) Sanjay is happier as long as his wife bears him a son.
d) Sana is happier as long as she is able to bear a son for her husband.
e) They are equally happy.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Love OBJ: 11.12
MSC: Understanding
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27. According to Gupta and Singh’s research on marriage in India, after being married for ten or more
years, which of the following most accurately portrays people’s happiness in these marriages?
a) females in love marriages  females in arranged marriages  males in love marriages  males in
arranged marriages
b) females in love marriages  males in love marriages  males in arranged marriages  females in
arranged marriages
c) males in love marriages  females in arranged marriages  males in arranged marriages  females in
love marriages
d) males in arranged marriages  females in arranged marriages  males in love marriages  females in
love marriages
e) males in arranged marriages  males in love marriages  females in love marriages  females in
arranged marriages
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Love OBJ: 11.12
MSC: Remembering
28. The founder of a new society wants to create a social system in which arranged marriages are the
norm, rather than love marriages. In order for this founder to be successful, which of the following
must this new society have?
a) strong ties within nuclear families
b) a great deal of relational mobility
c) higher levels of marital satisfaction than love marriages after ten years of marriage
d) large kin groups with strong ties within them
e) a system of relationships characterized by market pricing
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Arranged Marriages
OBJ: 11.11 MSC: Applying
29. Empirically, arranged marriages are terrible because no one is ever satisfied with their marriages. True
or false?
a) False—they at least start out with more marital satisfaction than people in love marriages.
b) True—arranged marriages signal a lack of personal agency, leading to unhappiness.
c) False—only women have marital dissatisfaction in arranged marriages.
d) True—arranged marriages have always been rare in human history because our ancestors
understood that it leads to marital dissatisfaction.
e) False—arranged marriages that last over ten years have greater marital satisfaction than love
marriages.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Arranged Marriages
OBJ: 11.12 MSC: Evaluating
30. If a Japanese and an American were each contacted by a stranger for help, we would expect that the
a) American would trust the stranger less than the Japanese.
b) American would only trust the stranger more than the Japanese if the American had an acquaintance
who knew the stranger.
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c) Japanese would trust the stranger more than the American only if the stranger were of the same sex
as himself or herself.
d) American would trust the stranger more than the Japanese only if the American had heard about the
stranger previously.
e) Japanese would trust the stranger less than the American.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Relations with Ingroups and Outgroups OBJ: 11.6
MSC: Understanding
SHORT ANSWER
1. Given the widely different standards of attractiveness around the world, one cannot say that
universal standards of attractiveness exist. True or false, and why?
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Easy
REF: Interpersonal Attraction OBJ: 11.1
MSC: Evaluating
2. Miranda is trying to examine what attributes are perceived to be attractive by different cultures around
the world. She has a list of four attributes: having facial symmetry, having a thin body, having blemishfree skin, and having a face with extreme facial features. She travels around the world to ask people from
different cultures whether they think each attribute is attractive. Based on empirical evidence about
culture-perceived attractiveness, draw a graph that shows a pattern of results that portrays the
proportion of cultures that would find each attribute attractive.
ANS: Student’s graph should be similar to the figure below.
DIF: Moderate REF: Physical Attractiveness
OBJ: 11.1 MSC: Creating
3. Given what is discussed in the textbook, draw a line graph to show what the relationship would look like
for the following pairs of variables: 1) relational mobility and independent/interdependent selfconstrual; and 2) relational mobility and residential mobility.
ANS: Student’s graph should be similar to the following figure.
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DIF: Moderate REF: Friends and Enemies
OBJ: 11.7 MSC: Creating
4. Differentiate between how someone with high relational mobility views his or her social relationships
versus someone with low relational mobility.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Relational Mobility OBJ: 11.7
MSC: Analyzing
5. Based on the textbook, draw a line graph to show the relationship between residential mobility and the
likelihood that relationships within the culture are characterized by market pricing.
ANS: Student’s graph should be similar to the figure below.
DIF: Moderate REF: Friends and Enemies
OBJ: 11.7 MSC: Creating
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CHAPTER 12
MORALITY, RELIGION, AND JUSTICE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
12.1. Define secularization theory
12.2. Discuss the challenges of ethnocentrism in understanding cultural variability
12.3. Differentiate between the different levels of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning
12.4. Differentiate between Shweder’s codes of ethics
12.5. Relate Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning and Shweder’s codes of ethics to each other
12.6. Differentiate between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft groups
12.7. Understand the conflicts between orthodox and progressive cultural groups
12.8. Discuss the relationship between orthodoxy/progressiveness and Shweder’s codes of ethics
12.9. Identify and differentiate between the five moral intuitions
12.10. Understand the relationship between the moral intuitions and one’s political orientation
12.11. Relate the five moral intuitions to Shweder’s codes of ethics
12.12. Discuss how cultural variability exists in whether thoughts are moralized
12.13. Differentiate between the different ways in which cultures distribute resources fairly
12.14. Discuss how economic games reveal fairness norms
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. According to the secularization theory, which of the following findings seem the likeliest?
a) a decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality
b) 94 percent of Americans reporting belief in God(s) in some form
c) a move toward a balance between Gesellschaft and Gemeinschaft groups
d) meritocracy gaining appeal as a principle for fair distribution
e) an increase in the belief that one’s thoughts have nothing to do with morality
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Chapter Introduction
OBJ: 12.1 MSC: Understanding
2. It is a valid task to objectively determine whether some cultures are morally more superior to others.
True or false?
a) False—it is difficult to determine the appropriate standards with which to objectively compare the
morality of different cultures.
b) True—cultural differences from Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning is definitive evidence that
some cultures are morally superior to others.
c) False—we can only objectively morally compare cultures in terms of moral intuitions, but nothing
else.
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d) True—this is because cultures around the world can be divided in terms of the different codes of
ethics.
e) False—secularization theory suggests that morality cannot be measured.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Ethnocentrism and Interpreting Cultural Variability OBJ: 12.2
MSC: Evaluating
3. According to the textbook, which of the following is a challenge that faces the evolutionist perspective
of cultural diversity?
a) How does one objectively find a way by which to evaluate psychological phenomena?
b) When all cultures around the world have the same psychological phenomenon, it is difficult to say
what survival advantage(s) that psychological phenomenon conferred.
c) With different cultures exhibiting variation on a given psychological phenomenon, it is hard to
determine if there exists some underlying construct.
d) How can cultural diversity exist if humans all evolved from a common ancestor?
e) It is far too complicated an explanation of cultural diversity than a creationist account of cultural
diversity.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Ethnocentrism and Interpreting Cultural Variability OBJ: 12.2
MSC: Remembering
4. While traveling in China, a businessman contemplated whether to circumvent China’s Great Firewall to
access censored websites such as Facebook and YouTube. Which of the following is NOT something that
he would invoke in making the decision, based on Kohlberg’s model of moral development?
a) “I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because there is no way that I will get caught.”
b) “I will not try to circumvent the Great Firewall because it is against the law.”
c) “I will not try to circumvent the Great Firewall because officials are always monitoring Internet traffic
and will easily find me.”
d) “I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because the only law I abide is that which was created by
God.”
e) “I will try to circumvent the Great Firewall because it infringes on my rights to freely explore the
Internet.”
