9
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION II – CAGAYAN VALLEY
COPYRIGHT PAGE
TLE (Computer Systems Servicing)
Learning Activity Sheets
(Grade 9)
Copyright © 2020
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
Regional Office No. 02 (Cagayan Valley)
Regional Government Center, Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, 3500
“No copy of this material shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval
of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for
profit.”
This material has been developed for the implementation of K to 12 Curriculum through the Curriculum and
Learning Management Division (CLMD). It can be reproduced for educational purposes and the source must be
acknowledged. Derivatives of the work including creating an edited version, an enhancement of supplementary
work are permitted provided all original works are acknowledged and the copyright is attributed. No work may be
derived from this material for commercial purposes and profit.
Consultants:
Regional Director
Assistant Regional Director
Schools Division Superintendent
Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Chief Education Supervisor, CLMD
Chief Education Supervisor, CID
:
:
:
:
:
:
ESTELA L. CARIÑO EdD, CESO IV, DepEd R02
RHODA T. RAZON EdD, CESO V, DepEd R02
FLORDELIZA C. GECOBE PhD, CESO VI, SDO Quirino
MARY JULIE A. TRUS PhD, SDO Quirino
OCTAVIO V. CABASAG PhD, DepEd R02
JORGE G. SADDUL, SR.
Development Team
Writer:
RODEL F. DINAMLING, Master Teacher II, Maddela Comprehensive High School-Junior HS
Content Editor:
ESPERANZA T. VALDEZ PhD, Education Program Supervisor-TLE, SDO Quirino
Language Editor: SHERLY C. CAINGUITAN PhD, Education Program Supervisor - English, SDO Quirino
FE G. BUCCAHAN PhD, Education Program Supervisor -Filipino, SDO Quirino
Illustrator:
RODEL F. DINAMLING, Master Teacher II, Maddela Comprehensive High School-Junior HS
Layout Artist: RODEL F. DINAMLING, Master Teacher II, Maddela Comprehensive High School-Junior HS
Focal Persons:
FELIMENDO M. FELIPE, LR Supervisor
RONALD T. BERGADO, PDO II- LRMS, SDO- Quirino
ROZEN D.BERNALES, Librarian II, SDO Quirino
Printed by: Curriculum and Learning Management Division
DepEd, Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Choose Appropriate Lighting Fixtures for Specific
Job Order
Discuss Parts of an Incandescent Lamp and Its
Function
Discuss Parts of a Fluorescent Lamp and Its
Function
Discuss Parts and Function of Light Emitting Diode
and Other Lamps
TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD
EDUCATION
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE 9
Name____________________
Grade level___________
Section___________________
Date ________________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
PLAN AND PREPARE WORK FOR SPECIFIC JOB ORDER
Background Information for Learners
Plan your work, and work your plan. Many believe that if you had a plan to follow you would
always wind up on top or get an excellent result.
Planning out your work will make sure you get the most out of your work day. Your time is
an investment in yourself. Budgeting your time on the job the way you can budget money will
help you reduce your stress, become healthy and accomplish more.
When you are planning your work for a day, see what tasks you can designate to
someone else or ask for an assistant to help you complete them. No one wins when you try to
do everything yourself and wind up stressed out and exhausted. Decide exactly how long you
will stay at work (if that is an option) and leave at that time
Your work may be categorized into 1.) Urgent and important tasks, 2.)
Urgent but unimportant tasks, and 3.) Non-urgent but important tasks. Tasks in category
one need to be done first. Tasks in the second category need to be addressed but should not
overwhelm you in any manner. Make the most of your convenient time in each day to address
tasks in the third category.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
1
Things to remember in your preparation:
1. Secure the Blueprint (Electrical Plan). This is your guide for a safe and approved
wiring installation.
2. The budget of the owner. Discuss the fund of the project. Submit your proposal and
your warranty arrangement.
3. Personal Protective Equipment. PPE needed in the project Determine what type of environment you are working for, either hazardous or nonhazardous location to wear appropriate PPE.
Personal Protective Equipment:
1. Safety helmet
5. Safety shoes (Steel Toe)
2. Safety gloves
6. Cover-all dress
3. Safety belt/Full body harnessed
(Use for climbing)
7. Breathing apparatus
4. Safety goggles
4. Emergency Kit. Keep supplies in an easy to carry emergency preparedness kit that
you can use at your workplace.
5. Needed tools and equipment. Prepare the necessary tools and equipment for the
project to prevent unnecessary delays due to lack of tools and equipment to perform
the job. Prepare the request by filling up the form below.
Quantity
Unit
Description
Example:
Remarks
A. Tools
1. Lineman’s Plier
2. Wire stripper
3.Claw hammer
4.Gimlet
5.Screwdriver
Example:
B. Equipment:
1.Portable Hammer drill
2.Hydraulic pipe bender
3.Portable Band saw
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
2
6. Needed Supplies and materials. Check if the required materials are ready for the
project. Prepare the request by filling up the form below.
Bill of Materials: (Example)
Quantity
Unit
Description
Unit Cost
Total Cost
1
3
8
Piece
Pair
Pieces
6-Hole Panel Board - Allied
Circuit Breaker 20A G.E.
Expansion Bolt/Tox Screw
P 1, 500.00
P 350.00
P 25.00
P 1, 500.00
P 1, 050.00
P 200.00
Grand Total
P 2, 750.00
7. Permits and legal documents. (Ex. Work permit, Building Permit and registration)
8. Time of completion. Estimated target date to finish the project or else there will be
imposed penalties in delay if included in the contract.
Learning Competency with Code
1.
(TLE_IAEI9ET-IIa-IVj-1)Plan and Prepare Work for a Specific Job Order.
(Quarter 2, Week 1)
Activity 1: Match Me
Directions: Read the descriptions carefully in column A and match with the corresponding
Terms in column B. Write the letter of your answer on the space given.
A
_____1. It helps you to accomplish more by
managing your time, money and effort.
_____2. A bag contains medical supplies for
First aid purposes in the work place.
B.
A. Electrical Plan
B. Emergency Kit
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
3
_____3. It protects you from hazardous
working situations.
C. Planning your Work
_____4. It shows a list of needed supplies
and cost for a specific job order.
D. Bill of Materials
______5. This is your guide for a safe and
approved
wiring installation.
E. Personal Protective Equipment
Activity 2
Direction: Complete the paragraph by filling in the missing word/words. Choose your
answer from the box and write on the space provided.
Directions.Inside the box are parts of electric and hydraulic power tools. Identify
and write them in their corresponding column provided below.
Work
Time
Urgent and important tasks
Non-urgent but important tasks
Urgent but unimportant tasks
Plan
Planning
Many believe that if you had a (1) _________to follow you would always wind up on top or
get an excellent (2) ___________. Planning out your (3)__________will make sure you will
get the most out of your work for the day. Your time is an investment in yourself. Budgeting
your (4)___________ on the job the way you can budget money will help you reduce your
stress, become healthy and accomplish more.
When you are (5)____________ your work for a day, see what tasks you can
designate to someone else or ask for an assistant to help you complete them. No one wins
when you try to do everything yourself and wind up stressed out and exhausted.
Your work are categorized accordingly. You need to accomplish first the
(6)_______________________________category. Some of your works need to be
addressed but should not overwhelm you in any manner. These are (7)
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
4
________________________________. You can make the most of your convenient time in
each day to address the _________________________ category.
