PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 – QUARTER 3- MODULE 1
NOTES AND ACTIVITY SHEETS
Target
The world is facing a lot of problems these days that requires immediate solution; there are questions arising that needs
an answer; and cases that are to be solved. The answers to all of these should be based from our creative minds and not
based on belief, guesses or mere theories. Thus, research plays a very important role. Research requires us to plan and
make use of a systematized procedures in creating solutions to meet the needs of today’s generation. The hope of the
coming generations lies to the brilliant minds of the youth of today.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
a. shares research experience and knowledge CS_RS11IIIa-1
b. explains the importance of research in daily life CS_RS11IIIa-2
c. describes characteristics, processes and ethics of research
CS_RS11IIIa-3
d. differentiate qualitative from quantitative research CS_RS11IIIa-4
e. provides examples of research in areas of interest CS_RS11IIIa-5
f. describes
characteristics,
strengths,
weaknesses,
qualitative research CS_RS11IIIa-6
g. illustrates
the
importance
of qualitative
research
CS_RS11IIIa-7
Lesson
1
and
kinds
across
of
fields
Importance and Characteristics of Qualitative
Research
Discover
The main purpose of research is to inform action, to prove a theory and to contribute to the developing knowledge
in a field or study. It is of great importance in all fields of specialization for it helps us to seek truth, information and
knowledge.
Research allows individuals to capture ways of looking at ideas and issues and to think creatively about problems
that have no simple answer. It paves way to new ideas and discovery of things that will benefit man above all.
What is research?
Research is a careful consideration of study regarding a particular concern or problem using a process of inquiry.
According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict,
and control the observed phenomenon.
What is the importance of Research in Daily Life?
Research plays a very important role in our daily life. It gives as light to inquire for the right information. It helps us
develop the right attitude to not believe in anything easily and most especially, it empowers us with knowledge and
efficient learning of new things.
To assimilate more, take time to read the following significant texts showing the importance of research in our daily
life.
1.
Gain Essential Information: Research provides important information in the different areas of interest. It helps
you get acquainted with the process and resources involved in your research.
2.
To Make Changes: Research creates change as a result of intense study on existing knowledge and policy.
3.
To Enhance the Standard of Living: New inventions are made possible through research that made the life of
man comfortable. It resulted to the advancement of knowledge leading to the development in different
fields like transportation and communication.
4.
For a Safer Life: Discoveries resulted to improved life expectancy and health conditions of human kind. New
machines and drugs helped in treatment and diagnosis of different diseases.
5.
To Know the Truth: The results of research helped us to mark out the thin line between truth and lie.
6.
To Explore the History: Research enables human to learn and understand more about our forefathers and
helps us learn from their mistakes and experiences.
7.
To Understand the Arts: Research helps us to understand and appreciate the work of artists in literature,
painting and other fine arts.
Characteristics of Research
1. Empirical: Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. Most researches are
based on real-life situation.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Systematic:Research follows an orderly procedure based on valid procedures and principles.
Controlled: In research, all variables except those that are tested are kept constant.
Analytical: Research utilizes proven analytical procedure in gathering the data.
Objective: Research is unbiased. All findings are logically based on data.
The Process of Research
There are a variety of approaches to research in any field of investigation, irrespective of whether it is
applied research or basic research. Each particular research study will be unique in some ways because of the
particular time, setting, environment, and place in which it is being undertaken.
Nevertheless, all research endeavors share a common goal of furthering our understanding of the problem
and thus all traverse through certain basic stages, forming a process called the research process.
An understanding of the research process is necessary to effectively carry out research and sequencing of
the stages inherent in the process.
These 8 stages in the research process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Identifying the problem.
Reviewing literature.
Setting research questions, objectives, and hypotheses.
Choosing the study design.
Deciding on the sample design.
Collecting data.
Processing and analyzing data.
Writing the report.
The research process outlined is a part and parcel of a research. It is an outline of your commitment that
you intend to follow in executing a research study.
Ethics in Research
Research Ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research. It educates and monitors the
conduct of researches to ensure high ethical standards. The following shows why is it important to adhere to the
ethical norms in research:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Norms promote the aims of research such as knowledge, truth and evidence of error.
Ethical standards promote the values that are essential to collaborative work.
Ethical norms held researchers accountable to the general public.
Norms in research help establish public support, quality and integrity of research.
Ethical Principles in Research
a. Honesty: Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate,
falsify, or misrepresent data.
b. Objectivity: Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.
c. Integrity: Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and
action.
d. Carefulness: Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the
work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities.
e. Openness: Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
f. Respect for Intellectual Property: Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do
not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never
plagiarize.
g. Confidentiality: Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication,
personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
h. Responsible Publication: Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your
own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
i. Responsible Mentoring: Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow
them to make their own decisions.
j. Respect for Colleagues: Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
k. Social Responsibility: Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research,
public education, and advocacy.
l. Non-Discrimination: Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race,
ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.
m. Competence: Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong
education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
n. Legality: Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies
Activity 1. The Research Process
Copy the graphic organizer below and supply the needed information showing the Process of Research.
