Science- cumulative inquiry into nature using the
scientific method or system of verifiable
concepts, methods, principles, theories and laws
which seek to understand, describe, explain, and
predict nature and its phenomena.
Technology - is the application of science.
TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE
Meaning
Science is a
methodical way of
gaining knowledge
on a particular
subject, through
observation and
experiments.
Technology alludes to
the practical
application of the
scientific knowledge
for various purposes.
What is it? It is the process of
exploring new
knowledge.
It is the use of laws of
science to create new
products.
Effect
It is useful
It can be useful or
harmful.
Change
May or may not be
changed
Changes continuously
Stresses on Discovery
Invention
Deals with Study of structure Putting those premises
and behavior of
into practice.
natural and physical
world, to create
premises.
Method of Analysis, deduction Analysis and synthesis
evaluation and theory
of design.
development
Use
Used to make
predictions
Simplify the work and
fulfill the needs of
people.
 making shelter
 protect territory from invasion
 lived in area of bountiful resources of foods
 small tribes of hunter-gatherers
 lived in area of bountiful resources of foods
 small tribes of hunter-gatherers
Ancient Mesopotamia
 The foundation of human civilization began in
Mesopotamia.
meso - middle
potam – river
 Sumerians
 Babylonians
Sumerian Civilization
 the first people to settle in Mesopotamia
 created a civilization by the development of
methods and technologies in
 architectures
 language
 agriculture
 governance
 Sumerians built cities along the rivers in South
Mesopotamia in 4500 BCE
 Eridu
 Uruk
 Ur
 Larsa
 Isin
 Adab
 Kullah
 Lagash
 Nippur
 Kish
 City of Uruk - considered to be the first true city
in
the
world
Early Civilization
Nomads
Basic Needs
 Food
 Shelter
 Clothing
Nomads
 used stone tools for survival
 hunting fish and wild animals
 preparing foods



No building stones used
Lumber was limited
Mud / clay from the river added with reeds and
bricks
 Houses made of sun-baked bricks
Ziggurats
 cities had corresponding king living in
ziggurat
 with temple at the top reserved for their
high priests to serve their patron gods and
goddesses.
The Great Ziggurat of Ur “Mountain of God”
 sun-baked bricks - inside structure
 fired bricks - outside structure
 no inner chambers
 height of around 170 feet
 took 12 years of excavation
 primarily built as a temple to Nanna, the moon
of God.
Agriculture
 Sumerian agricultural products
 wheat and barley
 fruits and vegetables like grapes and onions
 sheep, goats and cows
Irrigation System: Levees
 Levees
o Dug wide canals from rivers out to farms
o Dug small ditches from canals to fields to
water all the crops
o Put gates on the ditches to control the
amount of water
o Brought water to farmland
o Controlled flooding of the rivers
Cuneiform
 first writing system
 pictures and triangular symbols
 curved in mud/clay:
 tablet
 using reed stylus
 trading
 recording goods and livestock
 temple activities
 businesses
 presenting stories, myths, and personal letters
Sumerian Number System
 Sumerian Number System
 Base 60
Sailboats
 Made of reeds
 To travel along
the river
 To carry products
for trading
 Skin-float or raft made of hides stretched over
wood frames and a broad, short boat made of
water-proof material
Wheel
 The 1st wheels were not used for transportation
but for farm work in 2000 BC
 Used for transporting agricultural products
Plow
 Enabled the Sumerians to dig the soil land where
seeds would be planted at faster pace.
 Mass produced food without taking too much
effort and time
Medicine
 Sumerians believed that diseases were
punishment from God
 committed sins
 wrong doing
 action of demons
 bad spirits
 Priest - sufficient magic power to fight the mystic
force of disease and illness
 Diseases due to supernatural causes
 Exorcists - drive away the spirits by charms and
spells.
 Sumerian civilization lasted for short of 2,000
years before the Babylonians took charge in
2004 B.C.
Babylonian Civilization
 Emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
 Great builders, engineers and architects
Hanging Gardens of Babylon

It was said to be a structure made up of layers
upon layers of gardens
 Species of plants, trees and vines
King Nebuchadnezzar
Queen Amytis
 75 feet high
 approximately 8,200 gallons of water each day to
keep the plants watered
 No physical evidence to prove such existence
 Exact location is also unknown
 No records
 Mythical place
Weapons
 Babylonian civilization transpired during Bronze
age
 Weapons - bronze material
 alloy of copper and tin
Babylonian Number System
Egyptian Civilization
 Egypt is located in North Africa
 Around 3200 BCE, the creation of the Egyptian
civilization began with Egypt brought together
under one ruler, King Narmer
Temples
 believed that temples were the homes of the
gods and goddesses.
 every temple was dedicated to a god or goddess
 worshipped by temple priests and the pharaoh.
Everyday, temple priest
 washed the god’s statues
 changed cloths with fine linen
 put jewelry
 offered food and wine
 made of stone
 walls were covered with scenes
 brightly painted
Mummification
 Egyptians believed in life after death

eternal life was only possible if the individual’s
corpse remained intact
 believed that if the body decayed, so as the soul
 deceased’s soul should be recognized and
returned in the next life
Mummification Process
1. Washing of the body
2. Removal of the different internal organs by making a
cut in the left side of the abdomen.
(Intestines, stomach, liver, and lungs)
3.Internal organs are placed in the corresponding
canopic jar.
4.Brain is removed through the nose by using hooked
instrument then being thrown away
Heart is untouched as believed to be used for intelligence
and emotion in the next life
Heart also revealed evidence of the deceased’s true
character.
5. The inside of the body is rinsed with wine and spices.
6. Moisture from the body is eliminated
7. Application of a salt called natron for 70 days is done
to preserve the body.
8. Lastly, the body is wrapped in linen cloth and placed in
a sarcophagus.
Hieroglyphics
 Pictures of living creatures and symbols of
objects used in daily living
 Hieroglyphics writings were well-preserved since
these were carved at the walls of pyramids and
other structures
Medicine and Physician
 knowledge of healing herbs
 repairing physical injuries
o knew how to stitch a wound
 eye-surgery operation
 knowledge of Anatomy came from the practice
of embalming the dead

practiced dentistry
o extracted teeth
o drained abscesses
o made false teeth
Irrigation System
 Canals and Ditches
 Shaduf - boom and basin irrigation strategy
Mathematics
 Addition
 Subtraction
 Multiplication
 Division
 Fractions
 Decimals
 basic ideas of Geometry
Calendar
 12 months = 30 days each
 1 year = 360 days
 In 4000 B.C. added 5 extra days at the end of
every year
 Solar year = 365 days
Wigs
 Were worn for beauty, vanity and personal
hygiene
 used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy
Egyptians from harmful sun rays

es
 made from human hair, sheep's wool or
vegetable fibers.
Other Discoveries and inventions
 Cosmetics
 Paper from papyrus
Greek Civilization
In 8th century BC
 Government
 Art
 Architecture
 Philosophy
 Sport
 Polytheistic society
 Believed in Mythology to explain natural
mysteries
Greek Mythology





TheaterArt and Literature performances
Large
open-air structures
tiered seating area -theatron
a circular space for the actors to perform orchestra
 stage - skene
Water Mill
 Was used in agricultural processes like milling of
grains
 Mass production of rice, cereals, flours and the
likes
Greek Houses
 Poor Greek - rural area or crowded urban slums
 multi-story blocks of apartments
Ancient Greek Hillside Houses
 Larger houses built around a courtyard
For well-to-do craftsmen or farmers:
 large and luxurious
 accommodation for a large household including
many slaves
Trade
 150 years after 750 BC
 Sea for their livelihood
 Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea
Greek Philosophers
Socrates
•known to developed the "Socratic Method" of analyzing
good and justice
•The problem is broken down into series of inquiries that
would lead to answers to the problem.
Plato
•became student of Socrates
•laid the foundations of Western philosophy and
science.
•founded The Academy of Athens, the first
institution of higher learning in the Western world.
Aristotle
•became student of Plato
•developed Empirical approach in studying
nature
•founded Theory of Four causes (material,
formal, efficient,
final)
Thales
•believed that water was the only substance that
was souce of all things
Pythagoras
•made important contributions in the field of
mathematics
•developed the Pythagorean Theorem
Empedocles
•believed in the four fundamental elements
(fire, air, earth and water)
Democritus
•established the concept of atomisim
•everything in nature is made up of indivisible
elements called atoms
Archimedes
•known for his physical law of buoyancy
Roman Civilization
Roman Cities
 consist of forum
o a large open plaza
 surrounded by important buildings
 main temple
 basilica where the town council met and
town administration was carried on)
 the law courts (If separate from the basilica)
 markets
 latrines and public baths
 Fountains
 porticoes, colonnades, arches
Arches
Porticoes
Colonnades
Roman Architectures
 Cathedrals
 Basilicas
 Coliseums
 Amphitheaters
 Aqueducts
The Pantheon
• temple of all the Roman gods
Colosseum
• largest amphitheater
• seating capacity of 50,000
Arch of Septimius Severus
• monumental arch
• built in recognition of Roman victories
over Parthians
Maison Carree
• the only temple that is completely
preserved up to this day
Building Materials
 volcanic stone native -Tufa
 during 2nd century B.C.E. travertine white
limestone was utilized in the late substitute
for marble.
 Sun-dried and fire-dried mud bricks
Roman Aqueducts
 Aqueducts -convey water from far away
springs and mountains into cities and towns
through gravity.
Wheel-based mechanism for shredding tea leaves
To supply water in
 Fountains
 Gardens
 public and private baths
 latrines
 houses of wealthy Romans
 agricultural lands
 Aqua Appia
 1st aqueduct built in 312 BC
 connected the spring that was 16.4 km
from Rome.