Activity 3
Directions: Prepare a sample of Bill of Materials of an Extension Cord Project using the
form given below:
Quantity
Unit
Description
Unit Cost
Total Cost
Grand Total: _____________
Activity 4
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer and write on the space provived for.
______1.What do you need to prepare to check if the required materials are ready for the
project?
A. Blueprint
B. Electrical Plan
C. Bill of materials
D. Personal Protective Equipment
______2. Which of the following statements is true.
A. Urgent but important tasks need to be done first.
B. Urgent but unimportant tasks need to be done first.
C. Non-urgent but important tasks need to be done first.
D. Non-urgent and unimportant tasks need to be done first..
______3. Why is planning very important before starting a specific job?
A. To gain excess profit and benefits.
B. To have a guide in accomplishing the project.
C. To show that you are better in accomplishing the project.
D. To have an additional work in accomplishing the project.
______4. How can you assure safety in the work place based on your plan?
A. The budget is included in the plan.
B. The Materials needed are prepared.
C. The electrical tools and equipment needed are completed.
D. Medical kits and Personal Protective Equipment are included.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
5
______5. Why do you need to secure an electricl pla before starting the project?
A. This is your guide for doing wiring installation.
B. This is your guide for sketching wiring installation.
C. This is your guide for selecting the best wiring installation.
D. This is your guide for a safe and approved wiring installation.
Reflection:
Complete this statement:
What I have learned in this activity
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
References:
1. Competency Based Learning Material-Electrical
Installation And Maintenance NC II
2. Johnston, Larry et.al., Better Homes and Gardens Wiring
1st Edition, Meredith Books; 2007,pp.
3. Mulin, R.C., Smith R.L. Electrical Wiring-Commercial, Six
Ed., New York: Delmar’s Publishing Inc.; 1984, pp.
4. Agpoa, Feleciano. Interior and Exterior Wiring
Troubleshooting ; National Bookstore: 1991
5. www.technologystudent.com
Answer Key:
Activity 1
1. C
2. B
3. E
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
6
4. D
5. A
Activity 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Plan
Result
Work
Time
Planning
Urgent and important tasks
Urgent but unimportant tasks
Non-urgent but important tasks
Activity 3. Answers may vary
Activity 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C
A
B
D
D
Prepared by:
RODEL F. DINAMLING
Master Teacher II
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
7
TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD
EDUCATION
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE 9
Name____________________
Grade level___________
Section___________________
Date ________________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
CHOOSE APPROPRIATE LIGHTING FIXTURES FOR SPECIFIC JOB
ORDER
Background Information for Learners
Electrical lighting system needs lighting fixtures and accessories. A light fixture (US
English), light fitting (UK English), or luminaire is an electrical device that contains an
electric lamp that provides illumination. All light fixtures have a fixture body and one or
more lamps. The lamps may be in sockets for easy replacement. Lighting fixtures and
accessories include Lamp holders, Reflectors, Diffusers, Shades and Shields. These
lightning fixtures are electrical devices that hold and energize the lamp, give direction to and
change the quality of the light produced, and prevents glare.
Electrical Lighting Fixtures and Accessories
There are several types of lightning fixtures with various designs and for different
purposes. They are classified as lamp holders, reflectors, diffusers, Shades and Shields.
Lamp holder. The most common lightning fixture, this holds and protects the lamp. It can
be a cord or box-mounted socket for incandescent lamps, or wiring strips for fluorescent
lamps. This is a device which mechanically supports and provides electrical connections for
a compatible electric lamp. Sockets allow lamps to be safely and conveniently replaced (relamping).
A lamp holder is also called an electric light bulb socket, light socket, or lamp socket is a
device which mechanically supports and provides electrical connections for a compatible
electric lamp. Sockets allow lamps to be safely and conveniently replaced (re-lamping).
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
8
Reflector. This device modifies the appearance of lamp holder. It usually designed with a
highly polished or painted surface. Its primary purpose is for reflection, but it also focuses
shields the light and increases lamination. A reflector may be a separate unit fastened to the
lamp holder or a part of the fixture.
The use of a reflector can increase light output two to five times. Reflectors may also be
used as a means of increasing the size of the main light source, which may (or may not)
retain a direct path to the scene. By positioning a board reflector close to a light source, its
effective size can be increased by "bouncing" the light off it.
Shades and shields. A lamp shade's purpose is to protect the
eye from the bulb's glare and to direct light from the bulb in
the lamp into the room. ... Instead, they have the softer
reflected light from the ceiling and the much-diffused light
through the shade.
Diffuser. This is a piece of glass or complex lens with different designs that diffuse lights
and eliminates unwanted glare and sharp shadows. It also includes the quality of light
produced by the lamp.
Other Lighting Fixtures:
1. Ceiling Lights Reflector and Diffuser
2. Chandelier
3. Pendant Light Fixtures - Pendants offer a clean and
simple alternative to the more complex, traditional form
found in a chandelier. They can provide just as much
light as a chandelier while taking up much less
space. When selecting your pendant, consider the
balance of function and design you're trying to
accomplish.
Mini Pendants are growing in popularity mostly for the
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
9
look they provide. They are often used for a splash of
color, as many mini pendants feature hand blown
glass. Coffee Houses use these fixtures not only for the
splash of color they provide, but also for their light
output. Lamps take up table space and can get in the
way. Having a small pendant hanging over a table
will provide the perfect amount of light to ready by,
while also spicing up the decor of the area. Purchase
three and replace your island fixture or hang them as a
set over your bar.
4. Recessed Lighting Basics -Recessed Lighting can be used in combination with other
light fixtures to add needed light to a room when one fixture just isn't enough. All
you need is a housing and a trim!
Housings come in two flavors: New construction housings nestle between ceiling
joists and are typically installed during construction. Remodel housings fit into
holes cut into an existing ceiling space. Your insulation further determines the type
of housing you need: if your ceiling has insulation, use an IC-Rated housing to
ensure 3 inches of clearance and avoid fire hazards. You can use Non-IC housings if
you don't have insulation, or if you make certain that you have a sufficiently large
gap separating your housing and insulation.
5. Track Lighting allows you to put light right where you need it.
Track lighting can add a dramatic effect to any room. Whether you're looking to
show off some artwork or just add a little depth to the room, track lights are a great
choice because they're relatively inexpensive and pretty easy to install.
The varieties of track lighting are like that of your local ice cream shop, offering up
multitudes of flavors. There are flexible ribbon tracks, rigid straight lengths, track
lights with pendulums and even jointed sectionals. There are just as many different
types of bulbs for the track lights. Choosing the right one for your décor can be a
long, but rewarding experience.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
10
6. Outdoor Lighting - It has become more common in modern society to use Outdoor
Lighting around our homes and businesses to accent architecture, draw attention to a
sign, provide security, and enable people to be more active at night.
7. Flood Lights
One of the simplest, most effective ways to enhance the
safety and security of your home is to add a motionsensor floodlight to the garage. The dual-lamp model
installed here comes on automatically if something—or
someone—crosses its field of vision.
Learning Competency with Code
(TLE_IAEL10EL-Ia-IIj-1) Choose Appropriate Lighting Fixtures for Specific Job
Order. (Quarter 2, Week 2)
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
11
Activity 1. Choose the Proper Fixture
Directions: Match the electrical lighting fixtures in column A with the corresponding
uses/applications in column B. Write the letter of your answer on the space given.
A
B.
_____1. It increase light output two to five
times.
A. Diffuser
_____2. It eliminates unwanted glare and
sharp shadows.
B. Shade and Shield
_____3. It holds and protects the lamp.
C. Reflector
_____4. It protects the eye from the bulb's
glare and to direct light from the bulb in the
lamp into the room.