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development OBJ: 12.3
MSC: Understanding
5. At Kohlberg’s preconventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when he
a) refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.
b) decides to give money to the poor because it is very exciting.
c) chooses to do a good deed because he is likely to be recognized by doing so.
d) donates money to AIDS research because he has AIDS.
e) helps his little sister with homework rather than his little sister’s friend.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Level 1: The Preconventional Level OBJ: 12.3 MSC: Applying
6. At Kohlberg’s conventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when she
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a) refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.
b) decides to give money to the poor because it is very exciting.
c) chooses to do one of two good deeds because she is more likely to be recognized by doing the
chosen deed.
d) donates money to AIDS research because she has AIDS.
e) helps her little sister with homework rather than her little sister’s friend.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Level 2: The Conventional Level OBJ: 12.3 MSC: Applying
7. Aaron believes that it would be acceptable for someone to have sex with a chicken if it were consistent
with cultural norms. This is an example of
a) the morality of personal choice.
b) preconventional moral reasoning.
c) conventional moral reasoning.
d) postconventional moral reasoning.
e) the ethic of autonomy.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Level 2: The Conventional Level OBJ: 12.3 MSC: Analyzing
8. The postconventional level of moral development is most closely associated with what code of ethic?
a) justice
b) community
c) divinity
d) autonomy
e) orthodoxy
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Level 3: The Postconventional Level  Ethics of Autonomy, Community, and
Divinity OBJ: 12.3  12.4
MSC: Analyzing
9. Cross-cultural tests of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning reveal that
a) conventional reasoning is not evident in many folk village populations.
b) in Western urban environments almost all adults reason in postconventional moral terms.
c) adults in folk village populations most commonly reason in preconventional terms.
d) in all cultures people reason in preconventional terms before they reason in conventional terms.
e) the ethic of autonomy is not a moral principle in many cultures.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Cross-Cultural Evidence for Kohlberg’s Model OBJ: 12.3
MSC: Remembering
10. Which of the following is NOT part of Shweder’s model of moral reasoning?
a) ethic of autonomy
b) ethic of justice
c) ethic of community
d) ethic of divinity
e) All of these ethics were proposed in Shweder’s model.
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ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Ethics of Autonomy, Community, and Divinity OBJ: 12.4
MSC: Remembering
11. Which of the following is considered immoral by the standards of the ethic of community?
a) Marian stabs Roland in the arm.
b) Horatio has surgery to install extra eyes in his face.
c) Peter throws a plastic bottle into the trash.
d) Andrea misses her sister’s wedding because Andrea’s flight was canceled.
e) Jack disobeys his father’s commands.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Ethics of Autonomy, Community, and Divinity OBJ: 12.4
MSC: Applying
12. According to studies of immorality and thought, what will a Jewish person think of a man who is
thinking about cheating on his wife?
a) The man deserves to be punished.
b) The man has violated the ethic of divinity.
c) The man has violated the ethic of autonomy.
d) The man has failed to achieve purity.
e) The man has not violated a moral code as long as he does not act on his thoughts.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Ethics of Autonomy, Community, and Divinity  The Morality of Thoughts OBJ:
12.4  12.12 MSC: Applying
13. Lloyd is politically very conservative, scores highly on the “loyalty to in-group” moral institution, and
greatly respects hierarchy. Thus, there would be a good cultural fit between Lloyd and a culture that is
characterized by
a) the ethic of divinity.
b) secularization.
c) Gemeinschaft.
d) the principle of equity.
e) Gesellschaft.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Ethic of Community  Culture Wars OBJ: 12.6  12.9
MSC: Analyzing
14. A professor signed a contract with a publisher to write a textbook by Christmas, after which he will be
paid $15,000. What is this an example of?
a) the reasoning of the ethic of community
b) the relationships in Gesellschaft groups
c) the reasoning of conventional morality
d) the relationships in Gemeinschaft groups
e) the reasoning of the ethic of divinity
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Relations OBJ: 12.6
MSC: Analyzing
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15. Based on research about morality among Hindu Indians and Americans, which of the following would
you expect to occur?
a) Eric, an American, is more likely than Rahul, an Indian, to view a duty to attend a friend’s birthday
celebration in full moral terms.
b) Rahul, an Indian, is less likely than Eric, an American, to be concerned about reporting a crime that
he has just witnessed.
c) Rahul, an Indian, is more likely than Eric, an American, to feel that attending a friend’s birthday
celebration is a moral issue and should be legitimately regulated.
d) Rahul, an Indian, is more likely than Eric, an American, to base his morality largely on whether
something is natural or not.
e) Eric, an American, is more likely than Rahul, an Indian, to base his morality on whether something is
a social obligation.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Ethic of Community in India OBJ: 12.4 MSC: Understanding
16. The moral reasoning of people of orthodox religious sects tend to fit the best with
a) the ethic of community.
b) preconventional moral reasoning.
c) the ethic of autonomy.
d) postconventional moral reasoning.
e) the ethic of divinity.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Ethic of Divinity
OBJ: 12.4 MSC: Analyzing
17. Confucian scholars in seventeenth-century Korea were concerned about Catholic converts teaching
Koreans to not respect their ancestors, thus ignoring their obligations as dictated by the laws of nature.
This way of thinking indicates concerns borne out of
a) the ethic of community.
b) preconventional reasoning.
c) conventional reasoning.
d) the ethic of divinity.
e) the ethic of autonomy.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Ethic of Divinity
OBJ: 12.4 MSC: Analyzing
18. Comparisons of the moral reasoning of people engaged in disgusting behaviors (such as having sex
with dead chickens) find that
a) lower-Socioeconomic Status (SES) Americans are rather unique in that they do not view these
behaviors as immoral.
b) Brazilians, regardless of social class, do not tend to view these behaviors as unique.
c) upper-SES Americans are more likely than upper-SES Brazilians to view these behaviors as
immoral.
d) lower-SES Americans and lower-SES Brazilians were similar in that both groups tended to view the
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actions as immoral.
e) upper-SES Brazilians view these behaviors to be more immoral than lower-SES Brazilians.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Ethic of Divinity
OBJ: 12.4 MSC: Remembering
19. An orthodox Baptist and a progressive Baptist are watching news coverage of China’s ban on
pornography. According to research on orthodoxy/progressiveness and morality, which of the following
dynamics is likeliest to be true in this scenario?
a) The progressive Baptist is likelier to say, “That ban is immoral because it infringes on people’s
abilities to act as autonomous individuals to decide what is acceptable.”
b) The orthodox Baptist is likelier to say, “That ban is immoral because pornography facilitates
couples fulfilling their sexual obligations to each other.”
c) The progressive Baptist is likelier to say, “That ban is immoral because it is restricting the portrayal
of the natural, God-given act of sex.”
d) The orthodox Baptist is likelier to say, “That ban is immoral because it is a person’s own
responsibility to figure out what material is appropriate.”
e) The progressive Baptist is likelier to say, “That ban is immoral because it prevents people in
marriages from committing adultery, thus succumbing to the sin of lust.”
