INTI INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE SUBANG
DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
SESSION JANUARY 2020
INTERNSHIP REPORT
Name: TEH TIONG HONG
Student ID: J17024677
Supervisor: MR. TAN SEAH MENG
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Mr. Tan Seah Meng for
providing their invaluable guidance, comments and suggestions throughout the internship of
my intern. I would specially thank him for constantly motivating me to work harder.
Teh Tiong Hong
J17024677
1
Declaration
I declare that this project is entirely my own work except where due references are made.
Student Signature
Teh Tiong Hong
J17024677
17th July 2019
2
Abstract
In this project I intend to do a unicycle with handlebar. Unicycle is a vehicle that drive with
only one wheels, and it is hard to ride. Many people go to their work individually but use a
vehicle that was large enough to fit in 5 people, this is a waste of space and energy just to get
to the location you need individually. The objective of this project is to make a much more
stable unicycle so that it will make it much easier to use. In addition, it can also let people have
economical transportation and small size vehicle to the location that they wanted individually.
This is also to help the society to save space to park their vehicle and less pollution to the earth.
3
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... 4
List of Table ............................................................................................................................... 5
List of figures ............................................................................................................................. 6
1
Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 7
1.1
2
3
Objective ..................................................................................................................... 7
Theory ................................................................................................................................ 8
2.1
Stable of Unicycle ....................................................................................................... 8
2.2
Scope ......................................................................................................................... 10
2.4
Riding and Turning ................................................................................................... 11
2.5
Turning ...................................................................................................................... 11
2.6
Idling ......................................................................................................................... 12
2.7
Handlebars ................................................................................................................. 13
Methodology .................................................................................................................... 14
3.1
Research .................................................................................................................... 14
3.2
Works to be carried out ............................................................................................. 15
3.2.1
Design ................................................................................................................ 16
3.2.2
Planning ............................................................................................................. 17
3.2.3
Assembly............................................................................................................ 18
3.2.4
Testing and Troubleshooting ............................................................................. 20
3.3
Unicycle Handlebars materials Properties ................................................................ 21
3.4
Calculations ............................................................................................................... 23
4
Result and analysis ........................................................................................................... 26
5
Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 27
6
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 28
7
Gannt Chart ...................................................................................................................... 29
8
Reference ......................................................................................................................... 30
9
Appendix .......................................................................................................................... 31
4
List of Table
Table 1 Material Properties ...................................................................................................... 21
Table 2 Gannt Chart ................................................................................................................. 29
5
List of figures
Figure 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 2 .................................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 3 .................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 4 .................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 5 hand sketch ................................................................................................................ 16
Figure 6 3D design ................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 7 Final Design............................................................................................................... 17
Figure 8 AutoCAD drawing..................................................................................................... 17
Figure 9 handlebar to be used .................................................................................................. 18
Figure 10 Nut and Bolt
Figure 11 better picture of a lock nut ........................................... 18
Figure 12 Unicycle with 20'' wheel Figure 13 receipt......................................................... 19
Figure 14 CrMo Steel............................................................................................................... 22
Figure 15 Example of a much stable unicycle ......................................................................... 26
Figure 16 picture of my presentation ....................................................................................... 28
6
1 Introduction
A unicycle is a vehicle that touches the ground with only one wheel. The most common
variation has a frame with a saddle and has a pedal-driven direct drive. A two-speed hub is
commercially available for faster unicycling. Unicycling is practiced professionally in circuses,
by street performers, in festivals, and as a hobby. Unicycles have also been used to create new
sports such as unicycle hockey. In recent years, unicycles have also been used in mountain
unicycling, an activity like mountain biking or trials.
There is no real mystery about how unicyclists stay upright they pedal to keep their point of
contact with the ground under their centre of gravity. But pedalling is confined to the plane of
the wheel, and so a sideways fall must be countered by first turning the wheel-plane. This may
be done by upper-body rotation, using angular momentum conservation and wheel/ground
friction. As a result, a competent rider can control the machine near upright by continual small
adjustments of the wheel-plane plus minor pedalling to and from. This may be either static
balancing (‘idling’) or a subsidiary component of steady progress. Here we consider details of
the planar part of the stabilising motion and develop a feedback model for the rider’s reactions
to falling backwards or forwards in the wheel-plane.