 Rome had eleven aqueducts during 3rd
century
Roman Numerals
 Old number systems could not keep up with
high calculations requirements due to
increasing trade among nations
 Roman numeral became the standard
counting system for trade concerns
 symbols: I, V, X, L, C, D and M
 Used for communication and trading
Other discoveries and inventions
 Bound books
 record-keeping of politics, history, literature
Bound books
 Julius Caesar started the tradition of
stacking papyrus to form pages of book
 Cover was made of wax but later on
changed to animal skin
 Newspaper
 used in politics and governance

Chinese Civilizations
 Oldest civilization in Asia

Silk
 Naturally produced by silk worms
Tea Production
 Tea leaves were harvested, processed and
compressed into cake form.
 The dried teacake known as brick tea was
ground with the used of stone mortar.
 Ancient tea was produced by pouring hot
water to shredded or crushed tea leaves
Great Wall of China
 Said to be the largest and most extensive
infrastructure that such nation built.
 Was constructed to protect Chinese from
invaders
 Controls borders of China
 made out of stone, bricks, woods, tamped
earth, etc
 took 200 years before it
 was completed
 3,100 steps
 21,196.18 km length
 6 to 7m height
Gunpowder
 Originally, it was developed by Chinese
alchemists to achieve immortality
 used for fireworks to drive away evil spirits
 used for artillery
 75% saltpeter
(potassium nitrate)
 15% charcoal
 10% sulfur
 Accidentally invented black powder that
generated large amounts of heat and gas in
an instant.
Compass
• an artificial magnetic pointing device made
from lodestone
• the oldest south pointing navigational
device
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN
WESTERN CIVILIZATION
DARK AGES
▪ First half of Middle Ages consists of 5
centuries of Dark Ages.
▪ Terrible political and economic turmoil in
Western Europe.
▪ Waves of invasions by migrating peoples
and Vikings and Saxons from the North
destabilized the Roman Empire.
▪ It was a period of declining human
achievement, especially when compared to the
Ancient Greeks and Romans.
■ There was a lack of scientific inquiry
during the Dark Ages because most people
cannot read and write, except for the members of
the Clergy.
■ Intellectual activity was centered on the
study of the Bible and on the Christian faith.
■ Most clerics and scholars did not have
access to the vast amount of scientific
literature written in Greek before and during the
Roman Empire.
HIGH MIDDLE AGES
■ The conditions of political stability
necessary for the reestablishment of a vigorous
commercial and urban life had been secured.
■ The next 500 years saw the renewal of
large-scale building and the re-establishment
of sizable towns.
■ Monasteries became wealthy and became
important centers of learning.
■ By the 12th Century, centers of learning,
known as the Studium Generale, sprang up across
Western Europe, drawing scholars from far afield
and mixing the knowledge of the Ancient Greeks
with the new discoveries of the great Muslim
philosophers and
scientists.
Oldest universities established during the high
Middle Ages:
■ Oxford
■ Cambridge
■ Montpellier
■ Padua
■ Sorbonne
■ Valladolid
LATE MIDDLE AGES
■ As progress and technology developed,
philosophers continued the work of scholasticism,
adding to the philosophy of science.
■ As progress and technology developed,
philosophers continued the work of scholasticism,
adding to the philosophy of science.
Three Main Power Sources
■ Water
■ Animals
■ Human
Norse Mill
The simple water wheel, without gears,
provides the power to drive a millstone for
grinding the corn from which flour is made.
Horses
Human
Agriculture and Crafts
The Teutonic tribes who moved into
Western Europe were people of the Iron Age and
were the first people to use iron plowshares
Spinning jenny
a machine for spinning with more than one
spindle at a time, patented by James Hargreaves in
1770.
Agriculture and Crafts
■ Fulling mill
■ Rope
■ Barrel
■ Leather
■ Metal smith
■ Soap
Metallurgy and Mining
■ Cast iron
■ Gold
■ Blast furnace
Warfare
■ Gunpowder
– carbon, sulfur, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate)
– from charcoal, deposits of volcanic sulfur and
decaying refuse
■ Cannons
Other Notable Inventions
■ Artesian well(1126)
■ Wheelbarrow (1170s)
■ Mirrors (1180)
■ Spectacles (1280s)
Artesian well
An artesian aquifer is a confined aquifer
containing groundwater under positive
pressure. This causes the water level in the well to
rise to a point where hydrostatic
equilibrium has been reached.
Wheel Barrow
Mirror
Throughout European Middle Ages mirrors
were simply slightly convex disks of metal, either
bronze, tin, or silver, that reflected light off their
highly polished surfaces.
Spectacles
Alchemy
Alchemy in the Middle Ages was a mixture
of science, philosophy, and mysticism. At the heart
of medieval alchemy was the idea that all matter
was composed of four elements: earth, air, fire, and
water. With the right combination of elements,
itwas theorized, any substance on earth might be
formed.
Mathematics
■ Leonardo of Pisa or Fibonacci - HinduArabic numeral system
■ Nicole Oresme - used rectangular
coordinates system
■ Nicholas of Cusa - ideas on the infinite
and the infinitesimal
Art
■ Oil painting
■ Leonardo da Vinci
■ Michelangelo
Manufacturing
■ Knowledge on how to make concrete
Navigation
■ Compass
■ Nautical maps
Renaissance
The Renaissance which means “Rebirth”
marked the transition of Europe from the Middle
Ages to modernity.
Modern Ages
Mining and Metallurgy
■ Steam engine
■ Developed mineral resources :
– copper
– zinc
– tin
– lead
– gold
Agriculture
■ Horse-driven seed drill by Jethro Tull
Printing
■ Printing Press by Johannes Gutenberg
Medicine
■ Use of vegetable remedies
■ Physicians were often the foremost
botanists
Astronomy
■ Nicolas Copernicus- Heliocentric Theory
■ Tycho Brahe - collection of data of
astronomical bodies
■ Giordano Bruno – not only does the Earth
move, but so does the sun
– no such thing as a point absolutely at rest in the
universe
Astronomy
■ Johannes Kepler – Planetary model
– Laws of Planetary Motion
■ Galileo Galilei
"father of observational astronomy"
"father of modern physics"
"father of the scientific method”
"father of modern science
Astronomy
■ Spyglass from lenses
■ Lens grinding
■ powerful telescopes – 30x
magnification
■ Sir Isaac Newton – Laws of Motions
■ Christiaan Huygens – Elastic Collision
Theory
■ Robert Boyle - “father of chemistry”
■ Antoine Lavoisier
■ John Dalton
■ Evangelista Torricelli – invented
barometer
■ Blaise Pascal – vacuum exists in nature
■ Rene Descartes – Cartesian Coordinate
system
Other discoveries and inventions
■ Watt’s steam engine by James Watt
■ “Puffing Devil” by Trevithick
■ First railway steam locomotive
■ Telegraph
■ Steam turbine by Sir Charles Parsons
■ electric currents by Alessandro Volta
■ electricity and magnetism
■ use of coal gas
■ Filament bulbs by Thomas Edison
■ Combustion engine
■ Gas engine by Étienne Lenoir
■ First gasoline automobile by Daimler and
Benz
“Thomas Samuel Kuhn is one of the most
influential philosophers of science of the twentieth
century, perhaps the most influential.”
➢ The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962)
Thomas Kuhn
1922-1996
“…means research firmly based upon one or
more past scientific achievements, achievements
that some particular scientific community
acknowledges for a time we supplying
foundation for its further practice.”
-TS Kuhn, 1962
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
Paradigm - A plausible or scientifically
acceptable general principle or body of
principles offered toexplain phenomena
+ “an important change that happens when the usual
way of thinking about or doing something is
replaced by a new and different way” -Merriam
Webster
Shift -To exchange for or replace by another
Scientific Revolution
“…non-cumulative developmental episodes in
which an older paradigm is replaced in whole
or in part by an incompatible new one.”
-TS Kuhn, 1962
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Copernican Revolution
Claudius Ptolemy 127 A.D. -143 A.D.
Geocentric Theory
Earth was a sphere in thecenter of the universe; the
Sun , the Moon, the stars,and the planets revolve
around Earth.
Heliocentric Theory
Copernicus
Revolutionary Science
Geocentric Theory
Ptolemy
Normal Science
Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543
Mathematician & Astronomer
-proposed that the Sun wasstationary and the Earth
revolved around it.
Aristarchus of Samos310 B.C.E. – 230 B.C.E.
Pioneer: Heliocentric Theory
Heliocentric Theory
1. Motion of heavenly bodies: uniform and
circular.
2. The Sun is near the center.
3. The ff revolves around the Sun: Mercury,
Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn;
Stars are fixed in space.
4. Earth has 3 motions: daily rotation, annual
5. revolution and annual tilting of its axis.
The Newtonian Revolution
Sir Isaac Newton 1643-1727
Mathematician, Astronomer, & Philosopher
Born of poverty but rose tobe a celebrated
scientist dueto his many contributions.
Normal Science
Revolutionary Science
Law of Universal Gravitation
-governs the paths of heavenly bodies
Laws of Motion
-foundation of Classical mechanics; allows
us to describe and understand motion
Infinitesimal Calculus
-developed along with Gottfried Leibniz
The Einsteinian Revolution
Albert Einstein1879-1955
Physicist
Nobel Prize in Physics 1921
General and Special Theory of Relativity
-Newton considered space and time as fixed
(normal science); however Einsteinrevolutionized
this idea by asserting that time and space are
relative in his special theory of relativity;
-The general theory on the other hand
interweaves gravity with space and time.
Photoelectric Effect
-phenomenon that happens
when an electromagnetic
radiation or light hits an
object; the shorter the
wavelength, the higher the
chance that it will cause the
release of electrons.
Brownian motion
-describe by Robert Brown;
-temperature is directly
proportional to the kinetic
energy of molecules.
Mass-Energy Equivalence
E=mc2
-describes the relationship of
mass and energy.