D. Lamp holder
Activity 2. WORD SEARCH
Directions:Encircle the word/words related with electrical lighting fixtures.
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Activity 3
Directions: Draw the different kinds of lamp fixtures on a cartolina paper. If these materials
are available (reflector, shield, lamp holder and diffuser) in your home, study the connection
diagram and make the connection
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
12
Reflection:
Complete this statement:
What I have learned in this activity
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
References:
Efren F. Azares et. Al, Practical Technology and Home Economics- Electricity III,1999
Max B. Fajardo Jr. et.al., Electrical Layout and Estimates, 2nd Edition; 2000
Mulin, R.C., Smith R.L. Electrical Wiring-Commercial, Six Ed., New York: Delmar’s
Publishing Inc.; 1984,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_fixture
http://www.lightinghere.com/types-of-ceramic-electric-lamp-holders-e27-10001842
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampshade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightbulb_socket
Answers’ Key
Activity 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
C
A
D
B
Activity 2
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
13
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Activity 3 (Answers may vary)
Prepared by:
RODEL F. DINAMLING
Master Teacher II
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
14
TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD
EDUCATION
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE 9
(Quarter 2, Week 3)
Name____________________
Grade level___________
Section___________________
Date ________________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
DISCUSS PARTS OF AN INCANDESCENT LAMP AND ITS FUNCTION
Background Information for Learners
The invention of the incandescent lamp by Thomas Edison in 1879 marked the
beginning of efficient electrical lightning. Light is produced in an incandescent lamp in a
current that goes through the filament of resistance material to heat the lamp.
Incandescent lamp parts
Basic parts and features of a typical incandescent lamp:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Filament. This is usually made of tungsten.
Gas. This is a mixture of nitrogen, and in most lamps, 4o watts or higher.
Lead-in wires. Made of copper, these wires carry the current to the filament.
Exhaust tube. Air is exhausted through this tube during manufacture an inert
gases are introduced into the bulb. The tube, which originally projects the bulb, is
then sealed short enough to be capped by the base.
5. Bulb. This I usually made of soft glass. Hard glass may be used in some lamps to
withstand higher bulb temperature and to protect them against sudden changes in
the weather. Bulbs come in various shapes and finishes.
6. Mica disc. This is used in higher wattage general service lamps and in other
types when the circulation of hot gases into the neck of bulb needs to be reduced.
7. Fuse. This device protects the lamp and circuit by blowing if the filament arcs.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
15
8. Base or Cap. This is a typical screw base. One lead-in wire is soldered to the
center contact, and the other, to the upper rim of the base shell, which is made of
brass.
9. Foot contact. This conductor connects the lamp to the hot line.
The incandescent is cheaper, fast starting, cheap dimming, with small size and has good warm
color. Its life span is relatively short. Incandescent lamps are critically dependent on the
wattage supply that even for a small fluctuation of the current voltage, its life, output, and
efficiency is materially affected. For instance:
1. Burning a 120-volt lamp with 115 volts current supply will mean approximately:
15% less light of the lamp (lumens)
7% lower power consumption (watts)
8% lower efficacy (lumens per hour)
72% more life (burning hours)
2. Burning a 120-volt lamp with 125 volts current supply will mean approximately:
16% more light (lumens)
6% more power consumption (watts)
8% higher efficacy (lumens per watt)
42% less life (burning hours)
Incandescent lamp is very sensitive to voltage change, and voltage change materially
affects its life span. At an average 10% lower voltage supply, its span is increased by 25% and
reduces by 75% with 10% over voltage supply.
On the average, less than 10% of the wattage is utilized to produce light and the rest
produces heat. In short, this type of lamp is considered as a poor choice for energy
conversation because it produces poor and low level of lighting. However, incandescent lamp
has also the following Advantages:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
It is cheaper
Instant start and re-start
Simple inexpensive dimming
Simple and compact installation requiring no accessories
High power factor
It can be focused
Its life is independent of the number of starts
It has a good color.
Disadvantages of Incandescent Lamp
1. Has low efficacy
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
16
2.
3.
4.
5.
Has shorter life
Sensitive and critical to voltage changes or fluctuations.
High maintenance cost
More heat is produced than light.
Due to its poor energy characteristics, incandescent lamp should be limited to the
following applications:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Infrequent or short duration use.
Where low cost dimming is necessary.
In focusing fixtures.
Where minimum initial cost is required.
Types of Incandescent Lamp Base and Sizes
Incandescent lamp has a wide variety of forms, shapes and sizes. Likewise, its base is also
made different types and various designs.
Learning Competency with Code
The table below shows some incandescent lamp data:
Watts and Life
Lamp watts
Average rated
life (in hours)
Lumens
Initial lumens
Lumens per
watt
Physical Data
Share of bulb
Base
60
1 000
855
14.2
A-19
MED
60
1 100
855
14.2
A-19
MED
75
750
1 180
15.7
A-19
MED
100
750
1 1750
17.5
A-19
MED
100
750
1 1710
17.1
A-19
MED
100SB
1000
1 40
14.5
A-21
MED
150
750
2 760
18.4
A-21
MED
200
750
4 000
20.4
A-23
MED
200/SBPF
1000
3 300
16.5
PS-30
MED
300/SBIF
1000
5 250
17.5
PS-30
MED
(TLE_IAEL9EL-IIa-IVj-1) Discuss Parts of an Incandescent Lamp and Its Function
. (Quarter 2, Week 3)
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
17
Activity 1
Directions: Below is a picture of a typical incandescent lamp with the parts written. Sketch
a line to connect the correct part.
1. Tungsten filament
4 434. Stem
2. Lead-in wire
3. Cap
555. Foot contact
Activity 2
Directions: Choose the correct part of an incandescent lamp from the box to complete the
sentence below.
Bulb
Filament
Fuse
Lead-in wire
Exhaust tube
1).The ________ protects the lamp and circuit by blowing if the filament arcs.
2) Inert gases are introduced into the bulb through the _____________.
3) A ________ is usually made of soft glass and comes in various shapes and finishes.
4) The copper conductor that carry the current to the filament is called ____________.
5) Light is produced in an incandescent lamp in a current that goes through the ___________of
resistance material to heat the lamp.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
18
Activity 3
Directions: Complete the table below by writing the word YES if the characteristic is an
advantage of using an incandescent lamp. If not, write the word NO.
Characteristic of an Incandescent Lamp
Remark
1. It has a good color.
2. High maintenance cost
3. More heat is produced than light.
4. Instant start and re-start
5. Sensitive and critical to voltage changes or fluctuations.
6. Simple and compact installation requiring no accessories.
Activity 4
Directions: Give your reactions to the following situations:
1. Modern poultry farmers are using incandescent lamps for brooding chicks.
2. A lighting system using incandescent lamps will incur higher cost in electrical
consumption.
1. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Activity 5
Modified True or False
Directions: Write letter T if the statement gives a correct idea. If not, change the
word/figure that made the statement incorrect. Write your answer on the space given.
_________1. An incandescent lamp has a short life span.
_________2. An incandescent lamp has a bad color.
_________3. The glass protects the lamp and circuit by blowing if the filament arcs.
_________4. Air is exhausted through the base during manufacture of the lamp.
_________5. An incandescent lamp is simple and compact installation requiring no
accessories.
_________6. Life span of incandescent lamp increases by 25% when voltage supply is
lowered to 10%.