In this project I intend to do an extra stable unicycle. What I see that many unicycles are made
for entertainment and it is hard to ride due to the one-wheel balancing is like balance a coin but
add on another weight in it. addition problem is many people go to their work individually but
use a vehicle that was large enough to fit in 5 people, this is a waste of space and energy just
to get to the location you need individually.
1.1 Objective
It is to make a much more stable unicycle so that it will make it much easier to use. In addition,
it can also let people have economical transportation and small size vehicle to the location that
they wanted individually. This is also to help the society to save space to park their vehicle and
less pollution to the earth.
7
2
Theory
2.1
Stable of Unicycle
“There is no real mystery about how unicyclists stay upright — they pedal so as to keep
their point of contact with the ground under their centre of gravity.
But pedalling is confined to the plane of the wheel, and so a sideways fall has to be
countered by first turning the wheel-plane. This may be done by upper-body rotation, using
angular momentum conservation and wheel/ground friction.
As a result, a competent rider can control the machine near upright by continual small
adjustments of the wheel-plane plus minor pedalling to and from. This may be either static
balancing (‘idling’) or a subsidiary component
of steady progress.” – Johnson
It is possible to gain both longitudinal and lateral stability on a unicycle. These depend on
the pitch and roll angles. Pitch is the rotation made in the horizontal (x) axis and Roll is the
vertical (y axis) rotation. Longitudinal stability is attained by pedalling faster or slower.
Pedalling involves your thighs and shanks and gives them a good work out even after a short
ride. The two sides of the rider's thighs and shanks are used alternately and not
simultaneously. Longitudinal stability is also controlled by the rider moving their torso and
arms forward or backward. Lateral stability depends on longitudinal stability. Lateral stability
is obtained by going in the direction the rider feels that they are falling in. Unicyclist are
constantly correcting themselves in order to stay stable. In order to go in the direction, the
rider is falling they must lean their torso sideways, countering their shift in weight by pulling
in or pushing out their arms and twisting their hips to physically turn the seat. Turning with
the hips makes enables riders to make sharper turns.
Stability of the pitch and roll angles are needed for the rider to control the speed of the
wheel, which is directly related to the Yaw angle (z axis). Neither the pitch or roll angle may
exceed 90 degrees for the rider to maintain their stable posture. If a rider cannot maintain
their posture on the unicycle for more than one second, they are not in control. Once in
control, the rider may choose which direction they would like to go in. A rider must maintain
constant control in order to overcome the influence to fall. The rider can never stop moving
or else they will lose control. It is possible to maintain control at very low speeds, but that is
usually takes lots of skill. A rider's posture is maintained by the centrifugal force created by
8
the rider's movements dynamically. Stability is possible even on uneven terrain. A skilled
rider will be able to shift their weight and change their pitch, roll and yaw angles so that they
will still be vertical with respect to gravity's pull.
Figure 1
9
2.2 Scope
This product can be used for climbing mountains, rural and urban area.
This project is relevant to Mechanics of Engineering Material, Mechanical Design, Engineering
drawing, and Engineering Dynamics.
A unicycle is a single-wheel vehicle. Typically, it consists of a seat attached to a frame that is
attached to the wheel hub. Seats are available in a variety of sizes and shapes. Unlike a bicycle
seat, they are often curved slightly downward and also symmetrical. They are padded and may
have "bumpers" on each end to protect them during one of the rider's inevitable falls. Some
seats are designed with handles on the front to enable the rider to do various tricks.
10
2.4
Riding and Turning
In my experience it takes people anywhere from 3 days to 3 weeks, months, years or maybe
even never, to ride a unicycle without support. For many people it is all in the mind, because
they must get over the fact that there is only one wheel. Others just must find their inner
balance. There really isn't anything linear about the unicycle and that is partly why it is so
hard to learn. YOU are the steering wheel, YOU are the brakes and YOU are and what makes
it go.
To free mount a unicycle, put your butt on the seat, place your foot on the lowest pedal first,
push forward with your body so that the wheel starts to roll forward and then place your other
foot on the other pedal.
Keeping your weight in the center leaves you no room to navigate. Think about a person
walking on a tight rope; they have a long pole in order to balance themselves or they stick out
their arms. If the tight ropes held the pole straight up and down or kept their hands to their
sides, it would be much more difficult, and they would probably fall. A unicyclist does the
same thing. If you've ever watched someone ride the unicycle, you'll see that they rarely stay
still and their arms are waving in all directions. These movements are helping the rider stay
balanced. To ride straight you need to have the same weight on each side and your centre of
gravity is over the seat.