The Chemical
Revolution
ALCHEMY Normal Science
Robert Boyle
1667-1691
Inventor
“Father of Chemistry”
Theological Writer
Boyle’s Contributions
P1V1 = P2V2
Boyle’s
Law
Boyle’s
Air Pump
Antoine-Laurent
Lavosier
1743-1794
“Father of Modern
Chemistry”
Lavosier’s Contributions
Phlogiston Theory
By
Joseph Priestly
Normal
Science
The Darwinian
Revolution
Normal Science
Charles Darwin
1809-1882
Naturalist
Geologist
Biologist
Natural Selection
Evolutionary Biology
: a natural process that results in the survival
and reproductive success of individuals or
groups best adjusted to their environment
and that leads to the perpetuation of genetic
qualities best suited to that environment.
: a discipline of biology concerned with the
processes and patterns of biological
evolution especially in relation to the
diversity of organisms and how they change
over time
The Theory of Evolution
The Freudian
Revolution
Sigmund Freud
1856-1939
Neurologist
“Father of
Psychoanalysis”
Psychoanalytic theory
Conscious Unconscious
Verbal Slips
Free Association
Dreams
Oedipus complex
This chapter tackles the
historical development of science
and technology in the Philippines
from the pre – colonial period up to
the Fifth Republic.
Overview
PRE – COLONIAL SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Archipelagic Condition Of The Country
The Different Dialects Which Shows Diversity
Not Open To New Ideas For Agriculture
The Strong Belief To Superstitious
Slow pacing of the spread of science and
technology in the Philippines because of the
following obstacle
(Bernard 2016)
The Use Of Science And Technology
In Pre – Colonial Era
https://www.slideshare.net/angenica/pre-colonialscience-and-technology-in-the-third-world
https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/the-evolutionof-media-in-the-philippines-2a6e8df1-04554873-b9ea-1da1a1b0ea56
4.1.1. WRITING SYSTEM
BAYBAYIN The pre-colonial beautiful ancient
writing script of the islands of the Philippines
https://narrastudio.com/blogs/journal/baybayin-theancient-filipino-script-lives-on
4.1.2. CONCEPT OF TIME
Pre-colonial Filipinos has no clocks to show the
hours or minute Povedano calendar Modern
calendar
https://www.aswangproject.com/bakunawa/
https://www.aswangproject.com/concept-timeaccording-pre colonial-filipino/
MOON PHASES ACT AS “TIME MARKERS”
moonconnection.com
Bukang Liwayway
Katanghalian
Lulunod Na
EARLY FILIPINO’S TIME
https://www.tripzilla.ph/sunrise-spots
philippines/14860
https://saudiarabiaofw.com/midday-work-ban/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Bay
4.1.3. EARLY FILIPINO WEIGHTS AND
MEASURES
LENTH/DISTANCE
PHILIPPINE MEASURING UNIT FOREIGN
EQUIVALENT (ESTIMATE)
PIRANGGOT ½ INCH
SANDAMAK 4 INCHES
DANGKAL 8 INCHES
TALAMPAKAN 12 INCHES
BISIG 16 INCHES
DIPA 68 INCHES
VOLUME
PHILIPPINE MEASURING UNITS FOREIGN
EQUIVALENT (ESTIMATE)
SALOK 80 ML
SARO 250 ML
MANGKOK 400 ML
MASS/ WEIGHT
PHILIPPINE MEASURING UNITS FOREIGN
EQUIVALENT
(ESTIMATE)
DAKOT 10 GRAMS
GUHIT 100 GRAMS
KAGITNA ½ KILO
GATANG 1 KILO
CHIMANTA 6 KILOS
KABAN 25 KILOS
TIME
PHILIPPINE MEASURING UNJTS FOREIGN
EQUIVALENT
(ESTIMATE)
KISAPMATA 0.5 SECOND
SAGLIT 1 SECOND
SANDALI 60 SECONDS
https://www.scribd.com/doc/18048667/PhilippineUnits-of-Measurements
4.2. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING
THE SPANISH REGIME (1521 – 1898)
THE GALLEON TRADE
https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/diorama-22galleon-trade-scene ca-1750/aAEQAqK8dQJDTA
officialgazette.gov.ph
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/04/28/ph
mexico-push-to-nominate-manila-acapulco-galleontrade route-to-world-heritage-list/
GOVERNADOR JOSE BASCO Y VARGAS
LEON MA. GUERRERO
FOUNDER OF REAL SOCIEDAD ECONOMICA
DE LOS AMIGOS
DEL PAIS DE FILIPINA
FATHER OF PHILIPPINE PHARMACY
https://alchetron.com/Jos%C3%A9-Basco-y-Vargas
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/893/to
day-in-philippine-history-january-21-1853-leon-ma
guerrero-was-born-ermita-manila
COLEGIO DE SAN ILDEFONSO
COLEGIO DE MANILA UNIVERSITY OF
SANTO TOMAS
SIGNIFICANT TERTIARY EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS THAT WERE FOUNDED
DURING THE SPANISH
COLONIZATION
https://www.facebook.com/1111319
82293260/photos/colegio m%C3%A1ximo-de-sanignacio colegio-de-manilaat-pamantasan-ng
lungsod-ng mayni/1227733080633139/
https://y101fm.com/features/lifestyle/cebu-s
best/5635-what-is-cebu-s-oldest-school-hint-it-is
also-the-oldest-school-in-asia
http://arquitecturamanila.blogspot.com/2014
/07/university-of-santo-tomas-main building.html
4.3. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING
THE AMERICAN REGIME (1898 – 1935)
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/third
republic/
https://www.slideshare.net/kasaysaysan
4kids/the-american-occupation-and-the philippinecommonwealth
officialgazette.gov.ph
reneekarunungan.com
taal.ph
https://courses.lumenlearn
ing.com/boundless ushistory/chapter/america
n-imperialism/
PGH IN 1947
GOVERNMENT LABORATORY PHILIPPINE
GENERAL HOSPITAL
https://www.facebook.com/SkylinesPhilippines/post
s/the-philippine-general-hospital-is-one-philippines
oldest-hospitals-in-1907-the-/1166523753457607/
4.4 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING
THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD (1935 – 1946)
MANUEL QUEZON
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man
uel_L._Quezon
https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/5694772
771
4.5 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE
INDEPENDENCE (1946 TO 1965)
INDEPENDENCE IN 1946 There is no significant
innovation in the education and
training of scientist and engineers.
HIGHLIGHTED EVENTS SINCE
INDEPENDENCE ARE THE FOLLOWING:
There has been an increased in the creation of
government science
agencies since 1946
In 1947, The Bureau Of Science was organized into
an institute of science In the same year, The
Institute Of Nutrition was created and in the year
1952, the Science Foundation Of The Philippines
(SFP) was also
established and put along with the institute of
science.
In 1952, the commission on volcanology was also
created and placed
under the national research council of the
Philippines (NRCP)
Scientific work in government suffered from a lack
of support,
planning and coordination during the early postwar
years
The institute of Science was reorganize in 1951.
Renamed institute of
science and technology
Consequently, congress enacted the science act
of 1958
HIGHLIGHTED EVENTS SINCE
INDEPENDENCE ARE THE FOLLOWING:
The science act created the National Science
Development Board (NSDB)
The act also created the Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission (PAEC) and the
National Institute of Science and Technology
(NIST)
In the year 1960s several science research oriented
agencies were established by
Philippine laws
A. Philippines Inventors Commission (1964)
B. Philippine Coconut Research Institute (1964)
C. Philippine Textile Research Institute (1967)
D. Forest Products Research and
e. Industries Development Commission (1969)
Philippine Atomic Energy Commission
https://lakansining.wordpress.com/2017/01/24/com
monwealth avenue-quezon-city-monuments-in-thephilippine-nuclear research-institute/
January 23, 1967 SONA , emphasized science was
essential for research and
development programs
January 22, 1968
Third SONA, acknowledged that technology was
the foremost factor in
economic development and channeled additional
funds in order to
support projects in applied science and science
education.
January 27, 1969
Fourth SONA, funds were allocated to private
universities and
urged them to create courses in science, technology
and research.
April 6, 1968 He proclaim 35 hectares in
Bicutan,Taguig,Rizal as the site of the
Philippine science community
January 26, 1970 Fifth SONA, emphasis on the
enhancement and improvement of
science curricula
4.6. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING
THE MARCOS ERA (1965 – 1985)
SONA that focused on the development
and advancement S&T
http://malacanang.gov.ph/ferdinand marcos/
1. Philippine Coconut Research Institute was
integrated with NSDB to upgrade the coconut
industry
2. The NSDB also established the Philippine Textile
Research Institute.
3. The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission of
the NSDB explored the uses of atomic
energy for economic development.
4. Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the
NSDB to modernize the coconut industry.
JANUARY 24, 1972 Seventh SONA he spoke
about his major development projects in reforming
sectors of education .
