Republic of the Philippines
Leyte Normal University
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
Tacloban, City
PE 103: PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES TOWARDS HEALTH AND FITNESS 1
VOLLEYBALL
HISTORY OF
VOLLEYBALL
William G. Morgan (January 23, 1870 – December 27, 1942)
Was the inventor of volleyball, originally called "Mintonette", a name derived from the game of
badminton which he later agreed to change to better reflect the nature of the sport. He was born in Lockport,
New York, U.S.
As he worked as the Director of Physical Education at the YMCA in Holyoke, he noticed that the
game of basketball was not meant for everyone to play. The weaker young men, non-athletic adults, and
the older adults were not able to keep up with running up and down the court, along with the amount of
contact they would occasionally run into. Morgan then had to think of a game in which everyone would have
an equal amount of participation but also had similar objectives to basketball. He wanted to create a game
which everyone could play, no matter their age or physical ability. Between trying to run classes at the
YMCA and creating a new sport suitable for all, Morgan decided it was best that he use ideas from various
sports such as handball, tennis, and badminton, and his own knowledge from sports training methods and
experience, to create this new sport. He decided that the game would involve a six-foot, six-inch net in the
middle dividing the 2 separate playing areas, and that it would be played on a 30 ft. × 60 ft. court, so that it
could be played in gyms anywhere across the nation.
After creating some ground rules, William Morgan had to experiment with his game. First, he had
to decide which ball to use. A basketball was too heavy while the basketball bladder was too light. After
testing all of the balls he had available, he had come to the conclusion that his best option was to ask A.G.
Spalding & Bros. to make him a ball. A young A.G. Spalding & Bros. equipment designer and master marine
cloth tailor, Dale Callaghan, developed and produced the first prototype volleyball. Morgan was very
pleased with Spalding & Bros. work. They created Morgan the perfect ball for his sport, which was covered
in leather, with the circumference of 25–27 inches. The ball was also the perfect weight for Morgan's sport.
The ball weighed 9–12 ounces. This new ball that had been made for Morgan's sport was the perfect
finishing touch to the basics of the sport. The last thing that had to be done by Morgan was to create a
name. Morgan came up with "Mintonette" as the new name for his game.
July 7, 1896
As for the name, Professor Alfred T. Halsted rechristened the sport as 'volleyball' in 1896, based
on his observation that the players volleyed the ball back and forth. As a result, the first official game of
volleyball was played on July 7, 1896 at Springfield College.
1964 Tokyo Games
The sport of Volleyball has two Olympic disciplines: Volleyball and Beach Volleyball. Volleyball
made its Olympic debut at the 1964 Tokyo Games and Beach Volleyball made its Olympic debut in Atlanta
in 1996. The International Olympic Committee adopted Volleyball as a non-Olympic sport in 1949.
TACTICAL AND
TECHNICAL
PASSING
Passing is one of the most fundamental aspects of volleyball. The act of hitting the ball to another
teammates.
After the ball is received from the serve, your offense can go into action. In many youth or junior leagues,
sometimes just getting the ball over the net is offense enough, but as players become more adept, the
ball needs to be passed another player who can aim and put it over the net for a chance to gain a point or
get the serve back.
Passing is always done on the fingertips using two hands. The higher the ball is pushed into the air, the
more time a teammate has to react and guide the ball to a specific place. For youth or junior teams, each
pass should be initially pushed forward toward the net, allowing a forward player to guide the ball over the
net, hopefully into a spot on the opposite court that makes it difficult or impossible to return.
WAYS TO PASS BALL
Forearm pass
Forearm volleyball pass involves hitting the ball in a controlled manner to your teammate. The forearms
are made into a flat platform, positioned ready for the ball to come into contact. The arms aren't
necessarily swung when passing. Used to direct the ball to a teammate. Swinging the arms will result in a
less controlled pass.
Overhead pass
The overhead pass involves hitting the ball using an overhead playing motion to direct the ball to your
teammate. The ball is played with the fingers using an overhead setting action. Obviously, the goal of
passing is to prevent the ball from landing on the court.
THE SET PASS
A set is an overhand contact of the ball, usually the second contact in a rally, made after a pass in serve
receive or after a dig in defense to redirect the ball to a hitter in the front row or back row by a setter to
run the team's offense.
These sets are the highest and the slowest above the net giving the spiker much more time to take a
spike approach that gets them to the ball in the air above the net so they can attack hit the ball into the
opponent's court.
ATTACK
A spike is typically the third touch by a team: the player hits on top of the ball at the net and drives the ball
quickly onto the opponent’s court.
An attack is recorded when a player attempts to attack the ball towards the opponent's side of the court.