2.5
Turning
Just when you think you've got it, someone throws you a curve ball. After you've learned how
to ride straight, the next thing to learn is how to turn. Turning can be especially tricky for
some people, especially those still not able to get over the fact of the one wheel. In order to
turn you must shift your center of gravity away from the seat. This could directly result in
falling if done wrong.
11
Figure 2
If you shift your centre of gravity to the right, you will turn to the right and likewise you will
turn left if you lean to the left. As the picture above shows, you also must lean forward. You
can see an example of this in my video of Riding and Turning. When I turn, I do not keep my
upper body straight up. The radius of the circle my head makes it much smaller than the
radius of the circle my tire makes. I only demonstrated a right turn, but it is the same thing for
a left turn.
2.6
Idling
"The Unicycle's postural stability can be achieved at a fixed place by moving forward and
backward with wheel's small average moving velocity near to zero." - Sheng
In other words, when you are idling, you are going back and forth slowly while staying
vertical. Stability is impossible when you are not moving, there is always some movement
going on in order to stabilize yourself on the unicycle. When you are moving you have
control of the unicycle, so when you're idling, you are oscillating between a controllable and
uncontrollable state. As you can see from my video, my head pretty much stays in the same
place, I just shift my weight to go backwards and forwards.
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2.7
Handlebars
The handlebar is good for mountain climbing, some of them even said with the handlebar it
decreases the inertia and increase stability if they crouch just a bit. It makes me feel more
stable, so I'm more comfortable spinning quickly. In that way it does increase performance
for me. I also find it increases my side to side stability.
Handlebar does two things, being a geared 36", it's an important part of keeping the wheel
from surging front to back as he manages the power input via the high gear. In that sense,
handlebars are more necessary with gearing than without. The other thing it does is provide a
place for you to place some of his weight, which takes some of it off the crotch, while at the
same time allows for a (somewhat) more aerodynamic riding position. In addition, it gives
you more room to attach a water bottle, bell, lights, boombox, etc. Handlebars specifically
designed for a unicycle are much better. It allows for more hand positions and therefore better
comfort.
Figure 3
Figure 4
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3
Methodology
3.1 Research
1. From shercoscherco123 in Youtube, the handlebar was used to create more challenging
way to ride the unicycle. Usually, to balance the unicycle while riding it, people will use
their hand and balance themselves without any handle on the horizontal road.
2. Most of them said the handlebar are good for mountain climbing, some of them even
said with the handlebar it decreases the inertia and increase stability if they crouch
just a bit. A commenter said that “It makes me feel more stable, so I'm more comfortable
spinning quickly. In that way it does increase performance for me. I also find it increases
my side to side stability.”
3. Another person also said that his handlebar does two things. Being a geared 36", it's an
important part of keeping the wheel from surging front to back as he manages the power
input via the high gear. In that sense, handlebars are more necessary with gearing than
without. The other thing it does is provide a place for him to place some of his weight,
which takes some of it off his crotch, while at the same time allows for a (somewhat)
more aerodynamic riding position. In addition, it gives you more room to attach a water
bottle, bell, lights, boombox, etc.
4. Some other source from youtube said that handlebars specifically designed for a
unicycle are much better. It allows for more hand positions and therefore better comfort,
not to mention you can place accessories, i.e. a water bottle holder in between the two
parallel bars. It's also easier to place pressure on the correct handlebars because your
hands are closer to the center (making it easier to balance with pressure on them), and
with more pressure on the handles comes less on your crotch.
5. Unicycle is a vehicle that touches the ground with only one wheel. The most common
variation has a frame with a saddle and has a pedal-driven direct drive. A two-speed hub
is commercially available for faster unicycling.
6. A unicycle is a single-wheel vehicle, or you can call it single-wheel bicycle. Typically,
it consists of a seat attached to a frame that is attached to the wheel hub. Seats are
available in a variety of sizes and shapes. Unlike a bicycle seat, they are often curved
slightly downward and symmetrical.
14
3.2
Works to be carried out
The project requires a wheel size of 18-23inch, handlebar, metal rod for the frame, nut and bolt,
pedal, and a seat.
1) Design
To design the frame, I must know which size of wheel is suitable for riding it with comfortable.