1976 He enacted a law under Presidential Degree
no. 1003-a, s. 1976 to establish the National
Academy of Science and
Technology
Proclamation of executive
order no. 128
Known as the “Reorganization Of The National
Science And
Technology Authority”, Thus creating the
technology application
and promotion institute (TAPI)
Republic act 6655
Science for the masses program aimed at
encouraging children who
had passion in science and technology to study for
free
Presidential task force For science and technology
alleviating and envisioning the
status of the Philippines to be the next industrialized
country
April 28, 1992
President Corazon C. Aquino signed Republic Act
no. 7459, titled “an act
providing incentives to Filipino inventors and
expanding the functions of the
technology application and promotion institute,
appropriate funds therefor,
and for other purposes”
4.7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING
THE FIFTH REPUBLIC (1986 TO PRESENT)
The major contribution of president Corazon
Aquino for
the development of science and technology are the
following
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/general
blogs/1638/scandals-during-the-cory-philippinescorazon aquino-administration
FIDEL V. RAMOS
During His Term, He Was Able To Establish
Programs That Were Significant To The Field Of
Science And
Technology
In 1993,science And Technology Agenda For
National Development (Stand) Was Established
Which Prioritized The Following Areas:
1. Exporting winners identified by the dti;
2. Domestic needs identified by the president’s
council for countryside development;
3. Support industries and
4. Coconut industry development
Congress, During His Term, Was Able To Enact
The Following Laws That Were Significant For The
Field
1. Magna carta for science and technology
personnel (Republic Act No. 8439)
2. Science And Technology Scholarship Law Of
1994 (Republic Act No. 7687)
3. Inventors and inventions incentives act (Republic
Act No. 7459)
4. The intellectual property code of the philippines
(Republic Act No.8293)
Cont.
https://r2pasiapacific.org/profile/293/fidel
-ramos
JOSEPH ESTRADA
Signed Two Major Legislations, Namely;
1. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act
No. 8749) which was designed to
protect and preserve the environment and ensure the
sustainable development of its
natural resources
2. Electronic Commence Act of 2000 (Republic Act
No. 8792) which ban computer
hacking and provides opportunities for new
businesses emerging from the internet driven new
economy
Cont.
https://www.exlinkeventsblog.com/2015/06/E
rap-leads-day-of-seafarers-expo.html
Bestowed as the “golden age” era for science and
technology by then secretary Estrella Alabastro.
GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO
1. R.A. 9367 or the “biofuels” act. This act
promotes the
development and usage of biofuels throughout the
country
2. R.A. 10601 WHICH IMPROVES THE
AGRICULTURE AND
FISHERIES SECTOR THROUGH
MECHANIZATION (AFmech). R.A.
10601 covers research, development, and extension
(RDE)
3.R.A. 10055 otherwise known as the technology
transfernact of 2009
SONA in 2001, president Arroyo emphasized the
role
of technology in future economic development
President’s efforts resulted in the accomplishment
of five broad tier of S&T programs (“PGMA’s
support
to science community”, 2010). These programs
include:
1. Research and development programs,
2. S&T Human Resource Development Programs
3. Scientific And Technological Services
4.S&t Promotion And Information Services, And
5. Scientific Linkages And International
Cooperation.
Cont.
https://bloomspresidents.wordpress.co
m/gloria-macapagal-arroyo-2001present/
In 2014, President Benigno Aquino III conferred
four new national scientist for their contribution
in the scientific field, namely
ACADEMICIANS GAVINO C. TRONO
Helped a lot of families in the coastal populations
through the extensives
studies he made on seaweed species
ANGEL C. ALCALA
Advocate of coral reefs aside from his contribution
in the fields of systematics,
secology and herpetology
RAMON C. BARBA
Changes the seasonal supply of fresh fruits to an all
year round
availability of mangoes through his studies on the
induction of flowering
of mango and micropropagation of important crop
species.
EDGARDO D. GOMEZ
Steered the national- scale assessment of damage
coral reefs which led
a national conservation.
BENIGNO AQUINO III
Cont.
https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/benigno
6896.php
http://www.msi.upd.edu.ph/faculty/gavino-c-tronojr-ph-d
https://www.flipscience.ph/news/featuresnews/features/national scientist-angel-alcala/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/46658647/Quintus
pptx/
http://www.msi.upd.edu.ph/faculty/edgardo-dgomez-ph-d
Internal influences
• Survival
• Culture
• Economic Activities
Development of S&T in
the Philippines External influences
• Foreign colonizer
• Traders with foreign
countries
• International economic
demands
INFLUENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Cont.
https://www.slideshare.net/annaestardo/bspst
s-pt3-108692843
THE POLICIES ON S&T
UNDER THE AQUINO
ADMINISTRATION ARE AS
FOLLOWS:
Emphasizing Teaching In The Mother
Tongue (RA 10533)
Developing School
Infrastructure (RA 10931)
Providing For ICT
Broadband (RA 10844)
Integrate, Coordinate And Intensify Scientific And
Technological Research To Foster Invention (RA
2067)
Ensuring Compliance Of Drug –Manufacturing
Firms
With Asean – Harmonized Standards By Full
Implementation Of The Fda (RA 9711)
Creating An Education Council Dedicated To
Standardization Of Pharmaceutical Services/ Care
(RA
5921)
Empowering Food And Drug Agencies To
Conduct Evidence – Based Research As Pool Of
Information (RA 3720)
Allocating 2% Of The Gdp To Research (RA 8424)
Legislating A Law Supporting Human
Genome Projects (RA 10747)
Protecting And Conserving Biodiversity By Full
Implementation Of Existing Laws (RA 9147)
Use Of Biosafety And Standard Model
By Asean Countries
Promoting Indigenous Knowledge Systems And
Indigenous People People’s Conservation (RA
8371)
Formulation Of Common Food
And Safety Standards (RA
10611)
Cont.
RODRIGO DUTERTE
In 2018, Signed the REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11035 or
the Balik Scientist act.
This law provides incentives and
assistance to returning Filipino experts,
scientist, inventors, and engineers.
189 scientists per Million, Balik Scientist
program. But it was only implemented
until 1986
Cont.
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/12/r
odrigo-duterte-president-philippines-anti-drugs
campaign-thousands-killed
“History is a guide to navigation in perilous
times. History is who we are and why we are
the way we are.” – David McCullough
Autumn Leaves
hypnogoria.blogspot.com
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
4
➢ The floating amphibious tricycle called
the “Salamander” was launched by H2O
Technologies at the Capital Commons
Center in Pasig City.
➢ Atoy Llave of A-Toy Body Kits invented
the Salamander together with Dominic
Chang.
https://www.topgear.com.ph/news/car-news/pinoymade salamander-amphibious-trike-can-tackle-landand-water
 The engineering team was lead by Lamberto
Armada who
combined the ideas of Llave and Chang (The
Manila Times,
2015).
 It can drive over land and water and can carry six
passengers including the driver.
 It was built on a compartmentalized, double-hull,
fiberglass body that would not sink even if a section
sustains damage.
5
Two prototypes were introduced
 1) one is powered by 5kW electric engine
 2) the other by 250 cc gasoline motor
(Filipino Discoveries, Inventions, Innovations and
Products, 2015).
6
 On the road, the gas-powered model transmits its
power
to the pavement via the two rear wheels.
 When on water, the Salamander is propelled by a
three bladed propeller that is directly connected to
the engine.
 The cost of the Salamander would be between
PhP
200,000 to PhP 230,000 each (The Manila Times,
2015).
7
E-jeepneys
http://planetphilippines.com
8
➢ It runs on pure electricity supplied by
rechargeable automotive batteries
➢ It does not consume either gasoline or
diesel to operate.
➢ It has no noise, no fumes, and no
harmful emissions.
 It can be charged overnight for about eight hours
on an
ordinary wall outlet, much like charging a cellphone
and run
the next day for a minimum of 65 kms.
 The Philippine Utility Vehicle (PhUV) Inc.,
pioneered the
assembly of electric jeepneys in the Philippines
(PhUV Inc.,
n.d.).
Medical Incubator
https://www.facebook.com/nastphl/posts/wednsday
pilipinast/2673648509338671/
10
➢ Fe Del Mundo invented a bamboo
incubator in 1941.
➢ It was composed of two native laundry
baskets of different sizes and made of
bamboo.
➢ The baskets were placed one inside the
other.
 Hot water bottles were placed all around and
between
the outer basket to regulate the body temperature of
the
babies.
 A hood is placed over it with an attached oxygen
(Bulan,
2018).
 Del Mundo’s objective was to produce
inexpensive
inventions and can be reproduced by people with
limited
access to medical centers (Bulan, 2018).
11
Single-chip 16-bit Microprocessor
https://twitter.com/IPOPHL/status/10085330363
07116034/photo/1
12
➢Diosdado Banatao had his first
breakthrough with Commodore
International after he developed the
first single-chip graphical user interface
accelerator that made computers work a
lot faster.
➢A 16-bit microprocessor-based calculator
 This invention has allowed computer users to use
graphics for
commands and not the usual types commands in
older
computers.
 It has allowed data processing to be a little faster
using very
little space (Philippine Primer, 2017).
 He developed the world’s first system logic chip
set for IBM’s,
PC-XT and PC-AT.
 He also developed the first Windows Graphics
accelerator chip
for personal computers.
(Filipino Discoveries, Inventions, Innovations and
Products, 2013).
13
Electrifilter
https://gineersnow.com/engineering/electronics
/device-filipino-electronics-engineering-students
generates-electricity-wastewater
14
➢ It generates electricity from waste water
that can power lamp post in sidewalks and
roads.
➢ It has the capability to filter and cleanse
water that can be used for daily
consumption.
➢ The excess energy produced will be stored
to a battery (Gineers Now, n.d.).
 Christian G. Sta. Romana and
John Paul G. Santos from
Polytechnic University of the
Philippines won the award for their
invention, electrifilter.
 The waste output from the device
can be used as natural fertilizers.
 The device is designed to be
portable so that it can be used to
generate electricity, provide clean
water in times of floods, storms
and other calamities in remote
areas (Gineers Now, n.d.).
15
(Electricity Generation from Filthy Water) (Gineers
Now,n.d.).
SALt lamp
https://www.yugatech.com/toys-gadgets/this-lampruns-on tap-water-and-table-salt/
16
➢This was invented by a Filipina
scientist Aisa Mijeno, where her vision
is “to light up the rest of the
Philippines sustainably” (Buccat,2015).
➢The SALt lamp (Sustainable Alternative
Lighting lamp) is an environment friendly and an
alternative light source
that runs on saltwater, making it
suitable to those who live in coastal
areas and remote barrios (Buccat,
2015).
 It is composed of two table spoons of salt, one
glass of tap
water, catalysts and metal alloys that when
submerged in
electrolytes will generate electricity and can last for
eight hours.