An attack can be a spike, tip, set or a hit as an over-the-head contact. If it is determined that a player hits
the ball over the net for the sole reason to avoid a four-hit violation, NO attack attempt credited
BLOCK
Blocking is a skill wherein the player deflects the ball from the opponent. The goal is to prevent a
successful attack and the other team from scoring a point. The blocker's job is to block the spiked ball so
that it goes back to the opposing team's side of the court. Blocking is a defensive play.
THE SERVE
The first contact that starts every rally is called a “serve”. The player who serves is called the “server”.
Usually a server uses one, open hand to swing overhead and send the ball over the net from behind the
end line. Less experienced players may serve underhand with one closed fist. Sometimes younger age
groups are allowed to serve from within the court so be sure to check local league rules. There are 3 main
types of serves that are defined below.
TYPES OF SERVES
Underhead serve
An overhand serve in volleyball is a serve in which the player tosses the ball with one hand and strikes it
in the air above their head with the other hand. Overhand serving is more advanced than underhand but
that does not mean it's impossible.
Overhead serve
An underhand serve is a type of serve in which the player holds the ball in one hand, swings the other in
an arc motion below the waist and strikes the ball from the bottom with a fist to put it in play. In an
underhand serve, the player does not toss the ball up in the air, as in other serve attempts. Instead, the
server holds onto the ball and strikes it below their waist with a closed fist.
Underhand serves are often much easier to receive and hit compared to other serve styles, and thus are
rarely employed in high level volleyball competition. An underhand serve does not generate the same
type of power as an overhand or jump serve, and are often not as accurate. Although the serve is
technically legal in high level competition, its’ use is rare.
Underhand serves are often utilized in youth leagues, and as players are initially learning to play the
game, as they are relatively easy to complete and return.
Overhead floater
A float serves, also known as a floater, is a serve that does not spin at all. It is called referred to as a
floater because it moves in extremely unpredictable ways, which makes it difficult to receive, corral, and
pass. A float serve catches the air and can move unexpectedly to the right or the left or it can drop
suddenly.
RULES AND
REGULATIONS
Team Starting Line Up
In sports, a starting lineup is an official list of the set of players who will participate in the event when the
game begins. The players in the starting lineup are commonly referred to as starters, whereas the others
are substitutes or bench players.
The starters are commonly the best players on the team at their respective positions. Consequently, there
is often a bit of prestige that is associated with being a starter. This is particularly true in sports with
limited substitutions, like baseball or association football (soccer).
When listing a team's lineup, it is common in some sports to include each player's uniform number and
their position, along with their name.
Scoring System
The scoring system in volleyball is a points-based system. In rally scoring, a point is granted to the
winning team of the given rally, or sequence of plays that begins with a serve and ends with a point. This
is played up to 25 points with a two-point margin of victory
Volleyball games are played first to 25 points with the need for a two point margin of victory. Games
consist of five sets and teams must win three out of five sets to win. The final set is first to 15 points. In
some tournaments, a score cap may be imposed by which if a team is winning and gets to 17 points, they
will win the game regardless of the point margin.
The Toss
Before the match, one player from each team will participate in a coin toss that determines which team
will serve first and which side of the court teams will start on. After switching sides of the court after game
1, game 2 will start with a serve by the team that didn't serve first in game 1. If it is match play (meaning
best 2 out of 3), another coin toss will be held to determine the serving team.
Rotation and Rotation fault
Know when to rotate.
In volleyball, you rotate clockwise. If your team wins the point when the other team is serving, then the
person in the front right moves to the right back, becoming the new server. If your team is serving and
you win a point, you do not rotate, but stay in the same position.
Rotational Fault
If a receiving team earns a chance to serve, its players change positions and move clockwise, i.e. player
in 1st position moves to 6th player in 2nd position moves to 1st, etc. Not changing positions according to
this order leads to a fault. An exception to this rule is the Libero who cannot serve or enter the front court.
Ball Touching the Net
Net foul: A net foul occurs while the ball is in play and: a. a player contacts any part of the net including
the cable attachments. It is not a foul when a player's hair touches the net, or the force of the ball hit by
an opponent pushes the net or net cables into the player.
Serving Fault
Server must serve within the designated service area (anywhere behind the end line and between the two
sidelines). If a player serves before the referee's whistle, the team loses their service; this rule is not
enforced at the JV level. JV players will get a re-serve. At the instant that the ball is hit for the service, the
server must remain behind the end line and between the two sidelines marking the service area, but may
enter the court immediately after the ball is hit.
Serving faults include: a) Ball passes under the net, b) Ball does not pass over net, c) Ball is hit a second
time by serving team or any object before landing in opponent's court, and d) Ball lands outside limits of
opponent’s court.
Change of service takes place when a server commits a fault or side out is signaled. The team, which
receives the ball for service, shall rotate one position clockwise before serving.