Then I must cut the metal rod and weld it together.
2) Planning
After knowing the frame size, I must calculate the size of the nut and bolt to buy the exact size
of it to avoid unnecessary errors when shop for materials.
3) Assembly
Weld the frame and design the hole for nut and bolt. When drilling the hole, I must make sure
the hole is able to fit in the nut and bolt to able to tighten them together. Then I must use another
metal rod to make 2 arms for the pedal to be able to ride on. After that connect the seat with a
seat adjustment to the metal rod. Finally, I must connect the handle with the nut and bolt.
4)Testing
After finishing all those steps, I must start testing the project product to avoid physical failure.
15
3.2.1 Design
Before I used computer design, I draw my preliminary drawing by using hand sketch before
imagining how it must looks like
Figure 5 hand sketch
After discussing with my supervisor, he advises me to use the bracket approach to make the
unicycle detachable. I started to use AutoCAD drawing and inventor to make a 3D drawing to
able to see the image.
Figure 6 3D design
16
Figure 7 Final Design
Figure 8 AutoCAD drawing
3.2.2 Planning
1) Project planning and discuss with supervisor which title and project I’m about to do.
2) Preparation of project materials: a wheel size of 18-23inch, handlebar, metal rod for
the frame, nut and bolt, pedal, and a seat.
3) Design the project by using AutoCAD software.
4) Assemble the project to solve problems before the poster presentation.
5) Project calculation to determine the physics of unicycle and how adding handlebar
helps.
17
6) Testing and troubleshooting the problem encountered and solve them as soon as
possible to ensure no problem during the poster presentation.
For more info please refer to Gantt chart
3.2.3 Assembly
Assemble the handlebars to the rod and the bracket to the unicycle.
Figure 9 handlebar to be used
To prevent it from slipping and break easily, I choose lock nut for my nuts
A locknut, also known as a lock nut, locking nut, self-locking nut, prevailing torque nut, stiff
nut or elastic stop nut, is a nut that resists loosening under vibrations and torque. Elastic stop
nuts and prevailing torque nuts are of the type where some portion of the nut deforms
elastically to provide a locking action. The first type used fibre instead of nylon and was
invented in 1931
Figure 10 Nut and Bolt
Figure 11 better picture of a lock nut
18
Unicycle that I brought with receipt on the online market
Figure 12 Unicycle with 20'' wheel
Figure 13 receipt
A bicycle wheel is not suitable for unicycle wheel because the wheel shaft is not fixed to the
axle. This will cause even you are pedalling the wheel will not move. But the unicycle wheel
is totally fix to the axle and connected to the pedal.
19
3.2.4 Testing and Troubleshooting
During the first report, there is some problem I have encountered during making this project.
Since materials that I brought was second handed, it was already 40% rusted and may be looks
bad for riding it. the solution I came out with is using the rust cleaner spray and rust removing
drill machine to remove much tougher rusted area.
Secondly the wheel is in bad shaped, to solve this problem I must send it to repair shop to
remake a perfect wheel or else all the calculations and theory won’t work in a bad shaped
unicycle.
Lastly, I have no clue how my project product is going to look like because I’m new to
welding and grinding metals. To overcome this problem, I required to draw a sample drawing
to have a clear view how it is going to look like for the final product.
After that in my second report I have encountered more problem, due to lack of
understanding in inertia, I must make some self-study about inertia and find the equation for
this unicycle stability to prove this unicycle will make it much more comfortable to ride.
Due to lack of time, I’m still having a problem to ride a unicycle which I keep on falling. To
solve this problem, I must manage my time properly to have a self-training to make use to in
and ride it without any problem.
During designing the AutoCAD design, I have encountered many times that the application
force close during I was designing. The whole file was not saved because it is not done yet,
so the design was gone a few times. To solve this problem, I tried to save every step I made
so that I don’t have to redesign the whole things again.
Additional problem I have encountered is the welded rod are not straight to the other rod, this
cause the unicycle to be unstable and will damage the rod and even the unicycle itself due to
stress occurrence. To fix this issue, I went to the welding shop and bend the rod by using
another metal rod.
Secondly, my bracket was slipped during riding the unicycle because it doesn’t fit 100
percent to the unicycle. To fix this problem, I used rubber to increase the friction to the
bracket to not loosen it.