 It utilizes the same principle as the Galvanic cell,
but uses saline
solution making it harmless and non-toxic (Buccat,
2015).
17
Vazbuilt: A Modular housing system
https://www.google.com/search?q=vazbuilt+modula
r+housing+syst
em&client=firefox-b
d&sxsrf=ALeKk03ViXTG3qIm9kVN6oBF8HjgM
GL0EQ:1594198373406
&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj
Y f3do73qAhWXad4KHW
KBIYQ_AUoAXoECBYQAw&biw=1366&bih=65
4#imgrc=SiPCS5ifOh8r6
M 18
➢ The Vazbuilt building technology was
invented by Edgardo G.Vazquez.
➢ In 1993, Mr. Vazquez was awarded the
Golden Medal Award as Most
Outstanding Inventor of the year in the
Creative Research Category by the
Filipino Inventors Society.
➢ In 1995, the World Intellectual Property
Organization (WIPO) based in Geneva
awarded him Best Invention of the Year
for his modular housing system (Pinoy
Achievers Blog, 2009).
 pre-fabricated reinforced concrete columns, wall
panels, tie beams
(at 2,500 to 3,500 psi) which are assembled into
modular housing
units.
 for building fire-proof, termite-proof and
earthquake-proof in less
than a month using pre-fabricated posts and panels.
 highly engineered method for construction of
buildings for residential
and commercial purposes (Pinoy Achievers Blog,
2009).
 practical, cost-effective and does not require
special skills or heavy
equipment.
 allowing easy assembling and dismantling of
components for
expansion and home improvements with lesser
workforce (Cesbiz,
2008).
19
Mosquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal trap
https://www.google.com/search?q=mosquito+ovic
idal/larvicidal+trap+system&client=firefox-b
d&sxsrf=ALeKk02FyZT0kB0xftl39Ys7O4j1FHGB
zg:15
94198629312&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved
=2
ahUKEwjqpIHYpL3qAhVP7WEKHcFNATwQ_A
UoAXoE
CA8QAw&biw=1366&bih=654#imgrc=s0sg1DmbUIjaM
20
➢ developed by the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) through its Industrial
Technology Development Institute (ITDI)
➢ aims to control the population of the dengue
carrying Aedes mosquitoes (R&D 100
Conference, 2016).
➢ consists of a black cup and a popsicle stick-like
strip of lawanit (coconut husk wall paneling)
which measures 1” x 6.5” that is half-immersed
in an organic solution
 the scent of the solution attracts female Aedes
aegypti
mosquitoes to lay their eggs on the lawanit stick.
 does not kill the mosquito but it kills the hundreds
of eggs it
lays.
 The pepper-based solution was developed by
leading Filipino
entomologists and DOST scientists (Filipino
Discoveries,
Inventions, Innovations and Products, 2013).
21
Multi-cooler fan
https://manilastandard.net/mobile/article/269915
22
➢ invented by Edgardo Vazquez
➢ a turbo version for industrial use with
diameters of three feet, seven feet, 15
feet and 24 feet.
➢ can surround an area of up to 80 meters
with cool mists.
➢ based on his Misty Kool mist-dispensing
apparatus which was recently
recognized and validated by the
Intellectual Property Office of the
Philippines (Dela Cruz, 2018).
Diwata-1: Philippine made Micro-satellite
https://www.google.com/search?q=diwata+1&client
=firefox-b
d&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk000pep2EqI0HT0wJMssY
O2Ip0JM2w:1594202229371&source=lnms&tbm=i
sch&sa=X&v
ed=2ahUKEwiFpdOMsr3qAhVWPHAKHUV_CH
MQ_AUoAXoECBsQAw&biw=1366&bih=654#im
grc=JXuspQAcCT
KB8M
23
 Diwata-1 is the first of the two micro-satellites in
the Philippines.
 It aims to send into space in three years via the
Philippine
Scientific Earth Observation Micro-Satellite (PHLMicrosat)
Program of the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) in
collaboration with the University of the Philippines
Diliman, and
two Japanese academic institutions, Tohoku
University (TU) and
Hokkaido University (HU).
24
 The micro-satellites are part of the DOST’s 10
year Ph24-billion
Space Technology Development (STD) Program
(De Jesus, 2017).
 It was built and designed by Filipinos, measuring
55 x 35 x 55
cm and weighing 50 kg.
 It was launched and deployed to orbit on April 27,
2016 to
capture data and images from about 1,000 selected
areas in the
Philippines
25
 It assists in weather observation, disaster risk
management,
environmental monitoring (for forest protection,
agriculture,
fisheries and mining) and preservation of cultural
and historical
sites, crop inventory, and monitoring of coastal
waters for the
security of the country’s territory (De Jesus, 2017).
26
Diwata-2
https://www.google.com/search?q=diwata+2&tbm=
isch&ved=2ahUKEwif8ryssr3qAhVKU5QKHa0fB
HUQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=diwata+2&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQ
DFAAWABg1pABaABwAHgAgAEAiAEAkgEA
mAECqgELZ3dzLXd
pei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=uJgFX52Bsqm0QStv5CoBw&bih=654&biw=1366&client=
firefox-b d&hl=en#imgrc=Ym7SVA6TxLZ7HM
27
 Philippine's second Earth-observing microsatellite
 It was successfully launched to space on October
29, 2018
from the Tanegashima Space Center in Japan via HIIA F40
rocket.
 This is in preparation for the expected end of
Diwata-1’s
useful life by November 2018 due to decay and the
gravitational pull of the Earth. (De Jesus, 2017).
28
 It is a 50 x 50 x 50 cm microsatellite with
estimated mass of 50 kg.
 It features two deployable systems - solar array
panels and amateur
radio antennas.
 It was launched to an orbit 213 kilometers higher
than Diwata-1’s.
29
Pinoy Hybrid Electric Train
https://www.google.com/search?q=pinoy+hybrid+el
ectric+train&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiSg4
r4sr3qAhURAqYKHe94BR8Q2cCegQIABAA&oq=pinoy+hybrid+electric+train&g
s_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECCMQJzoFCAAQsQM6A
g
gAOgQIABBDOgcIABCxAxBDOgYIABAFEB46
BggAEAgQHlDyzQpYioYLYIyNC2gAcAB4AIA
BlQKIAfkpk
gEHMC4xNy4xMJgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXota
W1n&sclient=img&ei=VpkFX5KAKJGEmAXv8Z
X4A
Q&bih=654&biw=1366&client=firefox-bd&hl=en#imgrc=cx8fSpa1qmNRgM 30
 The first Filipino hybrid electric train (HET) was
launched on
April 24, 2019. (Grecia, 2019).
 This was developed by the Departent of Science
and
Technology’s Metal Industry and Research
Development Center
in partnership with the Philippine National
Railways(PNR).
 The DOST took them five years to build the HET
and it cost 120
million pesos (Grecia, 2019).
31
 The air-conditioned train used Toyota’s Prius
technology and
can accommodate 880 passengers.
 It has CCTV systems, LED TV setups and
automatic sliding
doors. (Cruz, 2019)
 It made a round trip between Alabang PNR
station and Binan,
Laguna on April 24, 2019.
32
 The scheduled operations started on May 6, 2019
and it runs by
the PNR via the same routes for 19 days as part of
its turnover
process (Grecia, 2019).
 The DOST team head, Paolo Acuin described the
HET features,
having a diesel-powered generator, an electric
motor, a bank of
electrical batteries, and regenerative braking
technology.
33
 It works by using kinetic energy lost when a train
slows down,
converting it to electricity in the process.
(Subingsubing,2019)
 This is then stored in 260 lead acid-batteries,
which can be
utilized to run the HET or power the train’s
automatic doors,
air-conditioner, and CCTV cameras (Cruz, 2019).
34
Quink Ink
https://www.google.com/search?q=quink+ink+inve
nted+b
y+francisco+quisumbing&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKE
wj_xLXPs
73qAhUTMKYKHbDLAosQ2cCegQIABAA&oq=quink+ink&gs_lcp=CgNpbWc
QARgAMgQII
xAnMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggA
MgIIADIGCAAQBR
AeMgYIABAFEB46BQgAELEDOgQIABBDOgcI
ABCxAxBDOgYIA
BAIEB46BAgAEBhQ3MsJWIXbCWDF_gloAHA
AeACAAdsBiAHt
DZIBBTAuNi4zmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pb
Wc&sclient=i
mg&ei=DZoFX7KMpPgmAWwl4vYCA&bih=654&biw=1366&clie
nt=firefox-b d&hl=en#imgrc=Ih7GSlysfq7HVM
35
➢ Francisco Quisimbing invented a fountain
pen ink in 1931.
➢ He was a Filipino Botanist who got his PhD
in Taxonomy, Systematics and Morphology
from the University of Chicago in 1923
(Plethorist, n.d.).
➢ He organized the Philippine Ink
Corporation after World War II and
introduced Quink which stands for
Quisumbing Ink. (Plethorist, n.d.).
 It was sold in the United States since 1931.
 It has the desired quality of ink flow, has
resistance to water
and molding, not corrosive and dries quickly
(Plethorist, n.d.)
 Parker Company bought the rights to the ink with
Dr.
Quisimbing’s stipulation that the trademark
“Quink” would be
retained. (Agham Pinoy, 2010).
36
Click to add text
OVERVIEW
▪ This lesson is about Filipino scientists wherein
academicians, educators
and medical doctors were considered scientists due
to the researches they
have conducted, their recognition in the local and
international
environment that made an immense contribution to
the improvement of
the society.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to
▪ Identify the Filipino scientists and their
contribution in the society
▪ Determine the impact of the Filipino scientists’
accomplishments in the
society
CAESAR A. SALOMA
▪ Dr. Caesar A. Saloma is a scientist,
educator and was appointed as the
chancellor of the University of the
Philippines Diliman (UPD) on 2011.
▪ He is a Physics Professor of the National
Institute of Physics (NIP) in UPD.