_________7. When an incandescent lamp is supplied with 10% over voltage, its life span
reduces by 25%.
_________8. On the average, less than 20% of the wattage is utilized to produce light and the
rest produces heat.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
19
_________9. A 75 watt medium base incandescent lamp has an average rated life span of 750
Hours.
_________10. The life span of an incandescent lamp is dependent of the number of starts.
Reflection:
Complete this statement:
What I have learned in this activity
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
References:
Efren F. Azares et. Al, Practical Technology and Home Economics- Electricity III,1999
Max B. Fajardo Jr. et.al., Electrical Layout and Estimates, 2nd Edition; 2000
Mulin, R.C., Smith R.L. Electrical Wiring-Commercial, Six Ed., New York: Delmar’s
Publishing Inc.; 1984,
https://edisontechcenter.org/incandescent.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb
https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-youmoney/incandescent-lighting
Answers’ Key
Activity 1
1. Tungsten filament
4
4. Stem
2. Lead-in wire
3. Cap
5. Foot contact
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
20
Activity 2
1. Fuse
2. Exhaust Tube
3. Bulb
4. Led-in Wire
5. Filament
Activity 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Activity 4 (Answers May Vary)
Activity 5
1. T
2. Good
3. Fuse
4. Exhaust Tube
5. T
6. T
7. 75%
8. 10%
9. T
10. Independent
Prepared by:
RODEL F. DINAMLING
Master Teacher II
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
21
TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD
EDUCATION
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE 9
(Quarter 2, Week 4-6)
Name____________________
Grade level___________
Section___________________
Date ________________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
DISCUSS PARTS OF FLUORESCENT LAMP AND ITS FUNCTION
Background Information for Learners
The fluorescent lamp is one of the most commonly used lamps. It was first
introduced in 1937. It was considered the best, and most widely used type of lamp. Like the
incandescent lamp, the fluorescent lamp is available in various sizes, wattages, colors, and
application and designs.
In this tubular discharge lamp, the ionization of mercury vapor produces radiation
that activates the fluorescent coating on the inner surface of the glass.
Typical Fluorescent Lamps
The common fluorescent lamp is a hot-cathode type which consists of a sealed glass
tube provided with a mixture of a mercury vapor and insert glass. The cathode causes the
mercury arc to form inside the tube and to produce ultraviolet (UV) light. The UV light
strikes the phosphor that coats the inner part of the tube. In the fluorescent and produces
visible light.
The fluorescent lamp requires a ballast in its circuit to limit the current so that the
fuse of the circuit breaker will not open. It also needs a starter to serve as a switch. The
starter is a small cylinder about 1 inch in diameter and 2 inches in length the snaps into the
fixture from the outside.
Parts and functions of fluorescent lamp
1. Fluorescent tube/bulb – is a circular bulb containing mercury vapor and inert gas
with phosphor coating inside.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
22
1. Ballast –is an induction coil, which produces high voltage to start
the lamp into operation. It also limits the flow of current during the
operation of the lamp. Ballast consumes power, which is between
10-20% of power consumed by the lamp itself.
2. Starter –is a glow switch that opens
and closes the circuit so as to
produce a high voltage or inductive
kick across the bulb at the filament
during the starting period.
3. Lamp holder and starter socket – are the point of connection of
the fluorescent and starter.
4. Frame –is the metal housing of the whole fixture.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
23
5. Phosphor. This is the coating inside the bulb which transform ultraviolet radiation
into visible light. The color of light produce depends on the composition of
phosphor.
6. Gas. This is usually argon or a mixture of inert gases at low pressure. Krypton is
sometimes used.
7. Mercury. This is a small quantity of liquid mercury placed in the bulb to give
mercury vapor.
8. Base. This comes in several different types used to connect the lamp to the
electric current in order to support it in the lamp holder.
9. Cathode. Also known as hot cathode, this is coated with a material that emits
electrons at each end of the lamp. It is usually made of coiled-coil or single-coil
tungsten wire.
10. Exhaust tube. Air is exhausted through this tube during manufacture and inert
gas is introduced into the bulb.
11. Lead-in wires. These are connected to the base pins and carry the current to and
from the cathode and the mercury arc.
12. Stem press. This provides airtight seal to the lead-in wires. It is made of a wire
that maintains the same coefficient of expansion as the glass.
Features. Following are the characteristic of fluorescent lamps:
1. They are relatively large and need large fixtures to hold them.
2. They are more efficient than incandescent lamps. About 20 percent of its input
energy becomes light and 80 percent is converted to heat including energy loss of the
ballast.
3. The fluorescent lamps lasts longer than any kinds of lamps. However, its life span is
reduced by the constant switching on and off of the lamp which wears out of the
cathode.
4. Fluorescent lamps are cheap and are available in cool-white and warm-white colors
for general use.
5. They are “noisy” due to the buzzing sound produced by the ballast. Presently,
manufacturers classify ballast sounds from A to D, with A as the least sound
produced.
6. The rapid-start lamp, a type of fluorescent lamp, requires a piece of grounded metal
adjacent to the lamp.
7. Focusing and accurate control of the beam of light are not possible with fluorescent
lamp, hence, is applied to general lightning.
8. Fluorescent lamps may be dimmed. This is however, requires the use of expensive
and special dimming ballast.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
24
Life Span of Fluorescent Lamp
Fluorescent lamp has longer life span compared with the incandescent lamp. Its life
span is materially affected by the incandescent by the number of times the lamp is switched
on and switched off. Generally, switching wears out the lamp cathode and continuous burning
of fluorescent would last about 30,000 hours. With an average of 3 hours burning per start,
fluorescent lamp could last for about 12,000 hours only.
Operation of Fluorescent Lamp
1. Life Span – depends on the burning hours per start.
2. Lumen Output – decreases rapidly during the first 100 hours of burning and thereafter
much more slowly.
3. Efficacy – depends on the operating current and the phosphors utilized. Generally, the
warm white lamp is more efficient than the white, cool white, daylight and colored
lamps.
Types of Fluorescent Lamp
1. Linear Fluorescent Lamp
The linear fluorescent light bulb or lamp is a type of gas-discharge lamp. Linear
fluorescent bulbs come in a wide variety of lengths, diameters, wattages, and color
temperatures. They are known for high energy efficiency, long life, and relatively
low cost.
a.
Open Type
b.
Box type
2. Circular Fluorescent Lamp
Circular fluorescent tubes are a popular choice for lighting designers, particularly in
architectural and ceiling fittings. They are an energy saving, slim and compact light
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
25
source that was designed for shallow and slender recessed, ceiling and wall-mounted
light fixtures.
3. Compact Fluorescent Lamp
A compact fluorescent lamp, also called compact fluorescent light, energy-saving light and
compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent light
bulb; some types fit into light fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs. CFLs produce light
differently than incandescent bulbs. ... In a CFL, an electric current is driven through a tube
containing argon and a small amount of mercury vapor. This generates invisible ultraviolet
light that excites a fluorescent coating (called phosphor) on the inside of the tube, which
then emits visible light.
(TLE_IAEL9EL-IIa-IVj-1) Discuss Parts of a fluorescent Lamp and Its Function
. (Quarter 2, Week 4-6)
Activity 1: IDENTIFY ME: Identify the part of fluorescent lamp in Column A. Write your
answer in Column B.
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
1.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
26
2.
3.
4.
5.
Activity 2
Directions: Choose the correct part of a fluorescent lamp from the box to complete the
sentence below.
Lamp holder
Phosphor
Ballast
Lead-in wires
Exhaust tube
1).The ________ limits the flow of current during the operation of the lamp.