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3.3 Unicycle Handlebars materials Properties
Material of the frame
Steel CrMo (chromium molybdenum)
Modulus of Elasticity
200GPa
Maximum Tensile Strength (E)
1425MPa
Yield Stress
1240MPa
Elongation at Failure
12%
Density
7850Kg/m³
Factor of safety
1.3-1.5
Table 1 Material Properties
Chromium molybdenum steel – frequently shortened to chrome moly – is a kind of low alloy
steel used in several applications and industries. As the name suggests, the two key alloying
elements are molybdenum (Mo) and chromium (Cr). These alloys are normally sorted into
one main group, with names such as chrome Chromalloy, Chromalloy, moly and CrMo often
used. Industries where the alloy is common include construction, energy, oil and gas, and
automotive.
The reason I used this material is because Mo has been a standard alloying element used to
produce creep-resistant steel capable of withstanding temperatures up to 530 °C. This is
because Mo decreases the creep rate of steel successfully and slows the coagulation and
coarsening of carbides during high-temperature use. Furthermore, this high-temperature
suitability and creep-resistance mean the key application of Mo-based steel was in power
generation and petrochemical plants.[7]
However, continually increasing the Mo content of the steel in order to further improve its
properties does not work since creep ductility decreases with increasing Mo. Another
limitation refers to the fact that graphitization (breaking down of iron carbides) takes place
above 500 °C. These drawbacks hinder the application of Mo-based steels.[8]
A solution was discovered by alloying chromium with molybdenum. This gives the steel a
few advantages not found in Mo-based alloys, and CrMo steels were the first to allow steam
temperatures in power stations to exceed 500 °C.
The reason this duo of alloying elements works so well is due to their combined properties
(with a minimum Cr content of 9%, and a minimum Mo content of 1%). For example, Mo
21
gives the steel higher working temperatures and added strength. Moreover, the Cr results in
exceptional oxidation, and helps the steel resist corrosion in a more effective manner. The Cr
also provides good hardness penetration, and the Mo content guarantees the hardness is
uniform.
This added strength and corrosion resistance explains the fact that CrMo steel is employed
when the strength provided by mild carbon steel is not enough. These benefits provide
chrome moly added reliability, which is why it is used in so many different applications.
For example, the added tensile strength and extra corrosion resistance means chrome moly is
perfect for environments with an elevated temperature level (beyond that of simple Mo-based
steels). So, any applications or industries that operate equipment under high temperatures can
benefit from using chromium molybdenum alloys. These industries include energy,
automotive, oil and gas, metal production, and forming equipment. With such a high
temperature tensile strength and corrosion resistance, CrMo is also found to be effective in
salt-water applications.
Examples of equipment that use chrome moly include crack shafts, molds, chain links,
machine shafts, bicycle tubing, drill collars and conveyors. The alloy’s properties also make
it effective in manufacturing and construction. These properties include creep strength,
hardenability, wear resistance, rigidity, good impact resistance, ease of fabrication, and the
ability to be alloyed in ways that develop “fitness for use” in specific applications.
Figure 14 CrMo Steel
22
3.4 Calculations
Knowing that the torque at the crank (c) is the same as the torque at the wheel (w) (since they
are part of the same unit):
𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑤
𝐹𝑐 ∗ 𝑅𝑐 = 𝐹𝑤 ∗ 𝑅𝑤
Or
𝐹𝑤 = 𝐹𝑐 ∗ 𝑅𝑐 /𝑅𝑤
Assuming the same force at the crank (Fc), the friction force acting between the ground and
the tire (Fw) is inversely proportional to the wheel radius (Rw). The smaller the wheel, the
larger the force.
Similarly, for speed (V), we know that the angular velocity (w) will be the same for the crank
and the wheel:
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑊𝑤
𝑉𝑐
𝑉𝑤
=
𝑅𝑐 𝑅𝑤
𝑉𝑤 = 𝑉𝑐 ×
𝑅𝜔
𝑅𝑐
Here, assuming the same speed at the crank (Vc), the velocity of the wheel at the ground
(hence the unicycle velocity) is proportional to the wheel radius. The smaller the wheel, the
lower the unicycle speed.
By changing the wheel or crank radius, you gain force and loose speed (or vice versa).