▪ He became the Dean of the College of
Science (CS) at UPD and NIP Director (UPD,
n.d.).
(https://prabook.com/web/caesar.saloma/259885)
4
CAESAR A. SALOMA
▪ Saloma received the Galileo Galilei Award from
the International
Commission for Optics in 2004 in recognition of his
significant
contributions in the field of optics that were
accomplished under
comparatively unfavorable conditions.
▪ He was recognized for his contributions to
photonics, signal processing
and development of method to generate highcontrast images of
semiconductor sites via one photon optical beaminduced current imaging
and confocal reflectance microscopy.
5
CAESAR A. SALOMA
▪ On June 26,2007, this project received a US patent
(No. 7,235,988) (UPD,
n.d.).
▪ He is interested in confocal laser scanning
microscopy, interferometry,
signal and image processing, neural networks and
complex adaptive
systems and in the development of efficient models
for describing the
dynamics of real-world systems that involve a large
number of
interacting agents (UPD, n.d.).
6
RICARDO S. BALOG
▪ Engr. Ricardo S. Balog of the
Department of Mechanical Engineering
is one of the 2019 The Asian Scientist
100, released on May 5, 2019 (UST,
2019).
▪ Balog was the former Assistant Dean of
the Faculty of Engineering.
(http://www.ust.edu.ph/uwide-news/balog-of
mechanical-engineering-joins-the-asian-scientist
100-list-for-2019/)
7
RICARDO S. BALOG
▪ He received the 2018 Mario Cruel Award for
Advanced Engineering
Technology Application, for his research on lowcost medical devices
(Asian Scientist 100, 2019).
▪ Among Balog’s innovations are: a low-cost, multipurpose, adjustable, and
self-restraining retractor used by surgeons in
performing surgery on a
patient’s abdominal area; and an orthopaedic device
used to correct
misaligned / dislocated bones, particularly a
patient’s lower limb bones
(UST, 2019).
8
ELMER P. DADIOS
▪ Dr. Elmer P. Dadios is a Full Professor at the
Manufacturing Engineering and
Management Department, Gokongwei
College of Engineering of De La Salle
University.
▪ He is a University Fellow and holds the
highest faculty rank of Full Professor 10.
(https://appc.pids.gov.ph/index.php/speakers/profil
es-of-speakers/155-elmer-dadios)
9
ELMER P. DADIOS
▪ His research interests include artificial
intelligence, evolutionary systems,
fuzzy logic, manufacturing processes, neural
networks, robotics, software
engineering, automation and intelligent systems
(Annual Public Policy
Conference, n.d.).
▪ Dadios is a multi-awarded educator and scholar.
His international awards
include the Best Paper Presentation at the 27th
Annual Conference of the
IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (Denver, USA,
December 2001); and at
the IECON-2000 Fellows at the IEEE International
Conference on Industrial
Electronics, Control and Instrumentation (Nagoya,
Japan, October 2000).
1
0
ELMER P. DADIOS
▪ He is a consultant for both the government and
private corporations on
software and hardware development in the area of
robotics and
intelligent systems application.
▪ He is the president of NEURONEMECH
Incorporation.
▪ Dadios is founder and past president of the
Mechatronics and Robotics
Society of the Philippines.
1
1
ELMER P. DADIOS
▪ He is a Senior Member of the Institute of
Electrical and Electronics
Engineer (IEEE) (Annual Public Policy Conference,
n.d.).
▪ He is editor of the Journal of Advanced
Computational Intelligence and
Intelligent Informatics of Japan and Associate
Editor of the International
Journal for Manufacturing S&T of USA and
Federation of International
Robot-Soccer Association (FIRA) Newsletter.
12
ROSALINDA C. TORRES
▪ Dr. Rosalinda C. Torres was recognized as one
of the Asian Scientist 100 in 2019.
▪ She is presently the Chief at the Standards
and Testing Division of DOST-ITDI and studies
mostly on applications of chemistry on
natural products, drug discovery as well as
medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry
(Manila Bulletin, 2019).
(https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rosalinda_
Torres)
13
ROSALINDA C. TORRES
▪ Her interests are on larvicidal potential of
Philippine medicinal plants like
avocado, guyabano, and pomelo. These plants,
based on her studies, have
extracts that are toxic for pests like mosquito while
in their larva stage
(Manila Bulletin, 2019).
▪ Dr. Torres has conducted researches on natural
products that have
resulted in the development of health supplements,
personal care
products, and plant products with insectidal
properties (Scientific Career
System, n.d.).
14
ROSALINDA C. TORRES
▪ Novel analgesic products (balm, gel and massage
oil) and mosquito
repellent were produced from her work in essential
oil extraction. These
are supported with biological and clinical trials
(Scientific Career System,
n.d.).
▪ More recently, she and co-workers identified five
plants with larvicidal,
ovicidal, and adulticidal activities for the control of
mosquito dengue
vector and have developed products for which
several patents have been
applied for (Scientific Career System, n.d.).
15
ALONZO A. GABRIEL
▪ Dr. Alonzo A. Gabriel is an associate
professor of food science at the College
of Home Economics (CHE), UP Diliman.
▪ He is a member of various professional
societies, among them the Saint Gallen
of Japan, European Society of Clinical
Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
(Germany), and the International
Association for Food Protection (USA).
(https://scholar.google.com.ph/citations?user=V
AISY0gAAAAJ&hl=en)
16
ALONZO A. GABRIEL
▪ He obtained his PhD in Bio-functional Science
and Technology (Food
Microbiology and Hygiene) from Hiroshima
University in Japan (SPHERES,
2016).
▪ He is a recipient of the 2013 Outstanding Young
Scientist Award (for the
field of Microbiology and Hygiene) from the
National Academy of Science
and Technology, the TOYM 2013 (The Outstanding
Young Men of the
Philippines) for Food Science and Technology, the
2013 IUFoST
(International Union of Food Science and
Technology) Young Scientist
Excellence Award, and the 2014 Gregorio Y. Zara
Award for Applied
Research of the Philippine Association for the
Advancement of Science or
PhilAAS (SPHERES, 2016).
17
ALONZO A. GABRIEL
▪ He is particularly interested in ‘Hurdle Food
Technology,’ which is the
application of multiple mild food processing
technologies to achieve food
safety and food quality.
▪ The term ‘Precision Food Processing,’ he used,
involves the establishment
of models that estimate microbial inactivation and
quality deterioration
rates in food.
▪ These models may be used in the determination of
precise food
processing schedules with the recommended
lethality against
microorganisms, and minimal effects on the
desirable nutritional,
physicochemical, and sensory quality of food
(Pinoy Scientist, 2016).
18
GAY JANE P. PEREZ
▪ Dr. Gay Jane P. Perez finished BS Applied
Physics in 2003, Master of Science in Physics
in 2005 and Doctorate in Physics, all at UP
Diliman.
▪ She is an associate professor from the
Institute of Environmental Science and
Meteorology at the University of the
Philippines (UP) in Diliman, Quezon City
(Bunachita, 2018).
(https://www.google.com/search?q=gay+jane+
perez&client=firefox-b
d&tbm=isch&#imgrc=ZY9CW10M:&vet=1)
19
GAY JANE P. PEREZ
▪ She was the first Filipino to be awarded the
ASEAN-US Science Prize for
Women. She received a $20,000 cash prize from the
US government and
its private partner, Underwriters Laboratories (UL),
a global safety science
company (Inquirer,2018).
▪ Perez’s award-winning research focuses on using
satellite data to forecast
drought and identify the ideal planting areas and
seasons that could result
in improved crop yield.
20
GAY JANE P. PEREZ
Diwata-1
(https://www.goodnewspilipinas.
com/gay-jane-perez-wins-asean us-science-prizefor-women/)
• She led the DOST Philippines Microsat program
that
successfully sent into orbit
Diwata-1 in 2016 (Good News
Pilipinas, 2018).
21
GAY JANE P. PEREZ
▪ “Farmers can be advised early on where to plant
and what to plant, and if
there’s drought, when to irrigate,” Perez explained
(Bunachita, 2018).
▪ Dr. Gay Jane Perez was a postdoctoral fellow at
the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA) in the United
States when she realized
how much data can be culled from satellite images
(Bunachita, 2018).
▪ Dr. Perez started working on drought forecasting
in different farm areas in
provinces like Ilocos Norte, Nueva Ecija, Bicol,
Cebu, Iloilo and Bukidnon
through satellite images from Diwata 1 and 2.
(Bunachita,2018)
22
REINABELLE C. REYES
▪ Dr. Reinabelle “Reina” C. Reyes graduated
valedictorian in Philippine Science High Scool
where she trained for the National Physics
Olympiad in her junior year.
▪ She finished her Bachelor of Science in Physics
at Ateneo de Manila University and graduated
summa cum laude.
(https://globalnation.inquirer.net/31337/journey tothe-stars-and-back)
23
REINABELLE C. REYES
▪ She earned her Masters in high energy Physics at
the Abdus Salam
International Center for Theoretical Physics in
Trieste, Italy (Sacris, 2016).
▪ She obtained a PhD in Astrophysics from
Princeton University in 2011.
▪ She received the Chambliss Astronomy
Achievement Student Award from
the American Astronomical Society for her research
on “obscured
quasars”.
24
REINABELLE C. REYES
▪ At Princeton University, she studied the mass
profiles of disk galaxies,
observing at different scales, imaging, long-slit
spectroscopy and weak
gravitational lensing (Sacris, 2016).
▪ Among Dr. Reyes’ contributions to the field of
science include expanding
Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity across
galaxies outside of our solar
system, earning her the status of being "The Filipina
who proved Einstein
right" (Asian Scientist, 2016).