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Culture Wars
OBJ: 12.7 MSC: Applying
20. According to the textbook, progressive and orthodox religious groups are fundamentally different from
each other in terms of how they reason about moral issues. True or false?
a) False—they both have the same types of fairness norms.
b) True—they are at different levels of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning and focus on different codes
of ethics.
c) False—neither of them moralize thoughts.
d) True—they abide by different codes of ethics when reasoning about moral issues.
e) False—they are at the same levels of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Culture Wars OBJ: 12.8
MSC: Evaluating
21. Which of the following statements would be the most important to someone who is very liberal in North
America?
a) “Pornography should be banned outright because it promotes one of God’s sins.”
b) “There is nothing you can offer me that would make me want to leave my team and join yours.”
c) “I am willing to die for my country if someone chooses to attack it.”
d) “The only thing I know to do is to obey what my father says.”
e) “This is wrong because it is causing people a lot of pain.”
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Culture Wars
OBJ: 12.10 MSC: Applying
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22. Which of the following regarding the research on political identity and morality is true?
a) The more conservative one is, the more one is concerned about all five moral institutions.
b) The more liberal one is, the more one is concerned about protecting fairness.
c) The more liberal one is, the less one is concerned about loyalty to the in-group.
d) Regardless of political identity, people are always more concerned about avoiding harm than they
are about purity.
e) Regardless of political identity, people are always more concerned about avoiding harm than they
are about loyalty to the in-group.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Culture Wars
OBJ: 12.10 MSC: Remembering
23. According to research on political identity and morality, which of the following is true in North America?
a) People who are the most conservative value the ethic of divinity the most.
b) The extent to which people respect hierarchy is unrelated to their political identities.
c) People from most political identities value protecting fairness less than they do avoiding harm.
d) People who are very conservative have less variability in their endorsement of different ethics
compared to people who are very liberal.
e) People from all political identities value all aspects of the ethic of autonomy more than any other
codes of ethics.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Culture Wars
OBJ: 12.10 MSC: Understanding
24. Benny and Matthew are good friends. Benny is Jewish and Matthew is Protestant. Given this
information, which of the following should one expect to be true regarding the two friends?
a) Matthew is more likely than Benny to believe that people can stop themselves from thinking about
playing baseball.
b) Benny is more likely than Matthew to engage in postconventional moral reasoning.
c) Matthew is less likely to believe that thinking about baseball will lead to him playing baseball.
d) Matthew is more upset about people committing adultery than Benny is.
e) Benny is more likely than Matthew to praise one’s ability to stop himself or herself from thinking
about playing baseball.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: The Morality of Thoughts OBJ: 12.12 MSC: Applying
25. Inderjit, an Indian villager, came across a pot of gold while working in the fields. How is he most likely
to distribute this gold after he brings it back to his village?
a) The amount people receive depends on their contribution to the village.
b) People who need more money receive more pieces of gold.
c) Older villagers are seen as deserving more pieces of gold.
d) Everyone gets five pieces of gold.
e) The amount people receive should be distributed based on a lottery system.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Culture and Fairness
OBJ: 12.13 MSC: Understanding
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26. In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues on reward allocation among Indians and Americans, the
researchers did NOT find that
a) Indians are equally likely as Americans to use the principle of equality.
b) Americans are more likely than Indians to use the principle of merit.
c) Indians are more likely than Americans to make decisions based on seniority.
d) Indians consider people’s needs more than do Americans in allocating rewards.
e) All of these statements are true.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Culture and Fairness OBJ: 12.13 MSC: Remembering
27. You live in a culture in which people grow their own food and rarely have to buy food from others. One
day, a researcher from the United States asks you to play the Dictator Game with a stranger. You are
given $50 and you must decide how much to give to the stranger. Based on all the information given in
this question, which of the following amounts are you NOT likely to give?
a) $0
b) $5
c) $13
d) $15
e) $25
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Culture and Fairness
OBJ: 12.14 MSC: Understanding
28. Yasmeen is an Indian professor and Jasmine is an American professor. They teach the same class at the
same school by alternating the weeks when they lecture, and they also share the same office during
office hours. Both teachers are in their shared office listening to students plead their cases to get some
extra points for their essays. Under which of the following circumstances would Yasmeen be more
willing to give extra points than would Jasmine?
a) if the student’s claim was “I deserve these few points because I worked really hard and spent a lot of
sleepless nights doing practice questions”
b) if the student’s claim was “I think I should be given these few extra points because I am a better
student than the grade indicates”
c) if the student’s claim was “I need these few extra points to get the position I’m looking for in this
animation firm”
d) if the student’s claim was “I should get these few extra points because my friend Ryan got a few
extra points as well”
e) if the student’s claim was “The essay was not fair because it did not ask us to write about something
we were actually interested in”
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Culture and Fairness
OBJ: 12.13 MSC: Applying
29. Antisocial punishment is an example of a(n)
a) meritocracy.
b) nonuniversal.
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c) public goods game.
d) code of autonomy.
e) accessibility universal.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Economic Games and Fairness OBJ: 12.14 MSC: Analyzing
30. In playing a public goods game, Horatio keeps punishing Yorick, who had previously punished Horatio,
despite Yorick being a cooperator. The goal is for everyone to get as much money as possible. Which of
the following is a predictor of Horatio’s behavior?
a) He is from a WEIRD culture.
b) He also engages in altruistic punishment.
c) He is from a culture with weak rule of law.
d) He is in the conventional level of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning.
e) He abides by the code of divinity.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Economic Games and Fairness OBJ: 12.14 MSC: Understanding
SHORT ANSWER
1. “It is valid to suggest that some cultures are morally superior to others.” Do you agree or disagree with
this statement? Explain your conclusion by basing it on evidence from one of the moral psychological
models discussed in your textbook.
ANS: Answers will vary. DIF: Moderate
REF: Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development  Ethics of Autonomy, Community, and Divinity  Culture
Wars
OBJ: 12.3  12.4  12.9 MSC: Evaluating
2. Create a diagram that shows how the different levels of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning,
Shweder’s different codes of ethics, and the five different moral intuitions are related to each other.
ANS: Student’s diagram should be similar to the diagram below.
DIF: Moderate REF: Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development  Ethics of Autonomy, Community, and
Divinity  Culture Wars OBJ: 12.5  12.11
MSC: Creating
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3. An orthodox religious adherent is debating with a progressive religious adherent about abortion. They
each provide a certain number of justifications for their perspectives. In the space below, for each
religious adherent, graph out how many statements one would expect to correspond to each moral
intuition based on the relationship between codes of ethics and moral intuitions.
ANS: Student’s graph should be similar to the figure below. The key distinction is that the purity
intuition is the only one where the orthodox adhevent should “outscore” the progressive adherent.
DIF: Moderate REF: Culture Wars
OBJ: 12.8  12.11 MSC: Creating
4. In trying to summarize research on punishment and cooperation for your supervisor, you decide to
draw a line graph that separately predicts cooperation within a culture based on a culture’s willingness
to engage in (a) antisocial punishment and (b) altruistic punishment. Draw such a line graph.
ANS: Student’s graph should be similar to the figure below.
DIF: Moderate REF: Economic Games and Fairness
OBJ: 12.14 MSC: Creating
5. You are surveying computer stores in individualistic and collectivistic cultures to determine what system
they use to pay their sales employees. System 1 is to pay based on a meritocracy. System 2 is to pay
everyone the same amount of money each month. Draw a bar graph that portrays the proportion of
individualistic companies and collectivistic companies that use each salary system.