If you want to know how much torque and speed is possible with your unicycle, you are
better using the power approach. Power (P) is always constant throughout the mechanical
system, so:
P = T * w --> torque and angular velocity is the same for the crank and the wheel
P = Fc * Vc
P = Fw * V w
23
To find the Centre of Gravity
a center of gravity of a material body is a point that may be used for a summary description
of gravitational interactions. In a uniform gravitational field, the center of mass serves as the
center of gravity. This is a very good approximation for smaller bodies near the surface of
Earth, so there is no practical need to distinguish "center of gravity" from "center of mass" in
most applications, such as engineering and medicine.
We use the centre of gravity formula
‘Answer will be on result page’
24
Since we know that there is a bending and shear in the welded area, we use the: Z = Section Modulus
t = Throat Thickness
S = size of the weld
𝑦 = vertical distance from NA
𝜎 =stress
d =diameter
I = inertia
Bending stress theory
𝑀
𝐼
𝜎
=𝑦
On the above we know that
𝜎=
𝑀
𝑍
Section modulus,
𝑍=
Where Z =
𝜋𝑡𝐷 2
4
𝐼
𝑦
because used circular metal pipe
P
𝜏𝑝 = A
Throat area, 𝐴 = 𝑡 ∗ 𝑙 = 0.707𝑠 ∗ 𝑙
𝑡 = 𝑠 sin 45°
Since it is circle, we use arc length formula
𝑙 = 2𝜋𝑟
25
4
Result and analysis
So, assuming a power of 300 W, if you travel at 8 mph (3.58 m/s), the wheel friction force is
83.8 N. With a 20" wheel (0.508 m), the torque is 21.29 N.m (The proper unit for torque is
not «joule», which is an energy unit). The angular velocity is 14.1 rad/s (135 rpm). You can
find the foot speed and force, knowing the crank radius. These equations are true for
instantaneous values or average values.
For the centre of gravity formula, we found out that
Figure 15 Example of a much stable unicycle
26
5
Discussion
By doing the calculations, the CG of the unicycle are higher than normal unicycle therefore
makes it less balance and harder to ride.
It accommodates the spectrum of riding ability, including unicyclists with both perfect and,
more realistically, somewhat imperfect reactions.
Quite reasonably, it shows that any small time-lag in the rider’s reactions tends to increase
the instability of upright equilibrium. However, expert riders may exploit this to show off
their skill.
While the former is commonplace, the latter is seen less often. Physical systems more readily
exhibit the supercritical sort of pitchfork bifurcation, responsible for spontaneous symmetry
breaking.
The model’s stability-changes illustrate nicely two standard phenomena — a supercritical
Hopf bifurcation and a subcritical pitchfork bifurcation.
Finally, we have the model of equation, which for various values of parameters includes all
cases considered and describes the essential planar part of the unicycle balancing mechanism.
27
6
Conclusion
In conclusions, my presentations were successful, and I have even demonstrated how to even
ride the unicycle in the INTIGenieur poster presentation. I have learnt a lot by doing this
project with bunch of mistakes solved and problem encountered. By doing the CG
calculation, the CG of the unicycle are higher than normal unicycle. By my research, the
higher the center of gravity the more likely an object is to topple over if it is tilted. Therefore,
this unicycle will likely to be tilted forward. If my handlebar is lowered it will become much
more stable and easier to ride. Also, it uses man power to move therefore it is also saving the
environment.
Figure 16 picture of my presentation
28
7
Gannt Chart
Action/
No
1
Task
Week
Project selection
Projected
and proposal
preparation &
submission
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Project Design
Actual
Projected
Actual
Procurement of
Projected
project materials
Actual
Progress report
Projected
preparation &
submission
Actual
Project
Projected
Construction
Actual
Testing and
6
troubleshooting
Projected
Actual
7
8
Preparation for
Projected
Oral Presentation
Actual
2nd Progress
Projected
report
preparation &
submission
Actual
Preparation for
Projected
Poster
9
Presentation
Actual
Project report
Projected
preparation and
10
submission
Actual
Table 2 Gannt Chart
29
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
2
3
4
8
Reference
https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=14790 [7] [8]
[2][3] http://www.unicyclist.com/forums/showthread.php?t=120154
[1] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-84_EYVRiM
[5][6]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicycle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHc_LSOBKtA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHc_LSOBKtA -shercoscherco123
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicycle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-84_EYVRiM - MathMarvel
http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Unicycle.html
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
http://www.unicycling.org -Perry Romanowski
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9
Appendix
31