2) Inert gases are introduced into the bulb through the _____________.
3) The color of light produce depends on the composition of _____________.
4) The ____________ carry the current to and from the cathode and the mercury arc.
5) The ______________ is the point of connection of the fluorescent bulb and starter.
Activity 3
Directions: Differentiate the types of fluorescent lamp based on your understanding. Write
your answer to complete the table below.
Type of fluorescent lamp
Description
Application
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
27
1. Linear
2. Circular
3. Compact Fluorescent
Lamp
Activity 4: ARRANGE ME
Directions: Arrange the following steps in Disassembling a 40-Watt fluorescent Lamp. Use
A for the first step. B for the second step and so on.
______1. Remove the starter holder
______2. Perform house keeping
_______3. Remove the ballast on the body.
______4. Unplug the male plug from the outlet.
______5. Remove the 40-watt fluorescent lamp and the starter.
______6. Remove the lamp holders by untightening the bolt and nut.
______7. Disconnect the terminals from the ballast, starter holder and male plug.
Activity 5: Assembling an Open (Linear) type Fluorescent Lamp
Time Frame: 45 Minutes
Directions: Perform the assembling of an open (Linear) type 20/40 Watts Fluorescent lamp
by following the procedure below:
1. Prepare the necessary tools, materials.
Material:
•
Fluorescent Lamp (20/40
watts)
Tools:
-
1 set
•
Philip Screw driver
-
1 pc
•
Flat Screw driver
-
1 pc
•
Side cutting pliers
-
1 pc
•
Long nose pliers
-
1 pc
Personal Protective Equipment:
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
28
•
Gloves
-
1 pair
•
Goggles
-
1 pc
2. Wear appropriate PPE.
3. Assembling and wiring a 20/40-w fluorescent fixture using Normal or
Medium Power Factor ballast (M.P.P)
Use bolt and nut in fixing the ballast to the frame
4. Mount the starter socket to the frame, make sure it is attached
securely.
5. Mount the connection terminal socket to the frame, Make sure that it
is fixed not too loose or too tight.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
29
6. Make the necessary connections of the fluorescent fixture by referring
to the schematic wiring diagram.
Schematic Diagram, Preheat Fluorescent Lamp.
7. Test the circuit for ground short or open wiring. If fault is found, repair
it.
8. Perform housekeeping
Criteria for Assessment:
Performance Rubrics:
CRITERIA
Exemplary
Accomplished
Developing
Beginning
10 pts.
8 pts.
6 pts.
4 pts.
Installation/Workmanship Followed the
procedure
excellently and
the fluorescent
lamp operates
accordingly.
Slightly
followed the
procedure and
the fluorescent
lamp operates
accordingly but
Followed the
procedures but
with notable
error in
precision.
Did not follow
the procedures
resulted to
errors in
precision.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
30
Speed
with slight
precision
. Finished the task . Finished the
Finished the
before the given
task at the given task after the
time.
time.
given time.
Proper Handling of Tools
Exemplary
Applied proper
Applied proper
Did not finish
the task even
after the given
time.
Did not apply
applied proper
handling of
handling of
proper
handling of tools
tools for the
tools for the
handling of
for the given task.
given task.
given task but
tools for the
with deviation.
given task.
Did not
observed
safety
precaution
resulting to
cuts or
wounds.
Did not
observe house
keeping
resulting to
dirty work
place.
Safety
Observed safety
precaution
excellently with
No cuts or
wounds.
Observed safety
precaution
slightly with No
cuts or wounds.
Observed safety
precaution
slightly with
cuts or wounds.
House Keeping
Observed house
keeping resulting
to a very clean
work place.
Observed house
keeping
resulting to a
clean work
place.
Observed house
keeping slightly
with minimal
dirt in the work
place.
Activity 6: Assembling 40- watt fluorescent fixture
using 2 x 40 watt high power factor (H.P.F.) ballast
Time Frame: 1 Hour
Directions: Perform the assembling 2 x 40 Watts Fluorescent lamp by following the
procedure below:
Procedures:
1. Prepare the necessary tools, materials.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
31
Materials:
•
Fluorescent Lamp (40 watts)
-
2 set
•
Fixture Frame
-
1 pc
•
Philip Screw driver
-
1 pc
•
Flat Screw driver
-
1 pc
•
Side cutting pliers
-
1 pc
•
Long nose pliers
-
1 pc
Tools:
Personal Protective Equipment:
•
Gloves
-
1 pair
•
Goggles
-
1 pc
2. Wear appropriate PPE.
3. Mount the lamp holders and the 2 x 40 H.P.F. ballast to the fluorescent fixture frame.
Mounting Lamp Holders and Ballast to the Fluorescent Frame
4. Cut the fixture wires and make the necessary joints or connection by referring to the
schematic diagram.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
32
5. Place the cover of the fluorescent fixture housing if necessary.
6. Screw or place the starter and the fluorescent tubes.
Attaching the Starter and the Fluorescent Tubes
7. Check the wiring connections and plug the fixture to the source to test the assembled
fixture for normal operation
8. Perform housekeeping
Criteria for Assessment:
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
33
Performance Rubrics:
CRITERIA
Exemplary
Accomplished
Developing
Beginning
10 pts.
8 pts.
6 pts.
4 pts.
Installation/Workmanship Followed the
procedure
excellently and
the fluorescent
lamp operates
accordingly.
Followed the
procedures but
with notable
error in
precision.
Did not follow
the procedures
resulted to
errors in
precision.
Speed
Slightly
followed the
procedure and
the fluorescent
lamp operates
accordingly but
with slight
precision
. Finished the task . Finished the
before the given
task at the given
time.
time.
Finished the
task after the
given time.
Exemplary
Applied proper
Applied proper
Did not finish
the task even
after the given
time.
Did not apply
applied proper
handling of
handling of
proper
handling of tools
tools for the
tools for the
handling of
for the given task.
given task.
given task but
tools for the
with deviation.
given task.
Did not
observed
safety
precaution
resulting to
cuts or
wounds.
Did not
observe house
keeping
resulting to
dirty work
place.
Proper Handling of Tools
Safety
Observed safety
precaution
excellently with
No cuts or
wounds.
Observed safety
precaution
slightly with No
cuts or wounds.
Observed safety
precaution
slightly with
cuts or wounds.
House Keeping
Observed house
keeping resulting
to a very clean
work place.
Observed house
keeping
resulting to a
clean work
place.
Observed house
keeping slightly
with minimal
dirt in the work
place.
Activity 7: Disassembling a 20/40-watt Fluorescent Lamp
Time Frame: 15 Minutes
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
34
Directions: After assembling the 20/40-watt fluorescent Lamp fixture, you may easily
disassemble it by following the procedure given below.
Procedures:
1. Prepare the necessary tools, materials.
Material:
•
Assembled Fluorescent Lamp (20/40
watts)
-
1 set
•
Philip Screw driver
-
1 pc
•
Flat Screw driver
-
1 pc
•
Side cutting pliers
-
1 pc
•
Long nose pliers
-
1 pc
1 pair
Tools:
Personal Protective Equipment:
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
•
Gloves
-
•
Goggles
-
1
pc
Wear appropriate PPE.
Unplug the male plug from the outlet
Remove the 40-watt fluorescent lamp and the starter.
Remove the lamp holders by untightening the bolt and nut.
Remove the ballast on the body.
Remove the starter holder.