ANS: Student’s graph should be similar to the figure below.
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DIF: Easy REF: Distributing Resources OBJ: 12.13
MSC: Creating
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CHAPTER 13
PHYSICAL HEALTH
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
13.1.
Discuss various biological variations across different cultural populations
13.2.
Explain the process of culture-gene coevolution
13.3.
Discuss various acquired physical variations across different cultural populations
13.4.
Explain how cultures differ in sleep and perceptions of sleep
13.5.
Discuss how socioeconomic status predicts physical health
13.6.
Explain how ethnicity predicts physical health
13.7.
Explain the epidemiological paradox
13.8.
Discuss cultural variation in the metaphors used to conceptualize medicine
13.9.
Discuss the distribution of laypeople’s and doctors’ medical attitudes
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Research on obesity rates and genetically based skin color illustrate different types of biological change
because
a) while genetically based skin color demonstrates culture-gene coevolution, obesity rates do not.
b) while obesity rates demonstrate opposite effects of genes across cultures, genetically based skin
color demonstrates the same effects of genes across cultures.
c) obesity rates demonstrate an evoked cultural response; genetically based skin color does not.
d) obesity rates show how distal causes can lead to biological changes, while genetically based skin
color shows how proximal causes can lead to biological changes.
e) while obesity rates demonstrate culture-gene coevolution, genetically based skin color does not.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Biological Variability of Humans OBJ: 13.1  13.3 MSC: Analyzing
2. Any changes in biological characteristics within a culture must have occurred through long periods due to
genetic evolution because cultural changes cannot account for biological changes. Do you agree with this
statement?
a) No—obesity rates have risen faster than can be explained by changes in the genetic makeup of a
population.
b) Yes—the epidemiological paradox suggests that genetic changes primarily drive biological changes.
c) No—the fact that European-Americans have better health than Hispanic-Americans is evidence that
cultural changes can account for biological changes.
d) Yes—the French paradox suggests that the lower obesity rates in France relative to the United States
can be attributed to genetic differences between the two populations.
e) No—the fact that Melanesians live in different locations than people from Equatorial Africa but still
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have similar skin colors means that culture cannot account for biological changes.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Biological Variability of Humans OBJ: 13.1  13.3 MSC: Evaluating
3. The fact that the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches different parts of the world has led to the
evolution of differences in skin color is an example of which of the following?
a) acquired biological differences
b) existential universal
c) distal cause
d) nonuniversal
e) proximal cause
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Genetic Variation across Populations OBJ: 13.1 MSC: Analyzing
4. On Planet X, some areas receive very little ultraviolet radiation. What skin color would you expect
Planet X’s people to have if they live in those areas?
a) always light
b) always dark
c) light, unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin D
d) dark, unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin D
e) light, unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin A
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Genetic Variation across Populations OBJ: 13.1
MSC: Understanding
5. The fact that people from some cultures lack an enzyme to allow them to digest milk reflects that
a) cultural practices can affect human evolution.
b) cultural practices are shaped by the local geography.
c) people from different cultures differ more in terms of their genes than they do in terms of their
cultural practices.
d) this inability is due to a proximal cause.
e) genetic differences are difficult to overcome.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Genetic Variation across Populations OBJ: 13.2 MSC: Analyzing
6. The case of lactase persistence is an example of culture-gene coevolution because
a) the genetic mutation for lactase persistence constitutes a form of transmitted culture.
b) a cultural practice (dairy farming) led to the selection for a genetic mutation (lactase persistence)
among dairy farming populations.
c) of a genetic mutation (lactase persistence), despite there being no selection pressures, but it allows
people to engage in a cultural practice (digest milk into adulthood).
d) a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) led to the creation of a cultural practice (dairy farming).
e) adults with lactase nonpersistence, but who drink a lot of milk, will develop the genetic mutation for
lactase persistence.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Cultural Influences on the Genotype OBJ: 13.2 MSC: Analyzing
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7. Which of the following examples best illustrates culture-gene coevolution?
a) A population began farming a healthier strain of rice, but it contains a mild toxin. This led the
population to develop a genetic mutation that allows people to safely digest the toxin.
b) A population could not bury its dead because the climate was too cold, making the ground too hard
to dig. This led the population to develop a funeral ritual of offering its dead to the animals.
c) The average height of a country has increased within a year due to an influx of very tall immigrants,
carrying with them their genes for height.
d) A population lives in a very cold climate that has constant snowstorms. This leads the population to
develop a genetic mutation that causes people to have a lot of body fat to keep warm.
e) The average BMI of a population has become healthier in a year due to the population drinking more
red wine and having a more positive attitude about food.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Influences on the Genotype OBJ: 13.2 MSC: Applying
8. One group of people has developed special lungs to breathe underwater, while another group has not,
but with training, everyone can develop those special lungs to breathe underwater. What is this an
example of?
a) distal cause
b) innate biological variation
c) accessibility universal
d) sexual selection
e) acquired biological variation
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Acquired Physical Variation across Cultures OBJ: 13.3
MSC: Analyzing
9. Research reveals that the French paradox (the tendency for French people to have low body fat
percentages despite eating a diet high in fat) is due to the French
a) consuming less red wine.
b) consuming fewer calories.
c) exercising more.
d) avoiding high-fat foods.
e) having a different sense of humor.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Obesity and Diet
OBJ: 13.3 MSC: Remembering
10. Based on Rozin and colleagues’ reasoning that environment affects portion size, what are people most
likely to say if asked how many nuts people want to eat?
a) a specific number of nuts
b) none
c) depends on the specific type of nuts
d) a specific number of containers or packages
e) None of these choices are correct.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Obesity and Diet
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OBJ: 13.3 MSC: Applying
11. You try to portray people’s attitudes about dogs using a Chernoff figure. After averaging all their
responses, you find that the Chernoff figure for your sample has a very small face with very small and
unhappy features. What does this figure represent?
a) Your sample prefers smaller dogs.
b) Your sample cares very little about dogs.
c) Your sample does not like smaller dogs.
d) Your sample is annoyed by the questions.
e) Your sample has negative attitudes toward dogs.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Obesity and Diet
OBJ: 13.3 MSC: Understanding
12. Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that
a) obesity is largely the result of genetics.
b) obesity rates are unrelated to a country’s GDP.
c) cultural differences in obesity are largely a product of the percentage of fat in diets.
d) people from “heavier” cultures tend to have more children than those from “lighter” cultures.
e) None of these statements is correct.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Obesity and Diet
OBJ: 13.3 MSC: Remembering
13. A certain country has been experiencing huge gains in its economy. Based on research covered in this
textbook about economic effects, which of the following is the most likely consequence of these gains?
a) More people in that country will be moving into the cities.
b) Fewer people in that country will have the required daily caloric intake.
c) The people in that country will get taller, on average.
d) There will be more collectivism in that country.
e) A country’s economy has not been shown to affect anything.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Culture and Height
OBJ: 13.3 MSC: Applying
14. Over the last fifty years, the average height of the people from the reclusive country of Druidia has
been increasing. Based on data profiled in the textbook, which of the following is likeliest to be
associated with this increase?