Restriction of the Attack
A front-row player may complete an attack hit at any height, provided that the contact with the ball has
been made within the player’s own playing space.
A back-row player may complete an attack hit at any height from behind the front zone: at his/her take-off,
the player’s foot (feet) must neither have touched nor crossed over the attack line, fret his/her hit, the
player may land within the front zone.
A back-row player may also complete an attack hit from the front zone, if at the moment of the contact a
part of the ball is lower than the top of the net.
Time out and Technical Times Out
A timeout is an official pause in the game. It can only be called when the ball is not in play, and before the
referee has blown the whistle to signal the next serve. For all competitions that VolleyPedia has
researched, the common number of timeouts in volleyball is 2 per set, per team. Generally, after each
timeout that your team has used, it’s common practice for the second referee to remind you how many
timeouts have been used.
OFFICIATING
OFFICIALS
FIRST REFEREE
The first referee is in charge from the beginning of the match until the end. The first referee has authority
over all other members of the officiating crew. The first referee should talk to all the officiating crew
members before the match starts, going over any questions officials might have about their
responsibilities. The first referee should have a talk with the second referee before the match starts
discussing issues such as pre-match protocol and anything that will help the match run more smoothly.
SECOND REFEREE
The second referee should establish a rapport with the scorekeeper and libero tracker. If the scorer and
libero tracker have a problem or don't understand something, they should be comfortable enough to ask
the second referee for help.
SCOREKEEPER
The scorekeeper's main job is to make sure the score is correct at all times. The scorekeeper uses a
score sheet to keep track of the game. If there is a difference between the score on the score sheet and
the visual score (flip score, electronic scoreboard, etc.) the visual score should be changed to match the
score on the scoresheet unless the mistake on the scoresheet can be determined and corrected.
One of the referees should check the accuracy of the scoresheet at the end of each set.
During the match,
•
Records points when they are scored
•
Watches the servers and indicates immediately to the referees when a server has served out of
order. It's also good preventive officiating to watch teams rotation in case assistance is needed
for the second referee to determine the correct team alignment.
•
Records player substitutions and team timeouts
•
Records any sanctions
•
Records all other events as instructed by the referees
•
Records the final result of the set
•
In the case of a protest, after the first referee gives authorization, the scorekeeper lets the game
captain write a statement for protest on the scoresheet.
After the match,
•
Records the final result of the match
•
Signs the scoresheet
ASSISTANT SCORER
The assistant scorer (or libero tracker) sits at the scorer's table next to the scorekeeper.
The assistant scorer's main function is to record libero replacements on to a libero tracking sheet.
THE ASSISTANT SCORER
•
Notifies any fault with libero replacements
•
Operates the manual scoreboard on the scorer's table
•
Checks the score on the scoreboard with the score on the scoresheet
LINE JUDGES
If only two-line judges are used, they stand at the corner of the end line that is closest to the right hand of
each referee, diagonally from the corner. The line judges watch the end line and sideline of their
respective corners. For FIVB and Official Competitions, four-line judges are used. Each line judge stands
in the free zone 1 to 3 meters, lined up with the imaginary extension of their respective line.
Line judge's main responsibility is to make signals to help out the referees in making judgment calls. Line
judges may be instructed to use flags to make the signals.
HAND
SIGNALS
Move the hand to indicate the direction of
service.
Extend the arm to the side of the team that will
serve.
Raise the forearms front and back, and twist them
around the body.
Place the palm of one hand over the fingers of the
other, held vertically (forming a “T”), and then
indicate the requesting team.
Circular motion of the forearms around each other
Show a yellow card for a warning; red card for a
penalty.
Show both cards jointly for explosion.
Show red and yellow cards separately for
disqualification.
Cross the forearms in front of the chest, hands
open.
Lift the extended arm, the palm of the hand facing
upward.
Raise eight fingers, spread open.
Raise both arms vertically, palms forward.
Make a circular motion with the forefinger.
Point the arm and fingers toward the floor.
Raise the forearms vertically, hands open, palms
toward the body.
Slowly lift the forearm, palm of the hand facing
upward.
Raise two fingers, spread open.
Raise four fingers, spread open.
Indicate the respective side of the net.
Place a hand above the net, palm facing downward.
Make a downward motion with the forearm, hand
open.
Point to the center line or to the respective line.
Raise both thumbs vertically.
Brush with the palm of one hand the fingers of the
other; held vertically; USAV: Brush fingers of
opposite hand once over palm of vertical hand.
Cover the wrist with a yellow card (warning) and
with a red card (penalty).
Lines: Point down with flag.
Lines: Raise flag vertically.
Lines: Raise flag and touch the top with the palm of
the free hand.
Lines: Wave flag over the head and point to the
antenna or the respective line.