DEBIAN
INTRODUCTION
Debian, often known as Debian GNU/Linux, is a free and
open-source Linux distribution created by the
community-supported Debian Project.
It was founded on August 16, 1993 by Ian Murdock. (19932015)
Its first stable version (1.1) was published on June 17, 1996,
while its initial version (0.01) was released on September
15, 1993.
For personal PCs and servers, the Debian Stable branch
is the most popular.
Debian is one of the most well-known Linux-based
operating systems.
Founding (1993–1998) Ian Murdock first introduced Debian
on August 16, 1993, calling it "the Debian Linux Release" at
the time.
Debian was created as a combination of his thengirlfriend Debra Lynn's first name and his own first name.
THE DEBIAN PROJECT LEADER AND
THREE FUNDAMENTAL DOCUMENTS:
the Debian Social Contract
the Debian Constitution
and the Debian Free Software Guidelines
 they supervise a team of volunteers who coordinate
the project through the Internet.
VERSION HISTORY OF DEBIAN:
The names of characters from the Toy Story movie
are used as codenames for Debian distributions.
Debian's unstable trunk is named after Sid, a figure
who was known for destroying his toys on a frequent
basis.
The first of numerous internal versions, Debian 0.01,
was issued on September 15, 1993.
Version 0.90 was the first public release, with Pixar
hosting mailing groups for assistance. It was
released on August-December 1993.
Debian version 0.91 was released in January 1994.
Debian version 0.93R5 was released in March 1995.
Debian version 0.93R6 was released in November
1995.
Debian
1.0 was never released, as a vendor
accidentally shipped a development release with that
version number. The package management system
dpkg and its front-end dselect were developed and
implemented on Debian in a previous release. A
transition from the a.out binary format to the ELF
binary format had already begun before the planned
1.0 release.
Debian 1.1 was launched in 1996, and the first ports to
non-IA-32 platforms began in 1995.
Debian 1.1 (Buzz), released 17 June 1996, contained
474 packages. Debian had fully transitioned to the
ELF binary format and used Linux kernel 2.0.
Debian
1.2 (Rex), released 12 December 1996,
contained 848 packages maintained by 120
developers
Debian 1.3 (Bo), released 5 June 1997, contained 974
packages maintained by 200 developers.
Debian 2.0 (Hamm), released 24 July 1998, contained
over 1,500 packages maintained by over 400
developers. A transition was made to libc6 and
Debian was ported to the Motorola 68000
series (m68k) architectures.
Debian
2.1 (Slink), released 9 March 1999,[13]
contained about 2,250 packages. The front-end APT
was introduced for the package management system
and Debian was ported to Alpha and SPARC.
Debian 2.2 (Potato), released 14–15 August 2000,
contained 2,600 packages maintained by more than
450 developers. New packages included the display
manager GDM, the directory service OpenLDAP,
the security software OpenSSH and the mail transfer
agent Postfix.
Debian
was
ported
to
the PowerPC and ARM architectures.
Debian 3.0 (Woody), released 19 July 2002, contained
around 8,500 packages maintained by more than 900
developers. KDE was introduced and Debian was
ported to the following architectures: IA-64, PARISC (hppa), mips and mipsel and IBM ESA/390
(s390).
Debian 3.1 (Sarge), released 6 June 2005, contained
around 15,400 packages. debian-installer and
OpenOffice.org were introduced.
Debian 4.0 (Etch), released 8 April 2007, contained
around 18,000 packages maintained by more than
1,030 developers. Debian was ported to x8664 (amd64) and support for the Motorola 68000
series (m68k) architecture was dropped. This version
introduced utf-8 and udev device management by
default.
Debian
5.0 (Lenny), released 14 February 2009,
contained more than 23,000 packages. Debian was
ported to the ARM EABI (armel) architecture.
Debian 6.0 (Squeeze),
released 6 February 2011,
contained more than 29,000 packages. The default
Linux kernel included was deblobbed beginning with
this release. The web browser Chromium was
introduced and Debian was ported to the kfreebsdi386 and kfreebsd-amd64 architectures (while that
port was later discontinued), and support for the Intel
486, Alpha, and PA-RISC (hppa) architectures was
dropped
Debian 7 (Wheezy), released 4 May 2013, contained
more than 36,000 packages. Support for UEFI was
added and Debian was ported to the armhf and IBM
ESA/390 (s390x) architectures
Debian 8 (Jessie), released 25 April 2015, contained
more than 43,000 packages, with systemed installed
by default instead of init. (sysvinit and upstart
packages are provided as alternatives.). Long term
support ended June 2020.
Debian 9 (Stretch) was released on 17 June 2017, two
years and two months after Debian 8.0, and contained
more than 51,000 packages. The final minor update,
called a "point release", is version 9.13, released on
18 July 2020; 14 months ago. Major upgrades include
the Linux kernel going from version 3.16 to
4.9, GNOME desktop version going from 3.14 to
3.22, KDE Plasma 4 was upgraded to Plasma
5, LibreOffice 4.3 upgraded to 5.2 and Qt upgraded
from 4.8 to 5.7. LXQt has been added as well. The Intel
i586
(Pentium),
i586/i686
hybrid
and PowerPC architectures are no longer supported
as of Stretch
Debian 10 (Buster) was released on 6 July 2019; 2
years ago, two years and a month after Debian 9
(Stretch).[167] Debian 10 contains 57,703 packages,
supports UEFI
Secure
Boot,[168] has AppArmor enabled by default, uses
LUKS2
as the
default LUKS format,
and
uses Wayland for GNOME by default.
Debian 10 ships with Linux kernel version 4.19. Available desktops
include Cinnamon 3.8, GNOME 3.30, KDE Plasma 5.14, LXDE 0.99.2, LXQt
0.14, MATE 1.20, Xfce 4.12. Key application software includes
LibreOffice 6.1 for office productivity, VLC 3.0 for media viewing,
and Firefox ESR for web browsing.
Debian 11 (Bullseye) was released on 14 August 2021.
On 12 November 2020, it was announced that
"Homeworld", by Juliette Taka, will be the default
theme for Debian 11, after winning a public poll held
with eighteen choices. Bullseye dropped the
remaining Qt4/KDE 4 libraries and Python
2.[183][184] The first of the code freezes, readying
Debian 11 for release, began on 12 January 2021.
Bookworm is expected to have link-time
optimization (LTO) enabled by default. Debian 12 is
not expected to have Qt 6 as there isn't an active
maintainer for it. Bookworm is the current testing
release of Debian and is the next release candidate
for Debian.
Trixie is expected to be the codename for Debian 13.
DEBIAN RELEASES
Debian always has at least three releases in active
maintenance: “stable”, “testing”, and “unstable”.
STABLE