a) an influx of genetically tall people into the country
b) genetic changes over the last fifty years
c) the country undergoing an industrial revolution
d) more people moving into cities, leading to more calories being consumed per person
e) improved diet during infancy and adolescence
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Culture and Height
OBJ: 13.3 MSC: Understanding
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15. Which of the following statements regarding height is FALSE?
a) As a country’s GDP increases, so does the height of the country’s population.
b) As a country’s GINI increases, so does the height of the country’s population.
c) Genes are important in explaining individual differences in height.
d) As a country’s diet becomes more nutritional, the height of its population also increases.
e) As a country’s GNP increases, so does the height of the country’s population.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: Culture and Height
OBJ: 13.3 MSC: Analyzing
16. Which of the following statements best reflects research on cultural differences in sleep patterns among
European-Canadians, Asian-Canadians, and the Japanese?
a) Japanese people sleep more efficiently than European-Canadians.
b) Japanese people sleep less than European-Canadians.
c) European-Canadians report feeling more tired during the day than Japanese.
d) Asian-Canadians sleep less than European-Canadians.
e) Asian-Canadians sleep more efficiently than European-Canadians.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Culture and Sleep
OBJ: 13.4 MSC: Evaluating
17. Clarice is a patient in a hospital, and the doctors are hoping to give her good health outcomes while
she stays in the hospital. Which one of the following options is an example of something that has been
shown to lead to positive health outcomes?
a) giving her chocolates and candies
b) providing immediate surgery
c) sending for a tribal doctor
d) giving her control of visitation hours
e) providing unsolicited social support
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Culture and Health
OBJ: 13.5 MSC: Understanding
18. Which of the following people may have particularly bad health outcomes?
a) Crystal, who just immigrated to the United States from Mexico
b) Lisa, a nursing-home patient who is allowed to have control over the decorations in her room and her
visiting hours
c) Ronaldo, who is low SES and makes less than $10,000 a year, but lives in a high-SES neighborhood
d) Fernando, who moved from New York to Florida
e) Varun, who lives a stress-free life in California
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Culture and Health
OBJ: 13.5 MSC: Understanding
19. Lara is of low socioeconomic status (SES) and lives in a low-SES neighborhood. Larry is of low SES but
lives in a high-SES neighborhood. (Note that low SES here means $30,000 per year.) Which of the two
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will likely have a longer life expectancy?
a) They should live approximately equally long.
b) Whoever has more money within that low-SES bracket will live longer.
c) Larry
d) Lara
e) The answer cannot be determined from the information given.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Culture and Health
OBJ: 13.5 MSC: Applying
20. The fact that people who move to New York City are at increased risk of heart disease is an example of
which of the following?
a) nonuniversal
b) existential universal
c) acquired biological differences
d) proximal cause
e) distal cause
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Socioeconomic Status and Health OBJ: 13.5 MSC: Analyzing
21. The relation between income and health can be summarized as so:
a) Absolute income predicts health outcomes for low levels of income, whereas income relative to those
around one predicts health outcomes for high levels of income.
b) There is a linear relation between absolute income and health, but a curvilinear relation between
relative income and health.
c) Income is largely unrelated to health once you control for dietary practices.
d) Wealthy people have poor health because of all the stress they experience.
e) More wealth will always cause more happiness, which causes people to be healthier.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Socioeconomic Status and Health OBJ: 13.5 MSC: Remembering
22. Research discussed in the textbook reveals that the relation between socioeconomic status and health
is linked to
a) cognitive deficits.
b) relative deprivation regarding income.
c) stress.
d) education.
e) all of these options are correct.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Ethnicity and Health
OBJ: 13.6 MSC: Remembering
23. Which of the following statements is true?
a) European-Americans have better outcomes for the leading causes of death than Hispanic-Americans,
unless you control for socioeconomic status, and then Hispanic-Americans fare better.
b) If you control for socioeconomic status, European-Americans and African Americans do not differ in
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their health outcomes.
c) The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that
they have lived in the United States.
d) The best-supported evidence for the positive health outcomes for Hispanic-Americans is that only
Hispanics who were healthy enough to make the long trip to the United States migrated there.
e) There is no relationship between ethnicity and health.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: Ethnicity and Health
OBJ: 13.6 MSC: Remembering
24. Which of the following is the best example of the “salmon bias”?
a) An immigrant grandmother has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and decides to head back to
her home country to live out her last days.
b) People tend to congregate close to their heritage cultures due to familiarity and a need for social
connection.
c) Bears on the West Coast of North America have a preference for Pacific salmon more than bears on
the East Coast of North America.
d) Salmon tend to congregate in the places where they spawned.
e) Chinatowns are established in cities around the world.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Ethnicity and Health
OBJ: 13.7 MSC: Applying
25. According to the so-called epidemiological paradox, which of the following people is likeliest to have the
best health outcome?
a) Maribel, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Puerto Rico one year ago
b) Hans, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Germany three years ago
c) Juan, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Mexico two years ago
d) Simone, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Puerto Rico three years ago
e) Marisol, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Mexico three years ago
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Ethnicity and Health
OBJ: 13.7 MSC: Applying
26. Which of the following is an example of the “epidemiological paradox”?
a) Ideas usually stick around in areas of high density, but some ideas perpetuate even in areas of low
density due to the lack of introduction of new ideas.
b) Illnesses can be deadly for some populations, but are of no concern to other populations.
c) Although some remedies work well to stop communicable diseases in some regions, they are
powerless in other regions.
d) Even though diseases generally have higher incidence rates in hotter regions of the world, Australia
sees relatively few epidemics per year.
e) Marisol, who immigrated to the United States from Mexico, has a lower socioeconomic status, but
better health, than her friend who was born in the United States.
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Ethnicity and Health
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OBJ: 13.7 MSC: Applying
27. Eric’s medical results show that there is an infection in his pancreas. What is his American doctor most
likely to do in response to these results?
a) perform an exorcism
b) prescribe vitamins and lots of rest
c) recommend antibiotics or surgery
d) seek help elsewhere for the cause of the infection
e) seek the help of a shaman
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Medicine and Culture
OBJ: 13.8 MSC: Understanding
28. Pierre visited his doctor because he had been feeling sick for some time. Given what we learned about
medical practices around the world, we might expect that his French doctor would
a) recommend surgery.
b) prescribe high dosages of pharmaceuticals.
c) recommend that he avoid germs.
d) recommend vitamins and rest.
e) recommend more baths.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Medicine and Culture
OBJ: 13.8 MSC: Applying
29. Dr. House is a medical doctor in the United States. He is giving a seminar on health-related behaviors
both to doctors from other countries and ordinary American citizens. Which group is most likely to
agree with Dr. House?
a) the doctors from other countries
b) the ordinary American citizens
c) Neither will agree with him.
d) Both groups will equally agree with him.
e) The answer cannot be determined from the given information.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Medicine and Culture OBJ: 13.9 MSC: Understanding
30. Your friend is experiencing stomachaches and goes to see a doctor. The doctor tells your friend that the
problem is the result of forces being out of balance in his body, and gives him a remedy that is
designed to bring those forces back into balance. What type of doctor is she most likely to be?
a) sub-Saharan African
b) tribal
c) American
d) French
e) Chinese
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Medicine and Culture OBJ: 13.9 MSC: Analyzing
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SHORT ANSWER
1. Cereans are an alien race living on a distant planet called Alderaan, and whose bodies function the
same way as humans’ bodies do. A galactic scholar has been learning about the Cereans’
evolutionary history. The following is an excerpt from the scholar’s work:
The Cereans first appeared approximately 50,000 years ago. Throughout their evolutionary history,
they have lived in a region on Alderaan that gets very little sunlight, resulting in very little exposure to
UVR. The Cereans have never migrated elsewhere. Approximately 10,000 years ago, they discovered a
food source that provides an ample supply of Vitamin D for their dietary needs.