1.
8.
2.
7.
3.
6.
4.
5.
Deepen
Answer the following questions based on what you have learned in this lesson. Make your answers brief yet
substantial.
1. What is Research?
2. What makes research important to you as a student?
3. What are the things you should consider in conducting a research?
4. Why is it necessary for researchers to follow the process of research?
Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Lesson
2
Activity 1. Complete me!
Using a separate sheet, complete the table below by filling out the needed information.
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
Definition
Type of Data Collected
Type of Data Analysis
Role of the Researcher
Discover
Quantitative and Qualitative Research are two broad categories in educational research. These two could differ
in terms of purpose, type of data collected and others.
Quantitative Research is defined as a systematic investigation of phenomena by gathering quantifiable data and
performing statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques while Qualitative Research involves collecting and
analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can be
used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or generate new ideas for research.
Comparison Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Criteria
Definition
Qualitative Research
A type of educational research
where the researcher relies on
the view
of the participants
Quantitative Research
A type of educational research where the researcher
decides what to
study.
Purpose
It aims to understand and
interpret social interaction
It aims to test hypothesis,
look at cause and effects and to make predictions
Group Studied
Smaller and not randomly
selected
Study of the whole and not
variables
Words, images and objects
Larger and randomly selected
Qualitative Data like openended responses, interviews,
observations and notes
Researcher and their biases
maybe known to participants in
the study, and participants
characteristics maybe known to
the researcher
Quantitative Data as results of experiments.
Variable
Type
Collected
Form
of
Data
of
Data
Collected
Role
of
the
Researcher
Analysis
Inductive (by the Researcher)
Results
Particular
findings
Final Report
Narrative
descriptions
Observed
Questions asked
Criteria
Identifying
Research
Problem
Review of Literature
Specifying
Research Purpose
Collection of Data
Analysis and
Interpretation of
Data
Reporting and
Evaluation
Specific variables studied
Numbers and statistics
Researcher and their biases are not known to
participants in the study, and
participants
characteristics
are deliberately hidden from the research.
Deductive
(by
statistical
Methods)
or
specialized Generalizable findings that
that
is
can
be
applied
to
other populations
less generalizable
Report
Statistical Report with correlations, comparison of
means and statistical
with contextual
significance
Qualities,
behaviors
and
complexities
Why and How
Qualitative Research
Detailed understanding of a central
phenomenon
Justify the importance of studying the
research problem
Seek to understand the
participants experiences
Gather words or image data from small
number of individuals
Text analysis and interpretation of themes
Takes a subjective and bias approach
Flexible, emerging structure and
evaluative criteria
Quantities, scales and trends
How many and What
Quantitative Research
Description of trends or explanation of
relationships
Justifying the research problem and the
need of the direction of the study
Seek observable data on
variables
Collection of data using instruments with
preset
questions from large
individuals
Data analysis using statistical analysis
Tend to use standard fixed structures and
evaluation criteria
Takes an objective and unbiased approach.
Examples of Qualitative and Quantitative Research Topics in the Different Areas of Interest
Research studies happen in any field of knowledge depending on the interest of the researcher. You have
the option to choose on what area would you like to study. Below are examples of topics in different fields that
can serve as your basis when you will work on your research paper.
Areas of
Discipline
Medicine
Qualitative
Example of Research
Quantitative
Disease prevention
mechanisms.
Life and works of different artists in
the Philippines
Studies on the development of vaccines for
Corona Virus
Experiment on goon paint substance
and painting
material
Sports
Common characteristics of children
into and not into
sports
Development of materials to be used in
sports
Psychology
Behavior of Students in School
Impact of music to the behavior of children
Business
Behavioral traits of product patrons
in the last 10 years
Relationship between expenditures in
advertisements and sales
Arts
Agriculture
Health benefits of organically grown
vegetables to elderly
Effects of organic fertilizers
in vegetable production and sales
Fisheries
Fishermen’s adjustment
mechanisms during dry season.
Environmental factors
affecting the number of fishes caught in a
place.
ICT
Effects of Technology use to the
study habits of students.
Impact of online platforms to
Students Achievement in their subjects
Social Science
Ethnographic Study of cultural group Quantitative analysis in social science.
in the
Philippines.
Explore
Activity 1. Identify Me!
From the box found below, determine which item/s describe/s qualitative and quantitative research.