TESTING


UNSTABLE


The stable distribution contains the
latest officially released distribution of
Debian.
This is the production release of Debian,
the one which we primarily recommend
using.
The current stable distribution of Debian
is version 11, codenamed bullseye. It was
released on August 14th, 2021.
The testing distribution contains
packages that haven't been accepted
into a stable release yet, but they are in
the queue for that. The main advantage
of using this distribution is that it has
more recent versions of software.
The current testing distribution is
bookworm.
The unstable distribution is where active
development of Debian occurs.
Generally, this distribution is run by
developers and those who like to live on
the edge. It is recommended that users
running unstable should subscribe to the
debian-devel-announce mailing list to
receive notifications of major changes,
for example upgrades that may break.
The unstable distribution is always
called sid.
INDEX OF RELEASES
The next release of Debian is codenamed “Bookworm”
– Debian 12– “testing”– no release has been set.
Debian 11 (“bullseye”) – current “stable” release.
Debian 10 (“buster”) – current “oldstable” release.
Debian 9 (“stretch”) – “oldstable” release, under
extended LTS support.
Debian
8 (“jessie”) – archived release, under
extended LTS support.
Debian 7 (“wheezy”) – obsolete stable release.
Debian 6.0 (“squeeze”) – obsolete stable release.
Debian GNU/Linux 5.0 (“lenny”) – obsolete stable
Debian
10 buster ships with several desktop
applications and environments. Amongst others it
now includes the desktop environments:
 Cinnamon 3.8
 GNOME 3.30
 KDE Plasma 5.14
 LXDE 0.99.2
 LXQt 0.14, MATE 1.20
 Xfce 4.12.
release.
INDEX OF RELEASES
Debian GNU/ Linux 4.0 (“etch”) –
release.
obsolete stable
Debian GNU/Linux 3.1 (“sarge”) – obsolete stable
release.
Debian GNU/Linux 3.o (“woody”) – obsolete stable
release.
Debian GNU/Linux 2.2 (“potato”) – obsolete stable
release.
Debian GNU/Linux 2.1
release.
(“slink”) – obsolete stable
NOTABLE
VERSIONS/RELEASES/DISTR
IBUTION
DEBIAN 9.0 – STRETCH
The Debian Release team has finally released the
DEBIAN 11.0 – BULLSEYE
August 14th, 2021
After 2 years, 1 month, and 9 days of development, the
Debian project is proud to present its new stable
version 11 (code name bullseye), which will be
supported for the next 5 years thanks to the
combined work of the Debian Security team and the
Debian Long Term Support team.
Debian
11 bullseye ships with several desktop
applications and environments. Amongst others it
now includes the desktop environments:
 Gnome 3.38
 KDE Plasma 5.20
 LXDE 11
 LXQt 0.16
 MATE 1.24
 Xfce 4.16.
BOOKWORM
Debian 9.0 “Stretch” stable GNU/Linux distribution.
The code name for the next major Debian release
this release will remain supported for 5 years.
This release started as a copy of bullseye and is
Named after Toy Story’s rubber toy octopus, Stretch,
Debian 9 ships with Linux kernel 4.9, new digital
forensics tools, GNOME 3.22, default MariaDB, etc. You
can either update your existing installation or
download the new installation media from the
project’s website.
DEBIAN 10.0 – BUSTER
After 25 months of development the Debian project is
proud to present its new stable version 10 (code name
buster), which will be supported for the next 5 years
thanks to the combined work of the Debian Security
team and of the Debian Long Term Support team.
after bullseye is bookworm.
currently in a state called testing.
This means that things should not break as badly as
in unstable or experimental distributions, because
packages are allowed to enter this distribution only
after a certain period of time has passed, and when
they don't have any release-critical bugs filed against
them.