Based on this scholar’s work, draw a line graph that approximates the expected relationship between
the Cereans’ evolutionary history (starting with -50,000 [meaning when Cereans first appeared] and
ending at 0 [meaning now]) and their skin tone (smaller value means lighter skin tone; higher value
means darker skin tone).
ANS: Student’s graph should be similar to the figure below. What matters is that there should be an
inflection point around the −10,000 mark to reflect that the skin tone would have changed in
response to the infusion of Vitamin D in their diet.
DIF: Moderate REF: Genetic Variation across Populations OBJ: 13.1
MSC: Creating
2. A genetic allele that has been associated with aggressive behavior is the MAOA-2R allele, while the
genetic allele MAOA-4R has been associated with less aggressive behavior. In your sample of EuropeanAmericans and Chinese people, half of each group has the MAOA-2R allele, while the other half has the
MAOA-4R allele. Draw a bar graph to depict the expected relationship between the genetic alleles and
tendency to engage in aggressive behavior if researchers were to find opposite effects of the genes across
cultures.
ANS: The instructions are not explicit in terms of which culture has the association between MAOA-2R
and aggression, so students can flip the patterns here. The answer provided here assumes that
MAOA-2R is associated with the tendency to engage in aggression among European-Americans.
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DIF: Moderate REF: Cultural Influences on the Genotype OBJ: 13.2 MSC: Creating
3. Alice complains about how it is unfair that French people eat fattier foods but they have better
cardiovascular health than Americans do. Alice is a European-American and blames this difference on
genetic differences between European-Americans and French people. Based on existing psychological
research, do you agree with her statement? In explaining your answer, please provide two alternative
explanations.
ANS: Drinking more wine should be acceptable as one alternative explanation, but it is up to individual
instructors to determine whether eating fewer calories per day and positive attitudes toward food
count as two different explanations or count as being subsumed under one alternative explanation.
DIF: Moderate REF: Obesity and Diet OBJ: 13.3
MSC: Evaluating
4. A collection of societies uses seashells as currency. A large-scale survey suggests that one hundred
seashells is the threshold that separates people who are wealthy from people who are not wealthy. Draw
a line graph that depicts the expected relationship between the number of seashells a society generally
has and a society’s general health outcome as a dependent variable (for which a higher score means
better health outcomes).
ANS: Student’s graph should be similar to the figure below.
DIF: Easy REF: Socioeconomic Status and Health
OBJ: 13.5 MSC: Creating
5. You are trying to convince your parents why studying psychology is not a waste of time. Your parents,
on the other hand, complain that psychology is not an exact science due to its subjectivity. They
contrast it to modern medicine, which they think is an objective science, such that all doctors agree on
all things medicine related. Your parents are, of course, wrong—but how are they wrong? Cite two
pieces of evidence from the textbook to support your claim.
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ANS: Answer should involve: 1) cultural differences in metaphors about the human body; and 2) the
stronger correlation between the views of doctors and laypeople from the same culture than between
doctors from different cultures. DIF: Moderate
REF: Medicine and Culture OBJ: 13.9
MSC: Evaluating
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CHAPTER 14
MENTAL HEALTH
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
14.1. Understand what makes a condition a psychological disorder
14.2. Define culture-bound syndromes
14.3. Identify various culture-bound syndromes
14.4. Differentiate between different forms of eating disorders
14.5. Discuss the relationship between neurasthenia and depression
14.6. Explain cultural differences in the presentation of depression
14.7. Explain a psychological paradox involving cross-cultural prevalence of social anxiety disorder
14.8. Differentiate between social anxiety disorder and taijin kyofusho
14.9. Understand explanations behind suicide rates across various cultures
14.10. Explain the biological heritability of schizophrenia
14.11. Differentiate between different forms of schizophrenia
14.12. Explain the disparity between the prognoses of schizophrenia in industrialized versus lessdeveloped societies
14.13. Understand cultural differences in social support–seeking behavior
14.14. Differentiate between different therapeutic approaches
14.15. Discuss the importance of cultural competence among mental health practitioners
14.16. Relate certain psychological disorders to degrees of universality
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. As discussed in the textbook, which of the following questions does NOT represent a difficulty with
defining what constitutes a psychological disorder?
a) When does one consider a behavior that interferes with one’s life a disorder?
b) How is the particular condition in question being treated—medically or psychotherapeutically?
c) What if a behavior is considered abnormal elsewhere but not in the West?
d) What if a condition does not manifest psychologically?
e) All of these questions represent a difficulty in defining a psychological disorder.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: What Is a Psychological Disorder? OBJ: 14.1 MSC: Remembering
2. Despite malgri, agonias, koro, and dhat all being described very differently, they all share one
underlying similarity. True or False?
a) True—they are all untreatable.
b) False—they share no underlying similarities at all.
c) True—they all share the element of anxiety.
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d) False—some result in death while others do not.
e) True—they all carry religious connotations.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: What Is a Psychological Disorder?  Culture-Bound Syndromes
OBJ: 14.3 MSC: Evaluating
3. Which of the following is an accurate comparison between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa?
a) The age at which people first develop the disorder has gotten younger over recent years for both
bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa.
b) The prevalence rates for both disorders are consistent across cultures.
c) Bulimia nervosa is associated with ascetic medieval saints, while anorexia nervosa is not.
d) Bulimia nervosa has consistent prevalence rates across cultures, while anorexia nervosa has
culturally variable prevalence rates.
e) The age at which people first develop bulimia nervosa has remained the same over recent years, but
it has gotten younger for anorexia nervosa.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Culture-Bound Syndromes OBJ: 14.2  14.4 MSC: Evaluating
4. Koro is manifested by a
a) male who feels extreme anxiety that his penis may be perceived as being extremely small.
b) female who is deathly afraid of the cold and bundles herself up in as much clothing as possible.
c) male who goes off on a rampage and kills anyone he sees, but remembers nothing from the episode.
d) female patient who is deathly afraid that her nipples are shrinking into her body.
e) male who has a morbid fear that someone has put a curse on him, and that the curse must be lifted
to save his life.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Koro
OBJ: 14.2 MSC: Applying
5. Warrin lives in an aboriginal nation comprised of many islands. He is about to travel to another island to
meet his girlfriend, but in his haste, he forgot to pray to the local gods. After his trip, he falls terribly ill
and feels very tired. These symptoms compel his village doctor to diagnose him with
a) malgri.
b) ataques de nervios.
c) dhat.
d) latah.
e) voodoo death.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Hysteria
OBJ: 14.3 MSC: Understanding
6. Which of the following people have kufungisisa?
a) Before sailing by sea, Person A forgot to pray to the local sea gods and is later overcome by
drowsiness and sickness.
b) After having been scared, Person B felt as though his soul had become dislodged from his body.
