Краткий конспект книги «История западной философии» Бертрана Рассела
Оглавление
Present Simple ....................................................................................................................................... 3
Present Continuous ............................................................................................................................... 3
Past Simple ............................................................................................................................................ 3
Past Continuous .................................................................................................................................... 3
Future Simple ........................................................................................................................................ 4
Future Continuous................................................................................................................................. 4
Present Perfect ...................................................................................................................................... 5
Present Perfect Continuous ................................................................................................................... 5
Past Perfect ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Past Perfect Continuous ........................................................................................................................ 5
Future Perfect ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Future Perfect Continuous .................................................................................................................... 6
Глаголы действия могут использоваться во обоих временах: Simple и Continuous (run, study, eat, travel, write, sleep, etc).
Глаголы состояния используются только во времени Simple (like, want, need, prefer, know, mean, realise, remember, contain, seem).
Pr. Zane writes new exam question every day.
I am writing the abstract to my new article right now.
Jack wants to carry out the experiment today to get the results as soon as possible.
NB: think, see, be
I think this theory is too contradictory. → состояние
Some students are already writing their exam essays and some are only thinking what to write. → действие
Present Simple
Always / usually / often / sometimes / rarely / hardly ever / never.
 Повторяющиеся действия.
 Привычки.
 Общие факты.
Present Continuous
Now / at present / at the moment.
 Действие происходит в настоящий момент.
Water evaporates from the surface of the planet.
He normally presents three papers a year.
The substance is evaporating because we are heating it.
This year he is not presenting any article.
always + Present Simple → каждый раз, всегда
Peter always attends all the lectures.
always + Present Continuous → слишком часто, «вечно».
You are always missing classes! You’ll be expelled!
Past Simple
Yesterday / last week / 3 days ago.
Past Continuous
At noon yesterday / when we left.
 Завершенное действие (последовательность действий) в
прошлом
Laura studied very hard last year and passed her exam.
 Действие разворачивается в конкретный
времени в прошлом.
This time last year Louis was studying abroad.
 Used to: действие происходило в прошлом, но больше не
происходит.
Helen is a law student now but she used to study physics.
Internet technologies didn’t use to be so popular as they are now.
Past Simple & Past Continuous могут использоваться вместе, чтобы описать некое действие,
произошедшее во время другого – длительного – или прервавшего его.
Tim was carrying out an experiment when he made an unexpected discovery.
момент
Future Simple
Future Continuous
Tomorrow / next week / in 10 days / in 2025
At 2 p.m. tomorrow / next week / tomorrow when he comes.
 Простое действие в будущем.
The secretary will send you all the forms you need to fill in to apply.
 Спонтанное решение.
I don’t know how to write an abstract. I’ll give you some useful links.
 Действие происходит в конкретный момент времени в
будущем.
Don’t call me tomorrow from 12 p.m. to 2p.m. I’ll be giving a lecture.
 Выражение мнения или отношения.
Patrick hopes he’ll finish the article soon.
 Предсказание, не основанное на фактах.
I think the experiment will go as planned.
 Won’t: кто-то или что-то отказывается выполнять
ожидаемое действие.
The results of the lab test won’t match whatever I do.
I am trying to persuade her but she won’t listen.
Другие способы обозначения будущего времени
 Present Simple: расписание.
The lecture on microbiology starts at 11.30 tomorrow.
 Present Continuous: фиксированные договоренности, планы.
I am starting a new research project next week.
 To be going to:
 планировать, намереваться что-то сделать.
Janet is going to take another language course next term.
 предсказания, основанные на фактах.
He is going to fail the exam, as he hasn’t been to any lectures.
 To be to: события, которые с большой вероятностью произойдут в будущем в силу определенных договоренностей.
Three men are to appear in court on Tuesday in connection with yesterday’s burglary.
 To be about to: события, которые произойдут в ближайшем будущем.
The company is about to launch a new project, so it needs to raise $1,000,000.
Present Perfect
Already / just / ever / never / yet.
 Действие совершено к настоящему моменту.
 неважно, когда именно произошло действие.
 есть результат в настоящем.
My experiment has failed. (I have no positive results now)
Present Perfect Continuous
Since / for.
 Действие началось в некий момент в прошлом и длится
до сих пор.
Pr. Gerard has been teaching in Harvard since 1995. (he started teaching
in 1995 and he’s still teaching there).
 для обозначения опыта.
I have seen this video.
 Действие началось в некий момент в прошлом и длится до
сих пор.
I have lived in Moscow since 2007 (I moved to Moscow in 2007 and I still
live there).
 Только что завершившееся длительное действие,
результат которого мы наблюдаем.
Pr. Hardman looks exhausted! – Of course, he does! He has been
checking our tests all night.
Pr. Litt has gone to Paris to give a speech on climate change. → now he’s in Paris
Pr. Litt has been to Paris twice. → experience, he can be anywhere now
Pr. Litt has been in Paris for two weeks. → he came there two weeks ago and he’s still there
Past Perfect
By noon yesterday / before he left / no sooner … than / hardly (barely,
scarcely) … when.
Past Perfect Continuous
By noon yesterday / before we left.
 Действие началось до определенного момента в прошлом
 Действие совершено к определенному моменту в прошлом
и длится вплоть до того момента.
By midday yesterday the lecture had already finished.
Before you started this course, you had been learning English for some
Hardly had he established his own laboratory when he made the discovery time.
that made him famous.
Future Perfect
By midnight tomorrow / when he comes.
Future Perfect Continuous
By midnight tomorrow / when he comes.
 Действие, совершенное к определенному моменту в
 Действие, которое будет длиться некоторое время к
будущем.
определенному моменту в будущем.
Before spring our department will have launched several new online
By the end of the month the researchers will have been working on the
courses.
project for a year.