25
REINABELLE C. REYES
▪ Stressing the importance of science research,
Reyes says:
“My hope for scientific research in the Philippines
is for it to continue to deepen and
grow. We have so much to contribute to world
knowledge by studying our
geologically and ecologically rich land and water,
and our sociologically and
culturally rich communities. We have so much to
gain from applying appropriate
technologies to our industries – from agriculture and
fisheries to manufacturing and
analytics. We will be a smarter nation as a whole if
we teach kids to think like
scientists – to formulate hypotheses and put them to
the test, and to not believe
anything just because someone (usually, of
authority) said so” (Sacris, 2016).
26
CHARISSA M. FERRERA
▪ Dr. Charissa M. Ferrera was also recognized as
one of the Asian Scientist 100 this year 2019.
She is a university researcher that specializes
in marine biogeochemistry (Panela, 2018).
▪ She won the 2018 L’Oreal-UNESCO for
Women in Science Fellowship for her
research on improving water quality in
coastal towns (OVPAA-UP, n.d.).
(https://www.rappler.com/science nature/societyculture/204157-charissa marcaida-ferrera-lorealunesco-women-science fellow-2018)
27
CHARISSA M. FERRERA
▪ She graduated from UP Diliman in her bachelor’s
degree in Chemistry
(2004) and MS Marine Science (2012).
▪ She took her PhD in Mechanical and
Environmental Informatics (2016) at
the Tokyo Institute of Technology in Japan (Panela,
2018).
▪ Her current research is on the analysis of the water
quality in Anda and
Bolinao, two of the towns in Western Pangasinan
that breed bangus
(milkfish).
28
CHARISSA M. FERRERA
▪ Ferrera studies the amount of phosphorus – one of
the nutrients that
support the growth of algae and other aquatic plants
(Panela, 2018).
▪ An excessive amount of phosphorus in the water
and sediments lead to
phosphorus pollution, and is linked to harmful algal
blooms or red tide.
Harmful algal blooms could be toxic for marine life,
and are often linked to
a localized die-off of the fish population or fish kill
(Panela, 2018).
29
OVERVIEW
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to
• Identify the Filipino scientists and their
contribution in the society
• Determine the impact of the Filipino scientists’
accomplishments in the
society
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
FE V. DEL MUNDO
• Dr. Fe V. Del Mundo (Nov. 27, 1911- Aug. 6,
2011) is credited with the invention of
medical incubator and jaundice relieving
device.
(https://www.inverse.com/article/51263-fe-del
mundo-harvard-medical-school-first
3
FE V. DEL MUNDO
• She had an active medical practice in the field of
pediatrics in the
Philippines that spanned eight decades and founded
a children’s hospital
(Bellis, 2019).
• The Children’s Medical Center, a 100-bed hospital
located in Quezon City,
was inaugurated in 1957 as the first pediatric
hospital in the Philippines
and was expanded in 1966 through the
establishment of an Institute of
Maternal and Child Health.
4
FE V. DEL MUNDO
• Del Mundo entered the University of the
Philippines at the age of 15.
After receiving an Associate in Arts degree, she
proceeded to study at the
university’s medical school.
• In 1933, she graduated with the highest honors,
received her medical
degree, and was awarded a medal as the “Most
Outstanding Scholar in
Medicine” by the Colegio Medico-Farmaceutico de
Filipinas (Paras, 2018).
5
FE V. DEL MUNDO
Dr. Fe V. Del Mundo Medical Center
• She was awarded as National Scientist of
the Philippines, Elizabeth Blackwell Award
for Outstanding Service to Mankind (1966),
Ramon Magsaysay Award for Outstanding
Public Service (1977), names
Outstanding Pediatrician and Humanitarian
by the International Pediatric Association
(1977) (Bellis, 2019).
https://www.thoughtco.com/filipino-doctor-fe-del
mundo-1991718
6
• Dr. Abelardo B. Aguilar (Nov. 3, 1917 – Sep.
22, 1993) as a medical representative then,
worked for the pharmaceutical company Eli
Lilly and Company.
• He sent soil samples from Iloilo for testing
in 1949 (Filipiknow, 2019).
ABELARDO B. AGUILAR
7
https://filipiknow.net/abelardo-aguilarerythromycin/
ABELARDO B. AGUILAR
• A new source of antibiotic was found and the drug
was called
“Erythromycin”
• It was used as an alternative for penicillin-allergic
patients.
• “Oral administration is effective in one hour and
the drug is detectable in
the bloodstream for eight hours” (The News Today,
2005).
8
ABELARDO B. AGUILAR
• Generically named Erythromycin, the
company christened it Ilosone (it was also
called Ilotycin) to commemorate its origin in
Iloilo.
https://www.google.com/search?q=ilosone+500&cli
ent=firefox-b
d&sxsrf=ALeKk01I5U9CfkJpowCcOMyRmXiKv
W1MnQ:15947834
34567&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahU
KEwirn_Ggp87q
AhXoyIsBHTatC_oQ_AUoAXoECAwQAw&biw=
1366&bih=654#i
mgrc=KZy4i8PwwkiRrM
9
RAYMUNDO S. PUNONGBAYAN
• He was the former director of the Philippine
Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOCS) from 1983 to 2002.
• He was recognized internationally as an authority
in volcanological and seismological phenomena
(Life’s Documentation, 2009).
(https://personalmemoir.wordpress.com/tag/dr
raymundo-s-punongbayan/)
10
RAYMUNDO S. PUNONGBAYAN
• His initial investigations gave warnings about the
possible eruption of Mt.
Pinatubo in 1991 that helped in the evacuation of
the people.
• After 10 years of the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, he
led his team to dig a 5
meter deep drainage channel on the side of Mt.
Pinatubo to spill off about a
quarter of the swollen volcanic lake that formed
since the eruption. This
helped saved more lives from a potential flash flood
(Life’s Documentation,
2009).
11
RAYMUNDO S. PUNONGBAYAN
Eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991
https://www.google.com/search?q=eruption+of+mt
+pinatubo+philip
pines+1991&client=firefox-b
d&sxsrf=ALeKk03XHfVQq_cKkw8sq0o4j3gYpSv
TrA:159478570314
3&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEw
j28s_ar87qAhUSE6
YKHVysCU0Q_AUoAnoECBkQBA&biw=1366&
bih=654#imgrc=wL
tWvSwPcsHJyM
12
WILLIAM G. PADOLINA
• He started as a Research Assistant at UPLB
and became a professor of Chemistry at the
University.
• He also served as Director of the UPLB National
Institute of Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology (BIOTECH) (IRRI, n.d.).
(http://www.osaka
u.ac.jp/en/international/news/files/padolina.jpg/view
)
13
WILLIAM G. PADOLINA
His expertise and interests are in
the areas of
• research management
• science policy
• technology transfer
• secondary plant metabolism
• biotechnology
• intellectual property rights
• chemistry of the coconut –
production of novel derivatives of
coconut fatty acids
• medicinal plant chemistry – isolation,
identification and biological testing of
novel constituents of Philippine
medicinal plants.
• promotion of natural products
14
ARTEMIO M. SALAZAR
• He is a Professor in the College of
Agriculture in UPLB where he teaches
advanced plant breeding methods and basic
population and quantitative genetics
• He was one of the Asian Scientist 100 last
2019.
(http://uplb.edu.ph/top-stories/man-behind-rico
blend-is-in-asian-scientist-100-for-2019/)
15
ARTEMIO M. SALAZAR
• He headed his team in producing the IPB Quality
Protein Maize Var.6 that
is used in the rice-corn (RiCo) blend as food staple
for Filipinos (UPLB,
2019).
• IPB VAR 6 is a white flint corn, one of those they
call QPM or Quality
Protein Maize. (Sarian, 2017)
16
ARTEMIO M. SALAZAR
• According to Dr. Salazar, they have acquired
Quality Protein Maize (QPM)
because they have found out that it improved the
nutritional status and
health of poor Africans.
• The QPMVar 6, also known as High Lysine and
Tryptophan Corn in 2000.
17
ARTEMIO M. SALAZAR
• IPB Var 6 contains 66.2 percent more
lysine than the regular white corn.
• It also contains more tryptophan,
protein content, dietary fiber, minerals,
and anti-oxidants than rice alone
(Bureau of Agricultural Research, 2012).
https://www.magzter.com/article/Home/Agriculture
/IPB VAR-6-White-Corn-Good-For-DietersDiabetics
18
MARISSA A. PAGLICAWAN
• Dr. Marissa A. Paglicawan is Scientist 1 and
head of the Advanced Materials Section at
the Materials Science Division at DOST-ITDI.
• She was also included in the Asian Scientist
100 (Manila Bulletin, 2019).
(https://www.asianscientist.com/2019/03/feature
s/26-fantastic-female-scientists/2/)
19
MARISSA A. PAGLICAWAN
• Her research includes turning Manila hemp or
abaca into an engineering
material (Manila Bulletin, 2019).
• She was awarded the 2018 Gregorio Zara Award
for Applied Science
Research.
20
MARISSA A. PAGLICAWAN
• Dr. Paglicawan headed the project of
DOST’s ITDI of using abaca fiber in
“Tryk ni Juan” which is a common
motorized tricycle.
• The driver’s roof and sidecar are
made of abaca fiber.
https://www.google.com/search?q=tryk+ni+juan&cl
ient=firefox
-b
d&sxsrf=ALeKk00aekH0lHrfN_Uw0Y74pzSc1W8
CJw:159478
4250878&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2a
hUKEwjw6p
Cmqs7qAhWNzIsBHdaVB2sQ_AUoAXoECAsQA
w&biw=136
6&bih=654#imgrc=uBlAr6ISQTYakM
21
MARISSA A. PAGLICAWAN
• This is combined with resin to form a composite
producing a lightweight,
cheap, corrosion-resistant and provide good
insulation, making it a good
substitute material for stainless steel and galvanized
iron (Newsbytes,
2018).
22
LOURDES J. CRUZ
• Dr. Lourdes J. Cruz was chosen as the first
Filipino winner of the 2010 L'oréal-UNESCO
"ForWomen In Science Awards."