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c) After having been scared, Person C fell into a transient state and began barking like a dog.
d) Upon feeling anxious, Person D felt a burning sensation, a loss of breath, and difficulty sleeping.
e) Person E thinks that he has overused his brain by thinking too much and is now experiencing panic
attacks and irritability.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Other Culture-Bound Disorders OBJ: 14.3 MSC: Applying
7. Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-bound syndrome?
a) frigophobia
b) hysteria
c) bulimia nervosa
d) voodoo death
e) neurasthenia
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Depression
OBJ: 14.5 MSC: Understanding
8. Depression is a condition that is
a) found in every culture that has been explored.
b) largely absent in China.
c) a culture-bound disorder.
d) found at similar rates in the population in all industrialized societies.
e) largely absent in rural societies.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: Depression
OBJ: 14.5 MSC: Remembering
9. Based on the studies reported in the textbook on depression among Chinese, if Huang Bo is diagnosed
with neurasthenia in China, how can one alternatively conceive of his diagnosis?
a) latent catatonic schizophrenia
b) koro
c) mild social anxiety disorder
d) paranoid schizophrenia, so Huang Bo will respond to antipsychotics
e) depression with somatization
ANS: E DIF: Moderate REF: Depression
OBJ: 14.5 MSC: Analyzing
10. Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with a depressed mood and
trouble sleeping. She is prescribed antidepressants. Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is
a) less likely to report sleep complaints.
b) less likely to report depressed mood.
c) more likely to take antidepressants.
d) more likely to become suicidal.
e) more likely to also have schizophrenia.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: Depression OBJ: 14.6
MSC: Understanding
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11. Gregory has been diagnosed with depression by his psychiatrists; however, he does not really report
experiencing negative affect. He primarily experiences stomach and sleep problems. Which of the
following most accurately characterizes Gregory’s experience?
a) He is lying.
b) lack of insight
c) psychologization
d) antipsychologization
e) somatization
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Depression
OBJ: 14.6 MSC: Understanding
12. Stephen and Jon are both diagnosed with a form of anxiety disorder. The difference between them is that
Stephen’s primary symptoms are feeling anxious, mood fluctuations, and other mental issues. Jon’s
symptoms, on the other hand, are discomfort in the chest, headaches, and diarrhea. Which of the
following best explains the differences in the symptoms that the two are suffering?
a) Jon’s anxiety disorder is less severe than Stephen’s.
b) Jon’s anxiety disorder is more severe than Stephen’s.
c) Stephen is concerned about how others might see him, while Jon is not.
d) Stephen is East Asian, and Jon is North American.
e) Stephen is going through psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.
ANS: E DIF: Easy REF: Depression
OBJ: 14.6 MSC: Analyzing
13. Prevalence rates of social anxiety disorder are
a) largely constant across industrialized societies around the world.
b) higher in interdependent cultural contexts.
c) lower among East Asians than among North Americans.
d) increasing in the West over the past few decades.
e) the same between urban and rural contexts.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Social Anxiety Disorder
OBJ: 14.7 MSC: Remembering
14. When comparing Minako, a Japanese person, with Erica, an American, which of the following will likely be
true?
a) Minako will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder than Erica.
b) Compared to Minako, Erica will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder.
c) Compared to Erica, Minako will not be treated as negatively by others if she shows certain symptoms
of social anxiety to her compatriots.
d) Minako will develop taijin kyofusho.
e) Compared to Erica, Minako will be more likely to seek professional help if she develops social anxiety
disorder.
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ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Social Anxiety Disorder OBJ: 14.7 MSC: Analyzing
15. Which of the following about social anxiety disorder is true?
a) Social anxiety disorder appears to be a culture-bound disorder.
b) East Asians receive more treatment for social anxiety disorder than do North Americans.
c) Symptoms of social anxiety disorder among East Asians include fears that one is making others
uncomfortable because of his or her sweating and body odor.
d) East Asians score higher on trait measures of social anxiety disorder than do North Americans.
e) In East Asians and North Americans, interdependence has been shown to lower social anxiety.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: Social Anxiety Disorder OBJ: 14.7 MSC: Remembering
16. Taijin kyofusho differs from social anxiety disorder in that
a) it is a more debilitating condition than social anxiety disorder.
b) social anxiety disorder is only found in the West, and taijin kyofusho is only found in East Asia.
c) it is a psychotic condition, whereas social anxiety disorder is a neurotic condition.
d) it involves some imagined physical symptoms that social anxiety disorder does not.
e) it involves therapists known as rentaru oneesan.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Social Anxiety Disorder OBJ: 14.8 MSC: Analyzing
17. One foreign country has four aboriginal tribes. The Kohlrabis live in the rain forest, culturally quite
distant from the mainstream culture. The Brackens live along the coast and now have very few
connections to their traditional past. The Horabs live in the prairies and have always been culturally very
similar to the mainstream culture. The Lithes live in the mountains and have greatly maintained
connections to their traditional past. Based on Chandler and colleagues’ research on Canadian First
Nation youths, which tribe would one expect to be associated with higher youth suicides?
a) the Kohlrabis
b) the Brackens
c) the Horabs
d) the Lithes
e) Chandler’s research does not address this issue.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Suicide
OBJ: 14.9 MSC: Applying
18. Suicide rates
a) vary across cultures as much as they do because definitions of suicide similarly vary.
b) among adolescents is the highest in the world in Japan.
c) in the United States are among the highest in the world.
d) in most cultures tend to decrease as people get older.
e) increase among the elderly in many cultures.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Suicide
OBJ: 14.9 MSC: Remembering
19. The textbook discusses that the likelihood of developing schizophrenia has clear genetic factors. So
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according to the textbook, if Maria has schizophrenia, what are the chances that her twin sister, Anca,
will also have schizophrenia?
a) 0 percent
b) 50 percent
c)  50 percent
d)  50 percent
e) Rates change depending on the type of schizophrenia.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Schizophrenia
OBJ: 14.10 MSC: Applying
20. Studies of rates of schizophrenia across nations find that
a) incidence rates of schizophrenia do not vary much from country to country.
b) patients with schizophrenia in less developed countries tend to fare better over time than those from
more developed countries.
c) people who present psychotic symptoms that were inconsistent with a diagnosis of schizophrenia
were not included in the studies.
d) subtypes of schizophrenia vary substantially from country to country.
e) All of these statements are true.