Disconnect the terminals from the ballast, starter holder and male plug
Perform house keeping
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
35
Criteria for Assessment:
Performance Rubrics:
CRITERIA
Exemplary
Accomplished
Developing
Beginning
10 pts.
8 pts.
6 pts.
4 pts.
Installation/Workmanship Followed the
procedure
excellently and
the fluorescent
lamp is
disassembled
accordingly.
Slightly
followed the
procedure and
the fluorescent
lamp
disassembled
accordingly but
with slight
precision
. Finished the task . Finished the
before the given
task at the given
time.
time.
Followed the
procedures but
with notable
error in
disassembling.
Did not follow
the procedures
resulted to
defects in the
parts.
Speed
Finished the
task after the
given time.
Did not finish
the task even
after the given
time.
Did not apply
proper
handling of
tools for the
given task.
Did not
observed
safety
precaution
resulting to
cuts or
wounds.
Did not
observe house
keeping
resulting to
dirty work
place.
Proper Handling of Tools
Exemplary
applied proper
handling of tools
for the given task.
Safety
Observed safety
precaution
excellently with
No cuts or
wounds.
House Keeping
Observed house
keeping resulting
to a very clean
work place.
Applied proper
handling of
tools for the
given task.
Applied proper
handling of
tools for the
given task but
with deviation.
Observed safety Observed safety
precaution
precaution
slightly with No slightly with
cuts or wounds. cuts or wounds.
Observed house
keeping
resulting to a
clean work
place.
Observed house
keeping slightly
with minimal
dirt in the work
place.
Activity 7: Trouble Shooting a Defective 20/40-Watt Fluorescent Lamp
Time Frame: 1 Hour
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
36
Directions: Perform the trouble shooting of a defective 20/40 Watts Fluorescent lamp by
following the procedure below:
1. Prepare the necessary tools, materials.
Material:
•
Defective Fluorescent Lamp (20/40
watts)
-
1 set
•
Philip Screw driver
-
1 pc
•
Flat Screw driver
-
1 pc
•
Side cutting pliers
-
1 pc
•
Long nose pliers
-
1 pc
1 pair
Tools:
Personal Protective Equipment:
•
Gloves
-
•
Goggles
-
1
pc
2. Wear appropriate PPE.
3. Study the common faults in fluorescent Lamp fixtures below before starting the
trouble shooting and repair work.
Common Faults in Fluorescent Lamp fixtures.
Here are some remedies and suggested repair work in trouble shooting fluorescent
lamps.
Problem
A. Lamp fails to light
Possible Cause
1. Blown fuse or open circuit
breaker.
2. Poor contact between the
lamp and the holder.
3.Improper wiring
Corrective Measures
1. Replace or reset, if
necessary. Look for possible
short circuits in the wiring of
the equipment.
2. Adjust the lamp and see it
properly. Clean dirty sockets
thoroughly. If sockets are
loose, tighten or replace
them. Check the spacing of
the lamp holders. If they are
too far apart, make the
necessary adjustments or
replace the fixtures.
3. Check the wiring to see
whether it follows the
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
37
4. Leak in the lamp
5. Ballast no longer
functioning
B. Slow or erratic starting
1. Poor contact between the
lamp and holder
2. Sluggish starter
3. Improper wiring
C. Failure of a new lamp to
1. Defective ballast
light within the first few days
of operation
2. Improper wiring
3. Short circuit in the ballast
D. Short life span
1. Poor contact between the
lamp and the lamp holder.
2. Improper wiring
3. Defective ballast
4. Defective starter
diagram shown on the ballast
label.
4. This is indicated by the
absence of fluorescent glow
when the lamp is exposed to
the spark coil. Replace the
lamp.
5. When the insulation on the
ballast windings falls, the
ballast will no longer supply
the lamp requirements.
Replace the ballast.
1. See corrective measure #2
in problem #1.
2. Test starter in adjacent
fixture. If this does not work,
replace the starter.
3. See corrective measure #3
in problem #1.
1. Ballast must be AC or DC
(depending on supply
characteristics and must be
of correct line voltage and
frequency rating). Replace
with the appropriate ballast.
2. See corrective measure #3
in problem #1.
3. Check the ballast. This
may be determined by
checking continuity, between
the leads and the lamp. If any
two leads at opposite end
show continuity there is a
short circuit. Replace the
ballast.
1. See corrective measure #2
in problem #1.
2. See corrective #3 measure
in problem #1.
3. See corrective measure #1
in problem #3.
4. Consult publications of
starter manufacturers, then
replace with correct starter.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
38
E. Blinking or flickering
1. Impurities inside the lamp
2. Poor contact between the
lamp and the lamp holder.
3. Defective ballast
4. Defective starter
5. Improper wiring
1. At times, the arc in the
lamp may swirl during
normal operation. Trying to
turn the lamp on and off
usually solves this, but if this
does not work, replace the
lamp.
2. See corrective measure #2
in problem #1.
3. If the ballast frequency
rating is not the same as the
line frequency, flickering
may occur. Replace with a
ballast with proper rating.
4. Remove the starter while
the lamps is on. If flashing
stops, the starter is defective.
Replace it.
5. See corrective measure #3
in problem #1.
4. Perform the actual trouble shooting and repair of a defective fluorescent lamp.
5. Perform House Keeping.
Criteria for Assessment:
Performance Rubrics:
CRITERIA
Exemplary
Accomplished
Developing
Beginning
10 pts.
8 pts.
6 pts.
4 pts.
Performed
trouble
shooting and
slightly and the
fluorescent
lamp operates
accordingly.
. Finished the
task at the
given time.
Performed
trouble shooting
and repair but
the fluorescent
lamp is
malfunctioning.
Installation/Workmanship Performed trouble
shooting and
repair excellently
and the
fluorescent lamp
operates
accordingly.
Speed
. Finished the task
before the given
time.
Proper Handling of Tools
Performed
trouble
shooting and
repair but the
fluorescent
lamp is not
functioning.
Finished the
Did not finish
task after the
the task even
given time.
after the given
time.
Exemplary
Applied
Applied
Did not
applied
proper proper handling proper handling apply proper
handling of tools of tools for the of tools for the handling
of
for the given task. given task.
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
39
given task but tools for the
with deviation.
given task.
Safety
Observed safety
precaution
excellently with
No cuts or
wounds.
Observed safety
precaution
slightly with No
cuts or wounds.
Observed safety
precaution
slightly with
cuts or wounds.
House Keeping
Observed house
keeping resulting
to a very clean
work place.
Observed house
keeping
resulting to a
clean work
place.
Observed house
keeping slightly
with minimal
dirt in the work
place.
Did not
observed
safety
precaution
resulting to
cuts or
wounds.
Did not
observe house
keeping
resulting to
dirty work
place.
Reflection:
Complete this statement:
What I have learned in this activity
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
References:
Max B. Fajardo Jr. et.al., Electrical Layout and Estimates, 2nd Edition; 2000
Mulin, R.C., Smith R.L. Electrical Wiring-Commercial, Six Ed., New York: Delmar’s
Publishing Inc.; 1984,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_fixture
http://www.lightinghere.com/types-of-ceramic-electric-lamp-holders-e27-10001842
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp
https://www.google.com/search?q=fluorescent+lamp&source=lnms&tbm
Answers’ Key
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
40
Activity 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Starter
Lamp Holder
Frame
Ballast
Bulb
Activity 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ballast
Exhaust Tube
Phosphor
Leda-in Wires
Lamp Holder
Activity 3 (Answers may vary)
Activity 4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
E
G
D
A
B
C
F
Prepared by:
RODEL F. DINAMLING
Master Teacher II
Note: Practice Personal Hygiene protocols at all times.