Write the full text in the template found below.
a. A type of educational research where the researcher relies on the view of the
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
participants
Collection of data using instruments with preset questions from large
individuals
Seek to understand the participants experiences
Qualities, behaviors and complexities
Tend to use standard fixed structures and evaluation criteria
Narrative Report with contextual descriptions
Researcher and their biases maybe known to participants in the study, and
participants characteristics maybe known to the researcher
Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
Discover
Qualitative Research is commonly called interpretative research. Its method relies heavily on “thick” verbal
description of a particular context being studied. Generally speaking, qualitative research spends a great deal of time
in the setting being studied; rely on themselves as the main instrument of data collection; and analyze data using
interpretative lenses.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research Design
a. Naturalistic: refers to studying real-world situations as they unfold naturally; nonmanipulative and
noncontrolling; the researcher is open to whatever emerges.
b. Emergent: acceptance of adapting inquiry as understanding deepens and/or situations change; the
c.
researcher avoids rigid designs that eliminate responding to opportunities to pursue new paths of
discovery as they emerge.
Purposeful: cases for study are selected because they are “information rich” and illuminative. That is, they
offer useful manifestations of the phenomenon of interest; sampling is aimed at insight about the
phenomenon, not empirical generalization derived from a sample and applied to a population.
Collection of Data
a. Personal experience and engagement: The researcher has direct contact with and gets close to the people,
situation, and phenomenon under investigation.
b. Empathic neutrality: An empathic stance in working with study respondents seek vicarious understanding
c.
without judgment [neutrality] by showing openness, sensitivity, respect, awareness, and responsiveness;
in observation, it means being fully present [mindfulness].
Dynamic systems: There is attention to process; assumes change is ongoing, whether the focus is on an
individual, an organization, a community, or an entire culture, therefore, the researcher is mindful of and
attentive to system and situational dynamics.
Analysis
a. Unique case orientation: Assumes that each case is special and unique.
b. Inductive analysis: Immersion in the details and specifics of the data to discover important patterns,
themes, and inter-relationships; begins by exploring, then confirming findings, guided by analytical
principles rather than rules.
c. Holistic perspective: The whole phenomenon under study is understood as a complex system that is more
than the sum of its parts; the focus is on complex interdependencies and system dynamics that cannot be
reduced in any meaningful way to linear, cause and effect relationships and/or a few discrete
variablContext sensitive: Places findings in a social, historical, and temporal context; researcher is careful
about the possibility or meaningfulness of generalizations across time and space; emphasizes careful
comparative case analyses and extrapolating patterns for possible transferability and adaptation in new
settings.
Strengths and Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
Qualitative Research is more focused on exploring the issues, understanding the actual problem and
enabling oneself to answer all the questions. It is more dependent on deriving the value of variables in their natural
setting. The data via this method is collected by asking open ended questions and serving with the direct quotations.
Qualitative can be beneficial in the following ways:
a. All the problems and the topics covered under this research are in detail.
b. This method majorly focuses on small groups which ultimately do not require more expenses when
compared to quantitative research.
c. On the emergence of new developed information and findings, the revision, direction and framework of
the data can be done easily quickly.
d. The data is collected from a small group which bounds it to be universal for a large population.
e. The data with this method is collected based on genuine efforts and gives a clear vision on what can be
expected.
Weaknesses of Qualitative Research
a. As the data is collected for a small group, due to which assumptions cannot be made beyond the small
b.
c.
d.
e.
group of people.
It becomes difficult to demonstrate, maintain and assess the rigidity of the data.
Collection of statistical data is not easy and cannot be done solely by using this method.
As the data is in big quantity, analysis and interpretation of the data takes much time.
The responses of the subjects might be affected as the researchers are bound to be present
during the process of data gathering.
Kinds of Qualitative Research
a. Ethnography
A qualitative research method often used in the social sciences that is often used in gathering data
on human societies/cultures. Ethnography, simply stated, is the study of people in their own environment
through the use of methods such as participant observation and face-to-face interviewing. Data collection
is done through participant observation, interviews and questionnaires.
b. Phenomenology
Describes the structure of experience as they present themselves to consciousness, without
resources to theory, deductions or assumptions from other discipline such as the social sciences. It seeks
to achieve deep understanding of the phenomenon by rigorous and systematic examination of it. Its
purpose is to describe essence of lived experiences.
c. Grounded Theory
An inductive technique developed for health-related topics. It is emerged from the discipline of
sociology. The term “grounded” means that the theory developed from the research is grounded or has its
roots from the data from which It has derived.
d. Historical Research
Historical Research is the systemic collection and objective evaluation of data related to past
occurrence.
e. Case Study
A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event,
organization, or phenomenon. It is used to test theoretical models by using it in real world situation.
Importance of Qualitative Research Across Fields
a.
Social Work
Qualitative Research Studies in social work represents the best available research on emerging
problems or application of evidence to diverse population.
b.
Marketing
Qualitative research in marketing can be used to test new ideas or products and to gain a realistic
view of how customers or clients would react to that particular product.
c.