• She helped discover a snail toxin a thousand
times more powerful than morphine (ABS
CBN News, 2009).
(https://alchetron.com/Lourdes-J-Cruz)
23
LOURDES J. CRUZ
• She was a National Scientist based at the
University of the Philippines Diliman.
• She was recognized for her scientific contributions
in the field of
biochemistry, particularly on the isolation and
characterization of the
venom called conotoxins from marine cone snails
during the 1970s to 80s
(DOST, 2012).
24
LOURDES J. CRUZ
• In 2001, Dr. Cruz established the Rural Livelihood
Incubator also known
as Rural LINC Program.
• This program was established to mobilize science
and technology to
alleviate poverty.
• This project involves building a fruit processing
facility run by women
farmers where the indigenous tribes can sell fruits
from the orchards
and forest trees” (DOST, 2012).
25
LOURDES J. CRUZ
https://www.themostpopularlists.com/2020/02/thepinay-whose work-revealed-deadly.html
“The most deadly of the nearly 500 species of
cone snails, the geographic cone’s intricately
patterned shell is coveted by collectors.”
(“Geographic”)
26
RODY G. SY
• Dr. Rody G. Sy practices internal medicine
and a cardiologist since 1975 (Filipino
Doctor, n.d).
• He is a professor at the University of the
Philippines and Chairman and President of
the UP Medical Alumni Foundation
Incorporation (UP, 2018).
(https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/)
27
RODY G. SY
• He has focused on hypertension, diabetic heart
disease, metabolic
syndrome, heart failure, and atherosclerosis, a
disease in which a plaque,
such as fat and cholesterol, build up in the arteries
of the heart (Business
Mirror, 2018).
28
RODY G. SY
• His research in 2009, called LIFE course study in
Cardiovascular Disease
Epidemiology, studied factors leading to
development of cardiovascular
diseases.
• It has initiated follow-up researches, including
health evaluation
questionnaire (Business Mirror, 2018).
29
FABIAN M. DAYRIT
• Dr. Fabian M. Dayrit is a Philippine educator
and scientist.
• He is a professor of chemistry at Ateneo de
Manila University and the current director of
the National Chemistry Instrumentation
Center (Prabook, n.d.).
(http://spheres.dost.gov.ph/story.php?i=000356)
30
FABIAN M. DAYRIT
• He is recognized for his outstanding scientific
researches in the field of
chemistry,spectroscopy and environmental science.
• His research in natural products has led to a better
understanding of
bioactives and the identification of a new compound
from indigenous
plants particularly lagundi.
31
FABIAN M. DAYRIT
• He has explored the use of nuclear magnetic
resonance for chemical
analysis as well as structural analysis of
polysaccharides, especially
carrageenan from Philippine seaweeds (Spheres,
2016).
• He has developed a methodology using Gas
Chromatography coupled
with high resolution Mass Spectrometry for lowlevel analysis of various
compounds, including 3-MCPD in soy sauce and
drugs in urine (Spheres,
2016).
32
FABIAN M. DAYRIT
• He was the project leader of the DOST Roadmap
for Nanotechnology
Development in the Philippines, which identified
the priority areas for the
development of nanotechnology R&D in the
country.
• He is also a member of various scientific and
professional societies which
include the Philippine-American Association of
Science and Engineering
(PAASE), Natural Products Society of the
Philippines (NPSP), National
Research Council of the Philippines and the
American Chemical Society
(Integrated Chemists of the Philippines, 2012).
33
FABIAN M. DAYRIT
• Last June 28, 2019, he was conferred the title
Professor Emeritus teacher, scholar and leader of
the highest rank at the Loyola School of
the Ateneo de Manila University (ADMU, 2019).
• Dr. Dayrit was doing an experiment on virgin
coconut oil in vitro as a
potential treatment against SARS-Cov-2 (COVID 19).
34
FABIAN M. DAYRIT
• He believed that coconut oil when ingested
into the body, the body’s lipase enzymes
release active compound metabolites- mainly
monolaurin and lauric acid, which have the
physicochemical property of being able to
destroy the membrane of lipid-coated
viruses. (IFTNEXT, 2020)
https://www.ift.org/iftnext/2020/april/researchersthink-coconut-oil-may help-treat-covid-19-patients
https://ateneo.edu/ls/sose/sose/news/research/poten
tial-coconut-oil-and-its-derivatives-effective-and
safe-antiviral
35
Chapter 6
Philosophical Aspects of STS
Presentation by: Carmelo Miguel H. Ebreo
Physical Science Department
Overview
I. Philosophical Origins
II. Good Life and Happiness
III. Limitations of Science and Technology
Objectives
Review the Philosophical Origins of S&T
Understand the Different Schools of Thought form
Ancient Greece
Define What a Good Life Means from Past and
Then
Analyse the Impacts of Technology on Society
Reflect on Human Condition in the Context of S&T
Introduction
Philosophy Means “Love of Wisdom”
Philosophy Provided Foundations For Science
Science Naturally Originated From Philosophy
Science Seeks Objective Truth Through Empiricism
Science and Technology Have Limitations
Philosophical Background
Some key figures of Metaphysics, Epistemology,
Empiricism, etc.
Images source:
[1] https://wellcomecollection.org/works/v9mqh7zb
[2] https://www.biography.com/scholar/aristotle
[3] https://www.biography.com/scholar/renedescartes
[4]
http://www.dailynews.lk/2019/12/23/tc/206398/davi
d-hume-natural-comfortable-thinking?page=6
[5] https://medium.com/thedialogues/immanuelkant-1724-1804-f736bafe364d
[3] Rene Descartes
(1596-1650)
[2] Aristotle
(385-323 BCE)
[4] David Hume
(1711-1776)
[5] Immanuel Kant
(1724-1804)
[1] Plato
(428-348 BCE)
Images source:
https://www.history.com/topics/ancienthistory/plato
Plato’s The Akademeia (387 BCE)
Schools of Thoughts of the Hellenistic Age (323-30
BCE)
Cynicism: denial of established norms, follow one’s
natural inclinations; people must reject all
conventional needs such as
power, sex, and wealth to be attuned with nature
Scepticism: people should doubt their senses; no
one can be
certain about the knowledge that we have
Epicureanism/Hedonism: Pleasure and Pain are the
two only
important aspects of living; happiness is achieved
through pleasure
Stoicism: Virtue is the highest good based on
Perfect Rationality;
we best achieve happiness when we resign
ourselves to Fate
Philosophy of Science
From Empiricism (experience-based thinking) to
Logicism
Images source:
[1] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Portrait-ofibn-Sina-or-Avicenna-980-1037CE_fig7_236331515
[2] https://www.biography.com/scholar/francisbacon
[3] https://www.the-tls.co.uk/articles/bertrandrussell-science-philosophy/
[2] Francis
Bacon
(1561-1626)
[1] Ibn Sina or
Avicenna
(980-1037)
[3] Russel
Bertrand
(1872-1970)
How Science is Done
Types of Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Abductive Reasoning
Images source:
https://www.setthings.com/en/branches-of-science/
Fields of Modern Science
Natural
Sciences
Social
Sciences
Formal
Sciences
Images sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_science
https://study.com/academy/course/natural-sciencescourse.html
https://mronline.org/2018/05/22/karl-marx-thesocial-sciences/
https://www.sbra.be/en/content/value-socialscience-humanities-europe
https://towardsdatascience.com/best-data-sciencetools-for-data-scientists75be64144a88?gi=94eb1d250465
Images source:
https://www.setthings.com/en/branches-of-science/
Validity of Scientific Reasoning
The Vienna Circle (1907) and Berlin Circle
(1920): two groups of empiricists who
maintained the Verifiability Principle or
Verificationism
Verificationism: if a principle cannot be
supported by empirical evidence, then it is
regarded as meaningless
Alternatively, Karl Popper proposed the
Falsification Principle: as long as the
experiment is not false, it is accepted as the
prevailing explanation to the relevant
phenomena
Image source:
https://partiallyexam
inedlife.com/2015/0
3/17/science technology-and society-iii-the viennacircle/
Image source:
https://plato.stanfor
d.edu/entries/poppe
r/
The Concept of Good Life and Happiness
Greek concept: Eudaimonia which literally means
“good-spirited”. It can
also mean “human flourishing” or “prosperity”
Eudaimonia is central to the philosophy of Aristotle:
Nichomachean Ethics –
eudaimonia is the end goal of human action and the
highest human good; the
“human good turns out to be [rational] activity of
soul in accordance with
virtue”
Eudaimonia is analogous to the top most position in
Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs: Self-actualization is the highest personal
need (top of the pyramid
diagram)
True Meaning of Technology
➢What comes first in mind?
➢Application of Science on our everyday problems
➢Something that is a machine or a process
➢It comes from the Greek word techne (refers to
manufacturing and
arts)
➢Techne is a part of poiesis (“bringing forth”) –
something that brings
concealment into reveal
➢Poiesis is related to aletheia (“truth”)
➢From this, we can say that technology is a way
that reveals the truth
and contributes to good
Role of Technology in Our Lives
What could go wrong? Technology is amoral: it
does not tell us what is morally right or wrong.
Martin Heidegger’s points on his analysis of
technology:
1. Technology is not an instrument; it is a way of
revealing the truth about the world
2. Technology is not controlled by humans; it is
Technology that controls human activities
3. Technology is dangerous in a sense that it frames
our thinking bout the world
Martin Heidegger (1889-1976)
( https://thegreatthinkers.org/heidegger/)
Summary
Science naturally came from Philosophy and it uses
many paradigms to
search for truths about nature
We live our lives on the prospect of Good life and
Happiness
Technology is not only a mere device, but also a
way to reveal hidden truths
Science/Technology have its limitations. It only
looks for objective truths
Science/Technology is amoral. It is in our hands to
use it for better or worse