41
TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD
EDUCATION
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE 9
(Quarter 2, Week 7-8)
Name____________________
Grade level___________
Section___________________
Date ________________
LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET
DISCUSS PARTS AND FUNCTION OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODE AND
OTHER LAMPS
Background Information for Learners
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an
electric current passes through it. The light is not particularly bright, but in most LEDs it is
monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength. The output from an LED can range from
red (at a wavelength of approximately 700 nanometers) to blue-violet (about 400
nanometers). Some LEDs emit infrared (IR) energy (830 nanometers or longer); such a
device is known as an infrared-emitting diode (IRED).
Parts and features of an LED Lamp
Features of LED Lights
1) Environmentally Friendly
LED lighting is non-toxic and contains no mercury, lead or cadmium, and is recyclable
2) Energy Efficient
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Immediate reduction of power consumption from much lower wattage requirements = lower
utility bills.
3) Maintenance & Safety
Reduced recycling costs required to dispose of hazardous bulbs and ballast. Better color
rendering for security cameras compared to low-pressure sodium lighting.
4) Durable Quality
LEDs are extremely durable and built with sturdy components that are highly rugged and
can withstand even the roughest conditions.
5) Design Flexibility
Individual LEDs can be dimmed, resulting in a dynamic control of light, color and
distribution.
6) Save Money, Use LED Lighting
Advantages of Light Emitting Diode Lamps
LEDs offer several advantages over traditional light bulbs, building on the best parts of their
predecessors while leaving their inefficiencies behind. Here’s what LEDs have to offer and
what makes them so beneficial:
1. Long life
The components of an LED and the way that they generate light significantly extend the
lifespan of these bulbs. Where other bulbs’ lifespans are shortened through both proper and
improper usage, the LED bulb’s low heat levels, durability, and energy efficiency make it
possible for it to outlast other types of bulbs by thousands of hours.
AVERAGE RATED LIFETIME HOURS
Incandescent
Fluorescent
CFL
Halogen
LED
Typical Range
(Hours)
750-2,000
24,000-36,000 8,000-20,000 2,000-4,000
35,000-50,000
Typically, the important parts of a light bulb, such as the filament, weaken over time, which
causes the bulb to burn out. But LEDs don’t burn out the same way that other bulbs do;
instead, the amount of light they produce decreases gradually in what is called “lumen
depreciation”. The lifetime of an LED bulb is based on how long it takes for the lumen
output of the bulb to decrease to 30%, so it will likely last longer than the average rated
lifetime hour listed on the box if you don’t mind or don’t notice the decreased illumination.
Certain cheaper LED bulbs will only last about 5,000 hours, which is still 4,000 – 3,000
hours longer than the average rated lifespan of an incandescent, but many branded bulbs are
rated for over 25,000 hours.
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2. Energy efficiency
Because of their high lumen output per watt, LEDs are capable of turning about 70% of their
energy into light. This makes them much more efficient than other bulbs, which waste a lot
of energy by turning it into heat. It only takes a 6 watt LED bulb to produce the amount of
light that a 40-watt incandescent does, and their lower temperature also makes them safer to
operate. In comparison, incandescent bulbs can get so hot that they should be kept out of
reach of children who might burn themselves, and they have also been known to cause fires
if they accidentally come into contact with flammable materials, such as curtain fabric.
LIGHTING FACT: In November 1992, Windsor Castle burned for nine hours after a painter
left a 1,000-watt halogen bulb on near a set of heavy curtains, causing them to catch fire.
More than 100 rooms were damaged and it cost £36.5 million to repair.
Replacing a single 60 watt light bulb with an LED results in a reduction of approximately
160kg of CO2 emissions per year. If you replaced 10 lamps in your home with LEDs, that
would represent a reduction of 1599 kg CO2 emissions annually.
3. High brightness and intensity
LEDs are capable of emitting an extremely high level of brightness. That’s why wattage is
no longer a viable measurement of brightness – instead, look at a bulb’s lumen output when
you’re making the switch to LEDs or other energy-efficient lighting. Take a look at how
LEDs compare to incandescent and CFL bulbs:
40 WATT BULBS
Type Incandescent CFL
Lumens
450
LED
2,400 4,000
CHECK OUT OUR LUMENS TO WATTS CONVERSION CHART
4. Exceptional colour range
Incandescent bulbs require gels or filters to create different colours and shades of light. On
the other hand, LEDs offer a wide range of colours and colour temperatures without the use
of gels or filters, which can burn out or fade over time. With LEDs, it is the actual diode (or
its phosphorus coating) that is changed to alter the colour of the emitted light, so you can
trust that it will stay the same shade until the end of its lifespan.
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5. Low radiated heat
While an incandescent bulb operates by heating its filament to a temperature that produces
light, an LED bulb emits electromagnetic energy as light when electrified. By turning energy
into light instead of heat (rather than using heat to generate light), LEDs are able to operate
at a significantly lower temperature than other types of light bulbs.
What little heat LEDs do generate is dissipated by a special heat sink, which is designed to
absorb any heat and disperse it safely away from the diodes. While the actual fixture or base
can feel warm to the touch, LEDs themselves don’t emit infrared radiation in their beam,
meaning there is no warmth to it. This makes them optimal for use in heat-sensitive areas,
such as displaying artwork because they won’t cause fading or other heat damage to paints
or dyes.
PRO TIP: LEDs run cool, but because of the way they dispel the heat they do generate, some
designs should not be kept in enclosed spaces as this will cause the bulb to degrade and
shorten its lifespan. Always make sure to check the packaging or product specifications for
instructions on where a bulb should or should not be used.
6. Reliability
LEDs are a very durable and reliable form of lighting – they can operate safely in colder
temperatures, and can withstand more impact and vibration than other light bulbs because
they have no filaments or other fragile parts. This stability makes them ideal for use in areas
that will be subject to temperature fluctuations, inclement weather, and jostling, such as
outdoors or in ceiling fan fixtures.
7. Instantaneous illumination
Does this sound familiar? You turn on a light to look for something, but you have to wait a
few moments before you can see anything, or you’ve already found it before the bulb has
even reached its maximum light output. Unlike CFLs, which take a few moments to warm
up, LEDs operate at full brightness from the moment you flip the switch.
8. Directional lighting
By design, LEDs emit their light in one direction rather than all around. This helps reduce
energy consumption because no light is wasted or trapped within reflectors and diffusers,
which can keep over half the generated light from exiting the bulb. The directional nature of
their output makes LEDs ideal for applications such as task lighting and recessed
downlights.
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The vapor discharge lamp produces light by means of the flow of electricity of gases. They
are generally classified as hot-filament, low-voltage types, high voltage, cold-cathode types,
and mercury pull arc types.
OTHER LAMPS
The Mercury Lamp
The mercury lamp combines the focusable types of the incandescent and arc
discharge characteristics of the fluorescent. It is a high-pressure vapor-discharge lamp,
compared to the low pressure fluorescent lamp.
The mercury lamp produces light through an electric arc between two electrodes in
an ionized mercury-vapor atmosphere. It gives off blue-green light that characterizes
ultraviolet radiation.
Parts and features of Mercury Lamp
Features. The mercury lamp has the following characteristics:
1. Like the incandescent lamp, the mercury lamp is available in various colors, sizes,
and shapes. Its life span is longer than that of the fluorescent lamp. It is also available
in a wide variety of ratings – from 0 up to 500 watts.