Business
Data from quantitative research such as market size, demographics, and user preferences provide
important information for business decisions. Qualitative research provides valuable data for use in the
design of a product including data about user needs, behavior patterns, and use cases.
d.
Sports
The results of qualitative research can inform stakeholders about facilitators and obstacles to
exercise, motivation and adherence, the influence of experiences, beliefs, disability and capability on
physical activity, exercise engagement and performance, and to test strategies that maximize physical
performance.
e.
Medicine
The goal of qualitative research is to help us gain an understanding as to how or why certain things
occur. Qualitative research seeks that understanding through observation and interviews, both of which
provide insight into the research question.
f.
Psychology
Qualitative
research is
an important alternative
to
quantitative research in psychology. It generally involves asking broader research questions, collecting
more detailed data (e.g., interviews), and using non-statistical analyses.
g.
Arts
Qualitative is important in arts since with the use of this research people could be able to reach
new ideas and conclusions which will help people improve arts and discover new techniques and any other
more.
h.
Literature
The way one deals with the literature plays a crucial and guiding role in the iterative process
between theory and data because it determines how existing theories are dealt with in the design and
conduct of research. As such, considerations as to when and how to use the literature acquire great
importance.
i.
Agriculture and Fisheries
Interviews are a key element of qualitative research fisheries scientists may incorporate to improve
understanding of why fisheries operate as they do, and what the effects of policy changes are likely to be.
Explore
Activity 1. Show Me!
Complete the graphic organizer below by filling out the blanks showing the salient characteristics of qualitative
research. Use a separate sheet for you answer.
Practical Research 1
Grade 11 Quarter 3: Week 1 - Module 1: Qualitative Research
First Edition, 2021
Copyright © 2021
La Union Schools Division Region I
Module 1 Quiz
Direction: Shade the letter of the correct answer. Use the answer sheet provided on the next page
1. Which of the following is a function of research?
A. Describe
B. Explain
C. Predict
D. All of these
2. Which of these is NOT an importance of research in our daily life?
A. Gain unessential information
B. Know the truth
C. Make changes
D. Safer life
3. Which of the following characteristics of research utilizes proven analytical procedures in
gathering data?
A. Empirical
B. Controlled
C. Systematic
D. Analytical
4. Wilhelm reports the result of observation based on the gathered data in his research. He never
tried to fabricate, falsify and misinterpret data. What ethical principle is being shown?
A. Honesty B. Carefulness C. Objectivity
D. Integrity
5. Is it important to follow the research process in conducting a research work?
A. No, for it will just add up to your stress in writing your research paper.
B. No, because you can start right away with the last step to finish the research work in a
short span of time.
C. Yes, to effectively carry out the research work and to be systematic in writing your
research paper.
D. Yes, because it is what is required.
6. Which of the following does not belong to the group?
A. Images
b. Words
c. Objects
d. Numbers
7. What form of data is being collected in qualitative research?
I. Interview results II. Observations and Notes III. Experiment results
A. I only
B. I and II
C. I, II and III
D. II only
8. Which importance of research is described in the statement below?
“Results of research helped us to mark out the thin line between truth and lie.”
A. To make changes
B. To know the truth
C. For a safer life
D. Gain essential information
9. What area of research is employed if you wanted to study the Effectiveness of a Newly
Discovered Drug?
A. Medicine
B. Arts
C. Sports
D. History
10. What area of research is employed if you wanted to study the behavior of children listening to
a particular genre of music?
A. Medicine
B. Arts
C. Sports
D. Psychology
11. What characteristic of qualitative research is employed in the situation below?
“Studying real-world situation as it unfolds naturally”
A. Naturalistic B. Emergent
C. Purposeful
D. Dynami
12.
Which of the following refers to a detailed study of a specific subject such as person, group,
place, event and phenomenon?
A. Case Study
B. Grounded Theory C. Ethnography D. Phenomenology
13.
Which of these refers to the systematic collection of data related to past occurrences?
A. Case Study
B. Grounded Theory C. Ethnography
D. Historical
14. Which of the following refers to the importance of qualitative research in Social Work?
A. It represents the best available research on emerging problem or application of
evidence in diverse population.
B. Used in testing new ideas of product and to gain a realistic view of how customers
would react to a product.
C. Used in order for people to reach new ideas and conclusion for people to improve their art.
D. Used to improve understanding policy changes in the field of fisheries.
15. Which of the following refers to the importance of qualitative research in Arts?
A. It represents the best available research on emerging problem or application of
evidence in diverse population.
B. Used in testing new ideas of product and to gain a realistic view of how customers
would react to a product.
C. Used in order for people to reach new ideas and conclusion for people to improve their art.
D. Used to improve understanding policy changes in the field of fisheries.
Paalala: Gamitin ang answer sheet module 1. I-shade ang tamang sagot.