ANS: E DIF: Difficult REF: Schizophrenia
OBJ: 14.11  14.12 MSC: Remembering
21. According to the textbook, which of the following patients with schizophrenia is going to have the best
outcome?
a) Vanness, who lives with his family in a developed society
b) Jordan, who lives by himself in a developed society
c) Malcolm, who has paranoid schizophrenia
d) Latiri, who lives with her family in an undeveloped society
e) Maria, who has catatonic schizophrenia
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: Schizophrenia
OBJ: 14.12 MSC: Understanding
22. Patients with schizophrenia living in undeveloped societies should move to developed societies if they
want to have the best prognoses. True or false?
a) True—developed societies have better therapeutic techniques to manage schizophrenia.
b) False—that is only the case with catatonic schizophrenia.
c) True—recognition of the biological components of schizophrenia allows developed societies to better
handle schizophrenia.
d) False—prognosis for schizophrenia is better in undeveloped societies than in developed societies.
e) True—both Naikan and Morita therapies from developed societies are more effective at treating
schizophrenia than religious therapies from undeveloped societies.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Schizophrenia
OBJ: 14.12 MSC: Evaluating
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23. Jeeyoung is an East Asian student who is going through a tough time. Given her emotional situation,
which of the following is she most likely to do to make herself feel better?
a) seek professional help
b) seek the help of her close friends
c) remind herself of her connections with others
d) introspect and solve the problems herself
e) drown her sorrows in alcohol
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Health Treatment OBJ: 14.13 MSC: Understanding
24. You are a therapist who is hoping to treat a patient by asking him to understand his own past, to accept
that his past is a part of him, and to learn to feel gratitude and guilt toward those around him. What
type of treatment is this?
a) cognitive behavioral therapy
b) client-centered therapy
c) Naikan therapy
d) Morita therapy
e) psychoanalytic therapy
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Mental Health Treatment
OBJ: 14.14 MSC: Analyzing
25. As a Moritist practitioner, you want to raise the popularity of your therapeutic approach by teaching others
about it. In your lectures to others, you are most likely to say,
a) “It is important that clients see how much kindness they have received from those around them.”
b) “Ultimately, our goal is always to help clients get rid of their symptoms.”
c) “It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence.”
d) “Clients will benefit from being empowered to engage in primary control.”
e) “Therapists must help clients to bring the clients’ ara, emi, and ori into alignment.”
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Health Treatment OBJ: 14.14 MSC: Applying
26 As a Naikan practitioner, you want to raise the popularity of your therapeutic approach by teaching
others about it. In your lectures to others, you are most likely to say,
a) “It is important that clients see how much kindness they have received from those around them.”
b) “Ultimately, our goal is always to help clients get rid of their symptoms.”
c) “It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence.”
d) “Clients will benefit from being empowered to engage in primary control.”
e) “Therapists must help clients to bring the clients’ ara, emi, and ori into alignment.”
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Health Treatment OBJ: 14.14 MSC: Applying
27. When comparing Morita therapy and Naikan therapy, which of the following is true?
a) Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not.
b) Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy encourages
one to exercise primary control.
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c) Naikan therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Morita therapy encourages
one to exercise primary control.
d) Naikan therapy is more difficult and more expensive than Morita therapy due to different demands
on the therapist.
e) Both Naikan therapy and Morita therapy have been successfully utilized in Western cultures to
reform prison inmates.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: Mental Health Treatment OBJ: 14.14 MSC: Analyzing
28. Andrelle is a therapist who wants to be culturally competent in treating her client, L. C. This means that
Andrelle must
a) examine L. C. purely from the perspective of L. C.’s cultural background.
b) always perceive L. C. as being a typical member of L. C.’s cultural group.
c) interpret L. C.’s symptoms from Andrelle’s own cultural perspective.
d) consider how L. C. manages multiple cultural influences.
e) completely not consider her own cultural background in preparing for her interactions with L. C.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Health Treatment OBJ: 14.15 MSC: Applying
29. Which of the following therapists is most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural
competence?
a) Therapist A is well trained in the cultural perspectives of different cultures.
b) Therapist B works as part of a cultural consultation service.
c) Therapist C is familiar with his own cultural background’s effect on his perspectives and strives to
understand the cultural perspective of his clients.
d) Therapist D is a practitioner of both Morita therapy and Naikan therapy.
e) Therapist E works as an anthropologist as part of the cultural consultation service.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: Mental Health Treatment OBJ: 14.15 MSC: Applying
30. Your sister just got a new job. Her role is to be a surrogate sister for a teenage boy who has not
unlocked himself from his room for a year. Ultimately, her job is to try to get the boy to get out of the
house. What condition does this boy have?
a) taijin kyofusho
b) dhat syndrome
c) hikikomori
d) susto
e) amaterasu
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: Chapter Introduction
OBJ: 14.3 MSC: Understanding
SHORT ANSWER
1. A clinician uses two different forms of therapy to treat patients with anxiety and depression: Therapy 1
emphasizes bed rest, manual activities, and manual labor; Therapy 2 emphasizes thinking about how
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much one has benefited from the kindness of others. Patients with each disorder either received
Therapy 1 or Therapy 2. The clinician found that Therapy 1 can effectively treat anxiety, but Therapy 2
cannot. On the other hand, both therapies can effectively treat depression. Draw a bar graph that
reflects the proportion of patients with each disorder that were cured by each therapy. In your graph,
use the proper labels corresponding to each therapy.
ANS: Student’s graph should be similar to the figure below.
DIF: Easy REF: What Is a Psychological Disorder?
OBJ: 14.16 MSC: Creating
2. An economics professor at a university controversially argues that it is to the benefit of all cultures
around the world to become more Westernized and developed due to the huge economic benefits that
Westernization and development bring, with no negative repercussions—everyone is richer and
happier. From a mental health perspective, do you agree with this position? Why or why not? In your
response, include two pieces of evidence to support your claims.
ANS: Acceptable answers include the following: higher anorexia and bulimia rates in more Westernized
cultures; higher suicide rates associated with Westernized indigenous and Micronesian populations;
poorer prognoses for schizophrenia in developed societies, Ethan Watters’s argument that increased
exposure to Western psychopathologies has led to the exportation of such psychopathologies in
environments where they had not previously existed.
DIF: Moderate REF: Eating Disorders  Suicide  Schizophrenia  Mental Health Treatment
OBJ: 14.4  14.9  14.12  14.15 MSC: Evaluating
3. There are three camps of people in discussing anorexia nervosa—the “cultural” camp says that it is a
culture-bound syndrome, the “universal” camp says that it is a universal syndrome, and the
“integrationist” camp says that both labels apply to this condition. Evaluate which position best
characterizes current research on anorexia nervosa.
ANS: According to the textbook, the third position is the best because there is evidence for both sides,
depending on the framing of the condition.
DIF: Moderate REF: Eating Disorders OBJ: 14.16
MSC: Evaluating
4. Jack and Jill have both been diagnosed with a psychiatric condition—Jack has depression, while Jill has
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neurasthenia. They each have ten symptoms that led their clinicians to give them these diagnoses. Draw a
bar graph reflecting the expected pattern of how many somatic symptoms and psychological symptoms
Jack and Jill each have. (Note: the overall pattern matters; exact numbers do not.)
ANS: Student’s graph should be similar to the figure below.
DIF: Moderate REF: Depression
OBJ: 14.6 MSC: Creating
5. The country of Adanac has two indigenous populations, Eerc and Tignilt, along with a large population of
colonizers. Before colonization, the Eerc and Tignilt were culturally very similar to each other, and the
suicide rates of both populations were steady at around 1 percent. After colonization, the Eerc have
rejected the vastly different culture of the colonizers, insisting on maintaining their own culture. On the
other hand, the Tignilt decided to increasingly adopt more aspects of the colonizers’ culture over time to
replace increasingly more parts of their own culture. Based on research on suicide rates discussed in the
textbook, draw a line graph to depict the suicide rates of the Eerc and Tignilt people before and after
when colonization began.
ANS: Student’s graph should be similar to the figure below. The inflection point exists only for the
Tignilt at the moment colonization began.
DIF: Moderate REF: Suicide OBJ: 14.9
MSC: Creating
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