2. It requires a ballast that can be mounted separately from the lamp.
3. It has a required warm-up period of about 5 minutes before discharging full output,
depending on the type of lamp, the temperature and the ballast used.
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4. Wiring the mercury lamp needs care to keep voltage within 5 percent unless voltage
compensating ballasts are used.
5. The mercury high ballasts has a high in-rush current. Circuiting should, therefore, be
checked. Otherwise, in-rush current may limit the number of fixtures in the circuit.
6. Dimming of the mercury lamp is possible with the recent development of the
dimming ballast.
7. Mercury lamp ballast are “noisy.” One may consider remote mounting.
8. The lamp is designated by an authorized agency on standard qualities, such as the
American National Standard Institute (ANSI) or the standard for locally
manufactured electrical products.
9. Due to its efficiency, the mercury lamp may be a good substitute for incandescent
lamps to conserve energy.
10. Mercury lamps with a ballast built in the lamp with lower output are not available.
They are, however, expensive.
The Sodium Lamp
The sodium lamp is a high-output lamp developed by General Electric. It belongs to
the group of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps. Its trade name is Lucalox, while
various companies call it Ceramalux and Analox.
The sodium lamp is a double efficacy of a color-corrected mercury lamp which is
about 50 percent better than the standard fluorescent. Its color makes it suitable for
indoor applications, and its small size, MGH output, and long life span make it
economical to use. This lamp may not start instantly, but it starts faster than mercury
lamp.
a. The High-Pressure Sodium Lamp was
first developed and introduced by
General Electric Co. (GE). This is one of
the latest developments in the high
intensity discharge (HID) lamps. It is
marked under the trade name Lucalux,
Ceramalux and Analox
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One outstanding feature of this lamp is its output. The efficacy and ballast losses, its almost
100 lumen per watt, which is double that of a colored corrected mercury lamp. It has a
yellowish color similar to a low wattage incandescent lamp, and a warm white fluorescent
lamp. It is smaller in size, high output, and longer life. But like all high intensity discharge
lamp, sodium lamps do not start instantaneously. The start and re-strike time required is
shorter than that of a mercury lamp. Unlike the metal halide lamp, the HPS is not sensitive to
voltage changes. Its color is constant, and the ballast is different from that of the mercury or
metal halide lamps that needs higher voltage.
Lamp efficacy
Life span
Lumen maintenance
Warm up time
Re-strike time
85 to 140 lpw
16,000 to 24,000 hours
80 to 90%
3 to 4 minutes
½ to 1 ½ minutes
Lumalux Coated Lamps are used in open bottom fixtures or where glare is a problem.
Special ballast is required.
Unalux Coated Lamps are used in open bottom fixtures or glare is a problem. Operates on
existing Mercury lag type auto transformer ballasts or 240-277-volt reactors. This type of
lamp on most mercury series circuits.
b. Low Pressure Sodium Lamp
This type of lamp is also called SOX. It produces light of sodium characteristics
monochromatic deep yellow color. This is not applicable for general lighting purposes because
of its very high efficacy over 150 lumens per watt including ballast loss. It can be used
wherever color is not an important criterion.
SOX is widely used on streets, roads, area lighting and
for emergency or after -hours indoor lighting. SOX has 100%
lumen maintenance, long life which could last for 18,000 or
more hours making it the most economical source in terms of
cost per million lumens produced.
The Tungsten-Halogen Lamp
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The Tungsten-Halogen Lamp is popularly called Quartz Lamp. It is a special type of
incandescent lamp. One advantage it has over the normal incandescent lamp is its ability
maintain a constant level of light output throughout its life.
The life span of a quartz is about three to four times that of the normal incandescent lamp.
According to the result of experiments made, 13% of its wattage, produces light and 87%
produces het. Comparatively, it was proven after sufficient time of use that the quartz lamp
has longer life and more efficient than the incandescent lamp.
Parts of Halogen Lamp
Halogen lamps are used in automotive headlamps, under-cabinet lighting, and work lights.
In addition, halogen reflectors like MR and PAR lamps are often preferred for directed
lighting such as spotlights and floodlights. They are also increasingly being used as a more
efficient alternative to incandescent reflectors.
(TLE_IAEL9EL-IIa-IVj-1) Discuss Parts of a fluorescent Lamp and Its Function
. (Quarter 2, Week 7-8)
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Activity 1
Directions:
Activity 2: NAME AND DESCRIBE ME
Directions: Below are pictures of lamps with parts. Write your answer below each
picture.
1.__________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2.__________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
3.__________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
4.__________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
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Activity 2
Directions.Inside the box are parts of Lamps. Identify what particular lamp should
each part belongs. Write your answer on the corresponding column provided below.
Main electrode
Vacuum
Discharge Tube
Anode wire
Ceramic arc tube
Auxiliary electrode
LED Lamp
Cathode
Monolithic end seals
Mercury Lamp
Anode
Tungsten filament
Halogen filled capsule
Capsule support
Sodium Lamp
Halogen Lamp
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
3.
Activity 3
Directions: Identify what lamp is being described in each item. Choose the letter of your
answer from the box below and write on the space provided for.
A. LED Lamp
B. Mercury Lamp
C. Sodium Lamp
D. Halogen Lamp
_______1. It produces light through an electric arc between two electrodes in an ionized
mercury-vapor atmosphere.
________2. It is capable of turning about 70% of their energy into light.
________3. A semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current passes
through it.
________4. These lamps are used in automotive headlamps, under-cabinet lighting, and work
lights.
________5. It belongs to the group of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps.
________6. It is a special type of incandescent lamp popularly called Quartz Lamp.
________7. It gives off blue-green light that characterizes ultraviolet radiation.
________8. This lamp may not start instantly, but it starts faster than mercury lamp.
Activity 4: Give Me Light
Directions: You are tasked to install lamps to the given projects below. Discuss what lamps
are applicable to each project. Give your reasons of choosing such kind of lamp.
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Project 1: Residential House
Project 2. Barangay Street Lights
Project 3. Sports Arena/Gymnasium Lightings
Reflection:
Complete this statement:
What I have learned in this activity
___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________.
References:
Max B. Fajardo Jr. et.al., Electrical Layout and Estimates, 2nd Edition; 2000
Mulin, R.C., Smith R.L. Electrical Wiring-Commercial, Six Ed., New York: Delmar’s
Publishing Inc.; 1984,
https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/light-emitting-diode-LED
https://www.google.com/search?q=led+lamp
http://www.lumintop.com/6-features-of-led-lights-that-make-everyone-love-it.html
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https://www.google.com/search?ei=cd4AX_ryEdnNQakzqKIBQ&q=sodium+vapor+lamp&oq
https://www.google.com/search?q=halogen+lamp&tbm
https://www.google.com/search?q=mercury+lamp&oq
Answers’ Key
Activity 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
LED Lamp (Descripions may vary)
Mercury Lamp
Sodium Lamp
Halogen Lamp
Activity 2
LED Lamp
Mercury Lamp
Sodium Lamp
Halogen Lamp
1.Anode
1.Main electrode
1.Vacuum
1.Tungsten filament
2.Cathode
2.Discharge tube
2.Ceramic Arc tube
2.Halogen filled capsule
3.Anode wire
3.Auxiliary electrode
3.Monolithic end seals
3.capsule support
Activity 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
B
A
A
D
C
D
B
C
Activity 4 (Answers may vary)
Prepared by:
RODEL F. DINAMLING
Master Teacher II
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